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 PYTHON PROGRAMMING

3 BOOKS IN 1: ULTIMATE BEGINNER’S, INTERMEDIATE &

ADVANCED GUIDE TO LEARN PYTHON STEP BY STEP
RYAN TURNER
 C O NT E NT S

Python Programming: The Ultimate Beginner’s Guide to Learn Python Step by Step
Introduction
1. What is Python Machine Learning?
2. How to Start Learning Python
3. Review of Data Samples and Visualization of Data
4. How to Create a Dataset with Visualization
5. Making Predictions with Algorithms
6. Examples of Coding
7. Decision Tree
8. Neural Networks
9. Bringing it All Together
Conclusion
Python Programming: The Ultimate Intermediate Guide to Learn Python Step by Step
Introduction
1. What Is Machine Learning
2. Supervised Machine Learning
3. Unsupervised Machine Learning
4. The Basics of Working with Python
5. Setting up Your Python Environment
6. Data Preprocessing with Machine Learning
7. Working with Linear Regression in Machine Learning
8. Using a Decision Tree for Regression
9. Random Forest for Regression
10. Working with a Support Vector Regression
11. What is Naive Bayes and How Does It Work with Machine Learning
12. K-Nearest Neighbors Algorithm for Classification
Conclusion
Python Programming: The Ultimate Expert Guide to Learn Python Step-by-Step
Introduction
1. Working with Inheritances in Python
2. Arguments in Python
3. Namespace and Python
4. Working with Iterators in Python and What These Mean
5. Exception Handling and How to Create a Unique Code with Them
6. The Python Generators
7. What are Itertools in the Python Language
8. What are Closures in Python and Why are they so Important
9. Working with Regular Expressions
10. What are the Conditional Statements and When Will I Need to Use Them?
11. Do I Need to Learn Assert Handling in This Language
12. How to Work with Loops in Your Python Code
13. When to Use User-Defined Functions in Your Code
14. Working with Memoization in Python
Conclusion
Copyright 2018 by James C. Anderson - All rights reserved.
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fact that both the publisher and the author of this book are in no way experts on the topics
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entertainment purposes only. Professionals should be consulted as needed prior to undertaking
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 PYTHON PROGRAMMING: THE
ULTIMATE BEGINNER’S GUIDE TO
LEARN PYTHON STEP BY STEP
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 I NT R OD UC T I ON

Congratulations on downloading Python Beginners Guide: Machine

Learning for Newbies, and thank you for doing so.
In this Python Beginner’s Guide, you’re about to learn...

The Most Vital Basics of Python programming. Rapidly get the

dialect and begin applying the ideas to any code that you
compose.
The Useful features of Python for Beginners—including some
ideas you can apply to in real-world situations and even other
programs.
Different mechanics of Python programming: control stream,
factors, records/lexicons, and classes—and why taking in these
center standards are essential to Python achievement
Protest arranged programming, its impact on present-day
scripting languages, and why it makes a difference.

This guide has been composed specifically for Newbies and Beginners.
You will be taken through each step of your very first program, and we
will explain each portion of the script as you test and analyze the data.
Machine learning is defined as a subset of something called artificial
intelligence (AI). The ultimate goal of machine learning is to first
comprehend the structure of the presented data and align that data into
certain models that can then be understood and used by anyone.
Despite the fact that machine learning is a department in the computer
science field, it truly is different from normal data processing methods.
In common computing programs, formulas are groups of individually
programmed orders that are used by computers to determine outcomes and
solve problems. Instead, machine learning formulas allow computers to
focus only on data that is inputted and use proven stat analysis in order to
deliver correct values that fall within a certain probability. What this
means is that computers have the ability to break down simple data
models which enables it to automate routine decision-making steps based
on the specific data that was inputted.
Any innovation client today has profited from machine learning. Facial
acknowledgment innovation enables internet based life stages to enable
clients to tag and offer photographs of companions. Optical character
acknowledgment (OCR) innovation changes over pictures of content into
portable kind. Proposal motors, controlled by machine learning,
recommend what motion pictures or TV programs to watch next in view of
client inclinations. Self-driving autos that depend on machine learning on
how to explore may soon be accessible to shoppers.
Machine learning is a ceaselessly growing field. Along these lines, there
are a few things to remember as you work with machine learning
philosophies, or break down the effect of machine learning forms.
In this book, we'll look at the normal machine learning strategies for
managed and unsupervised learning, the basic algorithmic methodologies
including the k-closest neighbor calculation, specific decision tree
learning, and deeply impactful techniques. We will also investigate which
programming is most used in machine learning, giving you a portion of
the positive and negative qualities. Moreover, we'll talk about some
important biases that are propagated by machine learning calculations, and
consider what can be done to avoid biases affecting your algorithm
building.
There are plenty of books on this subject on the market. Thanks for
choosing this one! Every effort was made to ensure it’s full of useful
information as possible, please enjoy!
1
 WH AT I S PY T H O N MAC H I NE LE AR NI NG ?

WH AT I S PY T H O N?

P ython is an awesome decision on machine learning for a few

reasons. Most importantly, it's a basic dialect at first glance.
Regardless of whether you're not acquainted with Python, getting
up to speed is snappy in the event that you at any point have utilized some
other dialect with C-like grammar.
Second, Python has an incredible network which results in great
documentation and inviting and extensive answers in StackOverflow
(central!).
Third, coming from the colossal network, there are a lot of valuable
libraries for Python (both as "batteries included" an outsider), which take
care of essentially any issue that you can have (counting machine
learning).
Wait I thought this machine language was slow?
Unfortunately, it is a very valid question that deserves an answer. Indeed,
Python is not at all the fastest language on the planet.
However, here's the caveat: libraries can and do offload the costly
computations to the substantially more performant (yet much harder to
use) C and C++ are prime examples. There's NumPy, which is a library for
numerical calculation. It is composed in C, and it's quick. For all intents
and purposes, each library out there that includes serious estimations
utilizes it—every one of the libraries recorded next utilize it in some
shape. On the off chance that you read NumPy, think quick.
In this way, you can influence your computer scripts to run essentially as
quick as handwriting them out in a lower level dialect. So there's truly
nothing to stress over with regards to speed and agility.
If you want to know which Python libraries you should check out. Try
some of these.
“Scikit-learn”
Do you need something that completely addresses everything from testing
and training models to engineering techniques?
Then scikit-learn is your best solution. This incredible bit of free
programming gives each device important to machine learning and
information mining. It's the true standard library for machine learning in
Python; suggested for the vast majority of the 'old' ML calculations.
This library does both characterization and relapse, supporting essentially
every calculation out there (bolster vector machines, arbitrary timberland,
Bayes, you name it). It allows a simple exchanging of calculations in
which experimentation is a lot simpler. These 'more seasoned' calculations
are shockingly flexible and work extremely well in a considerable amount
of problems and case studies.
In any case, that is not all! Scikit-learn additionally does groupings, plural
dimensionalities, and so on. It's likewise exceedingly quick since it keeps
running on NumPy and SciPy.
Look at a few cases to see everything this library is prepared to do, the
instructional exercises on the website, and the need to figure out if this is a
good fit.
“NLTK”
While not a machine learning library essentially, NLTK is an
unquestionable requirement when working with regular computer
language. It is bundled with a heap of Datasets and other rhetorical data
assets, which is invaluable for preparing certain models. Aside from the
libraries for working with content, this is great for determining capacities,
for example, characterization, tokenization, stemming, labeling, and
parsing—that's just the beginning.
The handiness of having the majority of this stuff perfectly bundled can't
be exaggerated. In case you are keen on regular computer language look at
a few of their website's instructional exercises!
“Theano”
Utilized generally in research and within the scholarly community, Theano
is the granddad of all deeply profound learning systems. Since it is written
in Python, it is firmly incorporated with NumPy. Theano enables you to
make neural systems which are essential scientific articulations with
multi-dimensional clusters. Theano handles this so you that you don't need
to stress over the real usage of the math included.
It bolsters offloading figures to a considerably speedier GPU, which is an
element that everybody underpins today, yet, back when they presented it,
this wasn't the situation. The library is extremely developed now and
boasts an extensive variety of activities, which is extraordinary with
regards to contrasting it and other comparative libraries.
The greatest grievance out there about Theano is the API might be
cumbersome for a few, making the library difficult to use for beginning
learners. In any case, there are tools that relieve the agony and makes
working with Theano pretty straightforward, for example, try using Keras,
or Blocks, and even Lasagne.
“TensorFlow”
The geniuses over at Google made TensorFlow for inside use in machine
learning applications and publicly released it in late 2015. They needed
something that could supplant their more established, non-open source
machine learning structure, DistBelief. It wasn't sufficiently adaptable and
too firmly ingrained into their foundation. It was to be imparted to
different analysts around the globe.
Thus, TensorFlow was made. Despite their slip-ups in the past, many view
this library as a much-needed change over Theano, asserting greater
adaptability and more instinctive API. Another great benefit is it can be
utilized to create new conditions, supporting tremendous amounts of new
GPUs for training and learning purposes. While it doesn't bolster as wide a
scope of functionality like Theano, it has better computational diagram
representations.
TensorFlow is exceptionally famous these days. In fact, if you are familiar
with every single library on this list, you can agree that there has been a
huge influx in the number of new users and bloggers in this library and its
functionality. This is definitely a good thing for beginners.
“Keras”
Keras is a phenomenal library that gives a top-level API to neural systems
and is best for running alongside or on top of Theano or TensorFlow. It
makes bridling full intensity of these intricate bits of programming
substantially simpler than utilizing them all by themselves. The greatest
benefit of this library is its exceptional ease of understanding, putting the
end users’ needs and experiences as its number one priority. This cuts
down on a number of errors.
It is also secluded; which means that individual models like neural layers
and cost capacities can be grouped together with little to no limitations.
This additionally makes the library simple to include new models and
interface them with the current ones.
A few people have called Keras great that it is similar to cheating on your
exam. In case you're beginning with higher learning in this area, take the
illustrations and examples and discover what you can do with it. Try
exploring.
Furthermore, by chance that you need to START learning, it is
recommended that you begin with their instructional exercises and see
where you can go from that point.
Two comparative choices are Lasagne and Blocks; however, they just keep
running on Theano. If you attempted Keras and have difficulty, perhaps,
experiment with one of these contrasting options to check whether they
work out for you.
“PyTorch”
If you are looking for a popular deep learning library, then look no further
than Torch, which is written in the language called Lua. Facebook recently
open-sourced a Python model of Torch and named it PyTorch, which
allows you to easily use the exact same libraries that Torch uses, but from
Python, instead of the original language, Lua.
PyTorch is significantly easier for debugging because of one major
difference between Theano, TensorFlow, and PyTorch. The older versions
use allegorical computation while the newer does not. Allegorical
computation is simply a way of saying that coding an operation, for
example, ‘a + b’, will not be computed when that line is read. Before it is
executed it must be translated into what is called CUDA or C. This makes
the debugging much harder to execute in Theano/TensorFlow since this
error is more difficult to pinpoint with a specific line of code. It’s
basically harder to trace back to the source. Debugging is not one of this
library’s strongest features.
This is extremely beginner-friendly; as your learning increases, try some
of their more advanced tutorials and examples.

H I ST O R Y O F PY T H O N
Python was invented in the later years of the 1980s. Guido van Rossum,
the founder, started using the language in December 1989. He is Python's
only known creator and his integral role in the growth and development of
the language has earned him the nickname "Benevolent Dictator for Life".
It was created to be the successor to the language known as ABC.
Van Rossum said one the reasons he created Python back in 1996:
““...In December 1989, I was looking for a "hobby" programming project
that would keep me occupied during the week around Christmas. My office
... would be closed, but I had a home computer and not much else on my
hands. I decided to write an interpreter for the new scripting language I
had been thinking about lately: a descendant of ABC that would appeal to
Unix/C hackers. I chose Python as a working title for the project, being in
a slightly irreverent mood (and a big fan of Monty Python's Flying
Circus).”
The next version that was released was Python 2.0, in October of the year
2000 and had significant upgrades and new highlights, including a cycle-
distinguishing junk jockey and back up support for Unicode. It was most
fortunate, that this particular version, made vast improvement procedures
to the language turned out to be more straightforward and network
sponsored.
Python 3.0, which initially started its existence as Py3K. Funny right? This
version was rolled out in December of 2008 after a rigorous testing period.
This particular version of Python was hard to roll back to previous
compatible versions which are the most unfortunate. Yet, a significant
number of its real highlights have been rolled back to versions 2.6 or 2.7
(Python), and rollouts of Python 3 which utilizes the two to three utilities,
that helps to automate the interpretation of the Python script.
Python 2.7's expiry date was originally supposed to be back in 2015, but
for unidentifiable reasons, it was put off until the year 2020. It was known
that there was a major concern about data being unable to roll back but roll
FORWARD into the new version, Python 3. In 2017, Google declared that
there would be work done on Python 2.7 to enhance execution under
simultaneously running tasks.

B ASI C F E AT U R E S O F PY T H O N
Python is an unmistakable and extremely robust programming language
that is object-oriented based almost identical to Ruby, Perl, and Java,
A portion of Python's remarkable highlights:
Python uses a rich structure, influencing, and composing projects that can
be analyzed simpler.
It is a simple to utilize dialect that makes it easy to get your program
working. This makes Python perfect for model improvement and other
specially appointed programming assignments, without trading off
viability.
It accompanies a huge standard library that backs tons of simple
programming commands, for example, extremely seamless web server
connections, processing and handling files, and the ability to search
through text with commonly used expressions and commands.
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Python's easy to use interactive interface makes it simple to test shorter
pieces of coding. It also comes with IDLE which is a "development
environment".
Python effortlessly extended out by including new modules executed in a
source code like C or C++.
Python can also be inserted into another application to give an easily
programmed interface.
Python will run anyplace, including OS X, Windows Environment, Linux,
and even Unix, with informal models for the Android and iOS
environments.
Python can easily be recorded, modified and re-downloaded and
distributed, be unreservedly adjusted and re-disseminated. While it is
copyrighted, it's accessible under open source.
Ultimately, Python is a free software.
Common Programming Language Features of Python
A huge array of common data types: floating point numbers, complex
numbers, infinite length integers, ASCII strings, and Unicode, as well as a
large variety of dictionaries and lists.
Python is guided in an object-oriented framework, with multiple classes
and inheritance.
Python code can be bundled together into different modules and packages.
Python is notorious for being a much cleaner language for error handling
due to the catching and raising of exceptions allowed.
Information is firmly and progressively composed. Blending incongruent
data types, for example, adding a string and a number together, raises an
exception right away where errors are caught significantly sooner than
later.
Python has advanced coding highlights such as comprehending lists and
iterators.
Python's programmed memory administration liberates you from having
to physically remove unused or unwanted code.
Random documents with unrelated
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accompanied Mr. Cavendish on his late expedition through
Somaliland to Lake Rudolph. He was a tall, sinewy, well-set-up man
with clean-cut, regular features, extremely intelligent, thoroughly
trustworthy, honourable, polite, and hospitable—a man whom it was
really a pleasure to meet. He was about thirty years of age.
Ismail Robli was a short stout man with a shifty eye, and decidedly
prognathous jaws, very plausible, and, when he had an object in
view, very hospitable; but he hid a craven spirit under a show of
bluster and bullying. Noor Adam was a little slim man, with narrow
eyes and ferret-like features. He was reported to have shot some of
his porters on his journey across West Kenia, for attempted
desertion. He somehow provoked an instinctive feeling of dislike,
and we never got on with him. His two partners, Bhotan and
Abdallah Arahalli, were much of the same kidney. All three were
Ogaden Somalis, a tribe who have not the best of reputations. There
were sundry other lesser lights who are not of sufficient importance
to deserve notice.
When they came into camp we received them with due ceremony,
and asking them to be seated, interchanged greetings in the
Mohammedan manner. For a moment the air resounded with such
remarks as “Sabal Kheir” (God bless you), “Salaam Aliekoum”
(Peace be on you), and “Aliekoum Salaam” (And on you peace),
mingled with the Swahili “Uhali ghani? Habari ghani?” (How are you?
What news?), till etiquette was satisfied. We then got to business,
and discussed the Embe affair in all its bearings. El Hakim cross-
questioned Noor Adam and some of his men very severely, but could
find no discrepancy in their various accounts. We discussed the
matter very fully, and finally, for the good and sufficient reasons I
have already enumerated, we determined to punish the Wa’Embe in
co-operation with the Somalis. We instructed them to provide thirty-
five men carrying Snider rifles, while we undertook to supply twenty-
five men similarly armed, which, with ourselves, made up a strong
force of sixty-three men, a number we considered amply sufficient
for the purpose in hand. We despatched a nephew of N’Dominuki’s
to Embe as a spy, to find out a good road and the position of the
villages, etc., and he started the same evening.
 On the following day we held another “shaurie” with the Somalis to
discuss the modus operandi of our projected expedition.
N’Dominuki’s nephew had been instructed to return from Embe
within two days, and we decided to start on the afternoon of the next
day—by which time, bar accidents, he would have returned—and
march immediately on receiving his report. We intended to start just
before dusk, pass through M’thara in the darkness, and be over the
Embe border unperceived at midnight. A short rest and a dash on
the Wa’Embe at dawn would complete the operation. It was a good
plan, and would have answered admirably but for one of those little
accidents that make “the best-laid schemes o’ mice and men gang
aft agley.” As will be seen, it suited the enemy admirably.
Embe on this side (the west) consists of a range of steep
mountains, where it rains nearly all the year round. It has, therefore,
a very moist climate and fertile soil, and its steep slopes and deep
valleys are covered with dense jungle interspersed with banana
plantations, making it a very nasty country to fight in, especially
against natives who know every inch of the ground and every turn of
the paths. We did not tell N’Dominuki of our plans—a very grave
oversight that nearly cost us our lives and those of the whole
expedition.
On the following morning, as we really could not stand the wind
any longer, we shifted our camp to the inside of the forest, and while
we were about it we fortified it as well as we were able by felling
thorn trees, etc. We were much more sheltered in this new position,
though, to be sure, it was rather damp. This wind had a nasty cold
nip with it night and morning, which was the reverse of agreeable.
When we had our camp satisfactorily settled, we made our simple
preparations for the expedition to Embe. We took one tent with us in
case we were away more than a day or two. A loaf of bread and a
hind quarter of boiled mutton were also included; and, of course, a
plentiful supply of ammunition. The men had thirty rounds of Snider
cartridges each, which was all we could spare. The Somalis’ men
had fifty rounds each, and they, in addition, had a reserve chest of
six hundred rounds for emergencies.
 At 5 p.m. we started. The natives in our immediate vicinity had,
with their usual unerring instinct in such matters, smelt a row, and
about fifty of them turned up armed with spears and shields. We did
not want them, but could not very well turn them away, and at the
last moment it occurred to us that they might prove useful as scouts,
and we therefore allowed them to remain. When our force had
assembled, it made quite an imposing array with the sixty men with
rifles and the fifty others with spears. Altogether, we commanded
upwards of a hundred men, and had no doubt but that we should
teach the Wa’Embe a severe lesson.
N’Dominuki’s nephew had not returned, and we concluded that he
had been discovered and killed, and were consequently rather
nonplussed for the lack of a guide. At the last moment a Masai
warrior came forward and volunteered to guide us. On the Somalis
saying that he was known to them, we accepted his services. Soon
after we started, N’Dominuki’s nephew unexpectedly returned and
joined us, and he and the Masai took the head of the column.
Darkness had fallen as we marched through M’thara, the road
continually ascending. The path at last grew extremely difficult, and
on several occasions El Hakim expressed doubt as to whether we
were going right. However, we were now committed to whatever the
Fates had in store for us; it was impossible to withdraw.
Onward we stumbled in the darkness, now up steep hillsides, and
anon down deep and gloomy valleys clothed in thick jungle where
the deep booming note of a mountain torrent growled hoarsely from
somewhere out of the pitchy blackness below. Soon the path
became so narrow that we could advance only in Indian file, which
weakened us considerably, as our fighting line was thereby stretched
out for some two hundred yards, being consequently out of our
immediate control, while the jungle, meeting overhead, blotted out
what little light the stars provided. It was impossible, on account of
the denseness of the vegetation, to place men out on our flanks, and
in addition we were counting on taking the Wa’Embe by surprise,
and so did not wish to make too much noise. At 10 p.m. we were
well within the Embe border, and we then looked for a place to rest
awhile and prepare for our rush at dawn. We could not find a suitable
spot, however, and eventually decided to halt on the path. A drizzling
rain came on, which did not improve matters. One of our men found
a place a little distance from and below the path, that did not slope at
such an acute angle as the rest of the landscape, and we as
noiselessly as possible pitched the tent. El Hakim, George, and I
partook of a frugal meal, but we were without water, and naturally we
felt ever so much thirstier than we would otherwise have done. We
placed sentries, Jamah Mahomet doing the same where he had
halted on the path. We three Wasungu then dropped off to sleep.
Somewhere about midnight we awoke with a start, reaching for
our rifles as the sound of a shot floated down to us from where
Jamah Mahomet’s sentries were posted. It was followed by a
second, and then a third. Then all was silent again, except for the
subdued hum of suddenly wakened men. On sending for
explanations, we found that some Wa’Embe, coming down the path,
had stumbled right on to the sentries, and were instantly fired upon.
All hope of a surprise was thus abolished, but on consultation we
decided that if we started an hour or so earlier, possibly 3 a.m., we
might take the enemy at a disadvantage. Accordingly, at that time we
once more set out.
It was dark as Erebus. As we noiselessly formed up on the path, a
sort of half sense of impending disaster seemed to have fallen on the
men. We did our best to dissipate it, and apparently succeeded. The
Masai guide and N’Dominuki’s nephew led the way; next came four
of the Somalis as advance-guard; then Jamah Mahomet, who was
wearing a waterproof coat over his khaki costume; finally George, El
Hakim, and myself. A few yards farther on we found a spear in the
path, probably dropped by one of the Wa’Embe in their flight, when
fired at by the sentries. If possible, the path grew worse as we
advanced, and presently we reached a deep ravine with a swift
torrent roaring and tumbling at the bottom. It was spanned by a
single tree-trunk, which served as a bridge. Beyond the ravine the
path sloped upwards with many twists and turns. On each side the
jungle prevented anything being seen more than a yard or two away.
We advanced slowly and cautiously in the order described, when a
shot rang out almost under our feet; another followed; and then a
volley from the advance-guard showed that something serious was
toward. A terrific howl and the long repeated U-u-u-i (the A’kikuyu
war-cry) showed us that we were very skilfully ambushed, and the
realization was not pleasant. The firing at once became general all
along the line. It was a very fierce fusillade while it lasted; the reports
of the rifles and the cheers of our men, mingled with the war-cries of
the enemy, sounding weird and ghastly in the dense blackness of the
early morning (it was then 4 a.m.).
For a few moments pandemonium reigned supreme. Neither El
Hakim nor I could see a single native. George, though only a yard or
so away, was hidden from us, both by the darkness and by a turn in
the path. El Hakim clutched my arm and dragged me into a sitting
position on the ground as the whirring, hissing rush and plaintive
whine of bullets in unpleasant proximity to our ears warned us that
we were in considerable danger of being shot by our own men.
Owing to the serpentine winding of the path, they were firing towards
every point of the compass, and we were therefore much safer on
the ground. In a few moments the war-cries of the enemy died away
as suddenly as they came, and the spiteful crackle of the rifles
lessened a little. As soon as we were able to make ourselves heard,
we gave the order “Cease fire,” and endeavoured to find out what
damage had been done. I called to George, and, to my great relief,
he answered me.
El Hakim and I then advanced, and turned the corner. We could
then dimly discern George amid the gloom. He came towards us
saying that Jamah Mahomet was wounded, and was lying on the
path a yard or so away. Hastening to the spot, we saw Jamah
stretched upon the ground, moaning pitifully. He had a great spear
driven right through him. A native had concealed himself in a pit dug
on the side of the path and lain in wait, letting both the guides and
the advance-guard go past him in the hope of bagging one of the
Wasungu. In the darkness he mistook Jamah Mahomet’s tall form,
clad in European clothes, for George, and as Jamah passed he
thrust upwards with all his strength. Jamah instantly fell. George,
who was only a yard behind, saw the thrust, and, raising his rifle, he
shot the native through the stomach, but did not drop him. This was
the shot which gave us the first alarm.
El Hakim made a hasty examination of the stricken man, and
pronounced the wound fatal. The broad spear-blade, over two feet in
length, had entered the right side just below the ribs, and, passing
through the body, emerged just under the left arm, protruding several
inches. Jamah was semi-conscious, and apparently in great pain.
Grouped round him, on the alert, were the four Somalis who formed
the advance-guard. As El Hakim concluded his examination, Ismail
Robli, Noor Adam, and others of the Somalis, came up. When they
learnt what had happened to Jamah, such a wail of grief and dismay
went up as I hope never to hear again. Ismail behaved like one
demented. He wept and cried upon “Allah” in the most frenzied
accents.
As we were crowded together in the path over the dying Jamah,
N’Dominuki’s nephew crept out of the bush, and, with shaking limbs
and horror-stricken countenance, approached El Hakim, attempting
to say something which his trembling lips refused to utter. The other
guide had disappeared. El Hakim seized him, and was trying to
understand what he was saying, when Ismail Robli caught sight of
the palsied wretch. His face changed instantly from an appearance
of pious supplication to one of demoniacal fury, and, crying “This
man is a false guide; he has caused Jamah’s death,” placed his rifle,
a ·577 express, against the other’s side, and, before I could raise a
hand to interfere, pulled both triggers, literally blowing the poor
wretch to pieces.
It was a hideous and revolting exhibition of savage ferocity. Ismail
did not even put the rifle to his shoulder—we were too crowded for
that—he simply pushed the barrels past me and fired from his hip.
The murdered man collapsed in a writhing, moaning heap on the
ground. Ismail turned away and reloaded his rifle.
It was no time for recrimination, as at the report of Ismail’s rifle, a
fresh burst of firing broke from our men in the rear, which we
instantly quelled. It was a dastardly act on Ismail’s part, even though
at the time he was almost frenzied with grief at Jamah’s injury, as we
had no reason to believe that the unfortunate guide had played us
false. As we found out afterwards, the real culprit was the Masai
volunteer, who, it appeared, was a native of Embe, who had been
sent for the purpose of betraying us. At the same time, N’Dominuki’s
nephew had neglected to warn us, or point out that we were going by
a bad road. A great deal remained to be explained, but his untimely
end put further explanation out of his power for ever.
However, there we were in the dark, stuck on a path eighteen
inches wide, with a wounded man and no guides. The question now
was how to get out without further loss. We called a council of war,
first posting the Somali advance-guide a few yards up the path. We
decided to wait till daylight, as we could not move while Jamah was
living, and he was too far gone to be carried. It was a ghastly wait.
After the firing and shouting, the silence could almost be felt; it
seemed absolutely deathlike. We strained our ears to the utmost at
the slightest rustle of a leaf, as, for all we knew, the bush might be
swarming with natives waiting their opportunity for a rush.
A curious sight we should have presented to a spectator. The
Somalis, led by Ismail, were grouped, praying, round the dying
Jamah, who was sinking fast and moaning softly at intervals. El
Hakim, revolver in hand, stood bolt upright, and intensely on the
alert, his face showing faintly white through the gloom. Beside him
stood George, drumming with his fingers on his rifle—a habit of his—
softly humming an air from “Cavalleria Rusticana.” Crouched down
on the path were the men, motionless as bronze statues, conversing
in low whispers now and then, while they strained their eyes in the
endeavour to pierce the surrounding bush. A yard or so away lay the
dead body of N’Dominuki’s nephew; his dirty cotton waist-cloth
smouldering where it had caught fire from the explosion of Ismail’s
rifle, nearly choking us with the smell of singed flesh and the pungent
odour of burning cloth. We tried several times to put out the cloth,
but we had no water, and it was in vain we attempted to smother it;
so it smouldered all night, and uncommonly unpleasant we found it.
We were parched with thirst, having had no water since the
previous afternoon. Once in a while the flash of a sentry’s rifle would
momentarily light up the surrounding jungle, and the sharp report
stabbed the silence. I laid down on the path and slept—fighting
sometimes affects me that way—and woke up at dawn, just as
Jamah died. We were exceedingly sorry, as he was one of the best
of his race we ever had to do with. At the first glimmer of daylight we
dug a grave on the side of the path, and he was buried with all the
ordinances proclaimed by Mohammedan law that were possible
under the circumstances. Prayers and lamentations in Arabic
resounded on all sides from the deceased’s assembled compatriots.
There being now no signs of the enemy, El Hakim, George, and I
were for continuing the advance and pulling the fat out of the fire
somehow, but Ismail and the other Somalis would not hear of it.
They said that the enemy were now fully prepared for us, and
instanced the numerous freshly dug pits that had been found on
each side of the path when digging Jamah’s grave. Another
argument they employed was that our respective camps were almost
entirely unprotected, and it was more than likely that the Wa’M’thara
or the Wa’Chanjai would attack and loot them in our absence, more
especially as they (the Somalis) had a large number of cattle, which
are particularly tempting to a native. In addition, we were now
entirely without guides, while the path ahead seemed worse than
ever.
We saw the force of this reasoning, and common prudence
directed that, for the present at any rate, we must abandon the
attack; which decision, though gall and wormwood to we
Englishmen, we were reluctantly compelled to admit was the wisest
possible under the circumstances. We made up our minds, however,
that we would return under more favourable auspices, and wipe out
the disgrace of our defeat, for defeat it was, and so with that
understanding we acquiesced in the retreat, and gave the necessary
orders to retire.
It was with very mixed feelings that we travelled back over the
difficult path we had trodden a few hours before with such
confidence. We found out afterwards that our sudden retreat
disconcerted the Wa’Embe, who were massed in force further along
the path at a place where they had dug a large number of pits, in
which they had kindly placed sharpened spikes for our reception.
 At eight o’clock we were met on the road by an M’thara man
named Koromo, who handed us a jar of honey as a present. When
we got within a mile or two of our camp large numbers of fully armed
natives slunk past us, going towards Chanjai. They were coming
from the direction of our camp. Hurrying on with sinking hearts, we
soon arrived at the camp, and to our great relief found all safe,
though Jumbi was full of some report or other about armed natives
who had been round the camp during the night. We said he could tell
us about it afterwards, as at present we wished to eat. It was then
one o’clock in the afternoon, so we set to and made a hearty meal,
and afterwards retired to our blankets and slept the sleep of the just
until dinner-time.

FOOTNOTES:
[3] “Through Jungle and Desert,” by William Astor Chanler,
A.M. (Harv.), F.R.G.S., pp. 168-177.
[4] “Elephant Hunting in East Equatorial Africa,” by Arthur H.
Neumann, pp. 42, 43.
 CHAPTER VI.
OUR MOVEMENTS IN M’THARA AND MUNITHU.

Attempt of the Wa’M’thara to loot our camp—“Shauri” with Ismail—

The Somalis accuse N’Dominuki of treachery—He vindicates
himself—That wicked little boy!—Explanation of the Embe
reverse—Somalis lose heart—Attacked by ants—El Hakim’s visit
to Munithu—Robbery of his goods by the Wa’Gnainu—I join him
—We endeavour to recover the stolen property from the
Wa’Gnainu—The result.
Ismail’s apprehensions for the safety of our respective camps
seemed to have been well founded. Jumbi, whom we had left in
charge of our boma, reported that on the evening of our departure
for Embe he had noticed that large numbers of armed natives were
concealed in the surrounding bush. He unostentatiously put the
camp in as good a state of defence as possible, and kept his few
men moving about inside the boma to give an appearance of
numbers. He then noticed that the long grass in the clearing was
also crowded with concealed warriors, to the number of several
hundred. Presently some of them showed themselves. He shouted
to them, asking what they wanted. They answered by inquiring if the
“Wasungu” were in camp. He, with ready wit, shouted back that one
of the Wasungu had gone away somewhere, but the other two were
in camp. Did they wish to see them? They apparently did not, and he
saw no more of them, though they still remained within easy
distance; and consequently he passed a very anxious night. Our
unexpected return next morning disconcerted the warriors, who
hastily retreated. They were the fighting men we had passed on our
way back. Jumbi said they were Wa’M’thara, which, if true, was a
very serious matter.
The men in charge of the Somalis’ camp made a similar report.
Without doubt the natives’ plan was to wait till news arrived of our
defeat and massacre in Embe, and then to rush and loot the camps,
after spearing the few defenders. These preparations seemed to
indicate a deep-laid plan on the part of some one, and some one,
also, who was sure of success.
Ismail Robli, with several of the other Somalis, came into our camp
in the afternoon showing every sign of terror, which they
endeavoured, unsuccessfully, to conceal. They asked for a “shaurie,”
and when we granted their request, they came out with a ridiculous
story of treachery on the part of N’Dominuki. They declared he was a
traitor, ignoring the fact, which we pointed out to them, that
N’Dominuki had been kept in ignorance of our plans. They further
stated that he was even now preparing to attack us at the head of
the Wa’M’thara, reinforced by a strong body of Wa’Embe. We
refused point-blank to believe a word of it. On questioning them as to
their source of information, they said that a man from Chanjei, who
had come into their camp to sell food, had told them. We were
disgusted with their credulity, and said as much. El Hakim told them
that he had known N’Dominuki for years as the most trustworthy of
natives, and so had other Englishmen before him, and he would not
believe that he had turned traitor, on the more than doubtful word of
a casual native, whom nobody knew, and who was of no
consequence or position.
Ismail was obstinate. He persisted in his assertion that N’Dominuki
was a traitor, and instanced the armed Wa’M’thara who had
concealed themselves round about our camps the night before, as
proof of his words. We were a little troubled, as, though we would not
for a moment believe N’Dominuki to be the traitor, we did not know
what his people might do without his knowledge, or in spite of him. At
all events, the presence of armed men round our camp needed
explanation. As we did not quite understand matters, we sent for
N’Dominuki, asking him to come to our camp, as we wished
particularly to see him. Our messenger returned in the course of the
day with a message to the effect that N’Dominuki was suffering from
fever, and was unable to come. We sent up again, with some
medicine, asking him to come if possible. He again returned an
answer that he was ill, but would come to-morrow.
 His non-appearance seemed proof positive to Ismail and his
following that N’Dominuki was actively hostile. They were, in
consequence, in a perfectly frantic state. Of course, had N’Dominuki
turned traitor we should have been in a very bad fix, though it was
only what could have been expected after the double reverse in
Embe. However, we were very loth to believe it of him in the absence
of direct and conclusive evidence.
Ismail returned to his own camp, but visited us an hour or so later
with a fresh budget of news to the effect that N’Dominuki had
received the Embe chief in his house, and had killed a sheep in his
honour. Once more we sent to N’Dominuki, this time detailing the
charges alleged against him, and saying that, although we did not
believe them, we should be obliged if he would visit us as soon as
possible. He sent back to say that he would come to-morrow without
fail.
All these conflicting accounts caused us considerable anxiety. As
for the Somalis, they were in a most pitiable state; that is, it would
have been pitiable had it not been so thoroughly contemptible. They
appeared panic-stricken, and worked with feverish energy in
strengthening their boma, felling huge trees and cutting thorn bush
till long after sundown. We ourselves did not neglect obvious
precautions, and strengthened our boma a little, more especially for
the purpose of reassuring our men, amongst whom the Somalis’
stories had created something like alarm. We then sent a
peremptory message to the Somali camp, warning them that if their
frightened sentries, through a false alarm or any such cause, fired in
the direction of our camp, we should not hesitate to return the fire
with interest. This message had the effect of calming their nerves a
little.
Next morning they again came over to our camp, still with the
same old tale of N’Dominuki’s treachery. These repeated allegations
against N’Dominuki caused us to suspect some ulterior motive. Still
another urgent message was sent to N’Dominuki, and this time he
sent back word that he was coming with his people, bringing food.
He arrived an hour or so after the message, and sending for Ismail
and the other Somalis, we held a big “shaurie.”
 First we asked N’Dominuki why he had not appeared in answer to
our frequent messages the day before. He replied that he and his
people had fled to the hills with all their cattle and goods, under the
impression that we were going to attack them!
We inquired who gave him that idea, and he said that a boy from
the Somali camp had told him so.
Then we began to see daylight. We inquired where the boy was.
N’Dominuki replied that as far as he knew he was still in the Somali
camp, so we ordered Ismail to produce him. In a few minutes he was
delivered, bound, at our feet. A cross-examination of the Somalis
elicited the fact that the boy had deserted from their camp, taking
with him one of their sheep. On being again questioned, N’Dominuki
stated that the boy had come to him for shelter. He had told the boy
that he would not allow him to stop there, but would send him back
to his masters, but the artful little boy said, “I have done it for your
sake, N’Dominuki. I wished to warn you that the Wasungu and the
Wa’Somali are about to attack you.” N’Dominuki believed him, and
fled forthwith.
In a little while the boy, not liking the life with the natives, and
yearning for the flesh-pots of the camp, returned to the Somalis, after
having concocted a satisfactory explanation of his absence. He
made out to the Somalis that he had gone as a spy on N’Dominuki,
who was an “el moruo torono” (a wicked old man), as he had heard
that he was hostile to his dear masters, and that at great risk and
personal inconvenience he had carried out his plan successfully. He
then solemnly warned them that N’Dominuki was preparing to attack
them. He counted on the gravity of his announcement averting any
unpleasant inquiries about the stolen sheep—a ruse which was
completely successful.
Now we had got hold of the truth. Small boys will be small boys all
the world over, whether white or black, and this little untutored
specimen of his genus had kept a hundred and fifty armed men, in
two camps, in a state of intense anxiety for two days, and had driven
a tribe with all its cattle and goods in mortal terror into the hills for the
same period, in order to cover his impish escapade. He was treated
in the same way as from time immemorial other small boys have
been—for equally reprehensible escapades, and forthwith received
the thrashing he so richly deserved.
We gently chided N’Dominuki for believing “that little vulgar boy,”
and asked him why he had not come into camp and found out the
truth for himself. He was afraid, he said, that we should bind him and
kill him at our leisure! El Hakim represented that it was very unkind
to think that of him, who was such an old and proved friend.
N’Dominuki’s only reply was “The boy told me so!” That is a savage
all over! They believe the first story that comes to hand, even against
their better judgment. In N’Dominuki’s case, although his experience
of white men had always been of the best and pleasantest, he had
met them late in life, and had never quite lost the savage’s innate
distrust of strangers.
We dismissed the crestfallen Somalis, and advised them to give
less credence to casual reports in future. They seemed very sulky,
and were, we were beginning to believe, rather sorry that
N’Dominuki had successfully vindicated himself.
From that old savage we afterwards gathered a great deal of
information, which threw considerable light on the recent events in
Embe. It was now shown beyond the shadow of a doubt that the
Masai volunteer guide was an Embe native who, while spying round,
had seized the opportunity offered him of serving us to our
disadvantage. The Somalis were greatly to blame for saying that
they knew him. So they did, but in the hurry of the moment they had
neglected to tell us that they had merely seen him knocking about
their camp for a day or two.
When we passed through M’thara in the darkness we were
observed by some of the Wa’M’thara, who were friendly to the
Wa’Embe, and who immediately sent off a runner with the news of
our advance, thus giving the enemy time to skilfully prepare the nice
little trap into which we all walked. Our escape throughout was due
more to good luck than good management, as the party who
ambushed us and killed Jamah Mahomet were only an advanced
post of the Wa’Embe, the main body being posted a mile further on,
where they had dug numbers of pits in the path, in which they, with
great forethought, had placed sharp-pointed stakes. It was their
intention to attack us when we were floundering about in these pits.
We had sadly underrated the skill and courage of the enemy, and
altogether had had a very narrow escape from irretrievable disaster.
If we had underestimated their capabilities, however, they had also
paid us the same compliment. The terrific fire which instantly greeted
their first onslaught must have surprised them greatly. It certainly
daunted them, and probably considerably disarranged their plans,
preventing them from bringing their main body up and surrounding
us. Before they had formed any fresh plan we had made good our
retreat, which, in the light of subsequent knowledge, proved to be a
wise, if somewhat humiliating step.
N’Dominuki said we should have told him of our plans. He only
heard of our intention to attack Embe after we had passed his
village, and it was then too late to warn us. He offered, if we wished
to renew the attack, to personally guide us into Embe by a much
better path, with open country on either side; the road we had
followed being the very worst one we could have chosen. His
proffered assistance was gladly accepted, and we communicated
with the Somalis, expecting they would jump at this opportunity of
avenging the death of their leader. To our intense surprise, they did
nothing of the kind, but replied that they only wished to buy food
peaceably, and go their way northward. We were simply astounded,
and could not at first believe that Somalis, above all people, could be
so craven-spirited; besides, a successful punitive expedition had
now become a vital necessity if we were to preserve the lives of our
party, and render the country safe for those travellers who might
come after us.
Already there were ominous mutterings among the surrounding
tribes, begotten of our reverse in Embe, but we could not get Ismail
to see the matter in the same light, argue as we would. Jamah’s
death seemed to have thoroughly discouraged him. We reasoned,
we begged, but to no purpose. George and I went over to his camp
in the evening in order to make a final effort to rouse a little spirit in
him. George has a wonderful knowledge of Arabic, and he used it
then with vigour and fluency. I also possess a rudimentary
knowledge of vituperation in that language, and employed it to the
utmost; but in vain. We argued, threatened, cajoled, and insulted, but
could get no response, beyond the statement from Ismail that he
was a man of peace, and wished to go his way and trade. I pointed
out to him with some emphasis that it was not because he was a
“man of peace” that he did not fall in with our views, as I had had
ocular demonstration of the fact that he was the very reverse when
he felt inclined. The reason, I told him, that he did not wish to avenge
the blood of Jamah, which was crying aloud for vengeance, was a
cowardly fear of a few naked savages, who were not even
Mohammedans. I called Allah to witness that he was a traitor to his
blood and his religion, and that Jamah, from among the “houris” in
Paradise would look down and curse him for “an unclean dog without
religion.”[5] He smiled a sickly smile, and repeated that he was a
peaceful trader, not a man of war. I then spat upon the ground to
show my utter contempt for him, and left him.
The following day we bought a large quantity of food from
N’Dominuki’s people, and packed it in loads in preparation for our
march to the Waso Nyiro. In the afternoon Koromo, the man who met
us with the honey when we were returning from Embe, came into
camp with N’Dominuki and requested the honour of blood-
brotherhood with El Hakim, and that interesting though disgusting
ceremony was accordingly performed. That night George and I had a
very disagreeable experience. We and the puppy had gone to our
tent for a good night’s sleep after the worry and trouble of the last
three days. The pup was very restless, and ran whining about the
tent in a most annoying manner. At first we thought it was only his
“cussedness,” and scolded him well; but he got worse instead of
better, and finally rolled frantically on the ground, yelping most
dismally. Suddenly George said “D——n!” in a loud voice, and
sprang up from his bed, which was on the ground, and after a little
searching pulled a black insect from some part of his anatomy. He at
once examined his blankets, and found that they were literally
covered with tiny black ants, which, in spite of their small size, bit
most ferociously. I also turned out and found the ground under my
bed was a seething black mass of ants, which instantly attacked the
unprotected portions of my person with an earnestness and attention
to business which, under other circumstances, would have
commanded my highest admiration. Mine was a camp-bed standing
a foot off the ground, and consequently there were comparatively
few on my blankets. We turned our attention to the agonized puppy,
and found that the poor little brute was black underneath with the tiny
pests, who had bitten into his flesh and held on like limpets. We
brushed him free and put him out of harm’s way, swept out the floor
of the tent, getting innumerable bites on our naked feet and legs in
the process, and sent for some ashes, with which we liberally
sprinkled the ground, and also spread them in a circle round the tent,
which to some extent mitigated the nuisance. I did not suffer so
much, as my bed, as already explained, was some inches above the
ground, and consequently George, who slept on a heap of rushes,
bore the brunt of the attack. I was aroused several times during the
night by a muttered exclamation from the darkness on his side of the
tent, followed by the slap which signalled the hurried exit of another
of our tiny enemies from this world of woe. We found in the morning
that we had not been the only sufferers. Round all the men’s tents a
broad band of ashes testified to the defensive measures they had
been compelled to adopt. The cry of “siafu” (ants) in camp is at all
times a signal for instant action. Red-hot ashes are hastily gathered
and sprinkled in the path of the advancing horde, and the greatest
excitement prevails till the foe is finally vanquished. I was compelled
to shift our tent during the day to another spot some distance away.
By first beating down the earth into a hard concrete-like floor and
then strewing it with ashes, we hoped to prevent a recurrence of the
attack of the previous night, an arrangement we found to answer
admirably.
ELDERS OF M’THARA.
 DIRITO AND VISELI (on the right) AND TWO FOLLOWERS. (See
page 132.)

The same day the Somalis left M’thara for Chanjai, where they
desired to purchase food. They promised that on their return in four
days’ time they would accompany us on another expedition into
Embe—a result I should have attributed to my eloquence of the night
before had we not been perfectly aware of the unreliability of their
promises. El Hakim, however, decided to wait on the off-chance of
their returning, and resolved to fill in a day or two by a journey back
to Munithu to collect food, and also to try to get news as to how far
our Embe reverse had affected native feeling towards us in those
districts. He took eight men with rifles with him. I amused myself all
the morning trying to make toffee from native honey and butter. The
resulting compound, though palatable enough, could not be induced
to harden, so we were compelled to devour it with a spoon. George
gave in at midday to a nasty touch of fever. I administered a couple
of phenacetin tabloids, and sweated him well, which towards evening
reduced his temperature. Next morning he was decidedly better, and
together we made a tour of inspection round the camp. We saw a
peculiar striped rat in the boma, which we nicknamed the zebra rat. It
was mouse-coloured with black stripes, but as we had not a trap we
could not secure a specimen. At midday George was down again
with the fever, and I dosed him once more. At 12.30 two men came
back from El Hakim with a note for me. He asked for some fresh
bread and a bottle of milk, also for six more men with rifles. It
seemed that the Wa’G’nainu, the people of a district west of Munithu,
on hearing of our Embe reverse, had come down and looted some of
the trade goods which El Hakim had left in Bei-Munithu’s charge,
and that he intended to try to recover them. He also asked for my
company if I could leave camp. As George was so queer I did not
feel justified in leaving him, but on his assurance that he was quite
able to look after himself while I was away, I decided to go.
I took no baggage or blankets, and with six men and four donkeys,
which were required to bring back the balance of El Hakim’s goods
still remaining with Bei-Munithu, started at one o’clock, intending to
try to reach Munithu the same evening, though it had taken the safari
two days to reach M’thara from Munithu on the outward journey. At
sundown, after a toilsome and seemingly interminable march, my
party and I arrived at El Hakim’s camp outside Bei-Munithu’s village,
where El Hakim, pleased at our rapid journey, forthwith ministered to
my material wants in the way of towels, soap, and supper. After our
meal he summoned Bei-Munithu, and bade him recapitulate for my
benefit the story of the pillaged goods. Briefly it amounted to this: A
large party of the Wa’G’nainu had come on a friendly visit to Bei-
Munithu. During their sojourn with him a report came to hand that the
Wasungu had been driven out of Embe with great loss, and one of
them had been killed. The news caused some excitement, and, as
was only natural, the assembled natives discussed in what way the
Wasungu’s supposed misfortunes could be turned to profitable
account. It was already well known that Bei-Munithu had one of his
huts filled from floor to roof with the trade goods and equipment of
the chief Wasungu, and it did not require much persuasion to induce