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Design and Analysis
of Experiments
Ninth Edition

DOUGLAS C. MONTGOMERY
Arizona State University

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Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

ISBN: 9781119113478 (PBK)

ISBN: 9781119299455 (EVALC)

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Names: Montgomery, Douglas C., author.

Title: Design and analysis of experiments / Douglas C. Montgomery, Arizona
State University.
Description: Ninth edition. | Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., [2017] |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017002355 (print) | LCCN 2017002997 (ebook) | ISBN
9781119113478 (pbk.) | ISBN 9781119299363 (pdf) | ISBN 9781119320937 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Experimental design.
Classification: LCC QA279 .M66 2017 (print) | LCC QA279 (ebook) | DDC
519.5/7—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017002355

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Preface

Audience
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This is an introductory textbook dealing with the design and analysis of experiments. It is based on college-level
courses in design of experiments that I have taught for over 40 years at Arizona State University, the University of
Washington, and the Georgia Institute of Technology. It also reflects the methods that I have found useful in my own
professional practice as an engineering and statistical consultant in many areas of science and engineering, including
the research and development activities required for successful technology commercialization and product realization.
The book is intended for students who have completed a first course in statistical methods. This background
course should include at least some techniques of descriptive statistics, the standard sampling distributions, and an
introduction to basic concepts of confidence intervals and hypothesis testing for means and variances. Chapters 10, 11,
and 12 require some familiarity with matrix algebra.
Because the prerequisites are relatively modest, this book can be used in a second course on statistics focusing
on statistical design of experiments for undergraduate students in engineering, the physical and chemical sciences,
statistics, mathematics, and other fields of science. For many years I have taught a course from the book at the first-year
graduate level in engineering. Students in this course come from all of the fields of engineering, materials science,
physics, chemistry, mathematics, operations research life sciences, and statistics. I have also used this book as the
basis of an industrial short course on design of experiments for practicing technical professionals with a wide variety
of backgrounds. There are numerous examples illustrating all of the design and analysis techniques. These examples
are based on real-world applications of experimental design and are drawn from many different fields of engineering
and the sciences. This adds a strong applications flavor to an academic course for engineers and scientists and makes
the book useful as a reference tool for experimenters in a variety of disciplines.

About the Book

The ninth edition is a significant revision of the book. I have tried to maintain the balance between design and analysis
topics of previous editions; however, there are many new topics and examples, and I have reorganized some of the
material. There continues to be a lot of emphasis on the computer in this edition.

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iv Preface

Design-Expert, JMP, and Minitab Software

During the last few years a number of excellent software products to assist experimenters in both the design and
analysis phases of this subject have appeared. I have included output from three of these products, Design-Expert,
JMP, and Minitab at many points in the text. Minitab and JMP are widely available general-purpose statistical software
packages that have good data analysis capabilities and that handles the analysis of experiments with both fixed and
random factors (including the mixed model). Design-Expert is a package focused exclusively on experimental design.
All three of these packages have many capabilities for construction and evaluation of designs and extensive analysis
features. I urge all instructors who use this book to incorporate computer software into your course. (In my course, I
bring a laptop computer, and every design or analysis topic discussed in class is illustrated with the computer.)

Empirical Model
I have continued to focus on the connection between the experiment and the model that the experimenter can develop
from the results of the experiment. Engineers (and physical, chemical and life scientists to a large extent) learn about
physical mechanisms and their underlying mechanistic models early in their academic training, and throughout much
of their professional careers they are involved with manipulation of these models. Statistically designed experiments
offer the engineer a valid basis for developing an empirical model of the system being investigated. This empirical
model can then be manipulated (perhaps through a response surface or contour plot, or perhaps mathematically) just
as any other engineering model. I have discovered through many years of teaching that this viewpoint is very effective
in creating enthusiasm in the engineering community for statistically designed experiments. Therefore, the notion of
an underlying empirical model for the experiment and response surfaces appears early in the book and continues to
receive emphasis.
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Factorial Designs
I have expanded the material on factorial and fractional factorial designs (Chapters 5–9) in an effort to make the
material flow more effectively from both the reader’s and the instructor’s viewpoint and to place more emphasis on
the empirical model. There is new material on a number of important topics, including follow-up experimentation
following a fractional factorial, nonregular and nonorthogonal designs, and small, efficient resolution IV and V designs.
Nonregular fractions as alternatives to traditional minimum aberration fractions in 16 runs and analysis methods for
these design are discussed and illustrated.

Additional Important Changes

I have added material on optimal designs and their application. The chapter on response surfaces (Chapter 11) has
several new topics and problems. I have expanded Chapter 12 on robust parameter design and process robustness
experiments. Chapters 13 and 14 discuss experiments involving random effects and some applications of these concepts
to nested and split-plot designs. The residual maximum likelihood method is now widely available in software and I
have emphasized this technique throughout the book. Because there is expanding industrial interest in nested and
split-plot designs, Chapters 13 and 14 have several new topics. Chapter 15 is an overview of important design and
analysis topics: nonnormality of the response, the Box–Cox method for selecting the form of a transformation, and other
alternatives; unbalanced factorial experiments; the analysis of covariance, including covariates in a factorial design,
and repeated measures. I have also added new examples and problems from various fields, including biochemistry and
biotechnology.

Experimental Design
Throughout the book I have stressed the importance of experimental design as a tool for engineers and scientists to use
for product design and development as well as process development and improvement. The use of experimental design

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Preface v

in developing products that are robust to environmental factors and other sources of variability is illustrated. I believe
that the use of experimental design early in the product cycle can substantially reduce development lead time and cost,
leading to processes and products that perform better in the field and have higher reliability than those developed using
other approaches.
The book contains more material than can be covered comfortably in one course, and I hope that instructors will
be able to either vary the content of each course offering or discuss some topics in greater depth, depending on class
interest. There are problem sets at the end of each chapter. These problems vary in scope from computational exercises,
designed to reinforce the fundamentals, to extensions or elaboration of basic principles.

Course Suggestions
My own course focuses extensively on factorial and fractional factorial designs. Consequently, I usually cover Chapter
1, Chapter 2 (very quickly), most of Chapter 3, Chapter 4 (excluding the material on incomplete blocks and only
mentioning Latin squares briefly), and I discuss Chapters 5 through 8 on factorials and two-level factorial and fractional
factorial designs in detail. To conclude the course, I introduce response surface methodology (Chapter 11) and give
an overview of random effects models (Chapter 13) and nested and split-plot designs (Chapter 14). I always require
the students to complete a term project that involves designing, conducting, and presenting the results of a statistically
designed experiment. I require them to do this in teams because this is the way that much industrial experimentation
is conducted. They must present the results of this project, both orally and in written form.

k The Supplemental Text Material k

For this edition I have provided supplemental text material for each chapter of the book. Often, this supplemental
material elaborates on topics that could not be discussed in greater detail in the book. I have also presented some
subjects that do not appear directly in the book, but an introduction to them could prove useful to some students and
professional practitioners. Some of this material is at a higher mathematical level than the text. I realize that instructors
use this book with a wide array of audiences, and some more advanced design courses could possibly benefit from
including several of the supplemental text material topics. This material is in electronic form on the World Wide
Website for this book, located at www.wiley.com/college/montgomery.

Website
Current supporting material for instructors and students is available at the website www.wiley.com/college/
montgomery. This site will be used to communicate information about innovations and recommendations for
effectively using this text. The supplemental text material described above is available at the site, along with electronic
versions of data sets used for examples and homework problems, a course syllabus, and some representative student
term projects from the course at Arizona State University.

Student Companion Site

The student’s section of the textbook website contains the following:
1. The supplemental text material described above
2. Data sets from the book examples and homework problems, in electronic form
3. Sample Student Projects

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vi Preface

Instructor Companion Site

The instructor’s section of the textbook website contains the following:
1. Solutions to the text problems
2. The supplemental text material described above
3. PowerPoint lecture slides
4. Figures from the text in electronic format, for easy inclusion in lecture slides
5. Data sets from the book examples and homework problems, in electronic form
6. Sample Syllabus
7. Sample Student Projects
The instructor’s section is for instructor use only, and is password-protected. Visit the Instructor Companion Site
portion of the website, located at www.wiley.com/college/montgomery, to register for a password.

Student Solutions Manual

The purpose of the Student Solutions Manual is to provide the student with an in-depth understanding of how to apply
the concepts presented in the textbook. Along with detailed instructions on how to solve the selected chapter exercises,
insights from practical applications are also shared.
Solutions have been provided for problems selected by the author of the text. Occasionally a group of “continued
exercises” is presented and provides the student with a full solution for a specific data set. Problems that are included
in the Student Solutions Manual are indicated by an icon appearing in the text margin next to the problem statement.
k This is an excellent study aid that many text users will find extremely helpful. The Student Solutions Manual k
may be ordered in a set with the text, or purchased separately. Contact your local Wiley representative to request the
set for your bookstore, or purchase the Student Solutions Manual from the Wiley website.

Acknowledgments
I express my appreciation to the many students, instructors, and colleagues who have used the eight earlier editions of
this book and who have made helpful suggestions for its revision. The contributions of Dr. Raymond H. Myers, Dr. G.
Geoffrey Vining, Dr. Brad Jones, Dr. Christine Anderson-Cook, Dr. Connie M. Borror, Dr. Scott Kowalski, Dr. Rachel
Silvestrini, Dr. Megan Olson Hunt, Dr. Dennis Lin, Dr. John Ramberg, Dr. Joseph Pignatiello, Dr. Lloyd S. Nelson, Dr.
Andre Khuri, Dr. Peter Nelson, Dr. John A. Cornell, Dr. Saeed Maghsoodloo, Dr. Don Holcomb, Dr. George C. Runger,
Dr. Bert Keats, Dr. Dwayne Rollier, Dr. Norma Hubele, Dr. Murat Kulahci, Dr. Cynthia Lowry, Dr. Russell G. Heikes,
Dr. Harrison M. Wadsworth, Dr. William W. Hines, Dr. Arvind Shah, Dr. Jane Ammons, Dr. Diane Schaub, Mr. Mark
Anderson, Mr. Pat Whitcomb, Dr. Pat Spagon, and Dr. William DuMouche were particularly valuable. My current
and former School Director and Department Chair, Dr. Ron Askin and Dr. Gary Hogg, have provided an intellectually
stimulating environment in which to work.
The contributions of the professional practitioners with whom I have worked have been invaluable. It is impossi-
ble to mention everyone, but some of the major contributors include Dr. Dan McCarville, Dr. Lisa Custer, Dr. Richard
Post, Mr. Tom Bingham, Mr. Dick Vaughn, Dr. Julian Anderson, Mr. Richard Alkire, and Mr. Chase Neilson of the
Boeing Company; Mr. Mike Goza, Mr. Don Walton, Ms. Karen Madison, Mr. Jeff Stevens, and Mr. Bob Kohm of
Alcoa; Dr. Jay Gardiner, Mr. John Butora, Mr. Dana Lesher, Mr. Lolly Marwah, Mr. Leon Mason of IBM; Dr. Paul
Tobias of IBM and Sematech; Ms. Elizabeth A. Peck of The Coca-Cola Company; Dr. Sadri Khalessi and Mr. Franz
Wagner of Signetics; Mr. Robert V. Baxley of Monsanto Chemicals; Mr. Harry Peterson-Nedry and Dr. Russell Boyles
of Precision Castparts Corporation; Mr. Bill New and Mr. Randy Schmid of Allied-Signal Aerospace; Mr. John M.
Fluke, Jr. of the John Fluke Manufacturing Company; Mr. Larry Newton and Mr. Kip Howlett of Georgia-Pacific; and
Dr. Ernesto Ramos of BBN Software Products Corporation.

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Preface vii

I am indebted to Professor E. S. Pearson and the Biometrika Trustees, John Wiley & Sons, Prentice Hall, The
American Statistical Association, The Institute of Mathematical Statistics, and the editors of Biometrics for permission
to use copyrighted material. Dr. Lisa Custer and Dr. Dan McCorville did an excellent job of preparing the solutions
that appear in the Instructor’s Solutions Manual, and Dr. Cheryl Jennings provided effective and very helpful proof-
reading assistance. I am grateful to NASA, the Office of Naval Research, the Department of Defense, the National
Science Foundation, the member companies of the NSF/Industry/University Cooperative Research Center in Quality
and Reliability Engineering at Arizona State University, and the IBM Corporation for supporting much of my research
in engineering statistics and experimental design over many years.

DOUGLAS C. MONTGOMERY
TEMPE, ARIZONA

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Contents

Preface iii

1
Introduction 1
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1.1 Strategy of Experimentation 1
1.2 Some Typical Applications of Experimental Design 7
1.3 Basic Principles 11
1.4 Guidelines for Designing Experiments 13
1.5 A Brief History of Statistical Design 19
1.6 Summary: Using Statistical Techniques in Experimentation 20
1.7 Problems 21

2
Simple Comparative Experiments 23
2.1 Introduction 24
2.2 Basic Statistical Concepts 25
2.3 Sampling and Sampling Distributions 28
2.4 Inferences About the Differences in Means, Randomized Designs 33
2.4.1 Hypothesis Testing 33
2.4.2 Confidence Intervals 39
2.4.3 Choice of Sample Size 41
2.4.4 The Case Where 𝜎12 ≠ 𝜎22 44
2.4.5 The Case Where 𝜎12 and 𝜎22 Are Known 47
2.4.6 Comparing a Single Mean to a Specified Value 47
2.4.7 Summary 48
2.5 Inferences About the Differences in Means, Paired Comparison Designs 50
2.5.1 The Paired Comparison Problem 50
2.5.2 Advantages of the Paired Comparison Design 52
2.6 Inferences About the Variances of Normal Distributions 53
2.7 Problems 55

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Experiments with a Single Factor: The Analysis of Variance 64
3.1 An Example 65
3.2 The Analysis of Variance 67
3.3 Analysis of the Fixed Effects Model 69
3.3.1 Decomposition of the Total Sum of Squares 69
3.3.2 Statistical Analysis 72
3.3.3 Estimation of the Model Parameters 76
3.3.4 Unbalanced Data 78
3.4 Model Adequacy Checking 78
3.4.1 The Normality Assumption 79
3.4.2 Plot of Residuals in Time Sequence 81
3.4.3 Plot of Residuals Versus Fitted Values 81
3.4.4 Plots of Residuals Versus Other Variables 86
3.5 Practical Interpretation of Results 86
3.5.1 A Regression Model 87
3.5.2 Comparisons Among Treatment Means 88
3.5.3 Graphical Comparisons of Means 88
3.5.4 Contrasts 89
3.5.5 Orthogonal Contrasts 92
3.5.6 Scheffé’s Method for Comparing All Contrasts 93
3.5.7 Comparing Pairs of Treatment Means 95
3.5.8 Comparing Treatment Means with a Control 98
k 3.6 Sample Computer Output 99 k
3.7 Determining Sample Size 103
3.7.1 Operating Characteristic and Power Curves 103
3.7.2 Confidence Interval Estimation Method 104
3.8 Other Examples of Single-Factor Experiments 105
3.8.1 Chocolate and Cardiovascular Health 105
3.8.2 A Real Economy Application of a Designed Experiment 107
3.8.3 Discovering Dispersion Effects 109
3.9 The Random Effects Model 111
3.9.1 A Single Random Factor 111
3.9.2 Analysis of Variance for the Random Model 112
3.9.3 Estimating the Model Parameters 113
3.10 The Regression Approach to the Analysis of Variance 119
3.10.1 Least Squares Estimation of the Model Parameters 120
3.10.2 The General Regression Significance Test 121
3.11 Nonparametric Methods in the Analysis of Variance 123
3.11.1 The Kruskal–Wallis Test 123
3.11.2 General Comments on the Rank Transformation 124
3.12 Problems 125

4
Randomized Blocks, Latin Squares, and Related Designs 135
4.1 The Randomized Complete Block Design 135
4.1.1 Statistical Analysis of the RCBD 137
4.1.2 Model Adequacy Checking 145
4.1.3 Some Other Aspects of the Randomized Complete Block Design 145
4.1.4 Estimating Model Parameters and the General Regression Significance Test 150

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 4.2 The Latin Square Design 153
4.3 The Graeco-Latin Square Design 160
4.4 Balanced Incomplete Block Designs 162
4.4.1 Statistical Analysis of the BIBD 163
4.4.2 Least Squares Estimation of the Parameters 167
4.4.3 Recovery of Interblock Information in the BIBD 169
4.5 Problems 171

5
Introduction to Factorial Designs 179
5.1 Basic Definitions and Principles 179
5.2 The Advantage of Factorials 182
5.3 The Two-Factor Factorial Design 183
5.3.1 An Example 183
5.3.2 Statistical Analysis of the Fixed Effects Model 186
5.3.3 Model Adequacy Checking 191
5.3.4 Estimating the Model Parameters 194
5.3.5 Choice of Sample Size 196
5.3.6 The Assumption of No Interaction in a Two-Factor Model 197
5.3.7 One Observation per Cell 198
5.4 The General Factorial Design 201
5.5 Fitting Response Curves and Surfaces 206
k 5.6 Blocking in a Factorial Design 215 k
5.7 Problems 220

6
The 2k Factorial Design 230
6.1 Introduction 230
6.2 The 22 Design 231
6.3 The 23 Design 240
6.4 The General 2k Design 252
6.5 A Single Replicate of the 2k Design 254
6.6 Additional Examples of Unreplicated 2k Designs 268
6.7 2k Designs are Optimal Designs 280
6.8 The Addition of Center Points to the 2k Design 285
6.9 Why We Work with Coded Design Variables 290
6.10 Problems 292

7
Blocking and Confounding in the 2k Factorial Design 308
7.1 Introduction 308
7.2 Blocking a Replicated 2k Factorial Design 309
7.3 Confounding in the 2k Factorial Design 311
7.4 Confounding the 2k Factorial Design in Two Blocks 311
7.5 Another Illustration of Why Blocking Is Important 319
7.6 Confounding the 2k Factorial Design in Four Blocks 320

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 7.7 Confounding the 2k Factorial Design in 2p Blocks 322
7.8 Partial Confounding 323
7.9 Problems 325

8
Two-Level Fractional Factorial Designs 328
8.1 Introduction 329
8.2 The One-Half Fraction of the 2k Design 329
8.2.1 Definitions and Basic Principles 329
8.2.2 Design Resolution 332
8.2.3 Construction and Analysis of the One-Half Fraction 332
8.3 The One-Quarter Fraction of the 2k Design 344
8.4 The General 2k−p Fractional Factorial Design 351
8.4.1 Choosing a Design 351
8.4.2 Analysis of 2k−p Fractional Factorials 354
8.4.3 Blocking Fractional Factorials 355
8.5 Alias Structures in Fractional Factorials and Other Designs 360
8.6 Resolution III Designs 362
8.6.1 Constructing Resolution III Designs 362
8.6.2 Fold Over of Resolution III Fractions to Separate Aliased Effects 364
8.6.3 Plackett–Burman Designs 367
8.7 Resolution IV and V Designs 376
k 8.7.1 Resolution IV Designs 376 k
8.7.2 Sequential Experimentation with Resolution IV Designs 377
8.7.3 Resolution V Designs 383
8.8 Supersaturated Designs 384
8.9 Summary 385
8.10 Problems 386

9
Additional Design and Analysis Topics for Factorial
and Fractional Factorial Designs 405
9.1 The 3k Factorial Design 406
9.1.1 Notation and Motivation for the 3k Design 406
9.1.2 The 32 Design 407
9.1.3 The 33 Design 408
9.1.4 The General 3k Design 413
9.2 Confounding in the 3k Factorial Design 413
9.2.1 The 3k Factorial Design in Three Blocks 413
9.2.2 The 3k Factorial Design in Nine Blocks 416
9.2.3 The 3k Factorial Design in 3p Blocks 417
9.3 Fractional Replication of the 3k Factorial Design 418
9.3.1 The One-Third Fraction of the 3k Factorial Design 418
9.3.2 Other 3k−p Fractional Factorial Designs 421
9.4 Factorials with Mixed Levels 422
9.4.1 Factors at Two and Three Levels 422
9.4.2 Factors at Two and Four Levels 424
9.5 Nonregular Fractional Factorial Designs 425

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 9.5.1 Nonregular Fractional Factorial Designs for 6, 7, and 8 Factors in 16 Runs 427
9.5.2 Nonregular Fractional Factorial Designs for 9 Through 14 Factors in 16 Runs 436
9.5.3 Analysis of Nonregular Fractional Factorial Designs 441
9.6 Constructing Factorial and Fractional Factorial Designs Using
an Optimal Design Tool 442
9.6.1 Design Optimality Criterion 443
9.6.2 Examples of Optimal Designs 443
9.6.3 Extensions of the Optimal Design Approach 453
9.7 Problems 454

10
Fitting Regression Models
(online at www.wiley.com/college/montgomery) 460
10.1 Introduction 461
10.2 Linear Regression Models 461
10.3 Estimation of the Parameters in Linear Regression Models 462
10.4 Hypothesis Testing in Multiple Regression 473
10.4.1 Test for Significance of Regression 473
10.4.2 Tests on Individual Regression Coefficients and Groups of Coefficients 475
10.5 Confidence Intervals in Multiple Regression 478
10.5.1 Confidence Intervals on the Individual Regression Coefficients 478
10.5.2 Confidence Interval on the Mean Response 478
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10.6 Prediction of New Response Observations 479
10.7 Regression Model Diagnostics 480
10.7.1 Scaled Residuals and PRESS 480
10.7.2 Influence Diagnostics 483
10.8 Testing for Lack of Fit 483
10.9 Problems 485

11
Response Surface Methods and Designs 489
11.1 Introduction to Response Surface Methodology 490
11.2 The Method of Steepest Ascent 492
11.3 Analysis of a Second-Order Response Surface 497
11.3.1 Location of the Stationary Point 497
11.3.2 Characterizing the Response Surface 499
11.3.3 Ridge Systems 505
11.3.4 Multiple Responses 506
11.4 Experimental Designs for Fitting Response Surfaces 511
11.4.1 Designs for Fitting the First-Order Model 511
11.4.2 Designs for Fitting the Second-Order Model 511
11.4.3 Blocking in Response Surface Designs 518
11.4.4 Optimal Designs for Response Surfaces 521
11.5 Experiments with Computer Models 535
11.6 Mixture Experiments 542
11.7 Evolutionary Operation 553
11.8 Problems 558

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Robust Parameter Design and Process Robustness
Studies (online at www.wiley.com/college/montgomery) 569
12.1 Introduction 569
12.2 Crossed Array Designs 571
12.3 Analysis of the Crossed Array Design 573
12.4 Combined Array Designs and the Response Model Approach 576
12.5 Choice of Designs 582
12.6 Problems 585

13
Experiments with Random Factors 589
13.1 Random Effects Models 589
13.2 The Two-Factor Factorial with Random Factors 590
13.3 The Two-Factor Mixed Model 597
13.4 Rules for Expected Mean Squares 602
13.5 Approximate F-Tests 605
13.6 Some Additional Topics on Estimation of Variance Components 609
13.6.1 Approximate Confidence Intervals on Variance Components 609
13.6.2 The Modified Large-Sample Method 613
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13.7 Problems 615

14
Nested and Split-Plot Designs 618
14.1 The Two-Stage Nested Design 619
14.1.1 Statistical Analysis 619
14.1.2 Diagnostic Checking 624
14.1.3 Variance Components 626
14.1.4 Staggered Nested Designs 626
14.2 The General m-Stage Nested Design 628
14.3 Designs with Both Nested and Factorial Factors 630
14.4 The Split-Plot Design 634
14.5 Other Variations of the Split-Plot Design 640
14.5.1 Split-Plot Designs with More Than Two Factors 640
14.5.2 The Split-Split-Plot Design 645
14.5.3 The Strip-Split-Plot Design 649
14.6 Problems 650

15
Other Design and Analysis Topics
(online at www.wiley.com/college/montgomery) 656
15.1 Nonnormal Responses and Transformations 657
15.1.1 Selecting a Transformation: The Box–Cox Method 657
15.1.2 The Generalized Linear Model 659

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 15.2 Unbalanced Data in a Factorial Design 666
15.2.1 Proportional Data: An Easy Case 667
15.2.2 Approximate Methods 668
15.2.3 The Exact Method 670
15.3 The Analysis of Covariance 670
15.3.1 Description of the Procedure 671
15.3.2 Computer Solution 679
15.3.3 Development by the General Regression Significance Test 680
15.3.4 Factorial Experiments with Covariates 682
15.4 Repeated Measures 692
15.5 Problems 694

Appendix (online at www.wiley.com/college/montgomery) 697

Table I. Cumulative Standard Normal Distribution 698
Table II. Percentage Points of the t Distribution 700
Table III. Percentage Points of the 𝜒 2 Distribution 701
Table IV. Percentage Points of the F Distribution 702
Table V. Percentage Points of the Studentized Range Statistic 707
Table VI. Critical Values for Dunnett’s Test for Comparing Treatments
with a Control 709
Table VII. Coefficients of Orthogonal Polynomials 711
Table VIII. Alias Relationships for 2k−p Fractional Factorial Designs
with k ≤ 15 and n ≤ 64 712
k k
Bibliography (online at www.wiley.com/college/montgomery) 724
Index 731

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Fourteen is not usually a beautiful age, and I was no
exception to the general rule. I was naturally dark—"a true
black Corby," my father said—and inclined to paleness, and
my appearance was not at all improved by the dark lines
under my eyes, caused by the grief and fatigue of the last
few days.

However, this same grief and care had a good effect in

one way. They had brought my better nature uppermost for
the time, and banished those daydreams, which were my
bane, so that I was much less awkward and self-conscious
than I should otherwise have been. I was of course curious
to see my future bridegroom, but I cannot say that I
remember feeling any particular flutter or agitation on the
occasion. I was too young for that, and I had had no
opportunity to form any other fancy.

In this country, it would have been thought improper if

not dangerous for me to associate so freely with a
handsome young working-man like David Sablot, but I can
safely say that such an idea never entered any one's head.
The distinction of rank is very much more severely marked
in France than here, and was much more so at that time
than now; and besides, David was my foster-brother, and as
such no more to be considered in any lover-like light than
an own brother would have been.

Andrew's only rival was a certain Lord Percy, a creature

of my own imagination, who figured largely in that visionary
world which I inhabited at times—an impossible creature,
compounded of King Arthur, Sir Galahad, and some of the
fine gentlemen I had come across in my stolen readings—
who was to rescue me from unheard-of dangers, and
endure unheard-of hardships in my behalf, though I never
quite made up my mind whether he was to die at my feet or
carry me off in triumph to his ancestral halls.

Andrew, certainly, was not the least like this hero of

mine. He was handsome in a certain way, but that way was
not mine. He was short, for one thing, and broad-
shouldered, with a large nose, large gray eyes with dilating
pupils, so that his eyes usually passed for black; and his
hair and beard were so black as to be almost blue, and
crisped like my own.

No, he was not at all like Lord Percy; but, after all, I
liked his looks. Andrew had been about the world a good
deal for a man of his years, having been on two or three
long sea-voyages, and he was by no means as awkward as
young men of that age are apt to be.

He saluted my mother and myself with considerable

grace, I thought, and made himself at home in our house,
with just enough and not too much freedom. On the whole I
liked him very well. Oh, how I longed to tell Lucille about
him; and I shed some bitter tears at the thought that I
should never confide in her again.

My father's first inquiry, after he was assured of our

health and safety, was for the pastor, and he praised the
courage and presence of mind I had shown.

"We must not keep the old man here," he said. "The
tide will be favorable for his escape by the day after to-
morrow, and an English ship will be waiting for him off the
shore. But first I would fain have one more celebration of
the Holy Supper with some of our poor friends. Heaven
knows when we shall have another chance. But what is this
I hear about the Sablots?"

My mother repeated the story. My father listened with

the greatest interest, and when it was finished, turning to
me he asked, with anxiety, whether I were quite sure I had
not been seen by the priest.

"Quite sure," said I. "I was hidden on the top of the

rock, but I saw it all."

My father sighed. "The net is drawn closer and closer,"

said he. "Ah, my Marguerite, were you and the little one but
in safety!"

"But I do not understand," said Andrew, speaking

almost for the first time. "I see that this girl has become a
Papist; but need that separate her entirely from her family?
It would be a grief to them, of course; but could they not go
their way, and let her go hers? Surely, they might at least
give the poor thing a home."

"You do not understand, indeed, my poor Andrew," said

my father, smiling sadly.

And he explained the matter in a few choice words.

Andrew's brow darkened, and he struck his hand on the
table.
 "And there are thousands upon thousands of you
Protestants in France, able men, and many of you
gentlemen used to arms, and yet you suffer such tyranny!"
said he. "Why do you not rise upon your oppressors, and at
least have a fight for your lives?"

"Hush, hush, my son," said my father. "Would you have

us rise in rebellion against our king—the Lord's anointed!"

"The king is a man like another man, when all is done,"

said my cousin sturdily; "and has a joint in his neck, as the
old Scotchman said. I have been in America, my cousin,
where our colonies are growing, and where they seem to do
fairly well at a pretty good distance from any king. As to
such a man as this Louis being the Lord's anointed, any one
may believe that who likes. I don't; or, if he is, he is such
an one as Saul or Rehoboam."

"Some of our people talk as you do," said my father,

while I looked at my cousin's firm lips and sparkling eyes
with great approval; "but we are too much divided among
ourselves on the subject to make any plan of resistance
possible."

"Then I would flee to some better place," said Andrew.

"Come over to Cornwall and set up your tent. There is a fine
estate to be bought, not far from Tre Madoc. Some of the
lands have mines upon them, which my father believes
could be worked to advantage, and you could give
employment to many of your oppressed countrymen. Why
not go thither at once?"

"And leave my poor people?"

"The people are not in so much danger as you are,"

answered Andrew. "It is the high tree that falls in the storm.
Think of my aunt and cousin here, condemned to such
things as you have told me of, or left desolate by your loss.
Surely you should consider them as well as your tenants."

Andrew spoke with great warmth, yet with due

modesty, and I liked him better and better every moment.
My mother and I both looked at my father.

"Here are two pairs of eyes pleading with you," said my

father. "I must say that your plan is a most tempting one, if
it could be carried out, and we are in a better position to
make such an escape than many others, being so near the
sea, and having a good deal of wealth laid by in jewels
against a day of need. But, my son, let me most earnestly
impress upon your mind the great need of caution in speech
even among ourselves. Though all of our household are
faithful, so far as I know, yet they are always liable to be
tampered with, and we are never safe from spies and
eavesdroppers. Such a speech as yours about the king, if
reported, would be our utter ruin. Let me beg you, for all
our sakes, to be careful."

I saw Andrew clinch his hand and set his teeth hard at
the idea of such care being needful; and indeed it was a
new care for him. Times were not very good in England just
then, but they were far better than with us.

We separated, to prepare for supper. I dressed myself in

my very best, to do honor to my cousin's arrival, though I
was quite conscious, when I looked into my little mirror,
that I did not look nearly so well in my fine damask gown
and lace cap as I did in the gray-blue homespun which was
my ordinary morning wear. Grace would sit up in bed to
arrange my cap and lace my stays herself, and she drew
them so tight. I could hardly breathe.
 The next morning I was sent down to Father Simon's
cottage with a weighty message—no less important than
this: that there would be a celebration of the Holy Supper,
as we always called it, that very night, in the vaults under
the lonely grange, which stood in a hollow of our domain.
Simon was to send word to certain of the faithful at Sartilly
and Granville.

Andrew, who had already as it were taken possession of

me, would go with me, and though Mrs. Grace demurred at
such a freedom, he had his way. He always has had a great
knack of getting his own way, partly, I think, because he
goes on that way so quietly, without ever contradicting any
one.

I did not go by the lane this time, but through the

orchard, over the heathy knoll, where my father and myself
had had such an important conversation, and down the little
ravine which the stream had made in its passage to the sea.

It was a somewhat scrambling walk, and I liked it all the

better for that. My ostensible errand was a search for fresh
eggs, so I carried my little straw basket on my arm. I had a
password in which to communicate my errand, and,
meeting one of the old men who was to be summoned, I
used it.

"Jean Martin, my father bids me ask you if the old

grange will do to store the apples in?"

The old man's face lighted up, and he took off his hat.

"When should they be stored, mademoiselle?" he asked.

"To-morrow at high noon," was the answer.

 "It is as safe a place as any. Thank your honored father
and yourself. I will be there."

"What does that mean?" asked Andrew, as we went on.

"Why should that old fellow be so wonderfully pleased at
being asked about a place to store the apples?"

"Hush!" said I, speaking English, which I now did quite

perfectly. "You must learn not to talk so loud."

"I am like to lose the use of my tongue altogether, if I

stay long in this country," said he discontentedly. "Well,
cousin, I will squeak like a rere-mouse, if that will content
you. But what does it mean?"

I explained the matter, taking care to speak in English,

and in a low tone.

"So that was it," said he, in a tone of wonder mixed

with compassion. "And will the old man really leave his bed
at midnight, and risk not only the rheumatism but his life,
on such an errand as that?"

"Yes, indeed, and his wife also, though she is very

infirm," said I. "We of the Religion are used to such risks."

"I wonder what one of the farmers in our parish at Tre

Madoc would say to such an invitation?" was Andrew's
comment. "But what if you should be discovered?"

"Then we should be shot down like wolves, or carried

away no one knows where. Such things happen every day."

"And in our free country, where every one can worship,

the pastor has often hard work to gather a dozen people to
the communion," remarked Andrew. "Truly, if Papist France
deserves a judgment for suppressing the truth, I know not
but England deserves as much for neglecting it."

"Are people there, then, so careless of duties?" I asked.

"Many of them are. The court sets the worst example,

and those of the gentry who frequent it are not slow to
follow. And though there are in London itself and scattered
all through the land faithful and earnest preachers of the
Word, there are also far too many who think of the church
only as a means of getting a living at a very easy rate. And
yet I dare say a great many of these easy-going pastors, if
it came to the pinch, would wake up and show that they
could die for their faith, if need were. Only they would not
die as easily as people seem to do over here," he added.
"They would have a fight for it first."

"Our pastors do not think it right to fight," said I, a little

vexed.

"I know they do not, and there is where I differ from

them," said he. "Is this the farm where we are going? What
an odd, pretty place! And what splendid old apple-trees!"

"Yes, Father Simon is very proud of his apples, poor

man. The place does not look like itself," I added, with a
sigh, as I missed Lucille from the bench before the door,
where she would have been sitting with her distaff at this
hour. We found Mother Jeanne going about her household
work as usual, but in a sad, spiritless way, quite unlike her
ordinary bustling fashion. Her face brightened, however,
when she heard my errand, and she called in Simon to hear
it also. To him I gave, in addition to the questions about
storing the apples, a commission about cider-casks, to be
executed at Sartilly.
 "It is well," said he; "I shall attend to the matter. Our
Master has not quite forgotten us, thou seest, my Jeanne,
since he sends us such help and comfort by the way."

"Did you think he had, Father Simon?" I asked.

"Not so, Mamselle, but one's faith droops at times; and

when one is weary and faint with the heat of the day, it is a
wonderful comfort to come on a clear well of living water.
Tell your honored father that I will attend to the matter."

"And about the eggs?" I asked.

"I have a few for madame, and Marie Duclas has some,
I know."

"Who is this fine chevalier, my child?" asked Jeanne, as

I followed her to the well-known outhouse where the hens'
nests were. "Is he one of your English cousins?"

It was with some pride that I informed my foster-

mother of Andrew's relation to myself. Jeanne was much
affected. She clasped me in her arms and wept over me,
calling me by every endearing name in her vocabulary, now
lamenting that I should go so far-away, and then rejoicing
that I should be in safety.

"But, ah, my lamb, my precious one, do not set thy

heart too strongly upon thy young bridegroom. Remember
what times of shaking and separation these are, when the
desire of one's eyes may be taken away with a stroke at
any time. Ah, my poor daughter—my Lucille, my youngest
lamb! Tell me, my Vevette, dost thou think I was ever
unjust or unkind to her?"

"No, indeed!" I answered, with honest indignation, for

my heart burned within me every time I thought of Lucille's
cruel note of farewell. "Nobody ever had a better home or
kinder friends. I imagine she will find out before many days
what she has lost."

"I fear she will not be happy," said Jeanne, wiping her
eyes. "I had lost so many before she came, and she was so
delicate in her childhood, that I was always more careful of
her than of David, who never gave me an hour's anxiety
since he was born, except on that unlucky day when he
went to see the procession."

"I do not believe poor Lucille will be very happy

anywhere—not unless she changes her disposition," said I.
"It seems to me that a jealous person will always find
something to torment him. But though I knew she was
discontented, I never could have believed she would take
such a step. Poor Lucille!"

"It is some comfort to speak of her," said Jeanne. "The

father never mentions her name except in prayer. He feels
the disgrace most deeply. I must tell you, my child, that
that poor reprobate Pierre Le Febre came here yesterday,
and most earnestly disclaimed having any hand in or
knowledge of Lucille's decision. He confessed that he loved
her, and would gladly have married her, and then he broke
down and wept, saying that he should have felt her death
less. He had been a bad man, but he had some human
feeling left. Simon led him into the orchard and had a long
talk with him, and this morning they met, and Pierre told
him that he had gone with poor Isabeau before the priest
and made her his wife. So some good has come out of the
evil."

By this time Jeanne had set out some refreshment for

us, of which we partook, not to seem ungracious. Andrew
had been over the farm with Father Simon, and though his
French was not the most fluent in the world, and Simon's
was deeply flavored with patois, they seemed to get on
together very well. I think two such manly, honest hearts
could not fail to understand each other, though they had not
a word in common.

Andrew could not say enough in praise of the grand

Norman horses and the beautiful little cows, but he turned
up his nose at the buckwheat, and thought that a great deal
more might be made of the land. We visited Lebrun's and
one other farm, where we were received with the same
welcome. Everywhere we heard comments on poor Lucille's
conduct.

"The poor Jeanne was too easy with her. She indulged
her far too much," said Marie Lebrun. "She took all the
hardest and most unpleasant work on herself, to spare
Lucille, and leave her time for her needlework and her fine
spinning. If she had had to work as hard as my girls, she
would not have had so much time to indulge her foolish
fancies."

"Ah, Marie, it is easy to condemn," remarked her sister

Marthe, who had never married, and was held in great
respect among us for her piety and good works. "If Jeanne
had taken the opposite course, people would have said it
was because the child was so oppressed that she left her
father's house. It is easy to say what might have been. A
parent may do her best, and yet the child may go wrong."

"I am not so sure of that," said Marie, with some

complacency. "'Train up a child in the way he should go,'
you know."

"'My beloved had a vineyard in a very fruitful hill,'"

quoted Marthe; "'and he fenced it, and gathered out the
stones thereof, and planted it with the choicest vine, and
built a tower in the midst thereof, and also made a wine-
press therein; and he looked that it should bring forth
grapes, and it brought forth wild grapes.' If the great Lord
of the vineyard met with such a disappointment, shall we
blame the under-gardeners when the vintage does not
answer our expectations?"

"Ah, my Marie, after all, that others can do for us; we

must each build our lives for ourselves. We cannot cast off
the responsibility on any one else."

I have many a time thought of these words of the good

Marthe, when I have heard parents blamed for the faults of
their grown-up children. Poor Marthe! She was one of the
victims of the times, and died in prison.

As we walked homeward, Andrew and I fell into

conversation about our future prospects. He told me of his
house at Tre Madoc, which was, however, his mother's as
long as she lived; of the increased wealth which had come
to them from the working of a mine on his estate; and
described to me the old house and its surroundings till I
could almost see it.

Then he asked me frankly, in his sailor fashion, whether

I liked him, and whether I thought I could be happy with
him; to which I answered, with equal frankness:

"I do not see why I should not, cousin—that is, if your

mother will be kind to me."

"You need not fear that," answered Andrew. "She is

kindness itself, and my sisters are good merry girls. But
about myself."
 "I like you very much," I answered, with true Norman
bluntness, "and I am glad you came here. I wish you were
going to stay. It is as nice as having an own brother."

To my surprise Andrew did not seem at all pleased with

this remark of mine. He colored, muttered something
between his teeth about brothers which did not sound very
complimentary, and was rather silent during the rest of our
walk.

Afterward, from something I caught, I fancy he had

been speaking of the matter to my mother, for I heard her
say:

"You are too precipitate, my son. Think how young the

child is, and how carefully she has been brought up. You
must trust to time and your own merits for the growth of a
warmer feeling."

Andrew has since told me that he loved me from the

very first time he heard me speak. How long and steadfastly
that love endured, through evil and good report, hoping
against hope, triumphing over danger and distance, it must
be mine to tell, though the story is not much to mine own
credit.

That night about eleven o'clock, after all the younger

servants had gone to bed, my mother and myself, with the
pastor, wrapped in our long black cloaks, stole forth in the
darkness. My father and Andrew had gone away on
horseback early in the afternoon, ostensibly to Avranches,
but we knew we should find them waiting for us at the
appointed place.

We dared not take a lantern lest it should betray us, but

found our way, by the stars and the cold diffused light of an
aurora, to the little rocky dell in the midst of the fields
where stood the lonely grange. It was a great rambling
stone building, very old, but strong still. Nobody knew when
or for what purpose it had been first erected, but my father
believed it to be of great antiquity. It was not much used at
present, save for a storehouse for grain and cider, but the
old Luchons lived in two tolerably comfortable rooms on the
ground floor of the old tower.

The walk had been long and rough for us all, and
especially for my mother, and we were not sorry to see the
tower standing dark against the sky, and to meet the
challenge of our outposts; for at all our meetings we had
our sentinels and our pass-words.

My father and Andrew were on the lookout for us, and

Andrew nearly crushed my hand off in the fervor of his joy
at finding me safe.

We passed though the old Luchons' kitchen into the

great room or hall which occupied the center of the
building, and which was crowded with empty casks and
sheaves of grain. Threading our way amid these
obstructions, which would have appeared impenetrable to
any one not in the secret, we descended a flight of stairs to
the vault, where most of our brethren were assembled. A
rude platform was built up at one end, before which stood a
small table covered with a white cloth. The congregation
consisted of several of the neighboring farmers and some of
the poorer laborers with their wives, and now and then a
grown-up son or daughter, and a few tradespeople and
fishermen from Granville, who had run a double danger to
break the bread of life once more.

The only gentry beside ourselves were the Le Roys,

from near Sartilly, who had brought their child for baptism.
Not one of the family is alive now. Of that little company,
more than half witnessed for their faith on the scaffold or
under the muskets of their enemies. I suppose so many of
the Religion could not now be gathered in all Normandy.

It was touching to see the joy of the poor people at

having a pastor once more. Many of them had seen
Monsieur Bertheau before. These crowded round him, and
happy was the man or woman who could obtain a grasp of
his hand or a word from his lips. But there was little time to
be spent in friendly greetings. The congregation took their
places, and the service began.

When I shut my eyes, how vividly the whole scene

comes before me—the rough vault, but dimly lighted by a
few wax torches; the earnest, calm face and silver hair of
the pastor; the solemn, attentive congregation, the old
people occupying the front rank, that their dull ears might
not lose a word; Monsieur and Madame Le Roy, with their
beautiful babe wrapped in a white cashmere shawl. I can
smell the scent of the apples and the hay mingled with the
earthy, mouldy smell of the vault, and hear the melodious
voice, trembling a little with age, as the old man read:

"I will not leave you comfortless: I will come to you."

"If the world hate you, ye know that it hated me before it

hated you."

I think no one can fully understand these words who

has not heard them under circumstances of danger, or at
least of sorrow. Andrew was deeply affected by them; and
when the little lily-white babe was brought forward for
baptism, he put down his head and almost sobbed aloud.
My father had been somewhat unwilling to have him run the
risk of attending the meeting, but he had insisted, and he
told me afterward, and has often told me since, that he
would not have missed it for anything.

I know that the service was greatly blessed to my own

heart, and for a long time afterward, I was quite a different
creature—I may say, indeed, for all my life, since, though
for a time choked by the thorns of this world, the seed sown
that night always remained, and at last, as I hope, has
borne some fruit to the sower.

Our meeting was not to pass off without an alarm. The

pastor had just finished distributing the bread and wine
when one of the lookouts came down to say that he had
heard a distant sound like the galloping of horses, which
drew nearer every moment. All were at once on the alert.
The lights were extinguished below, and also in the kitchen
above. Another great cellar opened from the one we were
in, and here, since there was no time to get away, we hid
ourselves, waiting in breathless suspense, but calm and
collected, for whatever might be coming. The very youngest
children never uttered a cry or whimper, and the only sound
heard was a whispered prayer or encouragement passed
from one to another.

But oh how welcome was the voice which announced

that the alarm was a false one! A herd of young horses had
broken from their pasture and rushed abroad over the
fields, scared, perhaps, by some stray wolf. It was thought
best to break up our gathering at once, and exchanging
short but earnest farewells, we all reached our homes in
safety. Several of the old people, worn-out by the fatigue
and agitation, died within a short time, and the sweet babe
only survived its baptism for a few weeks. Happy child to be
taken in its innocence from the evil to come.
 The next night the pastor left us. He went out in a
fishing-boat, hoping to meet an English ship which was
expected off the coast, but the ship was detained by
contrary winds. A sudden storm came up, and the boat was
capsized. With him were two sailors, sons of a widow in the
little village from which he embarked. One perished; the
other was picked up and carried to Jersey, where he lay
long ill of a fever. But he recovered at last, and it was from
him we heard the story.

CHAPTER VII.
A SUDDEN SUMMONS.
 FOR about a fortnight or more after the departure of the
pastor we had a very quiet, pleasant time. The weather was
lovely, and we made long excursions out of doors. We
gathered apples and quinces, and hunted for herbs and
flowers, for Andrew was a good deal of an herbalist (a
botanist, I think they call it now, though I am sure herbalist
is the prettier word), and he was in correspondence with
some learned gentleman in London on the subject of plants.
He told me many things about flowers that I had never
known or dreamed of before, showing me the several parts
of the blossom, the leaves, and roots, by means of a pocket
magnifying-glass which he always carried about him.

He read to my mother and myself as we sat at our

embroidery or spinning, and he held endless gossips with
my mother about old families in Cornwall and Devonshire,
and people and places she used to know. I listened with
great interest to these tales, for I had begun now to look
upon Tre Madoc as my future home, and any detail
concerning it was of interest to me. I was growing more and
more fond of my cousin all the time, and the image of Lord
Percy had quite ceased to haunt my imagination.

I do not think that I ever spent two happier weeks in all

my life. For one thing, I was at peace with myself. The
events of the last month had aroused my conscience and
wakened the religious principles implanted by education to
new life. I laid aside the dreams of worldly pleasure and
ambition, which usually occupied so much of my time, and
kept my conscience in a state of chronic discomfort, and I
really did begin to experience some of those higher and
holier joys of which poor Lucille had spoken in that
memorable conference of ours. True, we were still under the
power of our enemies—still in danger at any time of losing
liberty and life. But one becomes used to danger as to
everything else, and somehow to me the presence of my
cousin seemed a protection, though if I had been asked
why, I could not have told for my life.

Andrew was very earnest with my parents to consent to

our being married immediately. He said, and with some
show of reason, that he should then have the right to
protect me, whatever happened, and that the fact of my
father's daughter having married a British subject might be
some advantage to him. This, however, my father doubted.
He had no idea that the English government would quarrel
with Louis on any such frivolous pretext.

Both he and my mother were opposed to such early

marriages, though they were common enough at the time.
And moreover, they wished to learn a little more about
Andrew before giving their only child wholly into his hands.
So the matter was postponed for an indefinite time.

Of course I should have acquiesced in any arrangement

made by my honored parents, and I do not think I should
have found any difficulty in doing so, for, as I have said, I
liked Andrew better and better every day. But my heart had
not awaked to love in its highest sense. I looked upon
Andrew as a big brother, very nice to play with, and to order
about, but that was all. I had, besides, very high though
very indefinite notions of the duties and responsibilities of a
married woman, and dreaded assuming them, all the more
because my mind was more awakened to a sense of duty
than it had ever been before. On the whole I very much
preferred to let matters remain as they were.

The feast of St. Michael occurred during Andrew's stay,

and it was to be celebrated with more pomp than usual. The
new curé was very zealous in beating up for pilgrims to the
shrine, and, as we heard, preached more than one sermon
on the subject. We had had a bad harvest that year of
everything but apples, and the fishing had been unusually
unsuccessful. This the curé attributed to the anger of our
great patron, St. Michael, because his feast day had been
neglected of late, owing—so he said, though I don't think it
was true—to the influence of the heretics who were allowed
to defile the holy soil of La Manche with their presence; and
he threatened the people with still severer judgments
unless the great archangel were appeased by a grand
pilgrimage, and by the purification of the holy soil before
mentioned.

"St. Michael must have been rather astonished at the

acts attributed to him, if he happened to be anywhere in the
neighborhood," said Andrew; but my father shook his head.

"It is no laughing matter," said he. "We have lived in

great peace with our Roman Catholic neighbors, under the
rule of the last curé, who was a kindhearted old man, much
fonder of his garden and orchard than of his breviary; but
this new priest is of a different type. He is doing his best to
arouse the fanaticism of the peasants, and especially of the
lower and more debased class. I do not believe he would
hesitate to hold out, as an inducement, the plunder of the
tower."

"Would he dare do that?" asked Andrew.

"It has been done in a hundred instances," answered

my father. "It is no lower motive than that of relieving a
man of the payment of his honest debts, on condition of his
returning to the bosom of the church, and that has been
done by a public edict."

"And this is the king who must not be resisted, because,

forsooth, he is the Lord's anointed!" said Andrew, with that