Columbia Academy, New Baneshwor, Ktm.

Ph:4784657 tof/L sIffM nf]s;]jf, lzIfs ;]jf, a}lsª, ;'/Iff tof/L sIff
j+z, j+zf0f', qmd ljsf; ,
Gopi Chandra Poudel ( M. Sc. M. Ed )
qmd ljsf;
k[YjLdf /x]sf ljleGg hLjx¿ oxL ¿kdf pTklQ ePsf xf]Ogg, oL hLjsf] ljsf; Ps}k6s geO{ qmlds?kdf t ;/n hLjaf6
qmdzM ljsf; x'Fb} jt{dfg cj:yf;Dd cfOk'u]sf x'g eGg] l;4fGtnfO{ qmd ljsf;sf] l;4fGt elgG5 . hLjx?sf] ljsf; qmdsf]
cWoog kq] r6\6fgdf kfOg] cjz]ifsf] cWoogaf6 ul/G5 . hLjfjz]if ;DalGw cWoog ug{] lj1fgnfO{ Kofn]G6f]nf]hL (Paleontology)
elgG5 . hLjfjz]ifdf /x]sf] sfj{g tTj / o;sf] cfO;f]6kx?sf] cWoog u/L cjz]ifsf] cfo' lgwf{/0f ul/G5, o; ljlwnfO{ sfj{g
8]l6ª\u (Carbon dateing) elgG5 .
dflg;sf] qmd ljsf;
;a}eGbf klxn] ;d'b|df Ps sf]ifLo hLjsf] pTklt→ ax'sf]ifLo hLj → tGt', c+u k|0ffnL ePsf hLj→9f8 gePsf hLj→9f8
ePsf hLj→#@ s/f]8 jif{ klxnf] df5fsf] pTklt→!( s/f]8 jif{ klxn] k+IfL→!^ s/f]8 jif{ klxn] :tgwf/L→ ! s/f]8 %) nfv
jif{ klxn] – klxnf] dfgj → k|f]lKnof]lky]s; → /fdflky]s; → ci6«]nf]lky]s; → xf]df]O/]S6; → lgof08f/yn → xf]df]
:yflkoG; -xfnsf] dflg;_ .
;a}eGbf k|frLg dfgjk"j{hsf] ?kdf Ps s/f]8 %) nfv aif{ cl3sf] dflgPsf] s]Gofdf k|fKt Propliopithecus nfO{ dflgG5 .
dfgjsf] ;a}eGbf k|frLg ?k /fdflky]s; xf] .
g]kfnsf] a'6jnsf] ltgfp vf]nfsf] 5]pdf ! s/f]8 !) nfv aif{ k'/fgf] /fdflky]s;sf] a+uf/fsf] vf]h 8f= h]=Pr=xflr;g lj=;+=@)#&
df u/]sf lyP . /]d08 P= 8f6{n] blIf0f clk|msfdf km]nf kf/]sf] Pp6f afnssf] vKk/nfO{ ci6«]nf]lky]s; gfdfs/0f u/]sf] lyP .
km|fG;sf] d':t]/ eGg] 7fpFdf kfOPsf cjif]znfO{ d':t]/ dfgj elgG5 .
cfheGbf sl/a @%÷#) xhf/ aif{ cufl8sf] xf]d];]lko] dfgjsf cjif]zx? cd]l/sf, clk|msf, ci6]«lnof, o'/f]kdf kfOPsf] 5 . 3/kfn'jf
hgfj/sf] ?kdf s's'/ kfNg] klxnf] dfgj xf]df];]lko] g} xf] .
Ths Siwalik (Churia) belt of Dang is the same belt, where the fossilized form of the early human ancestors, the
Ramapithecus was found at the Butwal Siwalik Range. A fossil of Ramapithecus were found in a place near
Butwal, Lumbini Zone of Western Nepal in December 1980. It was discovered by Dr J.H. Hutchinson, G.E.Lewis
and L.S.B. Leakey. The Ramapithecus has been studies from the piont of view of the development of Hominid and
it has been proved that the Ramapithecus is the first in this chain, which existed about 14 million to 8 million years
ago. Robert M.West first undertook the geological study of Dang valley from the American museum and teh
Department of Mines of HMG, Nepal in 1976.
n]dfs{sf] l;4fGt
qmdljsf;sf] l;4fGt ;j{k|yd k|ltkfbg ug]{ j}1flgs n]dfs{ x'g\ . pgn] klxn]sf hLjx¿ lj:tf/} ljsl;t x'Fb} uP/ xfnsf] hLjx¿sf]
pTklQ ePsf] xf] eGg] JofVof u/]sf 5g\ .
n]dfs{sf] l;4fGt cg';f/,
! hLj dfly jftfj/0fLo k|efj
@ c+usf] pkof]u / cg'kof]u
# cflh{t u'0fsf] x:tfGt/0f
8fla{gsf] l;4fGt
qmd ljsf;sf ljleGg l;4fGtx¿ dWo] 8flj{gsf] l;4fGt Ps k|d'v l;4fGt xf] . 8fla{gsf] l;4fGtnfO{ k|fs[lts 5gf]6sf] l;4fGt jf
8flj{gsf] ljsf;jfb klg elgG5 . pgsf] l;4fGtsf k|d'v a'Fbfx¿ o; k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ .
!= k|To]s hLjdf k|z:t ;Gtfg pTkfbg Ifdtf eP klg hLjsf] hg;+Vof em08} oyfjt\ /xG5 .
@ afFRgsf] nflu ;+3if{ ug'{'kb{5 . hLjsf] ;+3if{ vfgf, jf;:yfg / k|hggsf nflu x'G5 .
#= ;Ifd g} afFRg ;Sb5g\ M hLjn] afFRgsf] nflu vfgf, zq'af6 aRg, /f]u lj?4 n8\g jftfj/0f cg's"n x'g ;Sg'kb{5 . o;
k|lqmofdf ;kmn x'g]x¿ cfkm\gf] cl:tTj /Iff ub{5g\ / afFRg ;kmn x'G5g\ .
$= k|fs[lts 5gf]6M k|s[ltn] ;do cg's'n ljsl;t hLjnfO{ dfq afFRg ;Ifd t'NofpF5 . h'g hLj ;do cg's"n ljsf; x'g
;Sb}gg\, ltgLx¿ nf]k x'Fb} hfG5g\ . s'g hLj afFRg] / s'g hLj nf]k x'g] eGg] s'/f k|s[ltn] g} lgwf{/0f ub{5 .
%= kl/j[lQ / j+zh M kl/j[lQ eg]]sf] Pp6} k|hfltsf] aLrsf /x]sf] km/skg xf] . j+zf0f'ut u'0f / jftfj/0fLo k|efjsf sf/0fn]
hLjdf kl/j[lQ NofpF5 h'g gofF ;Gtltdf ;b}{ hfG5 . k"j{haf6 gofF ;GttLdf ;g]{ u'0fx¿ g} j+zhsf u'0fx¿ x'g\ .
^= gofF hfltsf] pTklQ M hLjn] kl/j[lQaf6 k|fKt u/]sf u'0fx¿ k|To]s ;Gtltdf x:tfGt/0f x'Fb} hfFbf cGTodf k"vf{eGbf km/s
k|hflt b]vfkb{5 / gofF hfltsf] pTklQ x'G5 .
qmd ljsf; l;4fGtsf k|df0fx¿
!= cjz]ifaf6 k|fKt k|df0f M klxn]sf hLjx¿ d/]/ ;8]/ k[YjLd'lg r§fgsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] afFsL cj:yf g} cjz]if x'g . oL
cjz]ifsf] cWoogn] qmdljsf;sf] l;4fGtnfO{ k'li6 ub{5g\ .
@= t'ngfTds z/L/ /rgfaf6 k|fKt k|df0fM ljleGg hLjsf] zf/Ll/s agfj6sf] cWoog ubf{ kfOg] ;dfgtfaf6 hLjsf] ;[li6 Pp6}
;/n k"j{haf6 qmdzM ljsf; x'Fb} cfPsf] k'li6 x'G5 . cfsf/ / pTklQ Pj+ cfGtl/s ;+/rgf ;dfg t/ a]Unfa]Un} sfd ug]{
c+unfO{ ;hflto c+u (Homologus Organs) elgG5 .
#= e'|0f ;DaGwL k|df0fM ljleGg hLjsf] e'|0fsf] cWoog ubf{ kfOg] ;dfgtfaf6 k|fKt k|df0f .
$= cjz]iffËfaf6 k|fKt k|df0fM sltko hLjdf sfod /x]sf t/ s'g} ljz]if sfo{ gePsf c+ux¿nfO{ cjz]iffË elgG5 . w]/} klxn]sf]
k"j{hdf /x]sf o:tf c+ux¿ lqmofzLn lyP t/ xfn lqmofzLn geP/ klg pkl:yt 5g\ . k"j{hdf lqmoflzn t/ clxn] n'Kt
sf]nlDaof tof/L sIff M zfvf clws[t, gf=;'=, vl/bf/, OG:k]S6/, c;O, clws[t Sof8]6, cg';Gwfg, NBL, NRB, ADBL, RBB 1 gofF sIffM wdfwd x'b}5.
 Columbia Academy, New Baneshwor, Ktm. Ph:4784657 tof/L sIffM nf]s;]jf, lzIfs ;]jf, a}lsª, ;'/Iff tof/L sIff
Pj+ lqmofxLg cj:yfdf /x]sf c+ux?nfO{ cjz]iff+u (Vestigeal Organ) elgG5 . h:t}M dflg;df x'g] Pk]l08S;, z/L/sf /f}
cflb .
%= ef}uf]lns ljt/0f M ef}uf]lns ljt/0faf6 Pp6} k"vf{af6 ag]sf ;Gtlt :yfg cg';f/ km/s x'Fb} uPsf] k|df0f k|fKt x'G5.
^= b'O{ ju{ aLrsf] hgfj/af6 k|fKt k|df0fM s'g} hLjx¿ b'O{ ju{sf u'0fx¿ af]s]/ /x]sf x'G5g\ g ltgLx¿nfO{ tNnf] ju{df /fVg
;lsG5 g dflyNnf] ju{df . h:t}M Kn]6Lk; eGg] hGt' km'n kfb{5 t/ aRrfnfO{ b'w r';fpF5 . To;}n] r/f / :tgwf/L aLrdf
kg]{ o:tf] hLjn] klg qmd ljsf;sf] l;4fGtnfO{ k'li6 ub{5 . jlu{s/0fsf b'O{ ;d"xx?sf] ;femf u'0f b]vfpFg] hLjx?nfO{ a|Lh
Plgdn (Bridge Animal) elgG5 .
j+zf0f'
j+zhsf af/]df cWoog ug]{ lj1fgnfO{ hgg\ lj1fg (Genetics) elgG5 . cli6«ofsf kfb/L u|]u/ d]08n (1822 –1884) nfO{
j+zh lj1fg (Genetics) sf lktf elgG5 . hLjsf] sf]ifsf] Go"lSno;df /x]sf] qmf]df]hf]d leq /xg] ;"Id tTj h;n] k'vf{sf
u'0fx¿ gofF ;GttLdf x:tfGt/0f ub{5g To;nfO{ j+zf0f' elgG5 . j+zf0f' l8=Pg=P= af6 ag]sf] x'G5 .j+zf0f'sf] df}lns agfj6 / sfo{
af/] vf]hL ug{ hLg DoflkË k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ul/G5 .
j+zf0f'ut u'0fx¿
cfdfjfj'jf6 gofF ;GttLdf ;g{ ;Sg] u'0fx¿nfO{ j+zf0f'ut u'0fx¿ elgG5 .
hGdf]Q/ nIf0f
cfdfjfj'jf6 k|fKt gePsf t/ hLjn] cfˆgf] hLjgsfndf cfh{g u/]sf u'0fnfO{ hGdf]Q/ nIf0f elgG5 .
d]08nsf] k|of]u
hLjx¿sf ;Gtfgx¿df j+zf0f'ut u'0fx¿ s;/L ;b{} hfG5g\ elg d]08nn] km/s u'0f ePsf s]/fpsf lj?jf aLr u/]sf k|of]unfO{
d]08nsf] k|of]u elgG5 . pgLn] b'O{ km/s u'0f aLr qm; k/fu;]rg u/fO klxnf] gtLhf k|fKt u/] eg] ;f] k|s[ ofjf6 pTkflbt lj?jf
aLr k'g :jk/fu;]rg u/L bf]>|f] j+zsf] gtLhf k|fKt u/] . To;}u/L b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf km/s u'0fsf] aLrdf s:tf] glthf k|fKt x'G5 egL
Ps} ;fy k|of]u u/] / k|To]s u'0f :jtGq ¿kn] ;b{5 eGg] k'li6 u/] .
d]08nn] cfkm\gf] k|of]usf nflu s]/fpsf lj?jf g} 5fGg'sf] sf/0fx¿
1. s]/fpsf] lj?jfdf ljleGg k|sf/sf u'0fx¿ kfOg' ,
2. s]/fpsf] hLjg rqm 5f]6f] x'g' ,
3. s]/fpsf] km'n peO{lnËL ePsf]n] :j k|hgg x'g ;Sg' .
4. cfjZostf cg';f/ k/k|hgg u/fpg ;lsg' .
5. s]/fpjf6 Ps} k6s w]/} ;GttL pTkfbg ug{ ;Sg' cflb .
d]08nn] cfˆgf] k|of]usf nflu s]/fpsf lj?jfsf lgDg lnlvt ;ftj6f nIf0fx¿ 5fg]sf lyP .
1. lj?jfsf] prfO — cUnf (T) / xf]rf (t)
2. km"nsf] :yfg — sfkdf (A) / 6'Kkf] (a)
3. sf];fsf] /Ë — xl/of] (G) / kFx]nf] (g)
4. sf];fsf] cfsf/ — k'i6 (I) / v'lDrPsf] (i)
5. ljpsf] cfsf/ — uf]nf](R) / rfpl/Psf] (i)
6. km"nsf] /Ë — v}/f] (B) / ;]tf] (b)
7. ljpsf] /Ë — kFx]nf (Y) / xl/of] (y)
d]08nsf] lgodx¿
1. k|jntfsf] lgod
2. n}+lus z'4tfsf] lgod
3. :jtGqtfsf] lgod
! k|jntfsf] lgod
d]08nsf] k|jntfsf] lgod cg';f/ Pp6f km/s–km/s z'4 u'0f ePsf hLjx¿sf aLr k/k|hgg u/fpFbf klxnf] j+zdf Pp6f u'0f dfq
b]vf kb{5 / csf{] u'0f n'Kt /xG5 o;}nfO{ k|jntfsf] lgod elgG5 . klxnf] j+zdf b]vfkg{] u'0fnfO{ k|jn u'0f / bljP/ /x]sf] u'0fnfO{
n'Kt u'0f elgG5 . h:t} M cUnf] / xf]rf] s]/fpaLr k/k/fu;]rg u/fpFbf klxnf] j+zdf ;j} cUnf s]/fp b]lvg' k|jn u'0f xf] eg] xf]r f
gb]lvg' n'Kt u'0f xf] .
k|jn u'0f / n'Kt jf blaPsf] u'0f
k|To]s hLjx¿df :jtGq¿kdf /x]sf s]lx JolQmut u'0fx¿ x'G5g h'g Ps j+zjf6 csf{] j+zdf ;b{} hfG5g\ . oL km/s u'0f ePsf b'O{
dftflktf aLr k/ k|hgg u/fpFbf klxnf] j+zdf Pp6f u'0f b]vfkb{5 eg] csf{] u'0f bljP/ /xG5 . h'g u'0f b]vfkb{5 To;nfO{ k|jn
u'0f / h'g u'0f b]vfkb{}g To;nfO{ n'Kt u'0f elgG5 . h:t}M sfnf] d';f/ ;]tf] d';faLr k/k|hgg u/fpFbf klxnf] j+zdf ;j} sfnf]
b]lvg' k|jn u'0f xf] eg] ;]tf] gb]lvg' n'Kt u'0f xf] .
dgf]xfOlj|8 qm; / 8fOxfOlj|8qm;
Pp6fdfq km/s u'0f ePsf] hLjx¿ aLr k/k|hgg u/fpg] k|s[ofnfO{ dgf]xfOlj|8 qm; elgG5 . h:t} M sfnf] / ;]tf] d';faLr ul/g]
k|hgg . b'O{j6f km/s km/s u'0f ePsf hLjx¿aLr ul/g] k/k|hggnfO{ 8fOxfOlj|8 qm; elgG5 . h:t} M kFx]nf] uf]nf] jLp / xl/of]
rfpl/Psf] jLp ePsf] s]/fp aLr ul/g] k/k/fu;]rg .
l7dfxf
b'O{ km/s u'0fx¿ ePsf] Pp6} k|hfltsf hLjx¿sf] ;+of]ujf6 pTkGg ePsf] hLjnfO{ l7dfxf elgG5 . h:t} M cUnf] / xf]rf] s]/fpjf6
lg:s]sf] klxnf] j+zsf] cUnf] s]/fp l7dfxfdf Pp6f u'0fdfq b]vfk/] klg dftflktf b'j}sf u'0fx¿ /x]sf x'G5g\ .
sf]nlDaof tof/L sIff M zfvf clws[t, gf=;'=, vl/bf/, OG:k]S6/, c;O, clws[t Sof8]6, cg';Gwfg, NBL, NRB, ADBL, RBB 2 gofF sIffM wdfwd x'b}5.
 Columbia Academy, New Baneshwor, Ktm. Ph:4784657 tof/L sIffM nf]s;]jf, lzIfs ;]jf, a}lsª, ;'/Iff tof/L sIff
lkmgf]6fOk / lhgf]6fOk
hLjsf] aflx/L ¿kdf aflx/jf6 b]vfkg{] u'0fnfO{ lkmgf]6fOk elgG5 . s'g} klg hLjsf] agfj6 cg';f/sf] u'0fnfO{ lhgf]6fOk elgG5 .
h:t} M cUnf] (TT) / xf]rf] (tt) s]/fpaLr k/k/fu;]rg u/fpFbf klxnf] j+zdf b]vfkg{] ;j} cUnf] s]/fp (Tt) aflx/jf6 x]bf{ cUnf]
b]]lvg' lkmgf]6fOk u'0f xf] eg] To;sf] hLgsf] agfj6 l7dfxf (Tt) /xg'
lhgf]6fOk xf] .
@ n}l·s z'4tfsf] lgod
s'g} klg cfdf / jfj'df ePsf b'O{ leGgfleGg} hLg -j+zf0f'_x¿
ltgLx¿sf] ;Gtfgdf ;b{5g / cGo;Fu ;Dks{ geP;Dd cfˆgf]
df}lnstf gu'dfO oyfjt /x]sf x'G5g h'g Uofd]6 jGg] k|s[ofdf Ps
cfk;df gld;Lsg 5'§LP/ uO{ km/s Uofd]6df km/s km/s u'0f /xg
k'U5g\ h;jf6 k|To]s Uofd]6 z'4 /xg k'Ub5 cyf{t Pp6f dfq u'0f
jf]s]sf] Uofd]6 k}bf x'G5, k|jn of n'Kt . o;}nfO{ n}lËs z'4tfsf] lgod
elgG5 . d]08nn] z'4 cUnf] / z'4 xf]rf] s]/fp aLr k/k/fu;]rg
u/fpFbf klxnf] j+zdf ;j} cUnf] s]/fp kfOP / o;/L kfOPsf klxnf]
j+zsf cUnf s]/fpdf :j;]rg u/fpFbf bf];|f] j+zdf tLg efu cUnf /
Ps efu xf]rf s]/fpx¿ kfOof] . tLg efu cUnf dWo] Ps efu z'4
cUnf, b'O{ efu l7dfxf cUnf b]vfk/] . o;/L klxnf] j+zdf ;j} cUnf
b]lvP klg kl5Nnf j+zdf b'j} u'0f b]vfkg{' jf6 tL u'0fx¿ Ps cfk;df
5\of;ld; geO{ Uofd]6 jGg] k|s[ofdf z'4 ¿kn] g} x:tfGt/0f x'Fb}
hfG5g\ eGg] j'l´G5 .
# :jtGqtf u'0f k|;f/0fsf] lgod (Law of Independent Assortment)
ljleGg km/s u'0f ePsf dftflktf aLr qm; u/fpFbf aGg] ;GttLx¿df tL km/s u'0fx¿
:jtGq ¿kn] ;b{5g\ cyf{t\ tL u'0fx¿ ;bf{ Pp6f u'0fn] csf]{ u'0fsf] ;/fOnfO{ c;/ kfb}{g,
o;}nfO{ :jtGqtfsf] lgod elgG5 . d]08nsf] :jtGq u'0f k|;f/0fsf] lgodnfO{ k'li6 ug{ b'O{
jf b'O{ eGbf km/s u'0f jLr k/k|hgg ug{'kb{5 . b'O{ b'O{ km/s u'0fjLr ul/g] k/k|hggnfO{
8fOxfOj|L8 s|; / b'O{eGbf a9L km/s u'0faLr ul/g] s|;nfO{ kf]nLxfOj|L8 s|; elgG5 .
d]08nn] :jtGq u'0f k|;f/0fsf] lgod k'li6 ug{ 8fOxflj|8 s|; u/]sf lyP .
uf]nf] k+x]nf] —9
uf]nf] xl/of] —3 9:3:3:1
rfp/LPsf] k+x]nf] —3
rfp/LPsf] xl/of] —1
T H Morgan n] d]08nsf] lgodsf] k|of]u 8«f];f]lkmnf eGg] lemFufdf u/]sf lyP .
kl/j[lt
o; ;+;f/df /x]sf Pp6} k|hftLsf hLjx¿ aLrdf klg s]xL g s]xL km/skgf /x]sf] x'G5 . Pp6} cfdfjfj'jf6 hGd]sf ;GttLx¿df
klg s]lxg s]xL km/skgf kfOG5 h;sf sf/0f ltgLx¿ Ps csf{df km/s b]lvG5g , o;}nfO{ kl/j[lt elgG5 . kl/j[ltnfO{ d"Vo b'O{
efudf jfF8\g ;lsG5 .
!= j+zf0f'ut kl/j[lt M Ps j+zjf6 csf{] j+zdf j+zf0f'jf6 ;b{} uPsf] kl/j[ltnfO{ j+zf0f'ut kl/j[lQ elgG5 .
@= jftfj/0fLo kl/j[lQ M j+zf0f'ut ¿kn] Ps}k|sf/sf hLjx¿ klg km/s jftfj/0fdf x's{b} hfFbf b]lvg] ljleGgtfnfO{ jftfj/0fLo
kl/j[lQ elgG5.
pTkl/jt{g
k"j{hjf6 ;/]/ gcfPsf] t/ gofF ;GttLdf cs:dft b]vfkg{] gofF u'0fnfO{ pTkl/jt{g elgG5 . h:t} M s'g} dflg;sf] xftsf] cf}Fnfsf]
;+Vof j9L x'g' .

sf]nlDaof tof/L sIff M zfvf clws[t, gf=;'=, vl/bf/, OG:k]S6/, c;O, clws[t Sof8]6, cg';Gwfg, NBL, NRB, ADBL, RBB 3 gofF sIffM wdfwd x'b}5.
 Columbia Academy, New Baneshwor, Ktm. Ph:4784657 tof/L sIffM nf]s;]jf, lzIfs ;]jf, a}lsª, ;'/Iff tof/L sIff
DNA sf] agfj6 RNA sf] agfj6

DNA RNA
 DNA qmf]df]hf]ddf kfOG5 .  RNA d"Vo ;fO6f]KnfHddf kfOG5 .
 DNA df b'O{j6f TofGb|fx¿ x'G5g\ .  RNA df Pp6f dfq TofGb«f x'G5 .
 o;n] k|f]6Lg ;+Zn]if0fdf efu lnG5 .
 o;n] j+zf0f'ut u'0fx¿ ;fg{] sfd u5{ .  of] /fOjf]h ;'u/jf6 jg]sf] x'G5 .
 of] l8cS;L/fOjf]h ;'u/jf6 jg]sf] x'G5 .  o;df gfO6«f]hg a]; rf/ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ M
 o;df gfO6«f]hg a]; rf/ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ M  gfO6«f]hg a];df Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine /
 Adenine, Thymine, Guanine and Cytosine. Uracil x'G5 .
 Adenine n] Thymine ;Fu / Guanine n]
Cytonine ;Fu hf]8L agfpF5 .
gfO6«f]hg a];sf] qmd km/s km/s x'g] ePsfn] ljleGg hfltsf hLjx? tyf Pp6} hfltsf hLjx? aLrdf leGgtf cfpF5 .

;kmntfsf] z'esfdgf

sf]nlDaof tof/L sIff M zfvf clws[t, gf=;'=, vl/bf/, OG:k]S6/, c;O, clws[t Sof8]6, cg';Gwfg, NBL, NRB, ADBL, RBB 4 gofF sIffM wdfwd x'b}5.