Lec3 Intro Turb

Outline
Examples
Description
Reynolds number
Kolmogorov cascade
Summary
Notes
DEN403/DENM010 Computational Fluid Dynamics

Part 3: Introduction to turbulence Dr. Jens-Dominik Muller School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary, University of London
j.mueller@qmul.ac.uk Room: Eng 122 ofce hours: any reasonable time c Jens-Dominik Muller, 2011
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Outline
Examples
Description
Reynolds number
Kolmogorov cascade
Summary
Organisation of the lectures on turbulence

1. Introduction
Motivating examples, description of turbulence The Reynolds number The Kolmogorov cascade
Notes
2. Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes
Averaging the Navier-Stokes equations Reynolds stresses, closure Modelling the Reynolds stresses
3. Using RANS
The near-wall structure of turbulent boundary layers Mesh spacing requirements, wall functions Limits of applicability
4. Alternative approaches
DNS, LES, DES
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Outline
Examples
Description
Reynolds number
Kolmogorov cascade
Summary
Outline of this part
Notes
Examples of turbulent ow Description of turbulence The Reynolds number The Kolmogorov Cascade Summary
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Examples
Description
Reynolds number
Kolmogorov cascade
Summary
Notes
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Examples
Description
Reynolds number
Kolmogorov cascade
Summary
On Turbulence
Benoit Mandelbrot: The techniques I developed for studying turbulence, like weather, also apply to the stock market. Werner Heisenberg: When I meet God, I am going to ask him two questions: Why relativity? And why turbulence? I really believe he will have an answer for the rst.
(Source: Great-Quotes.com, Wikipedia)
Notes
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Examples
Description
Reynolds number
Kolmogorov cascade
Summary
An artists view of turbulence
Notes
Leonardo da Vinci
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Examples
Description
Reynolds number
Kolmogorov cascade
Summary
Turbulence on a global scale
Notes
Flow around Selkirk island

(Source: NOAA) 7 / 37
Outline
Examples
Description
Reynolds number
Kolmogorov cascade
Summary
Reynolds experiment
Notes
(Source: Reynolds, 1883)
Turbulence in smooth pipes typically occurs above Re = 2000.
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Examples
Description
Reynolds number
Kolmogorov cascade
Summary
Effect of Reynolds number
Notes
Re = 15, 000
(Source: van Dyke: Album of uid motion)
Re = 30, 000
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Examples
Description
Reynolds number
Kolmogorov cascade
Summary
Laminar and turbulent ow II
Notes
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Examples
Description
Reynolds number
Kolmogorov cascade
Summary
Turbulent combustion I
Notes
Turbulent mixing downstream of a swirler

(Source: CERFACS) 11 / 37
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Examples
Description
Reynolds number
Kolmogorov cascade
Summary
Turbulent combustion II
Notes
Turbulent combustor
Outline
Examples
Description
Reynolds number
Kolmogorov cascade
Summary
Turbulent combustion III
Notes
Ignition simulation in an annular combustor

Outline
Examples
Description
Reynolds number
Kolmogorov cascade
Summary
Notes
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Outline
Examples
Description
Reynolds number
Kolmogorov cascade
Summary
Characteristics of turbulence
Turbulence is inherently unsteady and 3-dimensional. Turbulence is dominated by chaotic - but not random
Notes
motion of swirling structures, the eddies.

There is a cascade of eddies, largest eddies determined
e.g. by the geometry.

Largest scales take their energy from mean ow. Larger eddies break up, passing their energy to smaller
scales.
Smallest scales dissipate their energy into heat. Is always dissipative, i.e. increases mixing, disorder. The Reynolds number will play a major role. Nearly all relevant industrial ows are turbulent!
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Outline
Examples
Description
Reynolds number
Kolmogorov cascade
Summary
How does turbulence arise?

A at plate boundary layer
starts out laminar transitions from laminar
Notes
to turbulence after some running length

remains turbulent
downstream of transition
transition modelling is
very complex: in CFD typically full turbulence is assumed.
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Outline
Examples
Description
Reynolds number
Kolmogorov cascade
Summary
Laminar vs. turbulent boundary layers

The laminar b.l. prole
Notes
has a lower velocity gradient u near the y wall, hence a lower wall shear stress
The turb. b.l. prole has
a higher velocity near the wall, hence is more resistant to separation

The turb. b.l. has more
mixing, hence heat transfer or surface reactions are enhanced.

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Examples
Description
Reynolds number
Kolmogorov cascade
Summary
Notes
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Examples
Description
Reynolds number
Kolmogorov cascade
Summary
The Reynolds number in the momentum equations

The momentum equ. incompr. Navier-Stokes equations in vector notation: u + u u = p + 2 u, t where u is the vector of velocities. The unit of the equation, as stated above, is force per volume: F /V = m a/V = a . Dividing the equation by this factor of this dimension, u 2 /D, which is equivalent to normalising the variables by u 1 D u = , p = p 2, , =D = U U t U t makes the equ. nondimensional: u +u t u = p + 1 Re
2
Notes
u,
Note: for Re 0 the effect of the viscous term vanishes, but the no-slip condition at the wall may remain!
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Examples
Description
Reynolds number
Kolmogorov cascade
Summary
Reynolds number and Turbulence

Re = = momentum of the ow inertial forces = viscous forces viscous stress u2 u2 ul ul = u = = l u y
Notes
When Re 1 the ow is very viscous (creeping ow). As Re the ow becomes less dominated by viscosity,
and boundary-layers conned to small region near surfaces.

The Reynolds number depends on the choice of
length-scale!
Choosing an overall length-scale, e.g. aerofoil chord
length, provides only analysis of overall effects.

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Outline
Examples
Description
Reynolds number
Kolmogorov cascade
Summary
Reynolds number based on length

Most simply: base Reynolds number on the length of the
Notes
body L,
but a boundary-layer grows with distance ( x 0.5 for a
laminar boundary-layer) L and are inter-related.

Instead, base Re on distance from the L.E.:
ReL = UL/
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Examples
Description
Reynolds number
Kolmogorov cascade
Summary
Reynolds number for a boundary layer

Reynolds number:
Notes
Re =
momentum of the ow viscous sresses
momentum of the ow: U 2 viscous sresses:
= (du/dy) (U/)
Reynolds number based on
b.l. thickness: Re = U2 U U = = (U/)
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Examples
Description
Reynolds number
Kolmogorov cascade
Summary
Notes
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Examples
Description
Reynolds number
Kolmogorov cascade
Summary
Effect of Reynolds number on small scales
Notes
med. Re
higher Re
(Source: van Dyke: Album of uid motion) 24 / 37
Outline
Examples
Description
Reynolds number
Kolmogorov cascade
Summary
Reynolds number based on eddy diameter d

Re = = momentum of the ow inertial forces = viscous forces viscous stress u2 ud ud u2 = = u = d u y
Notes
For Re >> 1, inertial forces dominate. The ow keeps
swirling, energy is passed down to smaller scales.

When Re 1, viscous forces become equal in magnitude
to inertial forces, eddies dissipate.

There is a smallest length scale for turbulent eddies!
Smaller eddies are dissipated by viscosity.

Rotational energy d 2 , hence smaller eddies contain less
energy.
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Examples
Description
Reynolds number
Kolmogorov cascade
Summary
The Kolmogorov Cascade I
Notes
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Examples
Description
Reynolds number
Kolmogorov cascade
Summary
The Kolmogorov Cascade II

Eddy structure is fractal with higher Re, we nd
Notes
smaller scales
smaller scales have
smaller diameters, hence in a ow with the same speed lead to uctuations with higher frequencies
in turbulent ow literature,
rather than higher frequency, the term higher wavenumber k is used.
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Examples
Description
Reynolds number
Kolmogorov cascade
Summary
Spectrum of turbulent kinetic energy
Notes
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Examples
Description
Reynolds number
Kolmogorov cascade
Summary
Spectrum of turbulent kinetic energy

There is a peak of overall
Notes
turbulent kinetic energy E at some wavenumber k = O(L1 ), i.e. some diameter L given by the geometry.
In isotropic turbulence
energy drops at a rate of 5 k 3 with increasing wavenumber k.

There is a smallest
wavenumber/scale which increases with Re.

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Examples
Description
Reynolds number
Kolmogorov cascade
Summary
How small is the smallest eddy? I
Notes
The largest eddies depend on the geometry scale, e.g. b.l.
thickness or pipe diameter.

The scale of the smallest eddies, the scale at which
dissipation occurs, is independent of the scale of the largest eddies or the mean ow. At the smallest scales there is an equilibrium between
energy supplied by larger scales energy dissipated by viscosity
This is known as Kolmogorovs Universal Equilibrium
Theory
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Examples
Description
Reynolds number
Kolmogorov cascade
Summary
How small is the smallest eddy? II

Dene the dissipation rate per unit mass [m2 sec3 ], and use the kinematic viscosity [m2 sec1 ], using dimensional analysis we can then we can derive the
Notes
Kolmogorov microscales:
Kolmogorov length scale: Kolmogorov time scale:
= =
1/4
1/2
Using dimensional analysis we can approximate U 3 /L hence the ratio of typical length L to smallest eddy size is
L 3 1/4
3 3
= L/
= (UL/) 4 = Re 4
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Examples
Description
Reynolds number
Kolmogorov cascade
Summary
Implications of eddy scaling for CFD

L size of smallest scales: = Re
3 4
Notes
To resolve an eddy we need at least two mesh points to
represent the velocity uctuations: x = h .

hence the number of meshpoints in one direction is
L h
= Re 4
for a three-dimensional calculation we need this many
mesh points in each direction, hence the overall number of 9 nodes N scales with Re as N = (L/h)3 = Re 4
Resolving all turbulent structures is only possible for low
Re, but is prohibitive for high Re.

DNS of a complete aircraft will require at least an exaop
(1018 ops) computer. The best performance currently is a around 500 tera ops (500 1012 ops)
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Examples
Description
Reynolds number
Kolmogorov cascade
Summary
Approaches to deal with turbulence in CFD I

Simulation of the nest scales means: resolving these
Notes
scales with mesh points such that we can accurately model them in the conservation equations.
This approach is called Direct Navier-Stokes (DNS), but is
not affordable even in the mid-term future.

We are typically not interested in the ne scale
uctuations, in engineering we care for the long-term time-averages as they would affect the ight of an aircraft.
Hence, we could approximate the average effect of these
uctuations with an additional model that embodies our knowledge of turbulent ows.
This approach is called Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes
(RANS), and is the most popular approach to CFD for turbulent ows.
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Examples
Description
Reynolds number
Kolmogorov cascade
Summary
Approaches to deal with turbulence in CFD II
Notes
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Description
Reynolds number
Kolmogorov cascade
Summary
Notes
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Reynolds number
Kolmogorov cascade
Summary
Introduction to turbulence: summary I

Turbulence is unsteady and three-dimensional. The chaotic motion of turbulent ow is fully described by
Notes
the conservation equations.

There is a cascade of eddies, largest scales determined by
geometry.
Turbulence increases skin friction, but also increases
mixing.
Nearly all ows of industrial interest are turbulent. They Reynolds number can describe turbulent effects, but
care needs to be taken to choose the correct length scale.
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Examples
Description
Reynolds number
Kolmogorov cascade
Summary
Introduction to turbulence: summary II

There is a smallest eddy scale, the Kolmogorov scale. For
Notes
smaller scales viscosity becomes dominant and eddies are dissipated.

The ratio of smallest to largest scales is Re 4 . If we were to resolve the smallest scale in a numerical ow
3
simulation, a DNS, the required number of mesh points 9 would scale with Re 4 , an unsteady computation would require an exaop computer.
For lower computational cost, we need to model the
time-averaged effect of turbulent uctuations, the Reynolds-averaged Navier Stokes approach (RANS).
There is also an intermediate approach, the Large Eddy
Simulation (LES), where the largest scales are resolved (simulated) and the sub-grid scales are modelled.
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Notes
Notes

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Outline

DEN403/DENM010 Computational Fluid Dynamics

Organisation of the lectures on turbulence

Outline of this part

Outline of this part

An artists view of turbulence

Turbulence on a global scale

Flow around Selkirk island

(Source: Reynolds, 1883)

Turbulence in smooth pipes typically occurs above Re = 2000.

Effect of Reynolds number

Laminar and turbulent ow II

Turbulent mixing downstream of a swirler

Turbulent combustion III

Ignition simulation in an annular combustor

Outline of this part

motion of swirling structures, the eddies.

e.g. by the geometry.

How does turbulence arise?

to turbulence after some running length

very complex: in CFD typically full turbulence is assumed.

Laminar vs. turbulent boundary layers

a higher velocity near the wall, hence is more resistant to separation

mixing, hence heat transfer or surface reactions are enhanced.

Outline of this part

The Reynolds number in the momentum equations

Reynolds number and Turbulence

and boundary-layers conned to small region near surfaces.

length, provides only analysis of overall effects.

Reynolds number based on length

laminar boundary-layer) L and are inter-related.

Reynolds number for a boundary layer

momentum of the ow viscous sresses

momentum of the ow: U 2 viscous sresses:

b.l. thickness: Re = U2 U U = = (U/)

Outline of this part

Effect of Reynolds number on small scales

(Source: van Dyke: Album of uid motion) 24 / 37

Reynolds number based on eddy diameter d

For Re >> 1, inertial forces dominate. The ow keeps

swirling, energy is passed down to smaller scales.

to inertial forces, eddies dissipate.

Smaller eddies are dissipated by viscosity.

The Kolmogorov Cascade I

The Kolmogorov Cascade II

rather than higher frequency, the term higher wavenumber k is used.

Spectrum of turbulent kinetic energy

Spectrum of turbulent kinetic energy

energy drops at a rate of 5 k 3 with increasing wavenumber k.

wavenumber/scale which increases with Re.

How small is the smallest eddy? I

The largest eddies depend on the geometry scale, e.g. b.l.

thickness or pipe diameter.

This is known as Kolmogorovs Universal Equilibrium

How small is the smallest eddy? II

Implications of eddy scaling for CFD

To resolve an eddy we need at least two mesh points to

represent the velocity uctuations: x = h .

for a three-dimensional calculation we need this many

Re, but is prohibitive for high Re.