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MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SCIENCE (UE23ME131A)
Srinivasa Prasad K S
Department of Mechanical Engineering
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE
Unit4
Chapter 1 – Machining Processes
MACHINING PROCESSES
DRILLING
 Drilling is the operation of making primarily a hole in a workpiece

using a drill bit.
 The stationary work is held in a fixture and rotating tool is fed

vertically to make a circular hole.
 The cutting tool used for making holes in solid material is called the
twist drill.
 It basically consists of two parts; the body consisting of the cutting

edges and the shank which is used for holding purpose. This has two
cutting edges and two opposite spiral flutes cut into its surface.
 These flutes serve to provide clearance to the chips produced at the

cutting edges. They also allow the cutting fluid to reach the cutting
edges.
MACHINING PROCESSES
DRILLING MACHINES
RADIAL DRILLING MACHINE GANG DRILLING MACHINE

MACHINING PROCESSES
Radial Drilling Machine
 The drill head can move along the radial arm to any position while the radial
arm itself can rotate on the column, thus reaching any position in the radial
range of the machine.
 They are more convenient to be used for large work pieces, which cannot be
moved easily because of their weight, such that the drill head itself will be
moved to the actual location on the work piece, before carrying the drilling
operation.
Gang Drilling Machine

 Gang drilling machines have a number of spindles (often equal to four) laid
out in parallel. Each of the spindles can have different drills or other hole
making operation tools fixed in sequence.
 These are used for volume production with the work pieces located in a jig.
MACHINING PROCESSES
Types of Drilling Machines
Reaming
 Reaming is the operation of finishing a previously drilled hole to bring it to a

more exact size and to improve the surface finish of the hole.
 The operation is carried out using a multi tooth revolving tool called reamer
which consists of a set of parallel straight or helical cutting edges along the
length of the cylindrical body.
 While reaming, the speed of the spindle is reduced to nearly half of that of
drilling.
MACHINING PROCESSES
Boring
 Boring is an operation of enlarging a hole.
 The single point cutting tool used for boring operations is mounted in the
boring bar of suitable diameter commensurate with the diameter to be bored.
 Sizing: Boring brings the hole to the proper size and finish. A drill or reamer
can only be used if the desired size is “standard”. The boring tool can work
to any diameter and it will give the required finish by adjusting speed and
feed.
 In addition to enlargement, boring operation corrects the hole loctation and

out of roundness, if any, as the tool can be adjusted to remove more metal
from one side of the hole than the other.
MACHINING PROCESSES
Tapping
 A faster way of producing internal threads in a previously drilled hole is by

the use of tapping operation.
 A tap is a multi fluted cutting tool with cutting edges on each blade
resembling the shape of threads to be cut. A tap of the required size is to be
used after carrying out the pre-drilling operations. The tapping drill sizes for
ISO metric threads are usually available in standard tables.
 While tapping, care has to be taken to see that the tap is started in proper
alignment with the hole.
 Sometimes it may become necessary to reverse the tap slightly to break the
chips and clear the chip space and then continue in the normal way.
MACHINING PROCESSES
Counter boring
 In the counter boring operation, the hole is enlarged with a flat bottom to
provide proper seating for the bolt head or a nut, which will be flush from the
outer surface.
 The counter boring can be done by a tool with the cutting edges present along
the side as well as the end, while a pilot portion is present for the tool to enter
the already machined hole to provide the concentricity with the hole.
 The pilot should fit snugly in the hole and should have sufficient clearance
facilitating the free movement of the tool.
 Generally the speeds and feeds used for counter boring are slightly smaller
than those used for the corresponding drilling operation.
MACHINING PROCESSES
Counter sinking
 Counter sinking is also similar to counter boring; except that the additional
machining done on a hole is conical to accommodate the counter sunk
machine screw head.
 Again the depth of counter sinking should be large enough to accommodate

the screw head fully flush with the surface.

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MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Chapter 1 – Machining Processes

 Drilling is the operation of making primarily a hole in a workpiece

 The stationary work is held in a fixture and rotating tool is fed

 It basically consists of two parts; the body consisting of the cutting

 These flutes serve to provide clearance to the chips produced at the

RADIAL DRILLING MACHINE GANG DRILLING MACHINE

Gang Drilling Machine

 Reaming is the operation of finishing a previously drilled hole to bring it to a

 Boring is an operation of enlarging a hole.

 In addition to enlargement, boring operation corrects the hole loctation and

 A faster way of producing internal threads in a previously drilled hole is by

 Again the depth of counter sinking should be large enough to accommodate

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