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PLATE I

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Reports of the Research Committee
of the

Society of Antiquaries of London

No. XV
Published in conjunction with the Corporation of the City of Leicester

Excavations at the
Jewry Wall Site, Leicester
By
Kathleen M. Kenyon, M.A., F.s.A.
with sections by Dr. F. Oswald, E. Birley, M. R. Hull, G. C. Dunning,
A. W. G. Lowther, J. S. Kirkman, B. W. Peatce, Dr. A. J. E. Cave
and Dr. J. Wilfrid Jackson

Oxford
Printed at the University Press by Charles Batey for
The Society of Antiquaries
Burlington House, London
and
The Corporation of the City of.Leicester
1948
PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN
 JEWRY WALL EXCAVATION COMMITTEE
1936
His GRACE THE DuKE OF RUTLAND, F.S.A. President
THE RT. HoN. THE EARL FERRERs, F.R.I.B.A., F.S.A.l
MR. c. J.
BOND, C.M.G., F.R.C.S. Vice-Presidents
MR.. H. PERCY GEE
*MR. CouN D. B. ELus, M.c. Chairman of Executive Committee
*MR. J. ALFRED HoPPs, F.C.A. Hon. Treasurer
*MR. wALLER K. BEDINGFIELD, F.R.I.B.A. Hon. Secretary
Miss KATHLEEN M. KENYON, M.A. Director of Excavations
Miss Du PLAT TAYLOR .Assistant Director

MEMBERS
DR. R. E. MoRTLMER WHEELER, M.c., D.LITT., v.-P.S.A.}
Society of .Antiquaries
*DR. FELIX OSWALD, F.S.A.
DR. R. E. MORTIMER WHEELER, M.c., D.LITT., v.-P.S.A. Society for Promotion of Roman Studies
MR. J. HOLLAND wALKER, M.B.E., F.S.A., F.R.HIST.S. Royal .Arch. Inst.
*MR. P. K. BAILLIE REYNOLDS, M.A., F.S.A. H.M. Office of Works
THE LORD MAYOR (COUNCILLOR R. HALLAM) )
*ALDERMAN CHARLES SQUIRE
*COUNCILLOR w.
J.
H. FREESTONE } B h c . The City Council
*COUNCILLOR MINTO at s ommzttee 1
*MR. A. T. GoosEMAN, M.i:.c.E., City Engineer }
*MR. L. G. HANNAFORD, F.R.I.B.A., Chief Architectural Asst.
*DR. E. E. LowE, B.Sc., Director of City Museum
City Officials
MR. J. W. BRIGGS, City Museum
LT.-COL. R. E. MARTIN, C.M.G. Leicestershire County Council
THE RIGHT REVEREND THE LORD BISHOP OF LEICESTER
THE HIGH SHERIFF OF LEICESTERSHIRE (MAJOR J.E. V1ccARS, D.s.o.)
MR. T. T. SAWDAY, F.R.I.B.A. }
Leicester Society of .Architects
MR. CLEMENT STRETTON, F.R.I.B.A.
MR. ALBERT HERBERT, F.R.I.B.A., F.S.A. }
*MR. L. H. IRVINE, M.B.E., M.A.
Leicester .Archaeological Society
DR. N. I. SPRIGGS, M.A., F.R.C.S.
MR. s. H. SKILLINGTON
MR. c. s. BIGG, M.A.
MR. THOS. HACKING, M.SC.
MR. ROBERT HOLT
MR. A. A. IRONSIDE
MR. WM. JOHNSON
MR. WM. KEAY, F.R.I.B.A.
MR. A. J. PICKERING
MR. A. L. TABOR
* Member of Executive Committee
 CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION I

Historical Summary 3
Detailed Description of the Site . 9
The plan of Ratae and its relation to the Fosse Way 38
The Raw Dykes 40
Chronological Table 42

SAMIAN PoTTERY. By DR. FELIX OswALD, F.s.A. 43

THE CoARSE PoTTERY • 73
THE MoRTARIUM STAMPS. By E. BIRLEY, F.S.A. 214

STAMPS oN BELGIC PLATTERS. By M. R. HuLL, F.S.A. 221

MEDIEVAL POTTERY. By G. c. DUNNING, F.S.A. 222

SMALL FINDS •

MISCELLANEOUS FINDS

RELIEF-PATTERNED FLUE-TILES FROM THE FoRuM SITE. By A. W. G. Low-

THER, F.S.A. 2 75

Corns. By B. W. PEARCE, F.s.A. 279

A CRANIUM FROM THE FoRUM SITE, LEICESTER. By DR. A.J. E. CAVE 283
ANIMAL BONES. By DR. J. WILFRID JACKSON, F.S.A. 285
GENERAL INDEX 287
INDEX TO POTTERY 290
 LIST .OF PLATES
I. The Jewry Wall from the west after removal of modern brickwork.
II. a. General view of the south half of the site from the west.
b. The Jewry Wall from the west before the removal of modern brickwork.
III. a. The Jewry Wall from the south with part of the rooms in the south-east angle of the Forum.
b. The Jewry Wall from the south.
IV. a. Earliest occupation: pits and fire-place.
b. Pier in House SE. II I.
c. Traces of timber posts and planking in House J.W. I.
d. Successive floor and occupation levels in north group of early buildings cut by foundation
trench of Forum-level. ·
v. a. North wall of Basilica and north pier of western aisle.
b. North wall of Basilica and matrix of herringbone paving.
c. Fourth pier of western aisle of Basilica.
d. North wall of Basilica, north pier of western aisle, and matrix of herringbone floor.
VI. a. Southernmost recess on east side of Jewry Wall.
b. Niche in southernmost recess in east side of Jewry Wall.
c. Central niche in east side of Jewry Wall.
d. Southern entrance from Basilica to Forum from the east.
VII. a. Niche on north side of southernmost recess in east side of Jewry Wall.
b. Rooms in north-eastern angle of the Forum.
c. Latrine in Room III.
VIII. a. Northern road and north outer portico from the east.
b. North range of Forum with disturbed soil removed.
IX. a. Subsidence adjoining main in south-east angle.
b. In centre, fragment of original (Forum) drain; on right, rebuilt (Bath period) drain.
c. In centre, fragment of original (Forum) drain with line of subsidence dipping away from it;
on left, rebuilt (Bath period) drain.
x. a. Subsidence on south side of Forum from the east.
b. Edge of subsidence on south side of Forum from the south.
XI. a; Northern apse of Baths from the west.
b. Northern apse of Baths from the east.
c. Southernmost of western apses of Baths.
d. Southern apse of Baths.
XII. a. Basis of hypocaust in Room IX.
b. Bath-period drain running from south-east to north-east rooms.
c. Fallen fragment of hypocaust pila.
XIII. a. Bath-period drain in south-east angle.
b. Northern apse of Baths impinging on north range of Forum, from the east.
XIV. a. Foundation trench of southern apse of Baths (right) cutting through Forum floor.
b. Wall of Period IV building overriding Bath-period wall.
c. Robber trench of southern wall of Bath court-yard with successive levels of court-yard.
xv. a. Period IV building (water-tank?) from the west.
b. Period IV building (water-tank?) from the east.
Vlll LIST OF PLATES
xvi. a. Rebuild of south wall of Period IV (water-tank?) building.
b. Drain in north-west corner of site.
c. Base of pier in Period IV (water-tank?) building.
d. Base of pier in Period IV (water-tank?) building.
XVII. a. Northern road from east showing ruts and medieval wells.
b. Northern road from west showing ruts and repaii;.
XVIII. a. Medieval furnace.
b. Medieval walls in north outer portico.
c. Medieval furnace with top of adjacent wall of Forum reddened
x1x. Raw Dykes.
xx. Medieval pottery.
xxr. Medieval pottery.
xxII. a. Spindle whorls and stone bracelet.
b. Glazed medieval tile.
c. Hone stones.
xx1u. a. Buckle and terret-ring types.
b. Head from side of Castor-ware jug.
c. Gold ring.
d. Iron wedges and knife.
e. Iron arrow-head.
xx1v. a. Architectural fragment.
b. Architectural fragment.
c. Brick with child's footprints.
xxv. a, b, d. Relief-patterned flue-tiles.
c. Slate roof-tile.
xxv1. Plan of Forum.
XXVII. Plan of Baths.
XXVIII. Plan of Ratae Coritanorum.
xx1x. Plans of British Fora and Basilicae.
xxx. Roman town plans with reference to the Fosse Way.
xxx1. Sections A-H.
xxxII. Sections J-0.
xxxm. Sections P-U, and sections through the Raw Dykes.
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT
I. Throsby's plan of Ratby . 4
2. The central portion of the west wall of the Basilica, from Stukeley's drawing I6
3. The Basilica of Ladenburg 27
4. Samian from early Pits, A.D. 35-50 and House J.W. 2 44
5. Samian from deposits contemporary with Forum (I) 46
6. Samian from deposits contemporary with Forum (I) 49
7. A.D. 180
Samian from deposits contemporary with Bath Building (II), A.D. 150-60 and Level III, c. 51
8. Samian from Level V, c. A.D. 200 53
9. Samian from Level VI, c. A.D. 220 and Level VII, first half third century 55
I o. Samian from Level IX, first quarter fourth century
57
l I. Samian from West Block, 2nd and 3rd levels of Bath Building, S.W. Block, second level and
make-
up of top surviving road surface 58
l 2. Early Samian from later contexts: Tiberian, Claudian
60
13• Early Samian from later contexts: Claudius-Nero, Neronic, Nero-Vespasian 62
14. Early Samian from later contexts: Vespasianic 64
15. Early Samian from later contexts: Vespasianic 66
16. Early Samian from later contexts: Domitianic . 68
17. Early Samian from later contexts: Trajanic, Trajan-Hadrian . Samian from disturbed levels:
Hadrian-Anton ine, Antonine . 70
l8. Mortaria type series 76
19. Pie-dish and flanged-dish type series 82
20. Straight-sided and bead-rim dish series 85
21. Carinated and reeded-rim bowl type series 87
22. Flanged-bowl type series . 90
23. Miscellaneous bowls and wide-mouthed jars 93
24. Necked-bowl type series . 94
25. Necked-jar type series 96
26. Cavetto-rim jar, bead-rim jar, and poppy-head beaker type series 100
27. Everted-rim jar type series 106
28. Ring-neck jug and flagon type series I JO

29. Storage-jar type series II3

30. Storage-jar (cont.) and cooking-pot type series 117
3 l.Lid type series 119
32. Castor ware type series 122
33. Amphora type series 123
Coarse pottery from early pits, A.D. 35-50 I 26
34.
35. Coarse pottery from early pits, A.D. 35-50; later pit, Flavian, and Belgic vessels from other contexts 130
x LIST OF ILLUSTRATIO NS IN THE TEXT
36. Coarse pottery from Pit 4, Claudian-N eronian l 34
37. Coarse pottery from House J.W. I-la, earliest Roman occupation; House SE. I, earliest Roman
occupation; House SE. II, to A.D. 75-80; House SE. Ila, Vespasian-Domitian; House SE. III,
to A.D. 90-100 136
38. Coarse pottery from SE. IV, Trajanic 142
39. Coarse pottery from SE. IV, Trajanic (cont.) 145
40. Coarse pottery from House N. I, A.D. 80-90; House N. II, to A.D. 95; House N. Ila, to A.D. 100;
House N. III, to A.D. 105; House N. IV, to A.D. l 10; House N. V, A.D. l 10-20 148
4i. Coarse pottery from deposits contemporary with Forum (I), to A.D. 125-30 154
42. Coarse pottery from deposits contemporary with Forum (I), to A.D. 125-30 (cont.) JS6
43. Coarse pottery from deposits contemporary with Forum (I), to A.D. 125-30 (cont.) 160
44. Coarse pottery from deposits contemporary with Bath Building (II), to A.D. l 50-60 164
45. Coarse pottery from deposits contemporary with Bath Building (II), to A.D. 150-60 (cont.) 169
46. · Coarse pottery from Level III, to A.D. l 80 172
47. Coarse pottery from Level III, to A.D. 180 (cont.) 176
48. Coarse pottery from Level V, to A.D. 200 180
49. Coarse pottery from Level VI, to A.D. 220 184
50. Coarse pottery from Level VII, first half third century 190
5i. Coarse pottery from Level VII, first half third century (cont.) and from Level VIII, second half
third century . 194
52. Coarse pottery from Level IX, first quarter fourth century 198
53. Coarse pottery from Level IX, first quarter fourth century (cont.) 201
54. Coarse pottery frorn Room VI, Level X, mid fourth century 203
55. Coarse pottery from SE. Angle, Level X, to c. A.D. 360-70 206
56. Late coarse pottery from disturbed levels: Drain Robber; unstratified 210
57. Miscellaneous unstratified coarse pottery . 212
58. Potters' stamps on mortaria 216
59. Twelfth-century pottery from Pit Med. I 225
60. Miscellaneous twelfth-century pottery 227
Twelfth-century pottery from Leicester, and from Glaston, Rutland 229
Late twelfth century pot from Leicester 229
Jug from Belgrave Gate, Leicester 229
Whetstones of granulite . 230
Distribution-map of medieval whetstones of mica-schist. Inset: schist hone from St. Giles' Hill,
Winchester •, 231
66. Thirteenth-century pottery from Pit Med. 2 234
67. Pottery cauldron from Pit Med. 2 235
68. Storage-jars 235
69. Thirteenth-century decorated jug 237
70. Development of pattern on decorated jug 237
•
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT Xl

7 l. Thirteenth-century decorated jug 240

72. Development of pattern on decorated jug. 240
73. Thirteenth-century decorated jug from Coventry 241
74. Thirteenth-century decorated jug from Coventry 242
7 5. Development of pattern on decorated jug from Coventry 242
76. Fourteenth-century decorated jug 245
7 7. Development of pattern on decorated jug . 245
78. Fifteenth-century jugs 247
79. Jug dated early fifteenth century from Leicester Castle 247
80. Brooch types 250
81. Brooch types (cont.) 251
82. Brooch types (cont.) 252
. 83. Bracelet and ring types; stone mould 254
84. Bronze ornaments 256
85. Medieval bronze ornaments 257
86. Bronze toilet and surgical implements, keys and lock 258
87. Miscellaneous bronze objects 259
88. Bronze stud and nail types 261
89. Bronze pin and needle types 263
90. Bone pin types 265
9 l. Bone needle and counter types 267
92. Objects of bone . 268
93. Bead types 269
94. Objects of jet, shale, and amber 270
95. Gold ring with sard intaglio 271
96. Three-horned bull in bronze 272
97. Relief-patterned flue-tile type 7 275
98. Relief-patterned flue-tile type 9 276
99. Relief-patterned flue-tile type l3 . 277
loo. Relief-patterned flue-tile type 30 . 277
 INTRODUCTION·
T HE excavations of which the report is given here were carried out for four seasons
from 1936 to 1939 inclusive. Their occasion was the purchase by the Corporation
of Leicester of the area to the west of the Jewry Wall as a site for new Municipal Baths.
The Jewry Wall had long been recognized as part of an important Roman building, and
one of the finest surviving fragments of Roman masonry in the country, and it was among
the first monuments to be taken over (in 1920) by the newly formed Ancient Monu-
ments Branch of the Office of Works. But though it was clearly part of a public building,
it was quite uncertain what that building was, as is shown by Haverfield's discussion 1 of
the problem. For many years only the east side, facing St. Nicholas' Church across a
narrow passage, had been visible, Rust's factory being built right up against its west side.
Pl. 11 b shows how its west side was filled in with modern brickwork, against which the
factory was built. The purchase of the site by the Corporation provided the opportunity,
and presented an imperative need, for the investigation of the site, and indeed the first
opportunity for the excavation of any extensive area within the Roman city of Ratae
Coritanorum.
The matter was therefore taken up by the Leicester Literary and Philosophical
Society, and the Corporation readily granted permission for excavation to take place
prior to the building operations. An Excavation Committee was formed under the
presidency of the late Duke of Rutland, F.S.A., which undertook the task of raising funds
for the work. The arrangements for the excavations were entrusted to an Executive
Committee with Mr. C. D. B. Ellis, F.S.A., as Chairman and Mr. W. K. Bedingfield,
F.R.I.B.A., as Secretary. To the energy and enthusiasm of these two gentlemen the
successful execution of the work owes a very great deal. To them fell the tasks of
negotiation with the city authorities, of raising funds, and generally of smoothing the way
of the excavators. Both were indefatigable in their visits to the site while work was in
progress, and I am deeply grateful for their great kindness and inspiring enthusiasm.
Excavation was begun in May 193 6 as demolitions were proceeding. By the most
helpful co-operation of the Sanitary and Baths Committee of the Corporation it was
recognized that the removal of the soil from the site down to a certain level would be
necessary for the construction of the baths, and responsibility for the estimated cost of
this by ordinary methods was therefore taken by the Corporation, leaving only the
additional cost of the removal by archaeological methods to be met by the Excavation
Committee. This invaluable co-operation on the part of the city authorities alone made
possible an excavation which involved the clearing of some 6 ft. of top soil before Roman
levels were reached, and the removal from the site of many thousands of tons of soil and
modern masonry.
In the course of the first season's work it became clear that the Jewry Wall formed the
west wall of the Basilica of the Roman town, the archways through it being the entrance
1 Archaeologii:al Journal, Ixxv (1918).
B
2 INTRODUCTION
from the Basilica to the Forum, which lay underneath the site being excavated. In the
minds both of citizens of Leicester interested in the history of their city and of archaeo-
logists there arose the question as to whether the city would be justified in obliterating
beneath a modern building, however much needed, the visible remains of the earliest
civic centre. The matter was very fully discussed, and an official inquiry was held by the
Ministry of Health. As a result, it was decided that the site should be preserved, and that
the Corporation should bear the full cost of its excavation and its laying out as a public
monument. This enlightened action by the Corporation has provided an outstanding
example to civic authorities throughout the country, and has undoubtedly given
Leicester a magnificent monument to the continuity of its civic existence. British
archaeology owes the Corporation of Leicester a very real debt.
The work of excavation continued for the next three years under these new conditions,
and was fortunately completed just before the outbreak of war. The work of laying out
the site, however, was hardly begun, apart from the consolidation of the masonry by the
staff of the Office of Works, and it will be some years before conditions will allow this to
be carried through and the site to become the attractive one it undoubtedly will some
day be. The war' has also been responsible for delay in the appearance of this report, as
a war-time job and conditions in London placed many difficulties in the way of its
preparation, particularly since the great quantity of soil shifted produced enormous
quantities of pottery and other finds which had to be examined.
During the excavation and in the preparation of the report I received help from a
great number of people. In the first place, I must express my personal thanks to repre-
sentatives and employees of the Corporation. Successive Lord Mayors took a real
interest in the work, and with other Councillors frequently visited the site. The late
Alderman Charles Squire, Chairman of the Museums and Libraries Sub-Committee,
was throughout a tower of strength. The Museum authorities were of the utmost assis-
tance and Dr. E. E. Lowe, Director of the Museum, was unfailingly kind and helpful, an~
allowed his staff to do anything in their power to help. In particular, Mr. F. Cottrill,
Keeper of the Department of Archaeology from 19 3 8, by his help in consultations on
difficult points, by his undertaking the planning of the remains, of the drawing of some
of the pottery, and in many other ways, gave indispensable assistance. Officials of the
Highways and Sewers Department, particularly Mr. Hannaford and Mr. Tyldesley,
were also most helpful and pleasant to deal with. In the second place, I must thank
officials of the Office of Works for their co-operation at all stages of the negotiations and
work, particularly Mr. J. P. Bushe-Fox, F.S.A., then Chief Inspector, and Mr. P. K.
Baillie-Reynolds, F.S.A., Inspector for England. To Dr. R. E. M. Wheeler, F.S.A., I
am indebted for constant interest and advice and for practical help in every way.
In the work of excavation I had much assistance. I would especially like to thank
Mr. A. E. Sutton, foreman throughout the four seasons, to whom I owe much for the
happy relations established with the workmen and the zeal with which they carried out
the work. Many archaeologists, volunteers and students, both local and from the
Institute of Archaeology, helped during the course of the work. I can only mention
 HISTORICAL SUMMARY 3
Miss Joan du Plat Taylor, Miss Diana Ashcroft, and Mr. A. J. Arkell by name, but to
ail I am most grateful. I must also thank Mr. J. K. Pe~l for his help in explaining the
site to visitors and in the general arousing of interest.
For help in the preparation of the report I would like to thank Miss F. Patchett,
Miss D. Parker, Miss E. Dray, Mr. Dudley Waterman, and Mr. C. 0. Waterhouse for
drawing pottery and objects, and Mr. M. B. Cookson for the photographs. Various
reports on special groups of finds are appended, notably those of Dr. F. Oswald, F.S.A.,
on the Samian pottery, Mr. E. B. Birley, F.S.A., on the mortaria stamps, Mr. M. R.
Hull, F.S.A., on the Belgic potters' stamps, Mr. B. W. Pearce, F.S.A., and Mr. J. S.
Kirkman on the coins, Mr. A. W. G. Lowther, F.S.A., on the relief-patterned flue-tiles,
Dr. Wilfrid Jackson, F.S.A., on the animal bones, Dr. A. J. E. Cave, on the cranium,
and Mr. G. C. Dunning, F.S.A., on the medieval pottery. To all these contributors I
am most grateful for the time and labour they have devoted to their invaluable reports.
The excavation of the site was not an easy matter. Modern buildings, including a
factory chimney, deep engine beds, and some cellars, had all contributed to the des-
truction of Roman remains, begun by medieval stone rob hers and well and· pit diggers.
·Sufficient, however, remained to elucidate the history and structure of the Forum and
succeeding Bath Building, and to provide a foundation for the history of Ratae
Coritanorum.

HISTORICAL SUMMARY
The position of Ratae on the line of the Fosse Way, which has been shown 1 to have
formed a temporaryJrontier during an early stage in the Roman conquest of Britain,
suggests that it was founded at an early stage in this conquest. At this stage it would
presumably have held a garrison, and the discovery in 18 5 5 of a tile bearing the stamp of
the VIIIth Legion 2 indicates that a detachment of this legion was stationed there. The
excavation of the Jewry Wall site, however, has proved that this particular area was not
included within the legionary camp. The camp would, of course, have been smaller
in size than the Roman town, and may lie elsewhere within its boundaries. It might
certainly, however, have been expected that it would have included such a central posi-
tion as the site in question, and it is possible that the camp lay outside the area of the town.
It may be suggested that the earthworks at Rat by, of which a plan made by Throsby in
179 13 is reproduced on p. 4, may be the actual site. The position is a commanding one on
the hills, 3 miles west of Leicester. The shape of the camp certainly suggests a Roman
rather than an earlier or later .origin, while a small sherd of Roman mortarium was
picked up in a rabbit scrape in 193 8. Excavation is obviously necessary to prove this
suggestion.
But though the site of the legionary camp has not yet been established, the type of
the earliest occupation on the Jewry Wall site proved that it was not in that patticular
area. Everywhere on the site the lowest levels consisted of native occupation of a primitive
1 Collingwood, J.R.S. xiv. 3 J. Throsby, The History and Antiquities of the Ancient
2 Haverfield, 'Roman Leicester', Arch. J. lxxv, 1918. Town of Leicester, p. 362.
4 INTRODUCTION
type, dating to between A.D. 35 and 50 (see pp. 144-5). As is described below, the
settlement probably represents a northward expansion of Belgic tribes in the years
immediately preceding the Roman conquest, with occupation continuing after the
establishment of the Roman military post in the neighbourhood.· ·
The levels succeeding this first one of native type give clear evidence of !he gradual
evolution of a 'Romano-British country town. From the period when the frontier was
advanced to the west and north of Britain, Ratae no doubt became a purely civil centre,
and the name, Ratae Coritanorum, indicates that it was the administrative centre of the

..dl.11~

• 11f.,/l.

FIG, I. Throsby's plan of Ratby

large tribe of the Coritani. The inhabitants would have been mainly native, presumably
increasingly ruled by the more advanced and romanized elements among their own
people, and themselves becoming more and more assimilated to the general type of
Roman provincials. The successive levels show just this process of gradual romanization,
as will be shown by the detailed description below. 1
The course of events was very similar to that in a number of other Romano-British
towns. The Flavian period was one of apparent prosperity, during which the inhabitants
came to use almost entirely Roman pottery and other objects, but in which the buildings
were still largely of timber, though planned after the Roman manner. .
The big development in municipal building, however, came, as in so many other
places, in the Hadrianic period. A large number of 'what were presumably private
buildings was swept away, and about A.D. 125-130 the site was laid out as the Forum
and Basilica of the town.
Both to the east and west this complex stretched beyond the area excavated. The
greater part of the Basilica, on the east side, lies beneath St. Nicholas' Church. All that
could be cleared was half the length of the west aisle, four pier bases of the colonnade
I P· 9 f.
 HISTOR ICAL SUMMA RY 5
separatin g the aisle from the central nave, and the north end of this last. The eastern
colonnad e was not found. Such of the plan as was cleared appeared to be normal, except
that it is more usual to have a sleeper-wall with columns on it than a series of piers, and
e'Xcept that there was a complica ted arrangem ent of recesses and arches connecte d with
the entrance from the Basilica into the Forum.
The Forum, however, was found not to conform to the usual type in a number of
respects. In the ordinary plan the open market-s quare abuts direct on one side of the
Basilica, while on the other sides it is surround ed by a row of shops, usually with internal
and external porticoes. At Ratae the plan differed from this even in the first layout, and
it was further modified as building proceede d. One unusual feature was dictated by the
level of the ground. The floor level of the Basilica was 7 ft. 9 in. above that of the central
area of the Forum, and therefore a flight of steps was necessary to connect the two.
These steps would lead up from the Forum to two arches in the Basilica wall, and .• this
entrance , which was clearly planned on a grandios e scale, was no doubt intended to be
the central architect ural feature of the Forum. The steps were flanked on either side by
a group of three rooms, surround ed towards the Forum by verandas. These rooms are
not part of the normal Forum plan, but they were definitel y part of the original layout
here. Their size suggests that they were more importa nt than mere shops, and it is
possible that they took the place of, or supplem ented, the group of municip al offices
which are ordinaril y found on the far side of the Basilica from the Forum.
The north side of the Forum was formed by building s approxim ately normal in plan,
the foundations suggesti ng an external portico, continuo us round the Basilica and Forum,
a row of shops (though no d·ivision walls were found), and an internal portico. The
floors of these were all at a considerably higher level than that of the central area, forming
an intermed iate level between this and that of the Basilica. This odd arrangem ent of
raised building s all along the side was intention al, since the· floor level was raised several
feet when the walls were built. The northern range continue d beyond the area excavate d
to the west, and no part of the western boundar y of the Forum was found. ·
It would be expected that on the south side there would. be a similar range to that on
the north, but it was found that this had never been built. From the south-we st corner
of the group of rooms which balanced those on the north side, a large drain or aqueduc t
ran obliquel y to the south-we st, forming the boundar y of the high-lev el rooms corres-
ponding to the north side. This was joined by a single wall on the general alinemen t of
the Forum, which may have formed the boundar y here. Outside it, however , a floor
similar to that found inside the Forum area again appeared , and no trace of road surface,
or further division wall, was found up to the line of the modern road, a distance of about
I 8 feet. The Forum must therefore have been of an odd, lop-sided
plan, but the reason
for the failure to build the normal range of shops on this side was quite clear. Excavat ion
showed that there were a number of serious subsidences in the soil along this side. Two
of these were in the south-we st corner, mainly underne ath the modern road, and they
apparen tly caused the collapse, on more than one occasion, of the walls of the SO\lth-east
rooms, while the floor levels continue d to sink into them through out the Roman period.
 6 INTROD UCTION '
Another lay farther west, on the line which should have been followed by the southern
range. It could not be complete ly excavate d, but the bottom was touched at one side,
I I ft. below the Forum :floor, while the tilt of the strata showed
that the sinkage was
much more serious towards the centre. The sinkage continue d even after the Roman
period, and there was found to be a large cavity at one point. The reason for these
sinkages can only be surmised. ,Their magnitu de makes it unlikely that they were caused
by any unconso lidated early pit, and it is probably due to some geological cause, possibly
connecte d with water in the subsoil.
. But whatever. the cause, the result was clear. During the construc tion of the south-
east rooms the collapse of the walls showed the builders that they could not overcome the
weaknesses in the soil, and the continua tion of the southern range to the west was
modified. Whether the whole range was omitted and the market-s quare. provided with
a bqundar y wall only, or whether the plan was swung farther south, cannot be established
owing to the proximi ty of the modern road.
The sequel shows that this arrangem ent was only considered as a makeshift. It is even
doubtful that the Forum was ever used as such. The :floor, which covered the whole of
the central area, and which was cut by the later building s, was not of a nature to stand
up to such wear. It was a very chalky white mortar, from I to 2 in. in. thickness, which,
though it became very hard on exposure , was often soft when first uncovere d, and would
presuma bly have become so in wet weather. It was probably only intended to be a basis
for some other :floor, though it was much too consistent and even to be regarded as a
mere building level. It does not show any signs of wear except a patch round the edge
of the big sinkage, which must have manifested itself at an early stage in the building
operatio ns. A further point is that it ran right up to the foot of the Basilica wall, between
the :flanking groups of rooms, beneath where the steps should have been. There was, in ·
fact, no_ evidence that the steps were ever built, though the disturba nce caused by the
robbing of a second-p eriod drain across the entrance makes it difficult to prove that they
had not been built after the laying down of the prelimin ary :floor and subseque ntly.
dismantl ed.
Even if the Forum was ever used as such, it can only have been for a short period, for
about the middle of the second century the central area of the market-s quare was used
for the construc tion of a large Bath Building . Presuma bly, either immedia tely or after
a few years' use, it was decided that the site, with its areas of weakness, was ur:isuitable
for a Forum, and that building was transferr ed elsewhere, possibly to the other side of
the Basilica, towards High Cross Street, where a number of columns have been found,
though an objection to the existing Basilica's having been used in connexio n with a
Forum here is that a reconstr uction of the stroet plan (p. 3 8 and pl. xxvn1) would suggest
that the road from the South Gate ran along its eastern side. The sound area in the centre
of the Forum was then used for a Bath Building , which was built up against ~he eastern
ooms on that side, impinge d on the internal portico on the north, and on the west and
south was surround ed by a courtyar d, which included the unsound ground. The whole
of the interior of the building , apd the space between it and the entrance into the Basilica,
 HISTORICAL SUMMARY 7
·was raised very considerably in level, probably to that of the Basilica, but the only frag-
ment of the floor of the Baths surviving modern disturbances was a portion of the lower
floor of one hypocaust. On the south and west sides the floor of the courtyard sloped
steeply away from the walls of the Baths.
The site therefore remained that of one of the public buildings of the city, but became
the centre of its social rather than its civic life. Presumably the surrounding buildings of
the Forum on the east and north were converted to use in. connexion with the Baths.
The Basilica may also have been .used as an exercise hall in connexion with them, or it
may have retained its civic function in association with a new Forum. There was in any
case probably a way through into the Baths, as the entrances show no sign of having been
blocked up.
The remaining history of the site was Iiot so eventful. Within the Baths themselves,
and on the north and east sides, no later levels survived, but in the lower levels of the
courtyard a succession of floors testifies to the continued use of the building down to the
fourth century. The only structural addition was in the south-west corner of the area
excavated, where a small isolated building was constructed towards the end of the second
century. This consisted of five parallel walls about 5 ft. apart, apparently serving as
sleeper-walls for piers. Other possibilities are discussed below, 1 but it seems probable
that it may have formed the base of a tank to supply water to the Baths It also seems
probable that it failed in its purpose, for the walls were all covered with a thick clayey
deposit, as if the tank had burst. In conjunction with this may be taken a very remarkable
accumulatio"n of fragments of large jars in all the later levels in the service area on the
west side of the Baths. The proportion of these jars was enormously higher here than
elsewhere, and it seems probable that after other methods had failed water was brought
up by hand from the river.
Evidence about the end of the Roman period came from the road along the nort~ side
alone, for elsewhere the latest levels had been destroyed. Six superimposed levels of this
road had survived, in addition to local patchings ..The highest surface was badly cut up
by wheel tracks, as much as a foot wide and a foot deep, in marked contrast to the well-
preserved surfaces of the earlier roads. The poor condition of this surface suggests that
it was in use at a time when .the municipal organization, which had hitherto kept the
road in such good repair, was breaking down, and there is little doubt that this must have
been in the disordered period just before and after the end of the official Roman occupa-
tion of Britain. Actually, too, the breaking up of the road has probably gone farther
· even than the visible ruts suggest. On the existing surface was a considerable quantity
of fourth-century pottery, including some of the latest that was found on the site. The
pottery from beneath the last surface, however, did not appear to be later than the end
of the second century. Since the floors of the Bath courtyard were regularly repaired
throughout the third century, it is not the least likely that the road was neglected at this
period, and both this and the state of the road suggest that later surfaces had been com-
pletely destroyed, and that the wear in the last period of decay was gradually working
I p.33f.
8 INTRODUCTION
back through the late-second-century surface and had already begun to cut into the
earlier one beneath. The evidence therefore shows, as might be expected, that the end
of Ratae Coritanorum was a gradual one, with the romanized Britons struggling to
carry on with their municipal life, while the town gradually decayed around them.
For the invading Angles, who may have reached Leicester by about A.D. 500,1 the
ruins of the Roman town would only have served as a quarry .. It is obviously a problem
to be considered as to why the central portion of the west wall of the Basilica, known for
so long as the Jewry Wall, should have survived when all the rest was destroyed so
thoroughly. The obvious suggestion is that it was incorporated in some early post-
Roman building. The proximity of the wall to the late Saxon church of St. Nicholas,
and its almost exact correspondence to the width of the church, suggests that it may
have been incorporated in an early Saxon predecessor, and it is quite certain that there
must have been an early Saxon church somewhere in Leicester, for the town was the seat
of an early bishopric, in A.D. 67 5. Corroboration of this suggestion is given by the
discovery of two very rough foundation walls connecting up with the Jewry Wall, which
are later than debris above the Basilica floor, but earlier than the foundations of the
existing church. Presumably when the eleventh-century church came to be built the
Jewry Wall, having escaped the original Saxon robbing, was allowed to stand, though not
included in the new church. It may have acquired its present name from some connexion
with the twenty-four Jurats of Leicester, who held their meetings 'in the town church-
yard', which was quite possibly that of St. Nicholas. There is at any rate no evidence
that there was ever a Jewish quarter at Leicester, and no trace of early medieval buildings
on the site excavated, to which the term could have been applied. Of the whole medieval
period, in fact, there is little evidence from the site, except that of destruction. In the
thirteenth and fourteenth centuries further robbing of walls was carried out, and the
foundations left by the Saxons were in many cases completely rooted out. The only
other remains of the period were numerous wells, probably wood-lined, which carried
further the destruction of the· Roman Jevels.
The excavations have thus produced evidence of the history of the centre of Ratae
Coritanorum from the beginning of the Roman period down to its very end, and have
provided a framework into which scattered bits of evidence concerning both the culture
and plan of the town can be fitted. The examination of a typical country town in
the heart of England, uninfluenced by continental trade or the proximity of Roman
garrisons, has also added appreciably to the general picture of Roman Britain.
1 Hoskins, Trans. Leic. Arch. Soc. xix, 1, 1935-6.
 ( 9)

DETAILED DESCRIPTI ON OF THE SITE

EARLIEST OCCUPATI ON
It has already been said that the general character of the earliest occupation showed
clearly that it did not belong to a military camp, but indicated a settlement of native
character, with slight Roman contacts. Though this early occupation was widespread,
and was found wherever clearance was carried to that depth, it was impossible to form
any complete idea of the layout of any of the levels, owing to the destruction wrought
by the foundations of the later walls. The width of the walls, together with the founda-
tion trenches on either side, meant that for some 1 o ft. in width along the line of each
wall the earlier levels were completely destroyed (t? say nothing of the even wider dis-
turbances caused by the robber trenches), leaving only narrow areas intact in between.
In these circumstance s, though a large number of post-holes and lines of walls were
identified, the result is too fragmentary to form a connected whole.
The earliest occupation of the site is represented by a number of pits dug into the
natural soil, found all over the site. With these, no structures or post..,.holes could be
associated, but the area examined was usually so restricted by the later disturbances that
the evidence on this point is inconclusive. The pits were mostly small in size, varying
from 4 ft. to 2 ft. in width and 3 ft. to 1 ft. in depth. In some cases they lie very close to
one another, and in particular an intricate group of them is associated with a fire-place
composed of rounded stones in the south-east corner of the site (pl. IV a).
The filling of these pits consisted of organic matter, in which was a considerable
amount of pottery. This is Belgic in type, mainly of local manufacture , but with some
imported Terra Nigra and Terra Rubra ware, and also white-ware beakers. Four sherds
of Arretine were found and a fifth came from a later level, no doubt transferred thither
in later building operations. From most groups, however, came a few sherds of early
Romano-Bri tish pottery. This combination makes it probable that the occupation of
this actual site overlaps with the beginning of the Roman period. It is, of course, quite
certain that Roman wares were being traded to Britain before the Conquest, but though
· a centre of trade s~ch as Colchester might show a considerable proportion of such wares
in its pre-Claudian levels, it is unlikely that trade would have appreciably affected a
small town like Ratae in the heart of Britain. It will, moreover, be seen (pp. 124-5) that
the group as a whole contains an appreciable amount of pottery which must be earlier
than the Claudian conquest, and it is suggested that it covers the period A.D. 3 5-50.
It therefore appears probable that the site represents a Belgic penetration in ·t4e years
preceding the Roman occupation, perhaps comparable to that which extended the Belgic
influence to the south-west ( cf. Maiden Castle, pp. 59-61) though, unlike it, bringing
the typical south-eastern Belgic pottery forms. The site is the farthest north (with the
exception of North Ferriby, which was obviously reached by sea) at which any large
amount of Belgic pottery has been found. The main area of Belgic occupation had
reached Northampto n, 1 and apart from the coin of Eppillus found during the
1 Swarling, p. 24; Belgae of Gaul and Britain, p. 249.
c
 10 INTRODUCTION
excavations (the only example of coins of this king found outside Kent) the distribution of
Belgic coins stops on the Welland-Avon line ( cf. Brooke, Antiquity, vii). The Early Iron
Age occupation of Leicester (of which no site has yet been excavated) appears to be
predominantly A.2, and is characterized by a degenerate, and probably late, situla form,
with some little evidence from pottery and bronzes of slight B influence from the south-
west. The Jewry Wall group shows little connexion with the local ware, even in the case of
the coarse forms which are not recognizably south-eastern Belgic (e.g. fig. 34, 9, fig. 3 5, 2,
fig. 35, 14). The resemblance of some of these vessels (e.g. fig. 35, 2) to a small group
from Salome Lodge, Hunts., may indicate the line of advance from southern Eas.t Anglia
across the headwaters of the Welland to the Soar valley. Further investigation of the
Iron Age sites in the neighbourhood, and particularly of the three main hill-forts,
Breedon Hill, Borough Hill, and Beacon Hill, is necessary finally to settle the question,
and also that of the relationship of those Belgae to the Coritani. Though Leicester, as
Ratae Coritanorum, became under the Romans the tribal capital of the tribe, the
Coritani, whose territory extended right up into Lincolnshire, are unlikely to have had
any relationship to the Belgae. Little is, however, known of the Iron Age occupants of
Lincolnshire, or of their pottery.
Another solution of the appearance of the Belgae on the site, that they were brought
in the train of the Roman legions as camp-followers, is unlikely, in view of the high
proportion of vessels which must antedate the Roman conquest, in comparison with the
few sherds which indicate an overlap into the Roman period. A group on the move like
this is unlikely to have brought such an antiquated equipment and to show such com-
paratively few signs of coritact with the Romans.
The first trace of the real romanization of the site is in the laying of the lowest surface
of the road, an indication that the plan of the town was beginning to take shape. This
road definitely overlay some pits on the northern side of the area, into some of which it
subsequently sagged, and in most places it was separated from the natural soil by a layer
of occupation earth. Its line was not exactly that of the later road, being some 30 ft. at
least farther south. Its northern edge lies approximately in the centre of the later road,
and its southern one stretches at least as far as the foundation trench of the outer wall of
the row of shops (see section, pl. xxx1). No dating evidence for this road was found,
except that it overlay Belgic pottery.
Immediately overlying this road was everywhere found to be a band of thick dark
soil,. almost certainly water-laid, which would appear to suggest that this part of the site
was flooded soon after the road was laid. Above this was laid another road surface of
hard orange gravel, which also extended south beyond the later roads but not so far.

South-East Group ef Early Buildings

On the north side, therefore, no buildings of the period succeeding that of the pits
were found. These were identified mainly in the strip along the Jewry Wall, for else-
where on the south side of the site clearance was not everywhere carried to the lowest
levels. In the south-east corner were found a number of floors (level SE. I) sealing the
 DETAILED DESCRIPTI ON OF THE SITE II

pits. The contents of the floors (fig. 3 7, 6-9) do not appear to be much later than the pits
they seal, and contain almost entirely Belgic pottery. The floors were of gravel, sand,
and clay in different parts, and the well-defined edges of the floors, separated by narrow
troughs of soft soil, presumably indicate the walls of the house. The floors end in approxi-
mately straight lines in several instances, but these seem in no case to be very near to a
right angle with the adjacent edges. A number of rather small post-holes were found in
the floors, some 3 ft. (but not regularly so) inside the edges. Possibly these represent
subsidiary posts to support walls which were based on sleeper-beam s following the line of
the edge of the floors. The structures, whatever they were, can only have been of a
primitive and irregular character.
The next level (SE. II) represents a distinct advance in romanization , both as regards
the pottery (fig. 37, 10-16) associated with it and the plan of the buildings. This last was
extremely fragmentary , owing to later disturbances , but two groups of walls were found,
clearly belonging to rectangular buildings. At one place, traces of a room 12 ft. long
were found, but its fourth wall had been destroyed. But though these groups of walls
were only about 40 ft. apart, they were on a distinctly different alinement, one being
approximate ly that of the north road, while the other was at nearly 4 5° to it. The
details of the town plan were therefore still in a rudimentary stage. All the walls were of
timber, mainly probably wattle and daub, the only traces surviving being slots of soft
earth probably representing timber sleepers, and ridges of clay, presumably the footings
of daub walls. A considerable number of post-holes were found, the greater number in
the soft earth between the edges of the different patches of floor, but some in the actual
floor, with no recognizable relationship to the walls. The floors were either of gravel or
hard earth. The associated pottery included a considerable amount of Roman ware and
Samian (Leicester, I9]6, pl. 1, 1-9) down to the Vespasianic period. The suggested
terminal date is A.D. 7 5-80. It would thus appear that by that period romanized coarse
wares were largely superseding the native. A later floor, SE. Ila, for which the pottery
suggests a slightly later date, probably V espasian-Do mitian, was associated with the
same house plan.
This building was succeeded by one, SE. III, in which the rooms seem to have been
larger, and of the plan of which, therefore, less could be identified, owing to the small
patches of undisturbed soil. Two walls, at least, coincided with those of the Forum
rooms VI and VII which overlay them, for the floors changed in level and composition
beyond the lines of the walls which cut through them. At the south end the remains of
other timber and daub walls were founc;l, on approximate ly the same orientation as the
Forum (and therefore as the road system), and it is clear that the planning of the town
was now becoming more regular. The floors of this period were mainly of sand, but
some were of gravel. They were all hard and well defined. The pottery (see pp. 140- 1)
in the make-up was almost wholly Roman, though Belgic forms in Roman ware still
appeared. The Samian (see Leicester, I9]6, pl. 11, 13-26) was mainly Vespasianic, but
the date is carried a little lower by an as of Domitian of A.D. 87 (M. & S. 353a) and
the coarse pottery suggests a date of A.D. 90-100 (fig. 37, 19-28). What was probably
I2 INTRODUCTIO N
an alteration to this house represents the earliest stone building on the site. This was the
stone footings of a pier 4 ft. square, which overlay post-holes of the original SE. III
house (pl. IV b). Since, however, it lay immediately below the Forum levels it may have
belonged to the next level, SE. IV. .
Above the floors of this building was a thick layer of debris, SE. IV, with which no
floors were associated, as it was covered only by the make-up and floors belonging to
the Forum period. It is possible that the debris represents the occupation of the SE. III
house, and that there were no later houses on this part of the site, but this is not very likely
as the contents do not indicate as late a date as the latest pre-Forum levels elsewhere.
It is more likely that the latest pre-Forum levels here were destroyed during the Forum
building operations. A considerable amount of pottery came from this level, mixed with
much household rubbish, oyster-shells being particularly common. The coarse pottery
(figs. 38-9) goes down to the Trajanic period, and the Samian (Leicester, I9]6, 27..:..56),
though mainly Flavian, includes one early Trajanic sherd. The coins found were an as
of Nero of A.D. 67-8 (M. & S. 329) and a dupondius ofDomitian (M. & S. 325, A.D. 86,
worn).
A pre-Forum building farther north, House J.W. I, immediately in front of the arch-
ways in the Jewry Wall, could not be associated stratigraphically with the SE. group,
owing to intervening disturbances. The first floor over an early pit (I, see pp. I 3 5-7), the
contents of which were similar to those in the south-east corner, was of sand, showing a
number of repairs. Corresponding in level to this sand. floor was a clay floor which incor-
porated interesting remains of a timber strengthening or grid, represented by three
plank-shaped lines of soft soil, one at right angles across the ends of the others (pl. IV c).
The planks were about I ft. 3 in. apart and about 9 in. wide. At right angles to the two
planks, 5 ft. from the cross plank, was a line of three rectangular posts, about a foot square,
represented by holes full of soft burnt material. With so little of the area preserved it is
impossible to reconstruct the plan. The date would appear to be only slightly later than
that of the pits, and it was succeeded by at least one building before the Forum was built.

North Group of Early Buildings

As has been already described, there were found to be no very early buildings in the
part of the north outer portico and north shops which was cleared to the lowest levels,
for the early' road levels extended considerably farther to the south than the later ones.
Pl. IV d shows the successive levels cut by the foundation trench of the Forum wall (see
also section, pl. xxxI). The lowest structure was associated with a gravel floor, level N. I,
overlying the second road surface beneath the later outer portico. The building seemed
to be something jn the nature of a portico itself, for traces of two long timber walls were
found running east and west, I 2 ft. apart. One of these was cleared for a distance of
30 ft. On the road side of the northernmost walls was a series of post-holes 4 ft. away
from the wall. These were possibly to keep traffic away from the walls, as has been
suggested in the case of the Triangular Temple at Verulamium. 1 There were no cross
1 Feru/amium Report, p. I 16.
 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE SITE 13
walls associated with these long walls, and it might be suggested that we have here to do
with a wooden predecessor of the later Forum. This is rendered less likely by the fact
that the walls of the intervening levels do not conform to this plan. The pottery suggests
a date about A.D. 80-90 for the level (fig. 40, 1-5).
The only structural remains identifiable in connexion with the next level, N. la, was
a single line of post-holes. The level above, N. II, had, however, a fairly elaborate plan,
the structures being partly of wood, with the usual post-holes and sleeper-beams, but
including also at least one stone-built wall, 1 ft. 6 in. wide, and a stone-built pier.
Neither of these were mortared, but probably served as footings for a timber super-
structure. The plan had nothing in common with the long walls of N. I, and the walls
were not very reg.ularly orientated. The floors were of mortar or mortar and gravel, and
were hard and well preserved. The coarse pottery dates to near the end of the first
century (fig. 40, 6-1 o ), and the Samian (Leicester, r936, pl. VI and 59-63) includes three
Domitianic sherds. In a repair to the floor of this level, above a heavily burnt occupation
layer, was more Flavian pottery (fig. 40, 11-13), and two coins, a dupondius of Vespasian
(A.D. 72-3, M. & S. 746) and a dupondius of Domitian (A.D. 87, M. & S. 349). Above
this floor was a layer of speckly burning, probably representing burnt roofing material.
The building above, N. III, had, as far as was uncovered, only timber walls, orientated
on the line of the road. The floors were of good hard mortar, which at one point rose in
a ledge which survived to a height of 2 in., and resembled the base of a bath, but there was
too little remaining to be sure. The pottery dated to the end of the first century or the
beginning of the second (fig. 40, 14-15), and there was a thick occupation over the floor,
beneath the next one.
Level N. IV had once more a long timber wall, traced for 3 o ft. parallel to the roadway.
On the road side of the wall was a good mortared floor, so there must have been another
wall outside it. At right angles to it, but 1 3 ft. farther south, and not apparently joining
up with it, was a short length of unmortared stone wall, presumably again only the basis
of a timber wall. Pottery from this level included end first- to beginning second-century
coarse ware, and a Samian sherd which is probably Trajanic. The date may be about
A.D. 110 (Leicester, r936, 65-6; fig. 40, 16-18).
The uppermost pre-Forum level, N. V, was a thick layer of occupation earth overlying
the N. IV walls. No floor sealing it survived, but this may have been destroyed in the
Forum building operations, since it is not likely that the level is merely the occupation
level of N. IV. as it crossed the tops of the walls. Associated with it, also, appeared to be
a draill' running just outside the line of the later outer wall of the shops. Only one
fragment of the drain survived, but farther east there was another fragment of masonry,
and a possible robber trench (see section,. pl. xxxn) which probably belonged to it, all
sealed by the Forum floors. In this occupation level were a number of early-second-
century coarse-ware forms (see pp. 150-1 ), three sherds of Trajanic Samian (see Leicester,
r936, pl. vn, 67-9), and two coins, a dupondius of Nerva (A.D. 96,M. & S. 61) and
a sestertius of Trajan (A.D. 103-11, M. & S. 492). The coarse pottery is predominantly
Trajanic (fig. 40, I 9-3 8).
14 INTRODUCTION
This level, therefore, provides an excellent terminus post quem for the date of the Forum.
It marks the culmination of the peaceful and uneventful development of the site along
lines followed by many other Romano-British cities. For though the structural remains
of the levels just described were not great, the increasing romanization and civilization of
the successive phases were apparent everywhere. By the end of the first quarter of the
second century this had reached the point when it was felt that a Forum on a large scale
was necessary, and the preceding timber buildings, whether private houses or, as seems
just possible, a rudimentary timber-built Forum, were swept away, extensive levelling
operations carried out, and the construction of the Forum and Basilica begun.

Basilica and Forum

a. Basilica. Only a small portion of the Basilica could be cleared, since the greater
part lay beneath St. Nicholas' Church and churchyard. The northern half of the
western aisle was largely cleared, but the floor level could not be reached in the south
half, since the path between the side wall and the churchyard was here narrower. The
width of the aisle was I 2 ft. 6 in. and it was floored with a surface of hard mortar. The
aisle was separated from the nave by substantial piers, of which the positions of four were
identified. The northernmost, which was robbed below floor level, bonded into the north
wall of the Basilica (pl. v a). The fourth pier is the only other one actually surviving
(pl. v c), but the position of the two intermediate ones is indicated by robber pits, which
show that the intercolumniation was not even, the erid interval probably differing from
the rest. The position of the eastern line of piers could not be determined, but the width
of the nave was at least 30 ft., the floor having been traced unbroken as far as that. The
floor of the north end of the nave was of herringbone pavement, of which the mortar
matrix alone survived (pl. v b and d). On a line with the south end of the second pier
there seemed to be a slot in the floor, with a drop in level to the north, suggesting the
position of the rail of the tribunal, but this could not be properly examined, as it was
directly under the churchyard wall.
The central portion of the west wall of the Basilica, traditionally known as the Jewry
Wall, is the only portion of the whole building standing appreciably above the Roman
floor level (pl. T). There it survives to a height of about 24 ft. above the floor of the
Basilica, with free-built foundations, which are actually free-standing in the centre on the
Forum side, going down to a depth of r o ft. 6 in. below that, while below that again are
two or three courses of trench-built foundations. The method of construction is typical
of that of the first part of the Roman period in Britain. The building-stone appears, with
one exception, to be local, and is rather mixed, consisting of Lower Lias Limestone,
probably from Barrow or Kilby Bridge, Mountsorrel Red Granite, Groby Syenite,
Enderby Syenite, Keuper Sandstone from Dane Hills, Charnwood Slate, and Millstone
grit, probably from Derbyshire. The facing-stones are fairly carefully dressed and
squared, while the interior is of rubble, carefully coursed throughout the thickness of the
wall, the rubble being as usual pitched at an angle, sometimes herringbone-wise. Courses
of bricks run through the whole thickness of the wall. Above ground level there are
 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE SITE
usually three courses of brick together, with from three to five courses of stone in between.
Immediately below the ground level of the Basilica there is a group of seven courses of
brick, separated by six courses of stone from the bottom group of three courses of brick,
the latter being 7 ft. above the base of the free-built portion of the wall. Immediately
above the seven courses of brick is a course of large blocks I ft. 4 in. high, of Derby-
shire Millstone grit, the one exception to the use of purely local stone, which would have
appeared just above ground level on the Basilica side. They do not appear to be con-
tinuous on the Forum side, but this may be due to the extensive patching which the wall
has undergone. From the description given in I 791 by Throsby, 1 who carefully and
accurately described the courses in the wall, it would seem that it has not suffered very
much since that date, only some 2 ft. of what he describes as 6 ft. of ragged masonry at
the top having disappeared. .
An unusual feature in the method of construction is the existence of a number of un-
blocked putlog holes. Of these there is a continuous row in the Jewry Wall immediately
above the lowest group of brick courses, spaced at 5-ft. intervals, of an average size of
1 o in. long and 8 in. high. They run right through the thickness of the wall, and are
carefully built with large flat stones over the tops.· Their height is approximately 7 ft.
, above the bottom of the free-built masonry, but only 3 ft. 6 in. above the pre-existing
level of the area on the west side, into which the foundation trench was cut. Presumably
they served to support scaffolding on the cantilever system, running right through the
wall at just above the height at which the masons could conveniently work from the
ground. Similar rows are visible in the upper part of the wall. Though, of course, putlog
holes are common in Roman masonry, it is unusual to find them running right through
the wall, except in the case of much more slender beams.
The plan and elevation of this surviving portion of the Basilica is complicated. The
west wall of the building is 5 ft. thick at floor level. In the central portion this width is·
increased by five buttresses, which are built independently below ground level, but bond ·
in above that height. A large buttress, containing a semicircular niche (pl. VI c), occupies
the centre of the wall, with on either side of it the two entrances into the Forum, set in
recesses formed by the central buttress, and another to each side. Beyond these flanking ·
buttresses is in each case another one, forming two more recesses, which are not,
however, pierced by entrances, the main wall being carried across their backs (pl. VI a).
All four recesses are arched over, and substantial portions of the arches survive. These
consist of a single row of flat bricks on edge, with a course of bricks laid flat above them.
Above the arches the wall is carried up in the combined thickness of the buttresses and
main wall so that the thickness of the central part of the wall was nearly twice that of the
end portions. · ·
Structurally these arches !)eem to have been recesses in the side wall unconnected with
any transverse barrel-vaults, for the facing of the upper part of the piers between them
survives in three cases, in one to the height of the summit of the crown of the arch, thus
ruling out the continuance of the arch. Simi~arly, a series of transverse arches supporting
1 Op. cit., p. 3.
16 INTRODUCTION
a flat roof is impossible, as the springers would have been visible on these piers. The
elaboration of the central portion, also, makes it very improbable that the aisle was roofed
by a longitudinal barrel-vault, for the increased thickness of the central wall would have
necessitated the vault springing here from a completely different line, and would have
made a very awkward feature. It would therefore app'ear that the aisle had a plain
/>LI\ TE IV P

Eic l £as/ r';.ew efJANlJS'sTEMPLE;fro:m CZ/Drawvng.Dy D'"~y. IP'.22.

· FIG. 2. The central portion of the west wall of the Basilica, from Stukeley's drawing reproduced in
Nichols, The History and Antiquities of the County of Leicester, I 795

timber roof, either flat or sloping. It is quite probable, on the other hand, that the nave,
with its greater width, would have been vaulted .over, and the massiveness of the piers
bears out this suggesti<:m. .
The entrances from the Basilica into the Forum were through arches in the recesses on
either side ofthe central buttress. These arches are entirely separate from those covering
the recesses, and, being at a lower level, are through the main wall only, for the additional
thickness of the buttress is naturally only carried across above the arches of the recess.
The entrance arches are 3 ft. 3 in. narrower than that of the recess, and are set eccentrically
to those of the recesses, the sides farthest from the centre of the building springing from
the same pier, while on the inner side the line of the main wall continues across for the
extra 3 ft. 3 in. (pl. v1 d). The crown of the arches is composed of two rings of flat
 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE SITE
bricks on edge with thick mortar joints, and without any true voussoirs or keystone, with
a course of bricks laid flat above the outer ring, and between the two. The facing of the
respond sets forward 4 in. in front of the ring of bricks resting on it. The buttresses on
the outer side of both recesses seem to have had a set-back of abou·t 1 ft. 1 in. somewhere
above a height of 4 ft. 6 in. above the floor.
The reason for the eccentricity of the through arches is not clear. The buttresses, and
therefore th~ arch recesses, are undoubtedly contemporary with the main wall, for above
ground level they bond together. The course of large stones, too, runs through into the
buttresses, though not to their eastern faces, which are almost entirely turned in brick.
A set-back of 3 in. immediately above this course, or in the northernmost buttress cut
into it, which occurs all along the back wall, is not, however, carried round the piers.
The solution to the problem would probably only be given by the complete examination
of the plan of the Basilica.
The two recesses flanking the entrances are not alike, that to the south being 7 ft.
broader than the northern one. The back arch of the former would appear to have been
solid, though there are now a number of irregular holes in it. The sides of the recess are
set back 1 ft. 3 in. at a height of 3 ft. 1o in. above the floor. In the thick lower part of
the piers there are small niches on each side, with arched tops and flat bases (pl. v1 b and
vn a). The bases are 1 ft. 2 in. above the ground level, their height 1 ft. 5 in., width
2 ft. 1 in., depth 1 ft. A similar niche existed on the southern side of the southern pier
of this recess. In the northern recess there are traces in the back wall of two semicircular
brick arches. Though early drawings (e.g. Stukeley, cf. fig. 2) suggest these were carried
through the wall, the surviving remains did not confirm this and they may therefore have
been niches also, but the whole wall here is considerably patched, and it is impossible to
be certain.
The central point of this group of recesses was formed by a niche covered with a half-
dome, composed of ordinary flat bricks set at all angles (pl. VI c). The crown only of the
niche survives to a depth of 2 ft. 6 in. below the centre of the crown. Below that point
the core of the wall is robbed back too far for any traces of the niche to survive, and only
projects beyond the face of the niche again at a distance of 9 ft. below the crown. The
floor of the niche may therefore have been anywhere between these two points. The
depth also is uncertain, as the face of the pier is destroyed, but it would appear to have
been about 2 ft. 6 in.
This group of recesses would appear to have formed the focal point of the Basilica.
It is very probable that the central niche held the statue of some tutelary divinity, either
of the city or else connected with the legal function of the Basilica. It may be noted that
by the varying width of flanking recesses it was carefully arranged that the niche was not
in the true centre of the group, nor presumably of the whole wall, so its position must
have been determined by some pre-existing factor. The small niches in the flanking
recesses may have held lights, and possibly the recesses themselves contained altars. A
parallel both in function and plan, though not associated with entrances, is suggested
by the surviving superstructure of the 'Old Wall' at Viroconium. This formed part
D
 ...

18 INTRODUCTION
originally of a public building of some magnitude, which was later converted into baths,
and in it were three recesses, much shallower, it is true, than those at Ratae. There again,
the face of the wall continued up above the arches of the recesses, indicating that they
were not functional parts of any system of vaulting. 1

b. Forum. The Forum was linked to the Basilica both in plan and structurally. To
the north of the Basilica was an outer wall, forming the usual portico, which was con-
tinuous along the side of the Forum as well. Presumably a similar one also existed on the
south side. The north wall of the Basilica was continuous with the outer wall of the
northern row of shops of the Forum, and was in fact the first wall to be laid down. Its
foundations run right through from the outer wall of the range of shops to form the north
wall of the Basilica, and the foundations of the Jewry Wall are built up against it, and
over the top of an offset just below the ground level of the shops. Above that level the
two walls bond in on the Forum side, while on the Basilica side the bond only starts some
2 ft. higher, at the layer of seven brick courses. The north wall has slightly fallen away
from the Jewry Wall, the bonded courses breaking irregularly. All the other walls on
the Forum side have their foundations built up against the Jewry Wall without bonding
in, which is, of course, a very usual Roman practice. Above ground level they probably
bonded in, but in no case does the facing of the Jewry Wall survive to a sufficient height
opposite the ends of these walls to prove this. The fact, however, that the facing is broken
at all the crucial points is in itself very suggestive, as considerable stretches of it do sur-
vive. The various walls within the Forum area seem to bond into each other right to the
bottom of their foundations.
The central portion of the east wall of the Forum is, of course, the high-standing
section of the Basilica wall. On the Forum side this is carried right up with a straight
face, for since it corresponds exactly to the position of the steps leading down into the
Forum there was no superstructure to be connected with it on this side. The archways
into the Forum are not evenly spaced with regard to the position of the steps, since they
have been slightly displaced by the central niche on the Basilica side which, as mentioned
above, was intentionally placed out of the true centre. No trace of the central steps was
found and, as suggested above, they may never actually have been built. They must
undoubtedly, however, have been included in the original scheme, since the floor level
of the Basilica was 7 ft. 9 in. above the level on the west side of the wall. This level, which
sealed the foundation trench· of the Jewry Wall, and which was continuous with that in
the central area of the Forum, was· cut by foundations of the second period, and was
overlain by filling of that period.
The main features of the groups of rooms on either side of the steps were the same.
A pair of sqialler inner rooms were separated from the Basilica by a narrow passage, while
a larger outer one was surrounded by a veranda towards the Forum. A corridor divided
the rooms from the adjoining ranges on the outer sides. The passage at the back no doubt
served as side entrances from the adjoining streets. That on the north side had apparently
1 See K. M. Kenyon, 'Excavations at Viroconium, 1936-7', Archaeo/ogia, lxxxviii.
 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE SITE
a flight of steps down on the line of the wall at its junction with the corridor on the north
side, for the floor of this last corridor was 4 ft. 6 in. higher than that of the east one. At
the point in question the wall has been robbed down low to a brick course (or possibly
the position of large stone blocks), which did not continue along the rest of the wall, so
that brick- or masonry-built steps are indicated. A way down was thus provided to the
low level of the central area. The same arrangement presumably existed on the south
side, but a modern basement had destroyed the levels.
The inner room on each side (II and VII) was also at a low level, about 2 ft. above
that of the Forum, and it must have been with these rooms that the rear passages con-
nected. The other two rooms were at a considerably higher level and connected up with
the adjoining areas on the outer sides. The level of the verandas which surrounded the
outermost rooms towards the Forum nowhere existed, having been destroyed with the
robbing of the walls. The floor must, however, either have been on a slope or else there
must have been steps at some point, for at the inner end they connected with the low-
level rooms II and VII, and at the outer with the high-level corridor, the difference of
level being 4·40 ft. on the north side and 6·23 ft. on the south side. The big difference
in this last case is due to the very high level of the corridor, which was only I ft. below
that of the Basilica, and may well have led to a secondary entrance to it. In one corner
of room I, on the north side, was a small latrine (pl. vn c). Its foundations were built
separately from those of the room, but the stratification proved that it was contemporary.
The adjoining wall was pierced by a drain, the lower part of which was cut out of a large
block of stone, and the continuation of this drain was also contemporary with the walls
of the north range.
These two groups of rooms are, as mentioned above, not a normal part of a forum
plan. There is, however, no doubt that they belonged to the original layout of the Forum.
Each group was an integral whole, all the walls bonding in to the bottom of their foun-
dations. Below ground level, their walls did not bond into that of the Basilica, and in
most cases they did not survive above that level. The robbing of the face of the Basilica
wall at exactly the points of junction with them does, however, suggest that they had
originally connected up with it. Moreover, in one case, that of the south wall of room
VI, a very small portion of the angle does exist. The stratification, too, on the north side
proved conclusively that the walls of the room were contemporary with that of the outer
wall of the north shops, which was continuous with the north wall of the Basilica.
The main layout of the north range was the usual one, in which four parallel walls
represent the lines of shops and porticoes (pl. v111 a and b). As has already been said, the
outermost wall was continuous round the Basilica and Forum, and clearly represents the
colonnade of a portico encircling both buildings. Inside that, two other continuous walls
were presumably the foundations of the row of shops. In most fora these shops are
divided up by masonry walls into a series of small rooms. Of these division walls there
was no trace. Only one possible wall was found, but it was so robbed and tilted that it
was impossible to say if it was in its original position or not. It is possible that there were
slight timber partitions, but the considerable disturbance of the ground made proof
20 INTRODUCTION
impossible. Another alternative is that the shops were never finished. This is not, however,
very likely, since one small fragment of concrete floor did survive and it is not likely
that that would have been put down until the walls were completed. The most probable
solution is that, as on one side at Caerwent, the spaces between the porticoes consisted of
long halls.
As already described, the shops were divided from the north-east rooms by a corridor.
This position corresponds to the normal internal portico, but it was not continuous along
the whole length of the side. West of the veranda round room III there was instead an
area 4 ft. broader, which was bounded on the Forum side by the continuation of the
drain serving the latrine in room I, which would no doubt also have collected the storm
water from the roofs of the surrounding buildings. This drain was of very massive build,
as shown by the one surviving portion, and it clearly served a structural purpose, as it
formed the boundary of the high level of the northern range, the contemporary level to
the north being 6 ft. higher than that to the south (see section c....:.D, pl. xxx1). The area
must therefore have formed a raised terrace, or possibly even a portico, the roof of the
drain serving as a sty lo bate for the colonnade. Only the robber trench of this portion of
the drain was found, since it was removed in the second period, but the stratification
proved its original existence and function.
There is no evidence to show the reason for this arrangement of a raised range of
buildings round the low level of the market-square. As the section (pl. xxx1) shows, this
high level was clearly intentional, as a considerable amount of soil was inserted contem-
poraneously with the building of the walls. This soil raised the level of the outer portico
to 3 ft. 6 in. above the contemporary street level, with the shops 2 ft. higher still, and the
inner terrace or portico about the same level as these. All the levels dropped somewhat
towards the west, but those of the floors of the building considerably less than that of the
street, which no doubt dipped down to the level of the river. The relative level of the
floors in the different divisions of the building was maintained.
In the north-west corner of the area excavated, a modern basement had cut far below
the Forum levels, leaving only levels of the earliest Roman occupation. The robber
trenches of the walls of the _north range of shops could, however, be traced, and con-
tinued farther to the west. The whole of the west side of the Forum, therefore, lies
beyond the area excavated. Portions of a drain were found running along the west side,
with which the drain bounding the inner portico may have connected. Portions of this
western draill found farther south, however, belonged to the third structural period,
so it is possible that the whole of it was only built at that period.
The general plan of the northern range is therefore fairly normal, and the usual
buildings which surrounded the market-square are indicated. The fact that they were
raised above the actual area is, however, very odd. It must certainly have given the
market-square the aspect of a sunk arena, but it is not likely that it was intended to serve
for games or shows. A possible explanation is that, since the nat_ural level of the ground
is sloping to the west, and apparently increasingly steeply outside the excavated area, the
western range was built in two stories, with the upper one connecting with the north
 DETAILED DESCRIPTI ON OF THE SITE 2I

range. In the centre there might thus have been a monumental entrance, with arches
sufficiently high to admit loaded wagons. A somewhat similar arrangement is suggested
for Aequum in Dalmatia, 1 where the range on the entrance side may have been on a sub-
structure, with a monumental entrance in the middle. Another similarity with the Forum
at Leicester is that the terrace, which here takes the place of a basilica, is 1·5 m. higher
than the Forum, and is approached from it by a flight of steps.
The divergence of the south side from the normal plan was, as already mentioned,
much greater. Even in the original scheme it was not apparently intended to correspond
exactly, for though the south-east rooms do balance the north-east group, the corridor
on their outer (southern) side is 3 ft. wider and a drain 7 ft. 6 in. wide formed its outer
side instead of a wall 3 ft. 6 in. wide. The southern shops must therefore have been
pushed 7 ft. farther out (and presumably the south end of the Basilica correspondin gly
lengthened). It cannot actually be said if any shops existed, since the line of the
modern road here came to within 1 2 ft. of the line of the drain. This space of 1 2 ft.
was certainly inside the building, but it could not, of course, be decided to what it
belonged. .
The drain bordering the corridor survived in four disconnected sections, and there was
clear evidence that it did not all belong to the same period. It was probably originally
connected with an archway which pierced the Basilica wall nearly on a line with the south
wall of room VI, .for the brickwork of this arch seemed to be original. At a later period
another drain (or aqueduct) was inserted along the west face of the Basilica wall, but this
was shown to be secondary, both by a structural alteration where it crossed the line of the
channel in question, and by its .stratification in front of the Basilica entrance (see section
P-Q, pl. xxx111). The easternmost section of the channel was thus altered in the second
period, and was therefore probably original, but a modern basement had destroyed the
floors too low for this to be proved by stratification . Against the next section farther west
the floors did survive to a high level, and the stratification showed both that the channel
was contemporar y with room VI and that the high level· of the corridor floor was original
(see section L.:...M, pl. xxxn ). The section between these two surviving portions of the
drain must, however, have required extensive rebuilding. None of the actual channel
survived the medieval robbing, but a very substantial buttress did (pl. xxx111), being the
highest preserved bit of masonry in this area. This was cut through the level which sealed
the foundation trench of the adjoining portion of the south side of the channel, and the
upper part of this south side was shown by the stratification also to have been rebuilt.
Where the buttress actually stood, the rebuilding must have gone down much lower, since
the ragged end of the buttress projected into the line of the main wall. It therefore
appears that a section of the wall collapsed to its foundations and was afterwards rebuilt
with the ~ddition of the buttress, but that the rebuild only affected the top of the sur-
viving section to the south. The reason for the collapse was quite evident from the
stratification on the south side. All the levels dip down very steeply beneath the modern
boundary wall, the lower ones having completely broken away (pl. 1x a). It is obvious
1 Jahreshefte des Osterreich. Arch. Inst. 1913.
 22 INTRODUC TION
that the sinkage of the ground caused the collapse of the wall, but the extent of and
reason for the sinkage could not be investigated owing to the proximity of the modern
road. It did, however, continue throughout the Roman period as shown by the repeated
patchings of the floors.
The third section of the channel, at the south-west corner of the veranda round room
VIII, was also rebuilt. A small fragment of the original south wall of the channel sur-
vives, showing how it was irregularly broken away for the rebuild (pl. Ix b and c). As
rebuilt, the south side was the same width as the north, about I ft. I o in., instead of
nearly twice that width, as in the first period. The stratification confirmed that this frag-
ment was a rebuild, for while the low-level white floor of the central area was present
on the north side of the channel, it was not on the south, where the correspondin g level
(contempora ry with the original wall) was 1 ft. 6 in. higher, and therefore a division wall
is implied, while the existing channel cut the white floor, and was contemporar y with
one at a considerably higher level (see. section T-U, pl. xxx111). The reason for the
rebuild was the same as for the other section, a serious sinkage of soil to the south, which
presumably involved the collapse of the earlier wall.
The principal evidence for the plan of the rest of the south side comes from the white
floor which was found all over the central area. This stretched unbroken across the line
which the south range would have followed if it had corresponded to the north side. As
just mentioned, it followed the line of the channel (not being found to the south-east of
it), which turns off at an angle towarqs the south-west, as far as its junction with a wall
on the east-west axis of the Forum. This wall bonded in with a fourth surviving section
of the channel, and was contemporar y with the white fl<;>or, which sealed its foundation
trench, thus providing additional proof that the original drain belonged to the Forum
layout. To the south of this wall there was a similar white floor, at a slightly lower level,
also sealing its foundation trench. This floor could only be traced 12 ft. to the south at
the east end, owing to the proximity of the modern road, but traces of it existed farther
west, where its make-up was found unbroken for a distance of 18 ft., with no sign of a
further wall. The single wall found continued beyond the area to the west.
The reason for the failure to complete the south side of the usual plan has already been
mentioned, the existence of the large sinkage right across the line which the internal
ranges should have followed. This sinkage (see section R-8, pl. xxx111, and pl. x a and b)
was about 2 1 ft. by 18 ft. across, and the edges in the break of the Forum floor were
vertical. The pit could not be completely excavated, but the bottom was touched at one
edge at a depth of I I ft. below the Forum floor, while the dip of the strata showed that
the· sinkage was much greater towards the centre. Patching of the sinkage apparently
started at once, for a few fragments of early re-s~rfacing, prior to the floors of the second-
period structure, were found, and the sinking continued throughout the Roman period
and afterwards. A large cavity was actually found, above which the filling was' medieval.
This sinkage is on too large a scale for it to be likely that it was due to any early pits,
while the well-defined edges show that it was not a ditch connected with the sinkages
farther east. The cause was probably geological, due to the action of water on the mixed
 DETAIL ED DESCR IPTION OF THE SITE 23
streaks of sand and clay in the subsoil. It is to be presume d that the architect s of the
Forum had originall y hoped to overcom e the sinkage by filling, but that their expe-
rience in the south-ea st corner showed that this was impossib le. They must then have
hoped that if no building was close to it the area would serve as part of the market-
sq uare, and efforts were made to patch up the first stages of the sinking. Later it must
have been decided that the sinkage was so serious that the area would not do even for
that, hence the change in plan involved by the second building period.
The plan of t~e south side is therefore largely uncertai n. It would not appear that the
wall found was the actual boundar y wall of the Forum, for the floor outside it was similar
to that inside. On the other hand, though, the wall may have formed part of a portico
to correspo nd with that bounded by the drain on the north side; the width of the space
beyond it as traced was equal to the overall limits of the northern division, and there was
no trace of a further wall. But the general appearan ce of the plan does suggest that the
building s were transferr ed farther south to avoid the big sinkage on what should have
been their line.
The question of the composi tion of the southern range of building s cannot be settled
by the line of the road along the south side. It has generall y been supposed that the line
of the present High Street, with High Cross Street suggesti vely dividing the town into
four, represen ts that of the main Roman street. If this were the case, there would not
have been room for a southern range, since the position of the road could not have been
apprecia bly farther south, since there are two mosaic pavemen ts on the other side of the
modern street, only some 60 ft. east of the Jewry Wall. It is, however , now clear that the
main Roman street is not under High Street, but approxim ately on the line of Silver
Street and Town Hall Lane (on which, appropri ately enough, is situated the medieva l
Town Hall). In I 9 3 9 a section of a road was uncovere d, 1 2 50 ft. south of the Forum.
A line through this, on the axis of the road north of the Forum, which may be presume d
to give the alinemen t of the Roman street plan, exactly connects up the medieva l East
Gate (which is proved to be on the position of the Roman gate by the alinemen t of the
Fosse Way upon it) with the medieva l West Gate (see map, pl. xxvn1). This line, there-
fore, almost certainly represen ts the line of the main east-wes t road of the Roman town.
This being the case, there would still be room for a southern range of building s beyond
the area excavate d, and also room for a small block of building s, presuma bly indepen dent,
between the Forum and the street. For the Forum not to occupy the whole of an insula
is not unusual, for instance at Silchester, Verulam ium, and possibly Colchest er.
The Forum thus laid out, whether with a south range or not, had undoubt edly a very
unusual plan. It is doubtful , as already suggeste d, that it was actually ever used, for no
traces were found of the steps which must have been intended to lead down from the
Basilica to the Forum, and the floor of the central area showed little signs of use. It may
well. be that the great hole on the south side of the central area made the builders decide
to lay out another Forum elsewhere. Even if this was not decided before the building
was complete d it was certainly after not very many years, for the dating evidence proves
1 As reported by F. Cottrill in J.R.S. xxx, 169 •
•
 INTRODU CTION
that the second building period, in which Baths were substituted for Forum, was not
very much later than the original date.
Dating evidence for Forum. The laying out of the Forum involved the sweeping away
of a number of early buildings. The latest of these buildings, N. V, beneath the north
range of shops, was dated by a sestertius of Trajan (M. & S. 492, A.D. 103-1 l, in good
condition) and a dupondius of N erva (M. & S. 6 l, A.D. 96, slightly worn). The pottery
was of similar date, the Samian including three sherds of Form 3 7 of Trajanic date (see
above, p. 1 3).
The descriptio n of the structure of the Forum will have shown that the deposits con-
temporary with its building would include a great deal of earlier material. Not only did
the walls cut deep down into earlier levels, the material so disturbed being, of course,
included in the filling of the foundation trench, but the floors of the ranges surroundi ng
the actual area were all considerab ly raised by the importatio n of much filling-ma terial
(see sections, pl. xxx1). This filling-ma terial came from other parts of the area, largely
probably from the central square, where the floor rested direct on levels of the mid-first
century. Many of the finds were, therefore, of an early period.
The coin list was as follows: Uncertain Gallic silver coin of first century B.c.; Nero as,
M. & S. 338, A.D. 64-6; Nero as (4), M. & S. 329, A.D. 67-8; Nero dupondius (2),
M. & S. 304, A.D. 67-8; Nero B.M. p. 249, note C. 249; Vespasian as, M. & S. 497
var., A.D. 71; Vespasian dupondius, M. & S. 473 var., A.D. 71; Vespasian as, M. & S.
527 var., A.D. 72-3; Vespasian dupondius, M. & S. 740, A.D. 72-3; Vespasian sestertius,
M. & S. 752, A.D. 77-8; Domitian as, M. & S. 304, A.D. 86; Domitian as, M. & S. 350,
A.D. 87.
The pottery, while including much of the Flavian period and earlier, does also include
a considerab le amount which goes down to the Hadrianic period. The Samian (figs. 5
and 6) included five sherds dated to the Trajan-H adrian period (Forms l 8, 30, 3 3, and
37(2)) and eight dated to the Hadrianic period (Forms 15, 18, 27(2), 37(3), and 42),
while one sherd of Form 3 7 may go down to the Hadrian-A ntonine period, A.D. 13 0-40.
The mortaria st::imps were three examples of c. ATTIYS MARINVS (A.D. 80-1 lo),
COERTVTIN,1 CRES[CENS (Flavian?) , DOCCAS? (Flavian),CENIALIS (A.D. 80-1 lo), SOLLVS
(A.D. 60-90).
The coarse pottery (figs. 41-3) included a large number of forms common in the period
A.D. l l 0-20, and some which first appear soon after A.D. l 20.
The evidence, therefore, suggests a period c. A.D. l 2 5-3 o, or possibly slightly later
on the strength of the one Hadrian-A ntonine sherd.

Comparison between the Plan ef the Leicester Basilica and Forum and Other Examples
Professor Atkinson has recently published 2 a study of the types of fora of the Western
Empire, and has given the name Principia Type to the class to which all the completel y
1 For this potter Mr. Birley (fig.
53, 3) suggests a date in 2 Report on Excavations at Wroxeterr923 -27, Appendix C.
the second half of the second century, but see my footnote.
 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE SITE
known British fora belong. The essence of this type is that associated in one complex
should be an open area with a surrounding range on three sides and on the fourth a range.
of official rooms separated from the open space by a basilica, a terrace, or a smaller open
court. A further feature is that the complex does not incorporate a temple. The British
fora of this type (including Cirencester, ·of which the Basilica alone has been cleared,
but which appears to belong to it) are illustrated on pl. xx1x. He suggests that the fora
at St. Albans and Colchester are of different types, but too little is known of them for
any certainty. That of London is probably of the Principia type, but again little is
known of it.
Professor Atkinson has demonstrated the development of the type from the Principia
of a military camp, and has suggested that military architects were employed in the
construction of fora of this type. The relationship between the two is clear, and may
rightly be accounted for by the use of a military architect. Any closer connexion is, in
fact, unlikely, since none of the British fora are likely, from what is known of the building-
history of Romano-British towns, to have been erected until some time after military
occupation in the neighbourhood of the known fora had ceased. The only dated example,
that of Viroconium, was built in A.D. I 30, while the town ceased to be a legionary head-
quarters at latest by c. A.D. 79, so that the suggestion that the size of the Forum was
connected with that of a two-legion headquarters, since the garrison had originally been
of that size, is too far-fetched.
The plan of the Leicester Forum and Basilica clearly does not conform exactly to that
of the usual Principia type, though pl. xx1x. shows that there are considerable divergences
in detail in the British examples. The lack of correspondence between the north and
south sides is, as has been shown (pp. 21 ff.), probably accidental, and due to changes
imposed on the building by ground weakness during the process of construction. There
still, however, remain two main differences, the lower level of the Forum area with
reference to the Basilica and northern range, and the rooms in the angles between the
Forum and Basilica.
The divergence in levels is probably to be accounted for by the lie of the land. The
building lies on the slopes above the river bank, and from the west to the east side of the
part of the Forum excavated, a distance of 168 ft., there is a rise in level of about 4 ft.
6 in., with, to judge from the modern levels, a considerably increased rise to the east and
fall to the west outside the area excavated. A parallel is provided by the Forum of
Aequum in Dalmatia 1 which similarly was built on sloping ground. Here the Forum
was 1· 50 m. below the level of a terrace which takes the place of the Basilica, and lies
between the Forum and the official rooms in the rear. Two flights of steps led up to the
terrace from the Forum. The remains of the side ranges were ill preserved, and it is not
clear how they accommodated themselves to the two levels, but since they appear to be
continuous with the terrace and the division wall between the latter and the Forum
does not continue across them, it is probable that they, too, were at a high level. On the
fourth side, opposite the terrace, was a monumental entrance, probably again incorporating
1 J ahreshefte des Osterreichischen Archiiologischen Institutes in Wien, Bd. xvi, 191 3, Beiblatt.

E
 INTRODUC TION
steps, since the level of the street beyond was lower. In Britain it is possible that
the level of the Forum at Silchester 1 was originally intended to be somewhat lower than
the Basilica, though the difference is not so pronounced as at Leicester. As found, .the
Forum was floored with gravel at a level of 9 in. to r 2 in. below that of the Basilica.
The gravel was 2 ft. thick and rested in a mortar bed 5 in. thick. The excavators sug-
gested that it may have been originally intended to floor the area with some more solid
material, presumably stone slabs or tiles, which, of course, would only have been a few
inches thick, and the resultant level would have been nearly 3 ft. below that of the
Basilica.
The rooms in the angle of the Forum and Basilica are of greater importance as a
divergence from the usual plan, since they introduce a new element into the components
·of the structure. It is, of course, possible that the addition is merely an opportunist one,
to fill in the angles beside the st.eps leading up to the Basilica. Since the full plan of the
Basilica could not be uncovered, it is impossible to say whether they represent an addition
to the normal plan or are a substitute for some part of it-for instance, for the official
rooms in the rear. An example in which these rooms are missing and their places are
apparently taken by rooms at either end of the Basilica is that at Klagenfurt. 2
The rooms are similarly absent in the Basilica of Augusta Bagiennorum in Liguria,3
and here again there are additional rooms at the ends of the Basilica. In this case· the
complex is not strictly of the Principia type, since the Basilica lies at the narrow end of
the Forum, and there is a podium or small temple in the latter.
A Basilica which appears to present a close parallel is that of Laden burg on the N eckar.4
Here (fig. 3) on one side of the Basilica are two blocks very similar to those at Leicester,
though less subdivided. They are similarly divided from the Basilica by a narrow passage
and from the approach to the main entrance by others. Schultze demonstrates that it is
improbable that the space between was roofed, and considers that it was a small forecourt
leading up to the great triple entrance to the Basilica. If this was the case, the appearance
from this side must closely have resembled that of Leicester. Schultze reconstructs the
superstructu re of these blocks as separate roofs for the two rooms and the porticoes
adjoining the suggested forecourt, while he considers that the narrow strip between the
rooms and the Basilica was not roofed, but the result is not very convincing, and it seems
more probable that the blocks were roofed as a whole. Another point of resemblance
between Ladenburg and Leicester is that the arcades between the nave and aisles of the
Basilica were based on large piers, which apparently carried up as piers and did not
support columns. Schultze suggests that the much greater solidity of these arcades and
of the walls of the Basilica as compared with his earlier examples indicates that the nave
and aisles were vaulted instead ofhavirig timber roofing. He takes the date of the build-
ing to be early third century A.D., but there is little evidence.
With reference to this last point of the internal divisions of the Basilica, it is certainly
1 Archaeologia, liii. 3 R. Schultze, Basilika (Ri:imisch-Germanische For-
2 J ahreshefte des Dsterreichischen Archliologischen Insti- schungen, Bd. 2 ), p. +o.
tutes in Wien, Bd. xv, I 9 r 2, Beiblatt. 4 Ibid., pp. 5 5 if. and pl. x.
 DIE BASILIKA VON LADEL~BURG
AUFBAUENTWURF. MASSC,TAB 1,500

ANSICHTwllU OS'ff.N

QVERSCHNITT SVEDSEITE.
e.

w
7140

GRVNDRISS
......
iii 11111111
HO ~ t i 2
r i T
-1"0
I I
Frn. 3. The Basilica of Ladenburg, from R. Schultze, Basilika
 INTRODUCTION
more usual that these should be colonnades. It is possible, however, that the arcades of
the Basilica at Cirencester 1 consisted of piers, since large stones (or the place from which
they had been rob bed) were found at the ends of the sleeper-walls dividing the nave from
the aisles. These were 4 ft. r o in. square, which is exactly the size of the Leicester piers,
and which seem:s an unnecessarily large size to support columns.
The above examples show that the unusual features of the Leicester building, other
than those dictated by the accident of the slope of the ground, can be paralleled elsewhere.
Without complete clearance, however, it is difficult to be sure whether it is a variant of
the Principia type or whether it belongs to a separate category. It must be emphasized
that hardly any Forum, either in Britain or on the Continent, has been archaeologically
dated. Conclusions as to the date of the buildings from that of the foundation of the
town, which can often be fixed historically, may be very misleading, since excavations
in Britain have shown that there is often a wide divergence between the two dates.
There is, therefore, much still to be done both on the typology of the plans and of the
architecture.

SECOND BUILDING PERIOD

Bath Building
At a date which cannot have been very much later than that of the building of the
Forum (see below, p. 3r), all idea of using the central space as a market-square was
abandoned, and across the centre, but not touching the unsound area, was built a large
Bath building. The Baths were of massive structure but simple plan. The main block
was divided into three approximately equal halls. Off each of the two end ·ones opened
two apses (pl. xr). The apses on the west side apparently contained heated plunge-baths,
for adjoining them to the west were what must have been furnace rooms, judging from
the amount of burnt material which covered them. No trace of the actual hypocausts
survived, but the interior of the apses was very completely disturbed. Between the two
apses was a narrow room which, to judge from the attached furnace, must also have been
heated. It is unlikely to have been an antechamber to the main hall owing to the thickness
of the burning in a whole succession of levels sealed by ha_rd floors, which covered both
the presumed furnace and all the courtyard area to the west. The apses at the north and
south sides of the halls were slightly smaller than the western ones, and there was no
trace of burning in connexion with them. They may have been merely semicircular
apses off the halls, the chord of the apse bein·g a structural sleeper-wall, or they may have
been cold and tepid plunge-baths. The stratification makes the latter the most likely.
Robber trenches were clearly visible above the walls, cutting through the filling inside
the apses. This filling, however, was extremely rubbly and contained as much medieval
pottery as the robber trenches. There must, therefore, have been something to rob in
the interior, probably the brick lining of the bath, and the robbing of this was done and
1 Proc. Soc. Ant. 1898, pp. 201 ff.
 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE SITE 29
debris allowed to fall back inside before the walls themselves were robbed. If there had
only been a solid earth floor the robber trenches would have been visible cutting through
undisturbed Roman filling, so the existence of baths is probable. Systems with similar
hot and cold semicircular baths are fairly common, as, for instance, at Trier in the Kaiser-
thermen. On the east side the plan was completed by three smaller rooms, between the
pre-existing rooms in the corners. In the northernmost of these, room IX, was found the
only actual fragment of hypocaust surviving. This consisted of a small fragment of
the lower floor on which the pilae rested (pl. XII a). The floor was of solid opus signinum
6 in. thick, and the position of the pilae was clear, though none were in position. Their
place was shown by patches of pink mortar, separated by intervals of about 1 ft. 8 in.
Most of the pilae seem to have been 1 it in. square all the way up, for the impression of
mortar was of that size, and in some fallen debris near by a group of three bricks of that
size were found still stuck together (pl. x11c). A number of other impressions were
1 ft. 4 in. by 9 in., so some of the pilae may have been of different size. The furnace
of this hypocaust was not identified. Presumably connected with these rooms was a large
water-channel (pl. XII b), which runs across from the south-east corner, and which was
shown not to belong to the original building, both by its structure at the south-east e'nd
(see p. 1 2 1) and by the fact that it cuts through the Forum floor (see section P-Q,
pl. xxxI11). The continuation of the channel to the west is uncertain. It did not continue
across room B and must, therefore, have turned along its south wall, which was completely
robbed. Beyond ·that, deep robbing has destroyed all sign of its course.
The layout is not very easy to interpret and is discussed in detail below (p. 3 1 f.). Since
the service area appears to be on the west side, with its three furnaces in a row, it is
probable that the entrance was from the Basilica, through the centre of the three rooms
on that side. The entrance was, no doubt, also reached from the side passages which had
existed in the Forum period. The most probable interpretation is that there was a central
range of bathrooms, with subsidiary suites on either side .
. In addition to the rooms actually constructed for the Baths, however, the greater part
of the buildings of the Forum presumably remained in use. The new buildings only
impinged on the old in three places. Two of these were the verandas surrounding the
rooms in the eastern corners. The walls of the verandas were rebuilt to form the side
wall of the main bath block. Little of this wall survived, and none of the earlier one,
but the stratification made the succession of events clear. The only portion of the original
building actually destroyed was the portico or terrace forming the innermost part of the
northern range. The drain which had acted as its retaining wall was partially removed,
and the northern apse built across its line (pl. XIII b).
Contemporary with the walls of the bath was a great depth of filling, mainly of clean
sand and river gravel, which raised the floor level many feet. The actual walking-surface
was nowhere preserved, owing to medieval and modern disturbances. The only indi-
cation of the level was the fragment of hypocaust basement mentioned above. This was
raised to about 4 ft. 6 in. below that of the floor of the Basilica, so it is probable that the
floor ·actually walked on was not far from that level. The flight of steps down into the
30 INTRODUCTIO N
Forum was therefore abolished, and the sunk area which had originally occupied the
centre was filled in.
On the south and west sides the Baths were surrounded by a courtyard. The floor of
this was of hard mortar, and sloped fairly steeply away from the apses and other walls,
so that while against the Bath walls it was 3 ft. 6 in. higher than the Forum floor, some
25 ft. farther south it was only about 1 ft. higher (see section G-H, pl. xxx1). The
boundary of this courtyard was not found on the west side, but on the south another wall
was added inside the one of the Forum period. The two together may have formed a
portico bordering the courtyard.
This portico ended to the east against the channel which, as already described (pp. 21-2 ),
was rebuilt in this period. One fragment of this survives to its capstone, and shows what
a very substantial structure it was (pl. x111 a). Both the floor and roof were formed of
large blocks of Derbyshire Millstone grit, that at the base being let into the walls at the
side, while the top one rested on top of them. As in the first period, the channel served
as a boundary to a higher level to the south-east, the floor there being 2 ft. above that
of the courtyard. An additional wall was built in this south-east angle, probably cutting
off the area to the east, again because the sinkage of the soil was so serious that the space
could not be used. The stratification and finds show that the sinkage continued right
through the Roman period. To the south of this new' room was yet another, for a wall,
running at a slight angle to the general axis of the building, was found disappearing
beneath the modern iOad. To the west of it was a fragment of brick tessellated floor.
This was the only portion of such floor actually found, though an enormous number of
tesserae appeared all over the site. A small fragment of wall possibly balancing this, like
it inclined slightly inwards, was found farther west. Only a very small portion of its
foundations survived, and so complete was the disturbance by modern drains that even
its junction with the possible portico could not be traced, but it definitely did not turn
in any other direction. There may, therefore, have been some sort of a porch, with walls
inclined inwards, between the portico and the road.
The evidence that the Bath building was definitely later than the Forum was both
structural and stratigraphical. The walls of the Baths were all much thicker and more
solid than those of the Forum, and the core seemed to be more of the nature of concrete,
and rather less coursed, than the earlier ones. The only place where a wall of the Bath
period could be seen cutting across one of the Forum period was at the south-east angle
of the courtyard, where, as already described, the existing fragment of drain which cuts
the Forum floor and is contemporary with the courtyard floor cuts across the broken end
of the original walL The relation of the north end of the main Bath building to the
Forum is everywhere obscured by what appears to be an abortive robber trench. The
walls are here standing to a fair height, with the robber trenches of the upper parts
clearly visible. These trenches cut through another trench which runs parallel to the
outside of the walls, cutting through all the Roman filling, but which contained a fair
amount of medieval pottery (not nearly as much as the actual robber trench), and much
late Roman pottery. This was at ·first taken to be a foundation trench, and to date the
 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE SITE 31
building to the fourth century, but the presence of medieval pottery was consistent,
and the trench must represent an earlier intended robbing which was not carried out, at
any rate to the foundations. Inside the north end of the Baths the walls clearly cut
through the low level of the central Forum square. The stratigraphical evidence was
even clearer at the south and west sides, where the Bath walls cut through the Forum
floor with great wide foundation trenches (see pl. xiv a and section G-H, pl. xxx1).
Dating Evidence. The material from the foundation trenches of the Bath walls was
used to make up the floor of the surrounding courtyard which, therefore, contained a
great deal of earlier material. The filling of the interior of the building was of almost
clean river sand and gravel, which produced no dating evidence. The list of coins found
is as follows: Nero as, B.M. 381-3, A.D. 64-6; two dupondii, indeterminable; Ves-
pasian as, M. & S. 500, A.D. 71; dupondius worn, indeterminable; Antoninus Pius as,
M. & S. 934, A.D. 155-6 ( in layer contemporaneity of which with building of Baths
was not absolutely certain, though probable); coin both sides uncertain, but possibly cf;
M. & S. 934, A.D. 155-6; Faustina II denarius, M. & S. 517, A.D. 145-61.
The Samian includes, in addition to a great quantity of earlier material, two Hadrian-
. Antonine sherds (Forms 3 7 and 3 8) and five Antoriine (Forms Ludowici TK, 18/3 1,
37, 44, and 45) (fig. 7, 1-10).
The mortaria stamps were ALBINYS (A.D. 60-90) and G. ATTIYS MARINYS (A.D. 80-110 ).
The coarse pottery suggests a date early in the Antonine period (figs. 44-5), since it
includes ~ number of forms which appear about A.D. 140, but does not go down as late
as Antonine Wall sites.
The evidence, therefore, suggests a date of c. A.D. 1 50-60.

Plan of Bath Building

The interpretation of-the plan of the Baths is not easy since so little remains of the
floor level and of any heat- or water-channels. The only reasonably certain points are
that the furnace area, apparently the only one, lay on the west side of the building, that
room IX, and probably rooms X and XI as well, were heated, and that the apses pro-
jecting from the main block, on analogy with other bath buildings (e.g. the south Bath
at Timgad), were small plunge-baths or basins.
The plans of public baths have been exhaustively studied by Krencker 1 and Atkinson. 2
It is clear that Jewry Wall Baths have nothing in common with Krencker's 'Reihentyp',
to which Atkinson shows the Wroxeter and most of the military baths in Britain to
belong, nor with his 'Ringtyp'. They can, however, be interpreted as a variant of his
'Kleine Kaisertyp', in which there is an inner axis of a line of rooms comprising as a rule
apodyterium,frigidarium, tepidarium, and caldarium, with supplementary rooms, allowing
of a more elaborate bathing process, on either side. The type to which they would, if
this interpretation be correct, approach most nearly is that schematically reproduced in
1 D. Krencker and E. Kruger, Die Trierer Kaiserthermen (Trierer Grabungen und Forschungen, Bd. i).
2 Wroxeter, 1923-7. ·

•
32 INTRODUCTION
op. cit. Abb. 239 c., based on the Kaiserthermen at Trier. Interpreted thus, rooms II
and VII would be apodyteria, the area in front of the original entrance to the Basilica a
joint Jrigidarium, room X the tepidarium, and the central room of the main block the
ca!darium of the rooms on the main axis, with the small oblong room in the western row
either a sudatorium or a plunge-bath. For bathers requiring more elaborate baths it is
possible that small swimming-baths were provided in rooms III and VIII, with rooms IX
and XI serving as tepidaria, and the north and south rooms of the main block, each with
two plunge-baths, one hotter than the other, as caldaria in the two suites.
The reasons for suggesting this interpretation are as follows. The only traces of furnaces
are the three projecting rooms at the west side of the main block, where the successive
layers of burning make the identification reasonably certain. The caldarium, whether
one or several, must therefore be at this end, nearest to the source of heat. Further,
apsidal projections to the caldaria are characteristic of this type of batJ.is. The three
furnaces suggest three parallel bathing systems. The additional elaboration of the sys-
tems flanking the central axis is another characteristic of the type, and the new drain or
aqueduct brought obliquely across from one of the groups of rooms in the corner of the
Forum to the other in period II may have been for the purpose of supplying .the swim-
ming-baths often found attached to the more elaborate schemes. Since the position of
the caldaria must be on the west side of the building, it follows that the entrance and the
apodyteria must be on the side adjoining the Basilica, and it seems most probable that
another of the original corner rooms of the Forum was on either side adapted to this
purpose. ·
Another interpretation might be that the area in front of the original entrance to the
Basilica served as a joint apodyterium, room X as a joint Jrigidarium, rooms IX and XI
as tepidaria, and the north and south rooms of the main block as caldaria. This would,
however, leave the central room of the main block and its adjoining small oblong room
and furnace without any obvious function in a coherent scheme, and the first inter-
pretation seems preferable.
The Basilica may have been transformed into a basilica! hall of the type often attached
to baths, or it may conceivably have continued to serve as the main Basilica of the town,
with all its official functions, with a new Forum on the east side. The remainder of the
Forum area, of which, of course, the extent is unknown, as the west side has not been
traced, may have served as a palaestra for the baths. Its situation would more normally
be on the Jrigidarium side of the building, but this divergence from the normal might be
dictated by the fact that the plan was an adaptation of an existing building, as might
the other divergences from the more usual baths of the 'Kaisertyp'.

THIRD AND SUBSEQUENT PERIODS

No evidence survived of any alterations or additions to the Bath building. Within
the walls both of the Baths and of the Forum structures, medieval and modern distur-
bances had removed the actual floors even of the Forum period, so that the only trace of
 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE SITE 33
the later periods was in the pottery and other finds in robber trenches. In the courtyard
to the south and west, however, a complicated succession of floors survived, indicative of
prolonged and heavy use. The first main level, which was a hard floor over a considerable
area in the south-west corner, was not associated with any structure, and is referred to as
III in the lists of finds. Dating evidence for it was as follows:
No coins.
The Samian included nine Antonine sherds (Forms 33(3) and 37(6), all by CINNAMVS
of Lezoux) and one Form 3 3 probably late Antonine (fig. 7, 11-23). ·
The coarse pottery (figs. 46-7) contained a number of Antonine types and included the
first sherds of Castor ware to appear. The date is, therefore, c. A.D. 180.

Level IV. The next floor, called IV, was not so widespread, but was very hard in the
south-west corner. It was associated with the only structure added to the Baths, a grid-
like building (pl. xv), in the south-west angle of the area excavated, and continuing
beyond it to the west. Connected with an eastern end wall were five walls, close together,
running east and west. Four of these. were new, while one was the inner wall of the
possible portico of the Baths courtyard. The way in which the east wall of the new build-
ing is built over the top of this wall is very clear in pl. xiv b, but inside the building it
was in use with the floor of the building. Outside the building it was apparently abolished
altogether, for though the greater part of its foundations was later robbed (pl. xiv c),
part of them was sealed by the next floor, and the robbed part must have been discovered
by accident and not been upstanding.
Near the western edge of the area, the building is traversed by a large water-channel,
which presumably runs right along the western boundary to connect up with that in the
north-west corner (pl. xvi b). It is not, however, found to the south of the building,
where undisturbed levels cross its line. This channel breaks through the Bath-period
wall which was incorporated in the new building, the wall being given a very obvious
patched-bond with it. The other walls have butt ends against it, but it is probable that
they are contemporary with it, unless another period is to be introduced and the channel
considered to be later than the Baths, but earlier than the new building. "Beyond the
channel the east-west walls continue beyond· the edge of the site.
The purpose of the new building is obscure. The walls seem not to have been carried
up farther than their general existing height, but to have formed sleeper~walls for piers
at that height. Traces of three of the piers exist, two being shown in pl. xvi c and d. The
floor between the walls is poor and soft and about 6 in. below the existing tops of the
walls, the hard floor of the courtyard being 1 ft. below that height. Both the nature of
the floor and the narrowness of the space between the walls make it unlikely that the
space was used, and make it unlikely, for instance, that the building was a small arcaded
market hall on the lines of so many medieval ones. It is far more likely that the grid
walls are merely structural to spread the weight of some large superstructure. The plan
suggests some analogies, one of which is. a similar building in Fenchurch Street, London.
There, however, the walls are only 18 in. wide and 18 in. apart, while in the Leicester
F
34 INTRODUC TION
one the walls are 3 ft. wide and 5 ft. apart. Similar divergence of scale differentiates it
from the familiar granaries of military sites. The most possible suggestion is that the
building is a substructure to support a large water-tank for the supply of the Baths. This
could have been filled with water from the river by any of the mechanical means known
to the Romans, such as force pump, water-wheel , or chain of buckets, as has been sug-
gested for the water-tower which supplied the pipe-line to Lincoln. The channel in the
middle of the building is evidence that the building was connected with water; it may
have served to carry off the overflow. It must be admitted that no trace was found of
channels from the building to the actual baths. These would, however, have had to be
raised pipes, and the very great number of medieval wells and pits may conceal the traces
of some piers supporting these.
In the description of the excavation of the Raw Dykes 1 it will be seen that this tank
may be the second effort to provide water for the Baths. It is probable that even this
failed, for overlying the walls were thick layers of sticky clay, as though the tank had
burst. It has been suggested above that the only successful means of supplying the water
proved to be by hand, in large jars, enormous quantities of the fragments of which were
found in all the later levels in the service area to the west of the Bath building.
The dating evidence for this addition to the plan was inconclusive since the fillings of
the foundation trenches and the make-up of the floors consisted almost exclusively of the
material from the deep and wide foundation .trenches, and included a large amount of
very early material.
The coins were Claudius I as, M. & S. 68; Antoninus Pius dupondius, obverse illegible .
. The Samian was exclusively early. The coarse ware was mainly early, with a few
late-second- century forms. '
The only real evidence for the dating thus comes from the stratigraphic al position of
the level between III and V, and from this the structure may be dated to A.D. I 80-200.

Subsequent Levels
No structures are associated with the large number of subsequent repairs to the floors
of the courtyard (levels V-IX in sections, pl. xxx111). The majority of the early ones were
of hard mortar or gravel, while the later ones tend to be sotter and to incorporate more
burnt material. The following list gives for the dating evidence the various floors .
. Level V. Coins: Vespasian (dupondius, obliterated); Antoninus Pius (as, M. & S.
934, in poor condition); Faustina II (as, M. & S. 1395) and a second probably of
. Faustina II.
Samian (fig. 8): 8 An to nine sherds (all form 3 7).
Coarse wares (fig. 48). Castor ware still not very common. Predominan tly Antonine,
similar to Antonine wall groups.
Date c. A.D. 200.
Level VI. Coins: V espasian (as, M. & S. 500, A.D. 7 I, and dupondius, M. & S. 798,
I PP· 40 ff.
 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE SITE 3S
A.D. 74); Trajan (as, obliterated, A.D.97-103, and sestertius, obliterated); Hadrian
(sestertius, obliterated, and denarius, M. & S. l 22, A.D. l 19-22), and Antoninus Pius
(dupondius, M. & S. 908, A.D. 152-3, and as, M. & S. 934, A.D. 155-6).
Samian (fig. 9, l-l 5), 7 Antonine sherds, all form 37, 3 being by DOECCYS.
Mortaria stamps: CRATINYS (A.D. 160-200) and MOC (A.D. 80-110?).
Coarse ware (fig. 49): Castor ware more common, but still of early type. Many of
other forms close to Antonine types but including some common in groups dated late
second-early third century.
Date c. A.D. 220.
Level VII. Coins: Trajan (dupondius, M. & S. 653, A.D. l 14-17); Hadrian (sestertius,
M. & S. 779, A.D. 134-8); Antoninus Pius (dupondius, M. & S. 1154, c. A.D. 141-5).
Samian (fig. 9, 16-22): Four Antonine sherds (forms 37(2), 44, and an inkpot), and
a third-century form 37, dated A.D. 220-40.
Mortaria stamps: CRATINYS (A.D. 160-200).
Coarse ware (figs. 50 and 51, 1-7): Castor ware in consider('.1.bly greater quantity, but
in form and rim not so late as late-third-century groups. Hammer-headed mortaria of
the type becoming common in the first half of the third century. Other forms developing
from Antonine types.
Date: first half of third century A.D.
Level VIII. Coins: Trajan (dupondius, obliterated), Commodus (denarius, M. & S.
15oa, A.D. 186-7) and Septimius Severus (denarius, M. & S. 288, A.D. 202-10).
Samian: None datable.
Coarse ware (fig. 51, 8- 13): Appearance of flanged Castor dish, which seems just to
appear in late-third-century levels.
The level, which was a thin one, therefore, seems to date to the second half of the
third century.
Level IX. Coins: Trajan (sestertius, obliterated); Constantine I, (Coh. 548, A.D.
313- 1 5).
Samian: 19 Antonine sherds (forms 31(2), 32, 33, 37, 38(9), 45(4), and 79) and one
third-century form 37, c. A.D. 220-30 (fig. 10 ). It is suggested (p. 195) that some of the
examples of forms 38 and 45, though similar to the Antonine forms, may go on into the
third century, since these numbers are so much greater in this level, and form the link
with the imitation Samian copies of these forms so common in the fourth century.
Mortaria stamp: NAN ( 1), ( Antonine).
Coarse ware: Castor later in ware and form than late-third-century groups, but not so
late as late-fourth-century groups, imitation Samian rare. Mortaria all hammer-headed,
of late-third-century to early-fourth-century types. Other forms of similar date
(figs. 52-3).
Date: first quarter of fourth century.
The latest floors which survive exist mainly only over the deep sinkages, where the
 INTRODUCTION
continued subsidence of the soil has carried them below the general level (level X in
section R-S ). Patches oflater filling also survive in rooms VI and VII, and south of the
drain in the south-east angle (level X in sections L-M and N-0 ). The pottery (figs. 54- 5)
can be dated to the. mid-fourth century and c. A.D. 360-70 respectively.
Coins from the patches of late levels were Hadrian (as, M. & S. 673, A.D. 125-8);
Septimius Severus (denarius, M. & S. 167, A.D. 200-1); Gallienus (antoninianus,
obliterated); Quin till us (antoninianus, M. & S. 59); Tetricus I or Victorin us ( antoninianus,
obliterated); Tetricus II (antoninianus, obliterated); Constantine I (Coh. 20, A.D.
3 20-4); Constantine II (Coh. 12, A.D. 3 20-4); Crispus (Coh. 29, A.D. 3 20-4).
It is clear that as late or even later floors once existed all over the area, from the evidence
of the great quantity of fourth-century coins and pottery found in the robber trenches
and other disturbed areas. When the walls had been removed, the resulting holes were
filled up with soil from the adjoining area, the filling thus containing objects of the late
Roman period mixed with those of the period of robbing (pottery fig. 56 ).
As has already been described, evidence of the period of decay at the end of the Roman
occupation comes from the road surface on the north side of the site. Fourth-century
pottery was found resting on the surface 6f the highest existing road, while beneath this
road was late-second-century pottery. The existing surface was badly cut up by wheel-
tracks, of which the average gauge is 4 ft. 8! in. (pl. xvn). Efforts had been made to
patch these ruts in parts. One such patch shows clearly in the middle of the stretch
cleared, the deep rut coming to an end against a patch of rough, heavy cobbles. The
ruts were already beginning to cut into the surface of the older road beneath, and it is
clear that later surfaces have been entirely destroyed, thus accounting for the gap in
date between the pottery beneath and that above the road.
The list of coins from the disturbed levels is as follows:
Robber trenches. Republican 1, Tiberius 1, Claudius I 1, Nero 1, Vespasian 1, Nerva 1, Trajan 4,
Hadrian 3, Faustina II 1, Septimius Severus 1, Caracalla 1, Jul.ia Paula 1, A~exander Severus4,
Gallienus 13, Claudius II 2 1, Claudius II or Quintillus 1, Victorinus 12, Tetricus I 20,
Tetricus II 13, Tacitus 1, Probus 2, Carausius 7, Maximian Herculeus 1, Allectus 4,
indecipherable radiates 7, barbarous radiates 5, Diocletian 1, Constantius I Chlorus 2,
Constantine I 19, Theodora 1, Helena 2, Constantine I or Constantius Caesar 1, Licinius 3,
Constantinopolis 7, ditto barbarous 3, Urbs Roma 4, ditto barbarous 1, Constantine II 9,
Cripus 3, Constantius II 12, Constans 8, Constans or Constantius II 6, House of Constantine
14, Magnentius 2, Julian 1, Valens 11, Valentinian I 4, Valens or Valentinian I 10, Gratian
7, Valentinian II 2, indecipherable fourth century 17.
Unstratijied. Gallo-Roman temp. Augustus 1, Claudius I 3, Vespasian 4, Domitian 2, Trajan
13, Hadrian 4, Antoninus Pius 3, Faustina I 4, Marcus Aurelius 2, Faustina II 2, Septimius
Severus 1, Elagabalus 1, Julia Mamaea 1, Alexander Severus 1, Philip I 1, Gallienus 11,
Salonina 3, Postumus 4, Claudius II 15, Claudius II or Quin till us 1, Victorin us 6, Tetricus I
17, Tetricus II 9, Victorinus or Tetricus 3, Probus 5, Carausius I 1, Maximian Herculeus 1,
indecipherable radiates 23, Diocletian 1, Constantine I 26, Theodora 1, Helena 1, Licinius 1,
Constantinopolis 4, ditto barbarous I, U rbs Roma 13, ditto barbarous 1, Constantine II 7,
Constans 19, Cons tans or Constantius II 3, Valens 16, Valentinian I 13, Gratian 8, Arcadius
or Honorius 1, Valentinian III 1, House of Theodosius 2, indecipherable fourth century 6.
 DETAILED DESCRIPTI ON OF THE SITE 37

POST ROMAN PERIODS

As in most places, the invading Angles used the Roman buildings only as quarries.
On the actual site, the only find or remains of any sort belonging to the Dark Ages or to
any period earlier than the twelfth century is the strap end (fig. 63, I 5) for which a mid-
fifth-century date is possible. It is suggested above (p. 8) that the actual Jewry Wall
was incorporated in an early church, and thus was saved in the initial period of robbing.
The robbing was, no doubt, to a certain extent continuous, but there is evidence for two
main periods. It seems very probable that in the early period, while the Jewry Wall was
incorporated in the church, all the rest of the superstructu re was removed and the founda-
tions probably covered with debris. Then, in the thirteenth or fourteenth century, the
foundations were partially rediscovered and some of them completely grubbed out. The
robber trenches contain great quantities of pottery of the period (figs. 66-67). In several
places there is evidence that the robbers of the foundations had not got visible walls to
follow, but merely followed the foundations along as they discovered them. The clearest
example of this was in the case of the wall dividing rooms I and II. The robbing of this
wall was not completed, only the facing stones being removed' (pl. vn b), by means of a
trench dug along each face. The trench on the south side of the wall not only runs right
along the face but continues across the passage to the east, as far as the Basilica wall. No
wall had ever existed here, and in fact undisturbed soil continues right across the actual
line of the wall. It is obvious, therefore, that the robbers had expected the wall to con-
tinue there, and had laid out their trench accordingly. The work must have been carried
out by some rather stupid workmen, who continued the trench down in spite of finding
no wall.
The chief signs of occupation during the Middle Ages are those of destruction. Only
two walls were found which could be dated to the period. These run across the north
outer portico, and with the walls of the portico form a small room (pl. xv1n b). The Roman
walls probably only served as foundations for later ones, for quite apart from the evidence
that most of the superstructu re was robbed earlier, the outer wall was in any case only
a sleeper-wall, and was never carried above ground level in Roman times. A floor con-
temporary with the new wall was dated to the medieval period by green-glazed pottery.
Besides the walls, the only other signs of occupation were a great number of wells. The
whole site is honeycombe d with wells of all periods and all types of construction . A very
great number of circular holes filled with black soil were presumably wood-lined wells,
though no trace of the wood remains. A considerable number of ,this type cut through
the road on the north side of the site (see pl. xvn). Many go back to the thirteenth or
fourteenth centuries. None of them were completely excavated, but they go down deep
into the natural soil. Other traces of the period are a number of ovens. The base and door
of one of these was well preserved (pl. xvn1 a), being composed of a Roman quern-stone
and other materials. Another fire-place was probably used by the actual robbers of the
walls, for the adjacent robbed wall-top is reddened by the fire (pl. xv111 c).
Building on any large scale on the site does not appear to have begun until the
 INTRODUC TION.
seventeenth or eighteenth centuries. From then on a succession of modern foundations
carried on the destruction wrought by the Saxon and medieval robbers and well-diggers.
The worst damage ·was done by the foundations of nineteenth-c entury factories and-
engine beds, which cut right down to natural soil. Fortunately, however, enough of the
stratification, walls, and robber trenches have been left for the plan and history to be
worked out as has been described, and for the layout of the building to be reconstructe d
as a monument to the nineteen hundred years of existence of the City of Leicester.

THE PLAN OF RATAE AND ITS RELATION TO THE FOSSE WAY

The Jewry Wall excavations have enabled some slight beginning to be made in
establishing the town plan of Ratae. Professor Haverfield summarized the evidence
available to him 1 and came to the conclusion, though the evidence was only indirect,
that the line of the medieval walls was approximate ly that of those of the Roman town.
No further direct light has been thrown on this question. A trench dug in 1938 in a
garden at the rear of Sanvey Gate on the presumed line of the medieval wall was incon-
clusive. The evidence now available about the street plan does, however, confirm the
coincidence of the line of the walls of the two periods (pl. xxvi:n).
The principal point established is that of the axis of the street plan, given by the road
on the north side of the Forum. The north-south width of the insula is given by the
identification by Mr. Cottrill of a portion of a road I 55 ft. south of the former. A line
through·this point, on the axis of the road north of the Forum, exactly joins the medieval
east and west gates, thus confirming the supposition that they stand on the sites of the
Roman gates. The main Roman street is thus represented by the line of Silver Street
and Town Hall Lane rather than by that of High Street, a line which the Forum ex-
cavations had shown to be very difficult by the practical overlapping of the traced remains
of the Forum structure and the mosaic floors farther east.
The line of High Cross Street is on the same axis, and thus probably this modern
street does follow the Roman line. A line on the same axis from the medieval south gate
gives a suggestion of the size of the insula immediately east of the Forum. The main
north-south Roman street would, if these suppositions are correct, have skirted two sides
of the insula, but this is not unusual (e.g. London, Caerwent, Cirencester).
None of the other streets of modern Leicester give any indication of following a
Roman line. Early plans of the town (Stukeley 1722, Throsby 1790) show that most of
the north-east corner was. occupied by gardens in the eighteenth century, while the
north-west corner was occupied by the grounds formerly belonging to the Black Friars,
so it is clear that there has been no continuity of occupation over a considerable .part of
the area.
The establishing of the main east-west street provokes some interesting reflections on
the history of the Fosse Way. Collingwood 2 expounded the theory that the Fosse, a
notable exception to the continuity of existence of the principal main lines of communi-
1 Archaeological Journal,lxxv, 1918. 2 J.R.8. xiv.
 THE FOSSE WAY 39
cation from Roman to modern times, was established as a temporary limes by Ostorius
Scapula, c. A.D. 48, while he completed the subjugation of the country to the south and
east, and that when the advance was continued the road, as a coherent unit, went out of
use. This theory was so extremely probable, and provided such a good explanation to
the obscure passage in Tacitus (Ann. xii. 3 1. 2) that it has been universally accepted.
Actual evidence to support the theory is, however, almost non-existent. The only for-
tified post on the Fosse Way is Margidunum, and the Fosse (see below), at any rate in
its fully developed form, is definitely dated to a period when its defences had been
slighted. The only other evidence is a few stray legionary bricks at scattered points
approximately on its line.
Haverfield (op. cit.) notes that somewhere in the area of Leicester the Fosse changes
its direction. Now that the line of the main street is established it is clear that this change
is exactly represented by a joint along this line. A particularly long straight section of
the Fosse leads direct to the east gate. The continuation to the south-west is lost under
modern suburbs in the immediate vicinity of Leicester, but a prolongation of the line
from where it does survive, again a good straight section, exactly hits the west gate
(pl. xxv111). There is, therefore, strong prima facie evidence that when the Fosse, in its
developed form, was laid out, the walls and street plan of Ratae were already in existence.
As has already been said, nothing is known of the date of the walls. The evidence of
the date of the walls of Roman towns in Britain is, with few exceptions (e.g. London,
Verulamium, Viroconium), extremely scanty, but what evidence there is makes any
walling or regular layout prior to the Flavian period very unlikely and suggests that the
walls may be as late as the Hadrianic period. The evidence from the early buildings on
the Jewry Wall site likewise shows that it was only in the late Flavian period that the
town was beginning to take shape.
The suggestion, therefore, is that the Fosse with its remarkable straight stretches was
only laid out somewhere between the Flavian and Hadrianic periods. The evidence of
Leicester does not stand alone. Most of the chief Roman towns on its line produce
evidence that either their street plans, or the other main roads leading to them, were in
existence before the Fosse was laid out (see pl. xxx). Most striking is the instance of
Cirencester. There the Fosse changes direction from south-west to south about 2 miles
outside the town, to join Akeman Street. With it, it enters the town on the north-east
side, makes a side-step in the town, and leaves it appreciably farther north on a line
different from that both of the previous line of the Fosse and of Akeman Street. It is
true that the Fosse may originally have run, or have been intended to run, direct to the
north-east gate of the town, on which it is alined prior to its divergence to join Akeman
Street, but this would only emphasize the significance of the change of line coincident
with the line of the town walls. In the case of Lincoln, the Fosse joins Ermine Street
some little way outside Lincoln, showing this road was in existence' first, while at Bath it
diverges to join the road from Silchester outside the town, and again goes on on a different
line. At Margidunum the original roads to Lincoln and Leicester left the camp on com-
pletely different lines to the later Fosse, that to the north-east being parallel to the
 INTRODUCTIO N
Fosse, while that to Leicester runs to the south-east instead of to the south-west. The
camp is in fact apparently laid out with reference to a road to a ford over the Trent to the
north-west rather than with reference to the line of the Fosse. This line strikes straight
across it, and was only constructed when its buildings and defences had been destroyed.
Much of Collingwood's argument is based on the assumption that only at an inter-
mediate stage in the Roman Conquest did the Fosse serve any purpose. The evidence
here adduced shows that it must have served a definite purpose at a period considerably
after all sections of the frontier force had advanced far bey.ond it, which as regards the
centre must have been by c. A.D. 50, and the extremities by A.D. 70-5. If the surviving
line is only a rectification of an earlier one, there must have been a purpose for it. ·
Though this evidence does not suit Collingwood's argument, his reasons for suggest-
ing a frontier on this line are so cogent that one would like to find definite evidence of
an earlier, possibly slightly less regular, continuous line, but this remains to be done.
As for the date of and reason for the existing layout, it may be suggested that the Had-
rianic Thurmaston mile-stone belongs to the layout of the new line of the road, and not
merely to a repair, and that it was a deliberate attempt to improve cross-country com-
munications, a part of the great planning and building schemes which archaeology is
continually proving to have taken place in this reign. Like much of the contemporary
town-planning, it may have been too grandiose for the economy of the country to support
and have fallen rapidly out of repair, thus accounting for its omission from the Antonine
Itineraries.
THE RAW DYKES
Due south of the Roman city and running towards it lies a linear earthwork known
as the Raw Dykes (pl. x1x). The only surviving section lies immediately south of the
Roman city, at a distance of I mile 700 ft. from the Jewry Wall, its surviving length
being 3 3 o ft. Early references, however, show that it originally reached to the edge of
the city, and when Throsby wrote in I 79 I a length of 629 yds. 2 ft. still existed. Its
direction as it runs towards the city is slightly east of north, parallel and to the east of the
river Soar, and it runs along a narrow band of river gravel which lies between the alluvium
of the river and the boulder clay which for the most part caps the Triassic marl to the east.
The date and purpose of the earthwork have been long debated, so in I 9 3 8 a cut was
made through the surviving portion. This showed (see pl. xxx111) that in this section it
consisted of two banks, apparently unreveted, placed on the natural gravel, that on the
west side being considerably higher than on the east, owing to the natural slope of the
ground. The ditch sloped down gradually from the bank, with a sharp-cut trough in
the centre. There was no sign of any rapid silt or tip lines in the filling of the ditch, but
the whole of the centre, including against the western bank, was filled with a homo-
geneous mass of red clay.
The cut proved that the earthwork was not pre-Roman in date, for in the bank were
found a few sherds of rather worn first-century Roman pottery. The possibilities there-
fore are that it was a defensive work of Roman or post-Roman date, or else some kind of
 THE RAW DYKES 41

water-chann el. It does not appear likely that it was either of the former. Its line is ap-
proximately that of the Fosse Way, but the river Soar would have formed a much more
formidable obstacle than the earthwork, and if it had any function in connexion with
the latter as a limes, it would have lain to the west of it, for a road as part of the limes
scheme essentially lies just inside the area controlled. Its line approximate ly corresponds
to the limit of the Anglian advance up to c. A.D. 550, but the argument of its position
with reference to the river weighs equally in this connexion. After this period it was of
course well within the Anglian province. Against the possibility of its having served
a defensive purpose at either period is the fact that there does not seem to be any natural
feature, physical or geological, which would account for it ending where it does.
As regards dating, the fact that all the pottery was apparently early Roman suggests
that it was constructed in the Roman period. Late Roman pottery is as a rule so much
more abundant than early that it would be an unlikely chance that only early pottery
was incorporated , if the earthwork was constructed at a period when late pottery was
lying about. This argument is not, of course, conclusive.
If the construction of the Raw Dykes for defensive purposes is excluded, it remains to
consider whether it can have been intended to serve as a water-chann el. In structure
and proportions it is not at all unlike the Car Dyke in Lincolnshire , which is generally
accepted as a Roman canal. Against this is the comparative ly insignificant length of the
Raw Dykes, and the fact that it does not seem to lead from or to anywhere particular.
The possibility of an aqueduct therefore remains. This could have been supplied with
water from the Knighton brook, which runs into the Soar just beyond the existing end
of the earthwork, though its present-day flow is not very large. A serious drawback,
however, is its level, the height of the bottom of the original channel being I 80·75 ft.,
while that of the door-sill in the Jewry Wall, in one of the lower parts of the Roman town,
is 204·40 ft. It is, however, suggestive that, as described above, the original channel was
filled at an early period in the existence of the earthwork with an intentional levelling up,
bringing its bottom to the height of r 8 7· 2 5 ft.
It is therefore suggested as a theory, not entirely satisfactory, but the best that can be
put forward on present evidence, that the Raw Dykes was constructed as an aqueduct,
presumably by an incompetent provincial engineer, to bring water to the Roman city.
When experience showed that the level was too low, an effort was made to correct it by
raising the bottom 6 ft. 6 in. Though there is no proof, it is suggested that the aqueduct
was primarily intended to bring water to the Baths, the construction of which would of
course considerably have increased the consumption of water in the town. Any supply
obtained by aqueduct would have had to come from the south, since the slope of the
river valley is from that direction. The plan was not such an ambitious engineering
scheme as that which apparently supplied Lincoln with water through a closed pipe, 1 but
was in the same category. ~nadeq uate surveying made it unsuccessful, and when the
attempted alteration proved ineffective it is possible that the suggested water-tower in
the courtyard of the Baths was built as an alternative means of supply.
1 'The Present State of Archaeology in Lincolnshire', pl. II, C. W. Phillips, Arch. Journ. xci.
G
 INTROD UCTION

CHRON OLOGIC AL TABLE

-
Approximate position of other levels not
Main levels stratigraphica//y connected
Coarse Coarse
pottery Samian pottery
Level Date Text Samian figs. figs. Level Text figs. figs.
Early Pits A.D. 35-50 P· 9 .. .. .. .. .. ..
SE. I C. A.D. 50-60 P· 10 .. .. J.W. l-ra p. 12 .. 37, l-5
SE. II To A.D. 7 5-80 P· l l L. 1936, l-9 37 (ro-16) .. .. .. ..
SE. Ila Vespasian-Domitian P· l l L. 1936, 10-12 37 (17-18) .. .. .. ..
N. I A.D. 80-90 p. 12 .. 40 (1-5) .. .. .. ..
SE. III A.D. 90-100 p. I I L. 1936, 13-26 37 (19-28) .. .. .. ..
N.II A.D. 95 P· 13 L. 1936, 57-8 40 (6-10) .. .. .. ..
N. Ila A.D. 100 .
. L. 1936, 59-63 40 (11-13) .. .. .. ..
N. III A.D. 105 P· 13 L. 1936,64 40 (14-15) .. .. .. ..
SE. IV Trajanic p. 12 L. 1936, 27-56 58-9 .. .. .. ..
N. IV A.D. 100
P· 13 L. 1936, 65-6 40 (16-18) .. .. .. ..
N.V A.D. l 10-20 p. 13 L. 1936, 67-9 40 (1<)-28) .. .. .. ..
I (Forum) A.D. 125-30 p. 14 5-6 41-3 .. .. .. ..
II (Baths) A.D. l 50-60 · p. 28 7 (1-10) 44-5 W. Block l .. .. ..
III A.D. 180 P· 32 7(11-23) 46-7 .. .. .. ..
IV (Tank) A.D. I 80-200
P· 33 .. (p. 34) .. .. .. ..
v A.D. 200
P· 34 8 48 W. Block 2 .. l l ( 1) ..
VI 220 9 (1-15) { SW. Building II P· 34 l (3-5) 49 (3°)
P· 34 I
..
A.D.
49 W. Block 3 .. I I (2)
VII C. A.D. 200-50
P· 35 9(16-22) 50-1 (1-7) W. Block 4 .. .. ..
VIII C. A.D. 250-300
P· 35 .. 51 (8-13) W. Block 5 .. .. ..
IX C. A.D. 300-2 5 P· 35 10 52-3 . . .. .. ..
X(RoomV I) Mid 4th cent. P· 36 .. 54 .. .. .. ..
X (SE. angle) A.D. 360-70 P· 36 .. 55 .. .. .. ..
 SAMIAN POTTERY
Report by DR. FELIX OSWALD, F.S.A.

REFERENCES TO ABBREVIATIONS
Atkinson =Atkinson, D. 'A Hoard ofSamian Ware from Pompeii', Journal of Roman Studies, iv, 27-64. London, 1914.
Folzer = Folzer, E. Die Bilderschiisseln der ostgallischen Sigillata Manufakturen. Bonn, 1913.
Hermet = Hermet, F. La Graufesenque. Paris, 1934·
Knorr, Cannstatt, 1905 = Knorr, R. Die verzierten Terra Sigillata-Gefcisse von Cannstatt. Stuttgart, 1905.
Knorr, Rottweil, 1907 =Knorr, R. Die verzierten Terra Sigillata-Gefasse von Rottweil. Stuttgart, 1907.
Knorr, Rottweil, 1912 =Knorr, R. Siidgallische Terra Sigillata-Gefasse von Rottweil. Stuttgart, 1912.
London (B.M.) =British Museum.
London (G.H.) =Guildhall Museum.
London (L.M.) =London Museum.
May, Silchester = May, T. The Pottery found at Silchester. Reading, 1916.
Miller, Balmuildy = Miller, S. N. The Roman Fort at Balmuildy. Glasgow, 1922.
0. & P. =Oswald, F., and Davies Pryce, T. An Introduction to the Study of Terra Sigillata. London, 1920.
0. and a numeral, e.g. 0. 1400, refers to the figure-types in Oswald, F. Index of Figure-types on Terra Sigillata. Liverpool,
1936.
Ricken, Saalburg-Jahrbuch, viii = Ricken, H. 'Die Bilderschiisseln der Kastelle Saal burg & Zugmantel', Saalburg-Jahrbuch,
viii, 130-82. Frankfurt am Main, 1934·
Ricken, Saalburg-Jahrbuch, ix = Ricken, H. 'Die Bilderschiisseln der Kastelle Saal burg & Zugmantel', Sa4lburg-Jahrbuch,
ix, 87-96. Frankfurt am Main, 1939· .. /
Ritterling, Hofheim = Ritterling, E. Das friihriimische Lager bei Hofheim im Taunus. Wiesbaden, 1913.
Roger, Augsburg = Roger, 0. Bildertypen von Augsburger Sigillaten. Augsburg, 1913.
Walters, C.R.P. =Walters, H. B. Catalogue of Roman Pottery in the Department of Antiquities in the British Museum.
London, 1908.

Fig. 4
PITS
Pit 6
I. The footstand does not presumably belong to the piece of wall, since it comes from pit I, but
it is at any rate suitable for the vessel with its wall of early character. The vessel may, indeed,
be regarded as a very early variety of form I 8, for it is transitional between Ritterling I and
form I 8 (Ritterling 2 Aa). Its wall is not so upright as that of Ritterling I, but it has the
same characteristic, viz. that the moulding is less in thickness than the wall on which it
stands, a marked contrast to the moulded rim of form I 8, which is thicker and even more
prominent (Ritterling, Hofheim, p. 204). The external offset is made more prominent by
the. presence of a groove above it, and the internal offset is also present, Claudian, c. A.D. 50.
Pit I
2. Form Ritterling 12. Typologically a later variety of the Claudian type at Hofheim, .the
flange being narrower. Hence it may presumably be dated to the Claudius-Nero period, A.D.
50-60, and the high glaze is in general characteristic of this period. Cf. 0. & P. lxii, 4.
Also form 1 8, footstand illustrated fig. 4, 1, and 2 other small sherds probably Claudian,
and form 29, rim only, insufficient to date.
Pit 7
3. Form Ritterling 9. Similar dimensions (diameter 106 mm.) to Ritterling 9A from Hofheim
(0. & P. xxxix, 6), but no central groove on the side. Good glaze. Claudian, A.D. 40-50.
Also another fragment of form Ritterling 9, probably similar; form Ritterling 8, 2 sherds
44 SAMIAN POTTERY
of probably different bowls, similar to Ritterling 8 from Claudian Hofheim (0. & P. xlviii,
7); form 15, similar profiling to Claudian 15 from Aislingen (0. & P. xliii, 28); form 24,
2 examples, similar to Claudian 24 from Aislingen (0. & P. xl, 8); form 27, footstand with
external groove and 1 other fragment of 2 7; form 1 8, 3 examples, side 2 7 mm. high, similar
to Claudian 18, Hofheim (0. & P. xlv, 1); form 18, flat base, similar to the Claudian 18,
Mainz (0. & P. xlv, 9); form 18, good glaze, small moulding; 2 other fragments form 18.
All probably Claudian, A.D. 40-50.

2 4
FIG. 4-· Samian from early Pits, A.D. 35-50 and House J.W. 2. m
HousE J. W. 2. (see section P-Q, pl. xxx1)
4. Form 37. By BIRAGILL VS of La Graufesenque and Banassac. His ovolo. His lion (0. 1400)
on form 37 BIR AG I L, Cannstatt, and on form 3 7 in his style, Brecon. His double grass-tuft on
form 37 BIRAGI L, Riegel. His plant flanked by inverted festoon-pendant on form 37 BI RAGI L,
Rottenburg. Domitianic, A.D. 80-90. Also form 29, high glaze, pointed leaf, probably
Vespasianic, A.D. 70-80; form 2 7, no groove on footstand, probably Ffavian; I° sherd form 2 7
and 2 form 18, undatable.

Fig. 5
11
Flavian
1. Form 30, small. Style of SABINVS qf La Graufesenque. His ovolo on form 30 from Jedel-
hausen (Knorr, Risstissen, Abb. i, 6, figured by Stanfield (J.R.S. xxvii (1937), 171), in style of
SABINVS. Dancer (0. 371) used by SABINVS on form 37 from Saalburg (Ricken, Saalburg-
Jahrbuch, viii, xiv, 13).
2. Form 30. Rather thin. St. Andrew's Cross, but insufficient to identify. Somewhat similar
to that on form 30 by CALVS of La Graufesenque (CALVS F, Mainz, Knorr, T.S. 1919, pl.
17). Probably Flavian.
1 The Samian from the South-East and Northern groups of Early
Buildings was reported on by the late J. A. Stanfield
in Trans. Leicester Literary and Philosophical Soc. xxxviii.
 SAMIAN POTTERY 45
3. Form 37. Style of MASCVVS of La Graufesenque. His ovolo and use of the two types Warrior
(0. l 8 5) as on form 37 MASCVVS style, London (London Museum) and Hare (0. 2 l 14) on
form 37 OF MASCVI , Steinhausen (Knorr, Cannstatt, l 905, xii, 2).
Also l fragment probably of form 42 and fragments of 2 inkpots, both probably Flavian.
Vespasianic
4. Form 29, upper frieze. Style of MEDDI L L VS of La Graufesenque. Griffin (0. 8 8 l); adjoining
panel with diagonal wavy lines over arrow-heads. c. A.D. 70-80.
5. Form 29, upper frieze. Style of FRONTINVS of La Graufesenque. His leaf, A.D. 70-80.
6. Possibly form 29 (it is rather thin for a form 37). Archer (0. 268), used by so many South
Gaulish potters that in the absence of any other feature it cannot be definitely ascribed to a
particular potter; probably c. A.D. 70-80.
7. Form 37. Style of FRONTINVS of La Graufesenque, his ovolo and his predilection for a
wreath below the ovolo. c. A.D. 70-80.
8. Form 37. Style of VITAL IS of La Graufesenque. His leaf and hare (0. 2056) as on form
37, style of VITALIS, Rottweil (Knorr, Rottweil, 1912, xxi, IO and l l). c. A.D. 70-80.
9. Form 37. Style of FRONT I NVS of La Graufesenque ; his wreath as on form 29, OF FRONT IN I,
Kettering. c. A.D. 70-80.
10. Form 37. Style of VITALIS of La Graufesenque . His ornament as on form 29 OF VITAL,
Vindonissa (Knorr, T.S. 1919, 83E). c. A.D. 70-80.
l I. Form 37. Style of COSIVS and RVFINVS. Their wreath, as on form 29, Nymwegen (Knorr,
T.S. l 9 l 9, pl. 24 A). A.D. 70-80.
12. Form 37. Style of GERMANVS of La Graufesenque. His stag (0. 1755) and similar tree
(Knorr, Rottweil, 1907, viii, l). A.D. 70-80.
l 3. Form 67, rather thin. Perhaps by GERMAN VS of La Graufesenque , but insufficient to identify.
C. A.D. 70-80.

14. Form 78. Style of GERMANVS. His stag (0. q38). A.D. 70-80.
Also form 37, probably style of MOMMO, with his S-godroons forming basal zone, but in-
sufficient to identify; one sherd form 2 9, one form 3 7 with low footstand, one form I 8, wall
39 mm. high, higher than Claudian examples and thicker, one sherd form Curle l l, flange
straight underneath, probably earlier than those that are curved underneath. All probably
Vespasianic.
Also form I 8, small size, with stamp OF CA[. Probably by CAL_VVS of La Graufesenque.
C. A.D. 70-80.

Domitianic
15. Form 37. Style of MERCATOR of La Graufesenque. Victory (0. 8o8B) in panel. Leaf of
MERCATOR as on form 37 MERCATO(retro.), Vindonisa(Kn orr, T.S. 1919, 570). c.A.D. 80-90.
l 6. Form 37. Style of MERCATOR of La Graufesenque. Diana (0. l04B) as on form 37 MERCATO
(retro.), Cologne and Vindonissa. c. A.D. 80-90.
17. Form 37. Style of MERCATOR of La Graufesenque. His ovolo. Dog (0. 1923) used by him
on form 37 MERCATOR (retro.), Gunzburg (Knorr, T.S. 1919, text-fig. 47). c. A.D. 80-90.
l 8..Form 37. Style of M CRESTIO of La Graufesenque . His ovolo with tongue bent to left, as
on form 37 Rottweil in his style (Knorr, Rottweil, l 9 l 2, xxi, 4). In central compartment
Jupiter seated to right (0. 5), used only by Domitianic potters. Corner tendril with lanceolate
bud as on form 37 M CRESTIO, Mainz (Knorr, T.S. l 9 l 9, text-fig. I7E), with a somewhat
 SAMIAN POTTERY

~ 5

17

15

~o
16

Frn. 5. .Samian from deposits contemporary with Forum (I). (!)

 SAMIAN POTTERY 47
similar wreath. He also used festoons with 3 concentric ridges, as on form 37 M CRESTIO,
London (B.M.). Here it contains a hare (0. 2104). The same wreath occurs in nos. 63 and
97 of Stanfield's report. c. A.D. 80-90.
19. Form 37, high glaze but blurred. Style of MASCVYS of La Graufesenque. Metopes with
the characteristic corner-leaf of MASCYYS. From left to right: dancer (0. 368 var.); 'Con-
fabulator' (0. 886); Cupid (0. 406) over grass-tuft; Warrior (0. 155A); Faun (0. 646).
C. A.D. 80-90.

20. Form 37. Style of BIRACILLYS of Banassac. His wreath. c. A.D. 80-90.
21. F.orm 37, rather thick. Style of BIRACILLYS of Banassac. His ovolo. Stags (0. 1745 and
1699); Bird (0. 2250); tree as on form 78 Rottweil (Knorr, Rottweil, 1912, xvii, 5). His
festoons with bird, as on form 37 stamped BIRACIL. (Knorr, Rottweil, 1907, xv, 5.) c. A.D.
80-90.
22. Form 37. Style of BIRACILLYS ofBanassac. His wreath as on form 37, stamped BIRACIL
at Cannstatt (Knorr, Rottweil, 1907, xv. 7). c. A.D. 80-90.
23. Form 37. By L COSIYS of La Graufesenque. His wreath and grass as on form 37 in his
style at Brecon. c. A.D. 80-90.
24. Form 37. Too fragmentary for exact identification. Arrows in the field. Probably c. A.D.
80-90.
25. Form 27 stamped OF PYDE by PYDEN S of La Graufesenque. c. A.D. 80-90.
26. Form 37. La Graufesenque ware. Hitherto impossible to identify or to find a parallel.
MASCYYS uses similar columns for arcades, but these do not seem to be arranged for this
purpose. Probably c. A.D. 80-90.
Also form 37, possibly style of MASCVYS of La Graufesenque, his ovolo, with figure,
perhaps a warrior, but too blurred for identification; form 3 7, with wide plain rim and ovolo
similar to that of BIR AC ILLY S of Banassac; 2 other examples form 3 7; form 18/31 with wall 4 7
mm. high, similar to form 18/31 from Wiesbaden Kastel! (0. & P. xlvi, 3) of Domitianic
date, a slight internal offset. All probably Domitianic.
Domitian-Trajan
27. Form 37. By the so-called 'Anchor' potter. Opposed dolphins in place of ovolo. Vine-leaves
and rosette within scroll of pinnate leaves. Small square beads for bead-rim. (Part of same
bowl already figured by Stanfield, 1 xi, 115, from same level.)
Trajanic
28. Form 37. Style of IYLIYS VIBINYS of Lezoux. His sharp zigzag line. Very fragmentary, but
the caduceus seems to be Mercury (0. 52 5), used later at Blickweiler and La Madeleine.
C. A.D. I 10-20.

Fig. 6
I. Form 37. Style of IY'LIYS YIBINYS. His sharp zigzag and shield. A rivet-hole, hence this
piece had a long life. c. A.D. 110-20.
2. Form I 8/ 3 I. By MICCIYS of Lubie. Stamped MICCIYS. F. A.D. I I0-20.
· Also form 37, small plain rim, ovolo too bl,urred for identification, figure possibly a sea-
monster, orange-red glaze; form Curle 1 1, with ivy leaves and cross-strokes on flange, curved
on underside; form Curle 11, rim only, cf. 0. & P. lxxi, 19; form Curle 1 1, flange broken,
but no interior moulding, hence probably late and aberrant; form Curle 11, variety, flange
1 Leicester I9J6.
 SAMIAN POTTERY
mostly brQken off, on interior only a groove instead of the usual moulding; form 7 5, probably
the upright side of form 7 5 0. & P. lxxxiv, 6, but without decoration, only a groove. Prob-
ably all Trajanic.
Trajan-Hqdrian
3. Form 30, with rouletted decoration and well-marked interior fluting, cf. 0. & P. lxxvi, 2.
C. A,D, I I 5-20.
4. Form 3 7. Only the ovolo, with only a single border and a radiate rosette on a stalk of diagonal
beads, is present, and this is typical of several potters in the Trajan-Hadrian period, c. A.D.
I 10-25, viz. GRATVS, PATERCL VS, RAN TO, MEDETVS and the so-called 'Anchor potter', all
of Vichy. In the absence of any details of decoration, this piece cannot be ascribed to a
definite potter.
5. (Leicester I9J6. 1 ) Form 37, Central Gaulish fabric. Cruciform ornament, Dech. fig. 115;
bearded man, Dech. 523, and seated figure, rings and sharp zigzag lines. All these types
were used by an anonymous potter whom it is convenient to refer to as the 'Leaf-Cross' potter,
from his very frequent use of that ornament. His work is constantly found on early second-
century sites, and is easy to recognize, as his ornamental and figure types, compared with
those used by most potters, were few.
6. (Leicester I9J6.) Form 18, stamped PATERCLV(S). Note the straighter wall, the slightly
larger size, &c., of the Central Gaulish shape as compared with earlier forms, e.g. Leicester
I9J6, pl. III, 42.
7. (Leicester I9J6.) Form 33, stamped MATERN I. M. The curvature of the wall is marked.
Hadrianic
8. Form 37. By the so-called 'Anchor Potter'. Gladiator (O.· 1027). Restored in the drawing
from a form 3 7 at Cologne (Niessen Collection, lxv, 169 3 t). A.D. 120-30.
9. Form 37. By the so-called 'Anchor Potter'. Rows of rosettes between bead-rows, above a
scroll identical with a fragment from London (B.M., Walters CRP, M. 108 5) with his
characteristic astragali below. c. A.D. 120-5.
10. Form 37. Style of CRICIRO of Lezoux, who uses the erotic group· (0. Erotic B) as well as
a vine scroll enclosing medallions. Bird (0. 2239 B). c. A.D. 130-5.
11. (Leicester I9J6.) Rim of variant of form 42 (dish) with overhanging lip and rim decorated
en barbotine: or it may be a variant of form Ritterling 14 (dish form), but with barbotine.
12. (Leicester I9J6.) Form 27, stamped with a ring in the place usually occupied by the potter's
stamp. This is a late example of the form, vide the folded-over lip and the flattened contour
of the upper part of the rim.
13. (Leicester I9J6.) CERIA for CERIALIS. Stamp on form 27.
14. (LeicesterI936.) Form 18, stamped PRISCINVS. The base is high at the centre.
15. (Leicester I9J6.) Curle form 15.
Hadrian-Antonine
16. Form 37. Style of SACER of Lezoux. Ornament used by SACER, who also uses sea-animals
(e.g. form 37 Silchester). Hadrian-Antonine. c. A.D. 130-40.
1 Those marked Leicester r936 were included in the 1936 reported upon by the late J. A. Stanfield, whose report is
interim report on· the Jewry Wall excavations (Trans. transcribed here. Only the latest sherds are included, bearing
Leicester Literary and Philosophical Soc. xxxviii) and were on the dating evidence for the level.
 SAMIAN POTTERY 49

1
)

I~ I
I
3

. ---------------~·---·~----. -------------------------·.
- ---- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -,y/

,,
/

--- ---- ----<"-

--
-----------~ 15
Fw. 6. Samian from deposits contemporary with Forum (I). (t)

H
50 SAMIAN POTTERY

Fig. 7
II
Trajanic
I. Form 30. Probably Lezoux ware. Chevron wreath between rows of beads, forming basal
border of design. Probably c. A.D. I 10-20.
Trajan-Hadrian
2. Form 37. By the so-called 'Anchor Potter'. His style of vine-leaves and grapes. c. A.D.
I 15-25.
3. Form 37. By the so-called 'Anchor Potter'. Vine-leaves characteristic of this potter. Same
design on form 37, London (Oswald collection) by the 'Anchor Potter', with blurred astra-
gali.
4. Form 27. By DONTIO of Lezoux. Stamped DONTIO lllC. c. A.D. I 15-25.
Hadrianic
5. Form 67, with cut-glass technique. Lezoux ware. Probably A.D. 120-30.
,,.---.,
6. Form 33. By TETTV.RO of Lezoux. Stamped TETTVR. c. A.D. 120-30.
Also 2 fragments of form 37, one with alternate large and small beads as typically used
by AL B VCIV S of Lezoux; form 3 6, diam. 2 2 6 mm., hence rather larger than the Heiligen berg
form 36 of Trajan-Hadrian date (0. & P. liii, 10); form 38, base and footstand only, all prob-
ably Hadrianic.
H adrian-Antonine
7. Form37. ByMERCATORofLezoux. Hisstyle. Bird(0.2326),Panmask(0.1214). c.A.D.
130-40.
Also form 38, probably Hadrian-Antonine.
Antonine
8. Form Ludowici Tk' (0. & P. lxv, 2). A Rheinzabern type, but the glaze and technique may
signify that it was made at Lezoux. An unusual type. Probably c. A.D. 140-50.
9. Form I 8/ 3 I. By MICCIO of Lubie. Stamped MICCIO F[EC. c. A.D. 140-50.
10. Form 45 (mortarium). By PATER of Lezoux. Stamped PATER·F on the collar of the mor-
tarium. c. A.D. 140-50.
Also form 37 with a vine scroll and a bird in the upper angle, and form 44, possibly as
large as 0. & P. lxi, 3 from Niederbieber. Both probably Antonine.

III
Trajanic
1 I. Form 37, worn surface. Style of RAN TO of Vichy. His ovolo and crown in the field with 8
beads. Usually he employs a wavy line, but exceptionally he has a bead-row below the ovolo
as in the 3 7 in his style at Rottweil (Knorr, Rottweil, 1907, ix, 1).
12. Form 37. Signature of ARCANVS in cursive below decoration, ARCA[NYS. Indication of
palm leaves in decoration as on form 37 ARCANVS Bockingen and Moulins.
Also rim of form 37, blurred ovolo above thick wavy line, and form 31, diameter 272 mm.,
similar dimensions to 31 (Sb), 0. & P. xlvi, 6. Both probably Trajanic.
 SAMIAN POTTERY 51
Trajan-Hadrian
13. Form 33. By ALBVCIVS of Lezoux. Stamped ALBV[Cl. c. A.D. II5-25.
Also base of form 37; form 18/31, height ofwall 40 mm. Cf. 0. & P. xlvi, 4 and side of
a large form 3 l. All probably Trajan-Hadrian.

84 •
~" 5
6

CJiATEP.•F)

10

~ ..
~
-~
' .... 15
13 .

12 14

16

1.9

20
22 23
Frn. 7. Samian from deposits contemporary with Bath Building (II), A.D. 15o-60 (1-10) and Level III,
C. A.D. 180 (11-23). (t)

Hadrianic
14. Form 37. By AVSTRVS of Lezoux. Satyr (0. 604, smaller variety), used only by AVSTRVS.
A.D. l 20-30.
I 5. Form 33. By SACIRVS of Lezoux. Stamped SA]CIRV. c. A.D. 125-35.
Also rim of form 3 7, ovolo with 3-pronged tongue above bead-row, probably Lezoux ware;
rim of form 37 with small, worn ovolo above bead-row, probably Lezoux ware; and footstand
of form 37, undercut. All probably Hadrianic.
52 SAMIAN POTTERY
H adrian-Antonine
16. Form 37, blackened by heat. By MOXSIVS of Lezoux. His double spiral and his leaf.
Panther (0. 15 l 8). Bear (0. 1620, small var.). c. A.D. 130-40.
Antonine
17. Form 37. By CINNAMVS of Lezoux. His ovolo. Perseus (0. 234), used by him. His orna-
ment and festoon. c. A.D. 140-50.
18. Form 37. By CINNAMVS of Lezoux. His ovolo. Bird (0. 2239B). c. A.D. 140-50.
19. Form 37. Sty1e of Cl NNAMVS of Lezoux. Nude man (0. 688) with the field filled with leaves
and the lozenge ornament. c. A.D. 140.
20. Form 37. By CINNAMVS of Lezoux. His ovolo. Stamped CINNA]MI (retro.). c. A.D. 140-50.
2I. Form 37. By CINNAMVS of Lezoux. His ovolo, acanthus and lozenge ornament, all in a
scroll. c. A.D. 140-50.
22. Form 33. By MARCVS of Lezoux. Stamped ·MARCIM. c. A.D. 140-50.
23. Form 33. By BELLIN ICCVS of Lezoux., Stamped BELINl·Cl[M (retro.). It occurs at Newstead,
Antonine period. A.D. 140-50.
Also 2 other sherds of form 37 by CINNAMVS, l with fragment of a vine-leaf used by him
on a form 37 from Lezoux (Oswald collection); the second with his ovolo. Antonine form
33, no groove on inside of lip, a groove centrally on exterior, cf. 0. & P. Ii, l 6, probably
late Antonine, c. A.D. l 50-60.

Fig. 8
v
Hadrianic
r. Form 37. Apparently a Silenus holding up a cup in his right hand, a type not hitherto
recorded. Probably Hadrianic.
2. Small bowl, form 67, thin walled, high glaze. Imitation cut-glass technique. Lezoux ware.
C. A.D. l 20-30.
Also form 37, high glaze, ovolo probably of ALBINVS of Lezoux, in view of the small beads
below the ovolo, which are characteristic of ALBINVS, though also used by some other potters,
e.g. ADVOCJSVS with larger beads; and side of form 18/31, diameter 168 mm., height of
wall 42 mm., very similar to the Trajan-Hadrian l 8/ 31 BONOXSF of Lezoux (0. & P.
xlvi, 4). Both probably Hadrianic.
H adrian-Antonine
3. Form 37 with bear (0. 1581), which occurs on a form 37 by COBNERTVS of Lezoux, found
in London (London Museum) and inscribed· COBN]ERTI below the decoration. c. A.D.
130-40.
4. Form l 8/ 3 I. BAN[YI LL I M, as already recorded at Leicester and at Balmuildy, by BANVI LL VS
of Lezoux.
5· Form 33 with stamp VERTECISSA·F· By VERTECISSA of Lezoux. c. A.D. 130-40.
Also form 37 with panel enclosed by bead-rows, possibly a Hercules holding a Medusa
head, cf. 0. 782, used according to Dechelette by CVRMILLVS, but not identical. Probably
Hadrian-Antonine.
 SAMIAN POTTER Y 53
Antonine
6. Form 37. A fig-tree with only 4 leaves instead of 5 as in Trajanic and Hadrianic examples.
The Cupid (0. 4I9) is used on Hadrian-A ntonine forms 37 in the style of LAXTVCISS A
and MOXSIVS. But the bud occurs on bowls in the style of CINNAMVS at Brigetio (Juhasz,
Brigetio, iv, II and vii, 7); the dog (0. I98o) is often used by CINNAMVS ; the probability
therefore is that this specimen is by CINNAMVS and of Antonine age.

~1 € 5
2
4

..
FIG. 8. Samian from Level V, c. A.D. 200. (!)

7. Form 37. Metopes formed by bead-rows. Leg, with hoot of Diana seated on rock (0. I I I)
used several times by CINNAMVS . In the next metope the small panther (0. I5I9) with tail
broken off, hence a worn type first used by IOENALIS, a Trajan-Ha drian potter. Probably
by CINNAMVS of Lezoux. c. A.D. I40.
8. Form 37. By CASVRIVS of Lezoux. Three pieces of same bowl, with a join showing that
each arcade contained the same figure. The design in arcades is a new feature of this potter,
and is not found in the monograph on CASVRIVS by J.A. Stanfield (C. & W. A. & A. Trans.
xxxv, N.s.) nor in the specimens I obtained from Lezoux, found by Dr. Plicque. The figure
in the arcade is a faun (0. 638) and is highly characteris tic of CASVRIVS. The ovolo (Stan-
field 5), the vine-leaf (Stanfield 22), and the peculiar rod as on nos. I2, q, and I9 of Stan-
field's monograph have been shown by him to be typical of CASVRIVS, and the bowl is of
Antonine date, c. A.D. I 50, somewhat later than the work of DOECCVS, from whom CASVRIVS
borrowed several of his types.
 54 SAMIAN POTTERY
Also form 37 with only ovolo above bead-row, similar ovolo to that of CINNAMVS ofLezoux;
worn fragment of form 3 7 with part of large vine-leaf; and 3 other fragments of form 3 7.
All probably Antonine.

Fig. 9
VI
Hadrianic
I. Form 37. By ALBVCIVS of Lezoux. Burnt black by heat. His style, ovolo, small beads, and
frequent use of the Cupid with torches (0. 450), with rings in the field. c. A.D. 125-30.
2. Form 18/3I. Probably by SENILIS of Lezoux. Stamped SENIL[·l·M or SENILIS. A.D.
125-30.
3· Form 18/31. Stamped HA·BILIS·[F. By HABILIS of Lezoux. c. A.D. 125-35·
Also form 37, rim with only fragment of an ovolo and thin wavy line, possibly the work of
ALBVCIVS of Lezoux, who uses a similar ovolo and sharp wavy line; large form 31, good
glaze, diameter about 270 mm., similar 1n size and shape to form 31 by ALBVCIVS, Silchester
(0. & P. xlvi, 6), of Hadrianic age. Both probably Hadrianic.
H adrian-Antonine
4. Form 37. Style of ADVOCISVS of Lezoux. His ovolo, occurring on most of his signed pieces.
The boar (0. 1642) occurs on form 37 stamped ADVOCISI at Margidunum . The panther
(0. I 542) occurs on form 37 stamped ADVOCISI from Lezoux (Leiden Museum) and on 37
stamped ADVOCISI at Moulins. c. A.D. 130-40.
5. Form 37. By ADVOCISVS ofLezoux. His acanthus wreath as on form 37 ADVOCISI at Margi-
dunum. His ovolo as on form 37 ADVOCISI at Wroxeter (not his usual ovolo). A.D. 130-40.
6. Form 37. By LAXTVCISSA ofLezoux. His ovolo; dog (0. 1974 A) as on form 37 LAXTVCIS F
.at Chester. A.D. 130-40.
7. Form 72. Incised cut-glass technique. Drawing restored after 0. & P. lxxvii, 1, from Lezoux,
to which this small fragment shows much similarity. High glaze and good execution.
Probably·c. A.D. 130-40 (0. & P., p. 224).
8. Form 33. Stamped CENIALIS M, the beginning of the stamp partly blurred. By CENIALIS
• of Lezoux. c. A.D. 1 30-40 .
9. Form 38. By BRICCVS of Lezoux. Good glaze. Stamped BRICCl·M. The same form with
the same stamp occurs also at Silchester and York. A.D. 130-40.
Also form 72, incised cut-glass technique, Lezoux ware, simple oblique incisions; and
form 3 8. Both probably Hadrian-Antonine. ,
Antonine
IO. Form 37. By DOECCVS of Lezoux. His ovolo and same goat (0. 18 51) on a form 37 stamped
DOI ICCI at Silchester (May, Silchester, xxvi, 44). c. A.D. 140-50.
I 1. Form 37. By DOECCVS of Lezoux. His ovolo and similar 'ram's horn' ornament as on 37
DOI ICCVS retro. at Astwick. A.D. 140-50.
12. Form 37. By DOECCVS of Lezoux. His festoon and bird (0. 2252) as on form 37 DOllCI at
Geneva (Deonna, Vases gallo-romains a Geneve, fig. 100). A.D. 140-50.
13. Form 37. By DIVIXTVS of Lezoux. Identical, from same mould, as 37 DIVIX·F at Carlisle
(May & Hope, Catalogue of the Roman Pottery in the Museum, Tu/lie House, Carlisle, v, 6 3).
Medallion containing 4 small circles each with a central rosette, round a central rosette.
 ~ 6
( ',
;.\
-.\\_, i\~>""
3 Q() .4

/4

~
17

19
22
FIG. 9. Samian from Level VI, c. A.D. 220 (1-15) and Level VII, first half third century (16-22). (t)
56 SAMIAN POTTER Y
Caryatid (0. 1199) with an obscure object over her head, possibly a canopy; it occurs also
at Balmuildy on a form 37 in the style of DIVIXTVS (Miller, Balmuildy, xxxiii, 24). Erotic
group B, much used by DIVIXTVS. A.D. 140-50.
14. Form 37. By CASVRIVS of Lezoux. His ovolo, large beads and use of Cupid (0. 382).
A.D. 140-.,.50.
15. Form 37. By CASVRIVS of Lezoux. His particular vine-leaf. A.D. 140-50.
Also form 37, obscure and blurred design, square beads used by several potters, e.g.
PATERNVS . A.D. 140-50.
VII
Hadrianic
16. Form 37 of Lezoux. Two fragments. Style of LAXTVCISS A of Lezoux. His characteristic
ovolo and small beads. Acanthus tips in field. Panther (0. 1509). Bear (0. 1617). Dog
(0. I 9 8 5 A). C. A.D. I 2 5-30.
17. Form 33. By MAXIMINYS of Lezoux. Stamped MAXIMIN. c. A.D. 130.

H adrian-Antonine
18. Form 37. Style of PAVLL VS of Lezoux. Mercury (0. 532, small var.) as used on a form 37
signed PAV L LI retro. below the decoration. A.D •. 1 30-40.
19. Form 18/31. By MARCELLI NVS of Lezoux. Stamped MARCELLI NI F. c. A.D. 130-40.
Also form 37, perhaps by ADVOCISVS , his ovolo, but other potters use the same ovolo;
form 37, ovolo used by several potters, e.g. ADVOCISVS , PATERNVS ; form 31, Sb, cf.
0. & P. xlvi, 6 of ALBVCIVS ; form 79, part of base, cf. 0. & P. lviii, 1; form 38. All
probably Hadrian-Antonine.
Antonine
20. Form 37. Perhaps by PATERNY,S of Lezoux. Ornamenta l tree (Dechelette 1115), small
size, used by several potters from Trajanic to Antonine periods. But this is associated with
a bead-row of oblique beads as used by PATERNVS and it is probably his work. c. A.D. 140-50.
21. Form 37. By CINNAMVS of Lezoux. His ovolo, ornaments, and style. Cock (0. 2348 var.),
kneeling warrior (0. 204), Vulcan without pincers (0. 66), Venus (0. 331). A.D. 140-50.
Also form 44, base with indication of groove below the short projecting flange; inkpot
with moulding round the edge, as in second- and third-centu ry examples, probably near to
the Antonine type Ludowici Aa from Rheinzabe rn (0. & P. lxx, 6). Both probably Antonine.
Third Century
22. Form 37. Style of ALPINIVS of Treves. His ovolo. Scroll as on form 37 Treves (Folzer,
xii, 1 1, 2 1 ; xiv, 2, 4, 34; xix, 6, 1 1, 16; xxiv, 20); but he borrowed this from the earlier
Treves potters. It occurs at Niederbieb er and evidently belongs to the later period there
(xii, 21). The double flute-player (0. 621 and Folzer 541) occurs on work of ALPINIVS at
Treves (Folzer, xxii, 6, 22-4). A.D. 220-40.

Fig. IO
IX
H adrian-Antonine
r. Form 37, rather thin. By ALBVCIVS of Lezoux. His ovolo and characteristic bead-row;
his row of buds in the field. Part of a small dog, not identifiable. A.D. 1 30-40.
 SAMIAN POTTERY 57
2. Form 33. By BORILLYS of Lezoux. Stamped BORl]LLl·OF. A.D. 130-40.
Also form 3 8, characteristic footstand, good glaze; and form 3 8, short rim without mould-
ing, cf. 0. & P. lxxii, 8. Both Hadrian._Antonine.
Antonine
3. Form 37. Style of CINNAMYS ofLezoux. Venus and pillar(0.322) often used by CINNAMYS
in a medallion. c. A.D. 140-50. .
Also 2 large forms 3 1 ; form 3 2 ; form 3 3 ; 9 forms 3 8 ; form 4 5, collar with radiate incised
lines, to facilitate the fixing on of the lion's head spout, some white quartz grit; form 45,
rather worn internally, probably Lezoux ware, groove below rim, cf. 0. & P. lxxiv, 1; form·

~·
1

Fw. 10. Samian from Level IX, first quarter fourth century. (t)

45 with fine white quartz grit; form 45, imitation Samian ware; form 79, Lezoux ware, 2
pairs of rivet-holes, interior offset at jupction of wall with base, rouletted circular zone near
centre; form 79, Lezoux ware. All probably Antonine.
Third Century
4. Form 37, thick and worn. Style of ALPINIYS of Treves. His ovolo (Folzer, type 954); his
leaf (Folzer, type 772). Similar to the bowl figured by Folzer, xxiii, 23. c. A.D. 220-30.

Fig. II

WEST BLOCK, SECOND LEVEL OF BA TH Bt:7ILDING

Hadrian-Antonine
1. Form 81. Cf. 0. & P. lxi, 8, from York. By REGYLYS of Lezoux. Stamped on the side,
but faint and incomplete, probably REGYLI.
Antonine
Form 37. By CINNAMYS of Lezoux, his ovolo; form 38, characteristic footstand.

WEST. BLOCK, THIRD LEVEL OF BATH BUILDING

Hadrian-Antonine
2. Form 33, small size. By METTIYS of Lezoux. Stamped METTl·M.
 SAMIAN POTTERY

SW. BUILDING, SECOND LEVEL

Hadrianic
3. Form 37, wit~ ovolo of SAC ER. as on· 37 SACER·F Saalburg (Ricken, Saalburg-Jahrbuch, ix,
Taf. 17, 2) with the tongue slightly bent to right. SACER, too, frequently uses this trefoil
ornament, though in simpler form. c. A.D. 125-35.

/;?-:~;;~~~:~,
I/
IJ

6
Frn. I I. Samian from West Block, 2nd (1) and 3rd (2) levels of Bath Building, SW. Block, second level
(3-5) and.Make-up of top surviving Road Surface (6). (!)

H adrian-Antonine
4. Form 37, worn fragment. Hare (0. 2129A) used by CRICIRO of Lezoux, as on 37 Lezoux
(Oswald Collection) inscribed CRICIRO below the decoration, and on 37 London (London
Museum), also inscribed CRICIRO. c. A.D. 130-40.
Antonine
5. Form 37 with decoration in free-style of CINNAMVS of Lezoux. Stag (0. 1720); Panther
(0. 1537) with fig-leaves in the field made by using the point of his fig-tree with the top two
leaves. c. A.D. 140.
 SAMIAN POTTERY 59
IN MAKE-UP OF ToP SURVIVING RoAD-SURFACE
Antonine
6. Form 37. By PATERNYS of Lezoux. His vine-leaf and rosettes, and his style of vine-scroll.
C. A.D. I40-50.

Fig. 12
Early Samian from later Contexts
Tiberian
From II
I. This is probably the earliest piece in the collection. It is Loeschcke's Type I A _and closely
similar to his fig. I on Abb. I (Ha/tern, p. I 39), distinctly earlier than the Claudian varieties
of form I6 at Hofheim. See 0. & P. xli, 2. This piece may, I think, be dated Tiberian and
would belong to pre-Conquest deposit by commercial drift, like the Arretine decorated piece
by CORNELIYS found below Campion's premises to the east of the Jewry "Vlall excavations,
figured by me, Antiq. Journ. xiii, 58. Indeed, this fragment has quite an Arretine appearance.

Claudian
From!
2. Form 29, upper frieze. Straight wreath of sessile, pinnate, bifid leaves, ranged on a central
axis of beads. These leaves are characteristic of the potter SCOTTIYS of La Graufesenque.
This upper frieze is already figured by me in Archaeologia, lxxviii (I 928), p. 87, from London.
C. A.D. 50.
3. Form 29, lower frieze. High glaze. Bird looking back to right (0. 2290 var.). The same
pendant occurs only in the work of FELIX of La Graufesenque, between similar festoons on
form 29 from Tarraco, stamped OF FEICIS. c. A.D. 50.
4. Form 30. Style of SEN ICIO of La Graufesenque. Same palmate leaf and spiral bud as on
form 29 Mainz, stamped SE[N ICIO·F. c. A.D. 45-50.
5. Form Ritterling I. Side and part of base; high glaze. Very similar dimensions (diameter
I64 mm.) to form Ritterling I, Mainz, by MACCARYS (0. & P. xliv) but with flatter base.
C. A.D. 45-50.
6. Form 27. Stamped OF LICIN. By LICINYS of La Graufesenque. c. A.D. 50.
7. Form 31. Similar dimensions to 0. & P. xlv, I I . Stamped OF~/ITALIS·P. The P is un-
usual but it is distinct, and there is a stamp YIT ALI S PF on a form I 8 at Kettering. Probably
Claudian.
Also form I 5, 2 examples, small size with flat base, similar dimensions to Claudian I s's
from Aislingen (0. & P. xliii, 28 and 29); form 24, with high footstand as on 0. & P. xl, 6,
ARDACI, Mainz, Claudian; form 24, rouletted rim, diameter c. Io4 mm., similar to 0. & P.
xl, 8, OF PATRI at Aislingen. All probably Claudian.
From II
8. Form 29. By LICINYS of La Graufesenque. His typ~ of small vine-leaves in the upper frieze
as on form 29 at Vindonissa and Bregenz (Knorr, T.S. I9I9, 47F-H). A.D. 40-50.
9. Form 29. By MASCLYS of La Graufesenque. His festoons as on form 29 London (L.M.)
OF MASCLI, and his trifid ornament as on form 30 London (B.M.) (Walters, C.R.P. M. 444)
M]ASCLVS. A.O. 40-50.
60 SAMIAN POTTERY

\:;,,u•unQ=•:'~J .
(;."..f',e~r~~...f{6'/;/..C'-'1-Lr~""-"'ULIU°"'Ud/.1fJ- -

~;,t _ -
-

- - - - _t =.-_-_-_---~----~·::)
- - - -- - - - -
..----IJ
i

e '

8 9

13

14

e 17

2.0 21
e 24
25
FIG. 12. Early Samian from later contexts: Tiberian (1), Claudian (2-25). (!)
 SAMIAN POTTERY
10. Form 29. By MOMMO of La Graufesenque. His unusual olive wreath with dots and chevrons
and a bird (0. 2287A) in the concavity occurs also on form 30 at London (GB.) in the style
of MOMMO (his early work). c. A.D. 45-50.
l l. Form 30. By MA SC L V S of La Graufesenque. His ovolo -and rosette with corner tendril.
12. Form 30. By MASCL VS of La Graufesenque. High glaze. His ovolo and similar tendril
bindings. The large leaf is similar to that used by MASCL VS. A.D. 40-50.
13. Form 30. By INGENVVS of La Graufesenque. No exact parallel, but this specimen is en-
tirely similar to his work, especially on his craters, as at N euss (Knorr, T. S. 19l9, 4 1G); and
on form 29 at Strasbourg. Very Arretine in feeling. A.D. 40-5.
14. Form Ritterling 8. By VOL VS of La Graufesenque. Large size, thin ware, good glaze.
C. A.D. 45-50.
l 5. Form l 7. Somewhat worn fragment. Good glaze. Slightly smaller than the Claudian example,
stamped SILVANI from Mainz (0. & P. xlii, 8). A.D. 40-50.
l 6. Form l 8, early type, near to Ritterling 2 Ab with its small moulding of the rim, but with a
flatter interior like Ritterling 2 Aa. The wall is more curved and thinner near its top edge.
It is a distinctly early Claudian type, with good glaze. A slight offset internally at junction
of side and base. A fine circular groove about half-way between side and centre. Stamp
missing. c. A.D. 45-50.
q. Form 27. By CRESTVS of La Graufesenque. Stamped OF c·REST (retro.) c. A.D. 40-50.
Also form 30, high glaze, ovolo fragmentary, possibly by MASCL VS of La Graufesenque
and base probably of form Ritterling 9, similar in dimensions to 0. & P. xxxix, 5 from
Claudian Hofheim. Both probably c. A.D. 40-50.
From disturbed levels
r8. Form 24. La Graufesenque ware. Small size, similar to the Claudia:n form 24 from Mainz
(0. & P. xl, 5). Faint rouletting. A.D. 45-50.
l 9. Form l 5 (probably). By REVS or RHYS of Montans. Stamped RI IVSGFF in swallowtail frame.
A rouletted zone and rectangular foots tan d. I cannot find any exact parallel, but there is no room
for a letter in front of the R. The G is difficult to explain, and it is followed not by FE but FF.
The swallowtail frame is an early feature and the lettering is good and large. c. A.D. 40-50.
20. Form l 5· By CELER of Montans. Stamped CELER(Z)S. c. A.D. 40-50. The stamp CELEROS
occurs on an early form l 5 at London (L.M.) and at Mainz.
2 I. Form l 8. By BASSVS of La Graufesenque. Stamped OF BASSI. c. A.D. 40-50.
22. Form l 8. Perhaps by PRIMVS of La Graufesenque. It has an early pre-Flavian appearance,
and the fragmentary stamp approximates to a Claudian stamp from Hofheim (Ritterling,
Hofheim, xxii, 239) and is restored· accordingly.
23. Form 27. By CRESTVS of La Graufesenque. Stamped OF CRES retro. c. A.D. 40-50.
24. Small form 27, high glaze. By DEMOCVS of La Graufesenque. Stamped DEMOC. c. A.D.
40-50.
25. Form 46, early form. By RVSTICVS of La Graufesenque. The form is Hermet's 8A.
RVSTICVS in circle. c. A.D. 40-50.

Fig. 13
Claudius~Nero
From I
Form Ritterling l 2, flange slightly curved underneath, similar to 0. & P. lxxi, 8 from Ais-
lingen; Form l 5, with rectangular base of footstand, and nearly flat base, only rising slightly
 SAMIAN POTTERY
to its centre, a circular rouletted zone on the base, similar dimensions to the Claudian 15,
Aislingen (0. & P. xlii, 17). Both probably Claudiur-Nero, c. A.D. 50-60.
From II
I. Form 29. Style of PASSENVS of La Graufesenque. His wreath of ivy-leaves as on form 29
London (B.M.) stamped OF PASSEN; and his pinnate leaves (filling up scroll concavities, as
on form 29 London (G.H.) stamped OF PASSENI. c. A.D. 50-60.
2. Form 29, upper frieze. Style of FELIX of La Graufesenque. Large beads. Festoons similar
to form 29, upper frieze, stamped OF FEIC London (G.H.). c. A.D. 50-60.

1oc&

.8
8 11

~.::;.;:~-;r~,)
~~.~~~=========:;5::::-===-::::==-·
9
FIG. 13· Early Samian from later contexts: Claudius-Nero (1-4), Neronic (5), Nero-Vespasian (6-II). (!)

3. Form 29, upper frieze. Style of FELIX. Hares (0. 2078 and 2045), the same as on form 29,
upper frieze, stamped OF FELICIS, Mainz (Knorr, T.S. 1919, text-fig. 19). c. A.D. 50-60.
4. Form 29, upper frieze. Probably by MODESTVS of La Graufesenque. Similar radiate leaf
on upper frieze of form 29, stamped OF MODEST, Vechten (Knorr, T.S. 1919, 58A). c. A.D.
50-60.
Also Form 27, small example, beaked moulding. Probably c. A.D. 60-70.
From VJ
Inkpot (Ritterling 13) made at La Graufesenque. Diameter 98 mm., evidently a little larger
than the Hofheim example, but insufficient to restore the interior or to infer the exact ~eight.
Possibly c. A.D. 50-60.

Neronic
From VII
5. Form 27, upper part missing. Stamp indistinct, but appears to be COCASI (COCASI), which
occurs at Poitiers and Trion, but is otherwise unknown. Good glaze, with a well-marked
groove on the footstand, hence pre-Flavian. Probably A.D. 60-70.
 SAMIAN POTTERY
N ero-Vespasian
From I
Form 18, diameter 186 mm., wa.ll 36 mm. high, somewhat similar dimensions to the Claudian
form 18, Silchester (0. & P. xlv, rn), but a little larger and wall higher. Form 18, good
glaze, wall 30 mm. high, rather higher than Claudian examples. Both probably c. A.D. 60-70.
From II
6. Form 29, upper frieze. Large beads. Design too fragmentary and insufficient to identify.
Probably c. A.D. 60-70.
7. Form 29. Probably by MELVS of La Graufesenque. He has similar intersecting circles and
also similar rosettes (Knorr, T.S. 1919, Taf. 56). A.D. 60-70.
8. Form 29, lower frieze. Not identifiable. Probably c. A.D. 60-70. .
9. Form 15. By CERMANYS of La Graufesenque. Stamped CER[MAN I. c. A.D. 6 5-7 5.
IO. Form 27. By IVCVNDYS of La qraufesenque. Stamped OF IYCYN. c. A.D. 65-75.

From VII
11. Form 27. By MEMOR of La Graufesenque. Rather a large example. Stamped MMORIS as
at Wroxeter. c. A.D. 60-70.

Fig. 14
-Vespasianic
From II
1. Form 29. By MEDDILLVS of La Graufesenque. His St. Andrew's Cross and dolphin (0.
2390). His arrow-heads. Eagle (0. 2175), bird on right (0. 2267), griffin (0. 880), bird
on left (0. 2232). c. A.D. 70-80.
2. Form 29. By MEDDILLVS of La Graufesenque. Almost identical with form 29, Mainz,
stamped ME01LLVS (Knorr, T.S. 1919, 55B). Festoons containing the cuneiform leaf,
above godroons and a basal wreath.
3. Form 29, lower frieze. Style of MOM MO of La Graufesenque. Eagle (0. 2180), used by
MOM MO with the same corner leaves on form 37 at Pompeii (Atkinson 16 and 11). c. A.D.
70-5.
4. Form 29, lower frieze. Style of IVCVNDVS of La Graufesenque. Demi-godroons (blurred),
above a wreath composed of bifurcated leaflets. c. A.D. 70-80.
5. Form 29, lower frieze. Style of PASSIENVS of La Graufesenque. His wreath as on form 29,
Kreuznach OF PASSENI (Knorr, T.S. 1919, text-fig. 40) and at Rottweil OF PASS[ (ibid.,
Taf. 63B).
6. Form 29, lower frieze. Style of YITALIS of La Graufesenque. Scroll with small goose
(0. 2386) as on form 37, style of VITALIS (Knorr, Rottweil, 1912, xxi, 1, 2, 3, and 5).
C. A.D. 70-80.

7. Form 29, lower frieze. By VIT ALIS of La Graufosenque. His leaf as on 29 OF YIT AL, Bonn,
and on 2 9 OF VITAL, London, South Kensington Museum, with same beads at junction.
C. A.D. 70-80.

8. Form 29. Probably by FELIX of La Graufesenque. Cf. 29 OF FELICIS Mainz (Knorr,

T.S. 1919, text-fig. 19). A.D. 70-80. .
9. Form 29, lower frieze. Perhaps by FRONTINYS of La Graufesenque, who used a similar ·
fan-tailed leaf on form 29, Rottweil (Knorr, Rottweil, 1912, iv, 3) in his style. c. A.D. 70-80.
 ~
~12 4~
~13 14

18

~
\i~o
- -
-

27
2:Q]J28
<(("

. vespasianic. m
. from later contexts.
FIG. 14. Early Sam1an
 SAMIAN POTTERY
IO. Form 29, lower frieze, but without basal countersunk grooving. By COSIVS and RVFINVS
of La Graufesenque. The same leaf with bifurcated centre spray is used by COSIVS and
RVFINVS on form 29, Vechten stamped COSI RV (Knorr, T.S. 1919, 24B) and on 29, Rhein-
gonheim (ibid., text-fig. 44) stamped COSI RV. c. A.o. 80.
11. Form 29, upper' frieze. Unusual arrow-heads, not identified with any known potter. c. A.D.
70-80.
12. Form 29, lower frieze. Insufficient to identify with any known potter. c. A.D. 70-80.
13. Probably form 29, lower frieze. Wreath only. Probably c. A.D. 70-80.
14. Form 29, upper frieze. Insufficient to identify with any known potter. Probably c. A.D.
70-80.
15. Form 30. By VITAL IS of La Graufesenque. His pendant between festoons, as on form 29
OF VITAL, Poitiers.
16. Form 37. By M CRESTIO of La Graufesenque. His 4-pronged tassel of ovolo as on form 37,
Mainz (Knorr, T.S. 1919, text-fig. I7E and F). A.D. 70-80.
q. Form 37. Style of MOMMO of La Graufesenque. His ovolo and S-godroons and birds
(0. 224 7 and 2290). c. A.D. 70-5.
18. Form 37. Probably by MOMMO of La Graufesenque, who frequently uses S-godroons in
series as a basal border. A.D. 70-80.
19. Form 37, 2 pieces. High glaze. Probably by VITAL IS of La Graufesenque; his grass-tuft, as
on form 29 Mainz, stamped OF VlTA. c. A.D. 70-80.
20. Form 37. Style of VITALIS of La Graufesenque. His vertical leaves. A.D. 70-80.
21. Form 37. Style of VITAL IS of La Graufesenque. Design similar to specimens from Rottweil
in his style (Knorr, Rottweil, 1912, xxi), his wreath, leaves and tendril binding, and rosettes
in the field. c. A.D. 70-80.
22. Form 37. By VITALIS of La Graufesenque. Similar to last. c. A.D. 70-80.
23. Form 37. Probably by FRONTINVS of La Graufesenque. His ovolo and small cordate leaves,
and use of 4 beads for junction of stalks. c. A.D. 70-80.
24. Form 37. Perhaps style of FRONTINVS, who frequently uses rows of chevrons. Bull a new
type. C. A.D. 70-80.
25. Form 37. Style of FRONTINVS of La Graufesenque. His ovolo. The same wreath on form
29 in his style, Rottweil (Knorr, Rottweil, 1919, iv, 3). c. A.D. 70-80.
26. Form 37. Probably style of GERMANVS of La Graufesenque. Hare (0. 2114) as on form 78,
Vindonissa, OF GERM (Knorr, T.S. 1919, 39R). A.D. 70-80.
27. Form 67, rather thin. Probably by GERMANVS of La Graufesenque. A.D. 70-80.
28. Form 67. Possibly by MOMMO of La Graufesenque. Dog (0. 1921) used on forms 29 and
30 by MOMMO from Pompeii. A.D. 70-80.

Fig. 15
Yespasianic
From II
I. Form 18. By IVLLINVS of La Graufesenque. Stamped IVLLIL'l. c. A.D. 70-80.
2. Form 18, large. By PA VL VS of La Graufesenque. Rouletted (so-called 'engine-turned')
circle centrally on base. Internal offset. Stamped OF·PAVLI. A.D. 70-80.
3. Form 18. By SECVNDINVS of La Graufesenque. Stamped SECVN]DINI MA.
K
66 SAMIAN POTTERY
4. Form 18/ 3 I. By L. COSIVS of La Graufesenque. Stamped L·CO[SI (retro.). Rectangular
footstand, rouletted ring. c. A.D. 70-80.
5· Form 27. By SEVERVS of La Graufesenque. Stamped 9}F SEVER. A.D. 70-80.
Also form 29, rather thin; rim of form 37; form 37, 2 pieces, probably by MOM MO of La
Graufesenque, with S-shaped godroons in series as a.. basal zone frequently used by him;

~
10

11

~16
12
e ,
=;·
::. i:;[=d~
FIG. 15. Early Samian from later contexts: Vespasianic. (!)

form 37, 2 pieces with same ovolo, perhaps by MOMMO of La Graufesenque; form 35, much
rubbed, similar to form 35, Newstead I (0. & P. !iii, 3); 2 examples of form 36, narrow
flange, similar dimensions to the Domitianic form 36, Wiesbaden (0. & P. liii, 7); form 36,
wide flange. All probably Vespasianic.
From VJ
6. Form 37. Style of FRONTINVS of La Graufesenque. His ovolo, with large rosette. The
Cupid, bird-catcher (0. 501) used several times by him, e.g. with his ovolo on a form 37
stamped FRONT IN I (retro.) (Hermet, La Graufesenque, pl. 8 5, 2). The leaf (Hermet, pl. 6, 9)
is a La Graufesenque type used by FRONTINVS. c. A.D. 70-80. ·
7. Form 37. By MOMMO of La Graufesenque. His ovolo and S-godroons. A.D. 70-80.
 SAMIAN POTTERY
8. Form 37. By MOMMO of La Graufesenque. His characteristic 3 zones, beneath the ovolo
border, as at Pompeii (Atkinson 55) (i) a chevron wreath; (ii) panel with 2 dogs (0. 1921)
used by MOMMO form 37 Pompeii (Atkinson 61); (iii) festoons.
9. Form 37. By VITAL IS of La Graufesenque. His wreath and his leaf with 3 stellate rosettes.
Same bowl as fig. 14, 21 and 22. c; A.D. 70-80.
Fr:om VIII
10. Form 27. By VITALIS of La Graufesenque. Stamped VITA. A.D. 70-80.
From disturbed levels
11. Form 29. By VITALI S of La Graufesenque ..His scroll and tendril-bindings as on form 29
London (L.M.) in his style. A.D. 70-80.
12. Form 29. Probably by VITALIS of La Graufesenque. His heart-shaped leaves in lower
frieze as on his form 29 at Wroxeter, Bregenz, and London (South Kensington Museum).
A.D. 70-80.

13. Form 37. Probably by FRONTINVS of La Graufesenque. His style, consisting of bands of
chevron-wreaths above and below a scroll with his leaf. A.D. 70-80.
14. Form 33, large. By CANTOMALL VS of Lezoux. Stamped CANTOMA[LLI. A.D. 70-80.
15. Form 67. South Gaulish, with barbotine leaves on shoulder. High glaze. Probably c. A.D.
70-80.
16. Form 42, smaller size. South Gaulish ware. Cf. 0. & P. liv, 3, but somewhat larger. A.D.
70-80.
17. Form 35, but worn in the centre. South Gaulish. No barbotine leaves on the rim. Similar
in size to the Newstead 35 (0. & P. liii, 3). c. A.D. 70-80.
Also form 18, stamp possibly ending in COS; form 36 with sloping rim and rather fine
barbotine leaves, rather shallow, cf. 0. & P. liii, 5 and 6. Both probably c. A.D. 70-80.

Fig. 16
Domitianic
From II
1. Form 30. By MASCVVS of La Graufesenque. Pan (0. 714). Birds (0. 2244, 2231, 2286,
and 2266) all used by MASCVVS. c. A.D. 80-90 .
. .2. Form 37. By MERCATOR of La Graufesenque. Diana (0. 104B) as on 37 MERCATO (retro.),
Vindonissa, and on 37 MERCATO (retro.), Cologne. Bird (0. 2250) as on 37 MERCATO (retro.),
Gunzburg. c. A.D. 80-90.
3. Form 37. By MERCATOR ofLaGraufesenque. Goodglaze,ratherthick,flaked. His rosettes
(37 MERCATO, Nymwegen). Venus with mit:ror (0. 313) (as on form 37, his style, Bregenz).
Birds (0. 2293 and 2248) used by MERCATOR. A.D. 80-90.
4. Form 37. Short plain rim. J-pronged tongue of ovolo. Probably by MERCATOR of La
Graufesenque. A.D. 80-90.
5. Form 37, small. Good glaze. Style of BIRAGILLVS of Banassac. His hares (0. 2056 and
2114) as on form 37, stamped BIRAGIL, Riegel (Knorr, Rottweil, 1907, xv, 5). His tree and
hares on form 78, Rottweil (Knorr, Rottweil, 1912, xvii, 10). His wreath as on form 37,
stamped BIRAGIL (Knorr, Cannstatt, 1905, ix, 1).
68 SAMIAN POTTERY
6. Form 36. Shallow dish with small flange and elongated barbotine leaves. South Gaulish.
Cf. 0. & P. liii, 7 from Wiesbaden Kastell. A.D. 70-80. ·
Also form 37, much worn, hare used by BIRAGILLVS of Banassac, but insufficient for
identification; form 2 7, late form, good glaze; form 3 3, good glaze, diameter 136 mm.,

w 4

10 12
FIG. 16. Early Samian from later contexts: Domitianic. (!)

similar to 33 Silchester, stamped Q_VINTI M, but not quite so deep, nearer in this respect to
the Domitianic form stamped TAL VSSA, Margidunum (0. & P. li, 10), probably by Q_VINTVS
of La Graufesenque; form 36, high glaze, diameter 240 mm., similar to the form 36 from
Margidunum (0. & P. liii, 6). All probably c. .A.D. 80-90.
From III
7. Form 29, lower frieze, somewhat blurred. By VITALIS of La Graufesenque. Identical with
lower frieze of form 29 stamped OF VITAL at Mainz (Knorr, T.S. I 919, pl. 840). A.D. 7 5-8 5.
8. Form 37, flaked and damaged. Probably by MASCVVS of La Graufesenque or Banassac.
 SAMIAN POTTERY
The rosettes and the 2 spirally-twisted rods occur on a form 37 in his style at Augsburg
(Roger, Augsburg, vii, 4). Draped man (0. 883) used by MASCVVS. Stag (0. 1745, smaller
variety). Centauress (0. 744, smaller variety), Archer (new type). c. A.D. 80-90.
Also form 33, rather large, diameter 154 mm., a little larger than form 33 Gellygaer
(0. & P. Ii, 8), without the central groove on the exterior which is so characteristic of second-
century examples; form 33 with 2 grooves on external side. Both probably Domitianic.
From J7
9. Form 37. Style of FRONTINVS of La Graufesenque. His ovolo as on a form 37 at Wroxeter
with the stamp FRONTIN I and on a form 37 at London (G.H.) with stamp FRONTINI. The 2
gladiators (0. 1020 and 1021, varieties) occur together with the ovolo of FRONTINVS on
form 30, Rottweil (Knorr, Rottweil, 1912, xvi, 1); also with the diagonal wavy lines at the
corner on a Domitianic form 37 in the style of MASCVVS at Cannstatt (Knorr, Wiirttembergische
J7ergangenheit, 1932, text-fig. 3, fig. 3). The animal is probably a lion with defective tail
(0. 14 7 5). Probably c. A.D. 80-90.
From /71
10. Form ·18. By MERCATOR of La Graufesenque. Stamped MERCAT. Rectangular foot. Similar
to 0. & P. xiv, 11 from Silchester. c. A.D. 80-90.
Also form 37, probably by BIRAGILLVS of South Gaul. His ovolo, but a similar ovolo is
also used by MERCATOR. c. A.D. 80-90.
From /711
I 1. By MERCATOR of La Graufesenque. Stag (0. 1794) and dog (0. 1994) as used by MERCATOR
on form 37, Rottweil (Knorr, Rottweil, 1912, xix, 1, 2) in his style. His ovolo (as at Giinz-
burg). c. A.D. 80-90.
Also 2 examples form 18/ 31, heights of walls 44 mm. and 48 mm., similar to form 18/ 31,
Wiesbaden Kastell (0. & P. xiv, 14); 3 examples form 33, rather large, cf. Domitianic form 33
from Gellygaer (0. & P. Ii, 8).
From disturbed levels
12. Form 33, with the internal basal groove or channel characteristic of some Domitianic forms 33.
By DO METOS of Banassac. Stamped DO METOS. c. A.D. 80-90.
Also" form 18/ 31, side 37 mm. high, similar to the Domitianic form 18/ 31 from Wiesbaden
Kastell (0. & P. xlvi, 3). Probably c. A.D. 80-90.

Fig. 17
Trajanic
From 1/7
1. Form 37, rather worn. Style of DRVSVS of Lezoux. His cock (0. 2361) as on form 37 his
style, Birdoswald, and gladiator (0. 1027, smaller var.) as on form 37 his style Lezoux (St.
Germain Museum). c. A.D. 110-20.
From J7
2. Form 30 with nude man (0. 651, a slightly larger variety). This type is used by LIBERTVS,
BVTRIO, and MACCIVS, and may be regarded as Trajanic.
From /711
3. Form 37. By IOENALIS of Lezoux. His vine-scroll. c. A.D. 110-20.

r
 SAMI AN POTT ERY

IMVS1C1·N)31

4 e··.···.
!: ...."·· .

'·· ··-.

cM@11'< 'D

13 14
7 fPATRJc tVSFl (~

16 M1:m1D3&1 17
18

19

15

22
Fw. 17. Early Samian from later contexts: Trajani c (1-4), Trajan- Hadrian (5-6).
Samian from disturbed levels:
Hadrian -Antoni ne (7-14), Antonin e (15-22). (t)
 SAMIAN POTTERY 71

From disturbed levels

4. Form 18/31. By MVSICVS of Lezoux (and perhaps Luxeuil). Stamped MVSICl·M[A. c. A.D.
I 10-20.

Trajan-Hadrian
From V
5. Small form 33, stamped C]ERl·AL·M, the end of the stamp partly blurred. By CERIALIS of
Lezoux. c. A.D. 115-2 5.
From VII
6. Form 37. Style of PVGNVS of Lezoux. His leaves, rosette, and style of St. Andrew's cross.
C. A.D. I 10-20.

Samian from Disturbed Levels

Hadrian-Antonine
7. Form 37. By SACER of Lezoux. His ovolo and rosettes. He also uses the Venus (0. 305),
the hare (0. 2 15), and the trifid ornament, here used for a St. Andrew's Cross. c. A.D. 130-40.
8. Form 37. By PVGNVS of Lezoux. His ovolo. Stag (0. 1720). Small stag (0. 1704). Bear
(0. 1588 var.). Panther (0. 1520). A.D. 130-40.
9. Form 18/31. By RITOGENVS of Lezoux. Stamped RITO[GENI A.D. 130-40.
10. Form 18/31. By PATERCLINVS of Lezoux. Stamped PATERCLINI OF. c. A.D. 130-40.
I I . Form 33. By PAVLIANVS ofLezoux. Stamped PAVLIANIOF. A.D. 130-40.

12. Form 33. By Q__VINTVS of Lezoux. Stamped Q__VINTI. A.D. 130-40.

13. Form 33. By PATERA TVS of Lezoux. Stamped PATERATI OF. A.D. 130-40.
14. Form 33. By MARTIVS of Lezoux. Stamped MARTll·O. A.D. I 30-40.
Also 2 examples form 79, Lezoux ware, probably c. A.D. 130-40.
Anton,ine
15. Form 37. By CINNAMVS of Lezoux. His ovolo and buds. He uses the lion (0. 1450) and
dog (0. 1980). Stag (0. 1772) is used by ATTIANVS, and is evidently borrowed from him.
A.D. 140-50.
16. Form 18/31. By PATRICIVS of Lezoux. Stamped PATRICIVS F. It occurs at Newstead,
Antonine period. A.D. 140-50.
17. Form 18/31. By PINNA of Lezoux. Stamped PINNAE. c. A.D. 140-50.
18. Form 18/31. By BELLINICCVS of Lezoux. Stamped BELINICI M (retro.). c. A.D. 140-50.
19. Form 33. Lezoux ware. Not stamped. No internal groove below the rimasonmostexamples,
hence rather later than the Antonine form 33 from Newstead (0. & P. li, 13). Probably
A.D. I 50-60.
20. Form 33, worn. By CARATILLVS of Lezoux. Stamped CA]RATILl·Fll. c. A.D. 140-50.
21. Form 33· By CAVPIRRA of Lezoux. Stamped CAVPIRRA FEClT. c. A.D. 140-50.
22. Form 38. No moulding on the top edge, hence similar to, but a little smaller diameter than,
the Antonine form 0. & P. lxxii, 10. Probably c. A.D. 140-50.
72 SAMIAN POTTERY

Tabulation of occurrence of dated Samian sherds by levels

I I
"'
I
"3
.-::;
·~

"'
·~
~
"'~ f:; .~
"'
·~
~ .::;
"' .~
"' ~
"
i
"3
~ ~ ..., h ~ ·.!: f>
-l:l
~
.!, ~
.~

"' k k ~ ..., IO!

"'
...."'
::t ·~

~
k
~
~
"' "
·~
~
~::t
.~ .~ "3
....
·~ .~
~
.,"
...... ~ ·~
"' "' "3 "3 ·~ ~
·~
'--?
...."'"'
~ ~
~
::t
~
~ ~ ~ ~f:; ·~ ~ ~ 1!
·~
·~ "3
·:::-,
" ~
"' "' ~ ~

- - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -~-
>-4 Q.., CJ CJ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
h ~ ~ ~ ~
"3
>-4
Pits .. J7 J .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
J.W. 2. .. .. .. .. .. 2 .. J .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
SE. II J .. .. 2 J II .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
SE. III .. 3 2 .. 2 J4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
SE. IV .. .. .. J3 2 J9 2 .. .. ' J .. .. .. .. .. ..
N.II .. .. .. J J J .. 2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
N.IIa .. .. 3 3 .. 5 .. 4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
N. III .. .. .. .. .. 4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
N.IV .. .. .. .. .. J .. .. .. J .. .. .. .. .. ..
N. v .. .. . .. .. .. ..
'
.. J3 .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. 3
·'
I J JO J 2 23 .. J7 .. 3 5 8 J .. .. ..
II J J2 5 .. 5 4J .. JO .. J 6 2 .. ..
III .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4 ..
3
J
5
J ..
v .. .. .. .. .. .. .. J ..
4
J
4
..
5
2
9
8 .. ..
.. ..
4
VI
..
..
..
J
..
.. .. 4 2 .. .. J 5 8 7. .. ..
VII J J .. .. 6 .. J J 2 8 ..
IX .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. ..
4
J9 ..
I

+ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. I 4 I
..
~

8 7 2 J 8 8 ..

Tabulation of the later Samian forms by levels

Level 38 67
- - -- - -- 45 - -- 72
- -- 44 32
- - __l1_ - - -
I .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
II 2 I I .. .. ..
..
I
III .. I .. .. .. ..
v .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
VI I .. .. .. 2 .. ..
VII I .. .. .. ..
..
I
..
2
IX IO 4 .. I I

(For note, see p. 195)

 THE COARSE POTTERY

T HE coarse pottery is here reported upon in some considerable detail. The reason
is twofold. In the first place, the site is the first considerable one in the Midlands to be
thoroughly excavated. It is nowadays quite clear that there are appreciable regional
differences in Roman pottery types, and the site can therefore provide a basis for dating
the pottery in the area. In the second, the site provides an unusually good succession of
levels from somewhat before the beginning of the Roman occupation to well into the
fourth century. Since the stratigraphical succession of the levels is firmly established,
useful evidence is provided as to the first appearance, frequency, and length oflife of the
different types. It is realized that to some extent the occurrence of early sherds in later
levels is due to buildings of these levels cutting down into earlier ones. This is especially
so in the case of the levels contemporary with the Forum and the Bath Building. It is
well illustrated by the table showing the distribution of levels of dated Samian sherds
(p. 72.) When allowance has been made for this, however, the study of the occurrence
by levels of the different types gives most useful results. .
The pottery is illustrated and reported upon both in a type series, which gives the
distribution by levels of the types, and in groups representative of the drawable sherds
from each level, which gives the typical appearance of groups of the period. Parallels
have been sought in some detail, for evidence both of dating and of regional distribution.
Parallels have only been used from securely dated groups, dated either by the size and
homogeneity of the group or by association with datable buildings.

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Abbots Langley Late Celtic Burial, Abbots Langley, Herts. Ant. J. ii, p. 2 59.
Alchester I928 Excavations at Alchester, 1928. J. H. Iliffe. Ant. J. xii.
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Birdoswald Excavations on the Line of the Roman Wall in Cumberland during the years 1909-12. F. G. Simpson.
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Birdoswald-Pike Excavations on Hadrian's Wall, in the Birdoswald-Pike Hill Section, 1929. I. A. Richmond and E. B.
Hill Birley. C. f5 W . .A. f5 .A. Soc. Trans. N.s. xxx.
Brecon The Roman Fort near Brecon. R. E. M. Wheeler. Published by the Hon. Soc. of Cymmrodorion.
Brough II Excavations ai t!te Roman Fort ai Brough, E. Yorkshire, I934· P. Corder. Published by the Hull
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the Hull Museum Committee.
Caerhun Excavations on the Site of the Roman Fort of Kanovium, at C11erhun, Caernaroonshire. P: K. Baillie-
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Caer/eon I926 The Roman Legionary Fortress at Caerleon in Monmouthshire. Report on the Excavations carried out
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 THE COARSE POTTERY 75
Margidunuth I9IO-II Margidunum: A Roman Fortified Post on the Fosse Way. Excavations of r9ro-r r. Journal B.A.A.
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Wroxeter I, II, Ill Fint, Second, and Third Reports on the Excavations on the site of the Roman Forum at Wroxeter, Shropshire.
J.P. Bushe-Fox. Reports of the Research Committee of the Society of Antiquaries, Nos. I, II, IV.
Wroxeter I9J6-7 Excavations at Viroconium, I9]6-7. K. M. Kenyon. Archaeologia, lxxxviii.
Wroxeter I92J-7 Report on Excavations at Wroxeter (the Roman City of Viroconium in the County of Sa/op) I92J-I927.
D. Atkinson.

Fig. 18
MoRTARIA
Type A. Rim folded back
I. Rim folded back against side, top thickened. Creamy-buff ware. From SE. Ila. 2 examples
in SE. II, l from II, and l unstratified.
This is an early type, and is found in Claudian levels in this country and on the Continent. Cf.
Richborough III, pl. xLI, 348, A.D. 45-75; London G.P.O., fig. 17, l, A.D. 50-80.

Type B. I . Thick, short flange, slightly hooked

2. Flange hooked down, bead rising slightly above it. Orange ware. Found in an early pit and
is common till I, l example from III. A common late-first to early-second-century type. Cf.
Caerhun, fig. 27, 73, A.D. 90-120, and several others of same type; Richborough III, pl. xu,
 THE COARSE POTTERY

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I,~
.
. .
:.
..ITT 2j " .
. ··~
·c·. . . · ......:
I .~'\
·
~=,
~'
,\ =~1·~-)
==='== =====
\ .
I
.::r----- --.3
7 ~
-

-----------~~-~-------- Lt..

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14

26
Fw. 1 8. Mortaria type series (U
 THE COARSE POTTERY 77
352, A.D. 50-70; London G.P.O., fig. 18,2, probably A.D. 50-80; Richborough 11, pl. xxx, 141,
Claudian-early Flavian.
3. Flange slightly above bead, hooked at end, rather heavy. Buff ware. From I, where common;
1 example II. Cf. Caerhun, fig. 27, 74, probably Trajanic; Newstead, fig. 34, 6, Flavian;
Wroxeter I92J-7, fig. 4 7, 4, pre-A. D. 98.
This type is also an early one. It is the only one in addition to type A which appears on sites
which can be securely dated to pre-A. D. 80, e.g. Richborough 111, pit 4 7, pl. xLI, 352, and pit 57,
pl. xu, 350, and London G.P.0., pit E. 4. It continued in use up to the end of the century, e.g.
WroxeterI923-7, fig. 47, 3. Thereafter it is rare.
Type B. 2. Flange with pronounced hook, less heavy than B. I. Top· offlange approximately level with
bead
4. Horizontal part of the flange rather short, turned over obliquely with thin edge. Buff ware,
orange slip externally. From SW. Building II. 2 examples from I, and 1 from VII. Cf.
Verulamium, fig. 35, 64, Hadrianic; Caistor Pottery, R. 6, A.D. 70-110.
5. Broad horizontal flange, hooked at end. Buff ware. From I, where common; 1 example V.
Cf. Caerhun, fig. 26, 39, A.D. 80-120.
6. Flange turned over almost vertically, groove at top. Orange-brown ware. One example in
SE. II. Near Wroxeter I, fig. 19, 78, A.D. 90-120, but without groove on outside edge of rim.
Cf. Caerleon I926, fig. 34, rno, A.D. 70-1 rn; Brough IV, fig. 12, 57, end of first century.
None of these examples have quite such a pronounced down-turned flange.
7. Heavy rim, sloping down obliquely from bead. Buff ware. 1 example only in SE. IV. Cf.
Caerhun, fig. 26, 18, late first century; Brecon, fig. IOO) C. 54, A.D. 70-90.
8. Wide flange, level with bead, hooked down at end. Orange-brown ware. From I, with 1
other example. Cf. Caerhun, fig. 26, 38, A.D. 80-1 rn; Balmuildy, pl. xu, 14, Antonine;
Caistor Pottery, R. 1 8, first third of second century.
9. Flange hooked down squarely, bead slightly below flange. Orange ware. From SE. IV,
where first appears. Common to I, 1 example VI. Cf. Wroxeter I, fig. 19, 38, A.D. 80-1 rn;
Brecon, fig. 97, C. 32, early second century.
This type comes into use in the last years of the first century, e.g. Wroxeter I923-7, fig. 4 7, 1, 2,
5, 6, pre-construction of Baths, c. A.D. 98, and London G.P.O., pit B. 15 and E. 28, late first
century. It is, however, much more common in the period to A.D. 120, e.g. Caerleon Amphitheatre,
fig. 23, 70-1; Brecon, fig. 94, C. 4 and fig. 99, C. 49; Corbridge, fig. 7, 45; Caistor Pottery, R. 6;
Wroxeter I9]6-7, fig. 12, 6; &c. It continues in use throughout the century, e.g. to A.D. 160,
Verulamium Kiln, fig. 3 A-H; Wroxeter I92J-7, Gutter Find, fig. 47, q; &c., and to A.D. 180,
Newstead, fig. 34, 8-11, 13-15; Old Kilpatrick, pl. x1x', 7, 8, I0-13, 15, 17-21; Balmuildy,
pl. xu, 6-q, 19-20; Mumrills, fig. 91, I0-26; Corbridge, A.D. 160-200, fig. 8, 100-1. Towards
the end of the century there is a later development on most sites in a type with a prominent bead
rising well above a broad, hooked flange, but this type does not seem to occur at Leicester.

Type C. Flange approximately horizontal

IO. Flange almost horizontal, slightly hooked at end. Creamy-buff ware. From SE. IV, 1 example
from I. Cf. Newstead, pl. XLV, 24, Flavian; Brecon, fig. 96, C. 23, A.D. 75-110; Richborough
111, pl. xu, 356, first century; Wroxeter I, fig. 19, 14, first century; Caistor Pottery, R. 5,
A.D. 110-60; Corbridge, fig. 5, 13, A.D. 80-100. ·
This type appears like Type B. 2 between A.D. 80 and A.D. IOO (see parallels quoted). It is
rare after A.D. 120.
 THE COARSE POTTERY
Type D. Flaring rims
I 1. Flange sloping upwards from bead, slightly curved at end. Brownish-buff ware. From SE.
IV, 1 example each I and V. Cf. Brecon, fig. 98, C. 36, early second century; Balmuildy,
pl. xL1, 3, Antonine.
12. Similar to 11, flange rather heavier and more curved. Buff ware. From N. V. Common I
and II. Cf. Wroxeter I, fig. 19, 46, early second century.
13. Similar to l l, edge of flange hooked under. From I with l other example. l example each
from II and VI.
This type seems to be more common and to have a more pronounced flare at Leicester than on
·most other sites. It was comrn.onest in I, though appearing just before, and continuing to II. It is
predominantly a second-century type. The only sites on which it seems definitely to occur before
the end of the first century are Brough IV, fig. lO, lo, beneath Trajanic footings, and London
G.P.O., pit B. l 5, late first century, neither being a very pronounced example of the form. It is
noticeable in Caerleon I927-<J, fig. 59, 228-33, 263-4, that though it is common in the period of
the Stone Buildings, i.e. post A.D. l ro, it is not found associated with the Timber Buildings. The
parallels quoted show that it is fairly common from the early second century to the Antonine
period. A few examples are found on Antonine wall sites and others of the same period, e.g. Old
Kilpatrick, pl. xrx, 1-3; Balmuildy, pl. xLI, l 8 and pl. XLII, 28; Newstead, fig. 34, I 2.

Type E. Broad gentle hook

l 4. Flange rising slightly above bead, gently curved at end: a lighter type than 3. Light-buff
ware. From SW. Buildings II. 6 examples in III and l from VI. Cf. Caerhun, fig. 27, 57,
early second century; Wroxeter I936-7, fig. l l, 8, late second century; a number of Balmuildy,
pl. xL1, Antonine, are of approximately this type; Verulamium, fig. 35, 64, Hadrianic; Brecon,
fig. 94, C. 4, A.D. 75-120; Caistor Pottery, R. 15, A.D. 120-50.
This type appears to take the place of the heavier hooked types in III. It is common on Antonine
sites:

Type F. Narrow flange, sloping down, bead prominent

15· Flange distinctly below bead, curved down. Buff ware. From III. Fairly common II-VII.
Cf. Balmuildy, pl. XLII, 36, Antonine; Mumrills, fig. 92, 22, Antonine.
l 6. Narrow flange, sloping down fairly obliquely. Light-buff ware. From II with 3 other
examples. 2 examples from III, 3 from V, 2 from VI, and l from VII. Cf. Wroxeter.
I9J6-7, fig. ro, 16, late second-early third centuries; Caistor Pottery, R. 27, A.D. 160-200.
This type, which first appears at Leicester in II, elsewhere first appears in groups with a terminal
date of A.D. 140, cf. Brecon, fig. 98, C. 37-8, A.D. lOo-40; Caistor Pottery, R. 16, A.D. 90-140;
Birdoswald-Pike Hill, fig. l 3, 6a, Alley Find, mainly A.D. l 2 5-50. The type with the hooked
flange and prominent bead, the flange usually being·rather broader than the Leicester examples,
is a common mid-second-century type, e.g. Wroxeter I936-7, fig. 9, l 4, Hadrianic-early Antonine;
Caistor Pottery, _R. 20, A.D. roo-50; Birdoswald, pl. xvi, l-3, Antoni_ne.

Type G. Flange sloping down

17. Narrow flange, sloping down obliquely. Prominent bead. Orange-buff ware. From VI,
with l example from X. Cf. Balmuildy, pl. xu1, 42, Antonine; Wroxeter I, fig. 19, 102,
probably end second-beginning third century, not closely dated.
I 8. Broad flange, sloping down obliquely, bead square and prominent. Buff ware, orange slip.
 THE COARSE POTTERY 79
From VI. l example II, with less prominent head, also 1 example from X. Cf. Wroxeter I,
fig. l 9, l 18, probably mid-third century; Sapcote, pl. vm, l 6, probably mid-third century.
This type is close to the last and, like it, appears in II. Elsewhere it appears first in Antonine
levels, cf. Balmuildy, pl. XLII, 42; Mumrills, fig. 92, 28, 30-1; Corbridge, A.D. l 60-200, fig. 8,
102-3. It does not appear to last beyond the· first quarter of the third century, Wroxeter I9J6-7,
fig. lo, l 5-16, late second-early third century, being about the latest occurrence.

Type H. I. Hammer-headed, flange nearly vertical, junction with wall acute-angled

19. Not reeded. Buff ware. From V, which is the first appearance of hammer-head ed type.
1 example from VI. Cf. Balmuildy, pl. XLII, 45, Antonine.
20. Flange projecting well below junction with wall. Buff ware, patchy orange slip. From IX,
1 example only; several unstratified. Near Old Kilpatrick, pl. xiv, 30, Antonine.
This is the earliest type of the hammer-head ed mortarium, or rather of the type which later
developed into the true hammer-head , from which it is distinguished by the angle of junction
with the wall. Its appearance cannot long antedate A.D. l 80, since it is definitely rare on Scottish
Antonine sites, e.g. Balmuildy, pl. XLII, 45-7; Mumrills, fig. 92, 32-3; Old Kilpatrick, pl. x1x, 30.
It also just appears on the kiln site at South Carlton, A.D. 140-80, fig. 7, 1, K, x, together with a
great majority of form B. 2 and made by the same potter. It rapidly develops into the true
hammer-head , and its latest appearance seems to be Corbridge, A.D. l 60-200, fig. 8, 109, with
the exception of the Birdoswald-P ike Hill level II, which lasts from A.D. 205 to 273 or 297
(fig. 13, 8-9).

Type H. 2. Hammer-headed, flange oblique, at right angles to wall

2 l. Buff ware. From IX with 3 other examples. l example from VII.
22. Near 21, but larger. Buff ware. From VII. Very common unstratified. Cf. Caerhun, fig. 27,
92, third-fourth century; Wroxeter I, fig. 20, l 94, third-fourth century.
This true hammer-head ed form appears at the beginning of the third century, and is found in
most of the dated groups of the third. century, e.g. Wroxeter I9J6-7, late second-early third cen-
tury, fig. 10, l 8-19; Caistor Pottery, drainage ditch, A.D. 200-260, R. 44-6, sump, A.D. 200-260,
R. 38, 42-3. It is the predominant type on northern sites at the end of the third century, and also
appears at this period on some sites farther south, e.g. Caistor Pottery, pit 36, A.D. 260-300,
R. 4 7-8; Margidunum 3rd Century Well, pl. v1, l 1-12; Verulamium Theatre, period IV, end
third century, fig. 10, l 3; Wroxeter I936-7' period IV, second half third century, fig. l l, l 2-13.
It is replaced by type H. 3 and a later type not found at Leicester in which the flange has merged
into the wall (Huntclijf, fig. 40, 1-5) in the fourth century, the latest examples being Birdoswald-
Pike Hill, period III, A.D. 305-367-8, fig. l 3, l 1-l 2.

Type H. 3. Wall-sided hammer-headed type

23. ·Nearly vertical flange, pattern in brown paint on orange. From IX, l example O:\lly, several
unstratified. Cf. Caerhun, fig. 27, 84, surface; Wroxeter I, fig. 20, 234, third-fourth centuries.
This type, in which the flange has become almost vertical and which is often decorated in
brown or red paint, first appears at the beginning of the fourth century, e.g. Crambeck, end third
century to A.D. 3 9 5, pl. v, 12 5-3 3. Though it is a common fourth-centur y form, few examples
are illustrated in dated groups.
Hammer-hea ded mortaria are an essentially northern type. Wroxeter and Leicester are the
two most southerly sites on which they are at all common. Verulamium Theatre had l example only
(fig. 10, l 3), amid a great quantity of type J. Two variant examples were found at Sandford

(_,-
80 THE COARSE POTTERY
(fig. 6, 35, 37). Types imitating Dragendorf 45, which is a distinct type, are, of course, found in
the south.
Type J. Small square flange, well below bead
24. Small flange, turned over squarely, well below bead. Buff ware, orange core. U ristratified,
with several other examples, l example from room VI, X. Cf. Verulamium Theatre, fig. l l,
30, fourth century; Richborough I, pl. xxvm, 99, late third-fourth century; Caerleon I939,
fig. l 2, 44, fourth century.
25: Near 24, heavier and larger. Orange-buff ware. Unstratified only. Cf. Lydney, fig. 26, 12,
fourth century; Verulamium Theatre, fig. l l, 29, fourth century; Richborough I, pl. xxvm,
98, fourth century; Ashley Rails, pl. xa, 13, mid-fourth century.
This type takes the place of the hammer-head mortarium in late levels on southern sites. Earlier
examples with a broader and less square flange appear at the end of the second century, e.g.
Verulamium Kiln, A.D. 120-60, fig. 3, L, M; Balmuildy, An~onine, pl. XLII, 38-40; Verulamium
Theatre, end second century, fig. lo, 10. One example which appears to be of the same square-cut
type appears in the Verulamium Kiln, A.D. l 20-60, fig. 3, l. It is, however, absent from the period
IV levels (end third centµry) at the Verulamium Theatre, and is not common until the fourt~
century, e.g. Ashley Rails, c. A.D. 330 on, pl. xxxm, 22-4; Island Thorns, c. A.D. 330 on, pl. xxxn,
13, 20-1; Verulamium Theatre, orchestra filling, late fourth century, fig. i'1, 29-30; Sandford,
fourth century, fig. 6, 29; Lydney, end fourth century, fig. 26, 12-14.
26. Horizontal reeded flange, just below rim. Buff ware. l example only, unstratified. Cf.
Caistor Pottery, R. 36, A.D. 200-50; near Verulamium Theatre, fig. l l, 28, fourth century.
Miscellaneous
2 7. Small mortarium or bowl, narrow rim, sloping slightly down, remains of pattern in red paint
on rim. Creamy-buff ware. From V, also l example unstratified. Cf. Crambeck, pl. 111, 63.

Fig. 19
Pm D1sHES
Type A. Rims forming a sharp angle with wall both inside and out
l. Rim broad and slightly curved. Grey ware, dark-grey surface inside. Acute-angled trellis
pattern outside. From SE. IV. This type of rim appears in SE. III, is very common in I,
and common to VI, after which only a few examples. Cf. Caerhun, fig. 29, l 8 l, A.D. 85-110;
Corbridge, fig. 7, 44, Domitian-Trajan.
2. Rim rather narrower and less curved than l. Chamfer at base. Brownish-grey ware. From
SE. IV. This type of rim is common from SE. IV, when it first appears, to VI, l example IX.
Cf. Caerhun, fig. 29, l 92, A.D. 90-130.
3. Rim thinner, chamfer at base. Broad-angled trellis pattern externally. From I, where com-
mon, a few till VII.
4. Rim with slightly thickened angular edge. Chamfer at base. Light-grey ware, brown at
break. From II. l similar rimfrom VI and 2 from VII.
5. Rim rather thick. No chamfer. Dark-grey ware. Acute-angled trellis pattern. externally.
From I. A few examples most levels to IX.
6. Broad horizontal rim. Dark-grey ware. From II. 1 similar rim from same level and l each
from V and VI.
7. Wall inclined well out, rim thickish. Probably chamfer at base. Light-grey ware. From VII
when common and also in VI. 1 example X. Cf. Caerhun, fig. 30, 2 l 2, Hadrian-Antonine.
 THE COARSE POTTERY 8r
8. Wall high and inclined well out. Rim small and thin. Chamfer at base. Grey ware. Acute-
angled trellis pattern externally. From VII, where common. r example VI.
9. Wall high and thin, rim small and thin, curving slightly. Chamfer at base. Grey ware.
Fairly acute-angled trellis pattern externally. From VII. Common to IX.
ro. Rim thick and broad. Dark-grey ware. Acute-angled trellis pattern externally. From VII.
Cf. Newstead, fig. 32, 4.
This general type of rim, therefore, just appears in SE. III, is very common I-VI, and quite
an appreciable number to IX. There seems to be very little distinction between those from the
earlier and later levels. Dishes with chamfers certainly still occur in the later levels so that this
cannot be taken as a necessarily early feature. The angle of the trellis pattern also does not alter
much. It does, however, appear that shallow dishes are not so common in VII and IX as earlier,
and that their place is taken by the bead rim and straight-sided dishes.
On other sites pie dishes as a type do not appear until at earliest the end of the first century.
Dishes with rather similar rims, but not in the typical black fumed ware, appear at Richborough Ill
(pl. xxx1v, 238-9) in pits·dated A.D. 50-75, and Newstead (pl. xLvm, 39). The only group
earlier than A.D. 100 in which actual pie dishes appear is Newstead, where they are said to occur
in the Flavian occupation, but the exact forms are not specified. Type A is common by A.D. l 20,
cf. London G.P.O., A.D. 80-120, fig. r 5, 32; Caerhun, pre-A. D. IIO, fig. 29, q8-8 l; Brecon,
A.D. 100-20, fig. 95, C. 1$; Corbridge, A.D. 90-r 10, pl. x1, 11 and Domitian-Trajan, fig. 7, 44. It
continues in use throughout the second century, e.g. Brecon, A.D. roo-40, fig. 98, C. 39; Wroxeter
I936-'J, second quarter second century, fig. 9, 12; Birdoswald-Pike Hill, Alley Find, A.D. 120-60,
fig. r 6, 65, 69, 71; Balmuildy, Antonine, pl. xLvn, 3. It is, however, much less common than
at the beginning of the century. A late occurrence is Wroxeter I923-'J, c. A.D. 2 7 3, fig. 46, C. 9.

Type B. Rims shorter and thicker than the last group, external angle with wall tending to be curved
1 r . Small rim, rather rounded. Shallow dish, no chamfer. Dark grey ware. Acute-angled trellis
pattern externally. From V. Common VI, a few later. Cf. Caerhun, fig. 29, 206, A.D. 100-30;
Corbridge, fig. 6, 86, Antonine (very common); Balmuildy, pl. xLvn, 7, Antonine.
r2. Coarse heavy rim, junction with wall very curved externally. Dark grey ware. Acute-angled
trellis pattern externally. From I, where fairly common. 4 examples from III, 1 from VI,
and occasionally later. Cf. Caerhun, fig. 29, 202, Hadrian-Antonine.
13. Very small, rounded rim. Shallow dish, no chamfer. Grey ware, reddish in patches. Acute-
angled trellis pattern externally and on base. From III. 1 example V and 2 from VI.
14. Rim short and thick, rounded externally. Light grey ware. r example only from VI.
This type of rim thus appears in I, but is commonest III-VI. Like type A, it first appears in
groups dating down to A.D. 1 10 or 120, e.g. Caerhun, to .A.n. II o, fig. 29, 16 3; Gellygaer, Trajanic,
pl. :x;, 5; Haltwhistle, Trajanic, pl. v, 8. It is more common than type A in later groups, e.g.
Caistor Pottery, pit 7, A.D. 110-60, W. 5; Birdoswald-Pike Hill, Alley Find, fig. 16, 63, 67, 70,
. 77; Newstead, Antonine, fig. 3 2, 1, 4, 5; Balmuildy, Antonine, pl. xLvn, 6-9; Mumrills, Antonine,
fig. 101, 20-8; Corbridge, A.D. 160-200, pl. xn, 79. A late occurrence is Margidunum, 3rd
Century Well, pl. v1, 18.

Type C. Rims rather thinner than last group, angle with wall curved
15. Fairly broad rim, angle w:ith wall rounded above and below. Dark grey ware. From III,
with 1 other example and 1 from V.
r 6. Fairly broad rim, curved beneath. Dark grey ware. Broad trellis pattern externally. From
VII. 9 examples from VI.
M
82 THE COARSE POTTERY

F1G. 19. Pie-dish and flanged-dish type series (t)

 THE COARSE POTTERY
17. Rim small and thin, very curved beneath. Light grey ware. From VII with I other similar
rim. I similar rim from X.
I 8. Wall high, rim cun1ed above and below. Grey ware. I example only, from X. Cf. Lockleys,
Welwyn, c. A.D. 340-50, fig. I 3, I.
I 9. Rim hooked well over. Grey ware. Fairly broad trellis patter~ externally. I example only,
from VI.
This type is mainly fairly late. On other sites it does not seem to occur until groups dating
to c. A.D. I 60; e.g. Wroxeter I936-'J, mid-second century, fig. I o, 5, and is common in Antonine
groups, e.g. Newstead, fig. 32, 3; Old Kilpatrick, Antonine, pl. xxn, 6-7; Balmuildy, Antonine,
pl. xLvn, 4-5; Corbridge, A.D. I60-200, pl. xn, 77, 80; Appletree Turret, level IB, to A.D. I96,
pl. xvn, 66. An example occurs at Lockleys, Welwyn, c. A.D. 340-50, of I 8 (q.'V.) which is a late
and debased example of the type.

Type D. Rim thick and hea'Vy, triangular in section

20. Rim short, rounded off above into triangular section. Dark grey ware. Small, fairly broad,
trellis pattern externally. From VI, with I other example, and 4 from VII. Cf. Newstead,
fig. 32, 2, Antonine; Richborough III, pl. xu, 339, A.D. 80-I 20; Balmuildy, pl. xLvn, I 3,
Antonine; Verulamium, fig. 27, 6, A.D. I 60-90.
This type is thus hardly found at Leicester. It is the most common Antonine type elsewhere,
e.g. Newstead, Antonine, fig. 3 2, 2, 6; Old Kilpatrick, Antonine, pl. xxn, 5; Balmuildy, Antonine,
pl. xLvrn, IO-I3; Mumrills, Antonine, fig. IOI, 8-19; Verulamium, A.D. 160-90, fig. 27, 6; Cor-
bridge, A.D. 160-200, fig. 6, 81, and also continues later, e.g. Birdoswald-Pike Hill, level II,
A;D. 20 5-97, fig. I 6, 79-80, and Verttlamium I9J8, late second-early third century, fig. I 6, 1 and
first half third century, fig. 17, 9-12. Its one earlier occurrence is Richborough III, pit 34, A.D.
80-120, pl. XLI, 339·

Type E. Pie-dish rims with a groove

2 1. Small rim, very shallow groove. Dark grey ware. From VI. I example each from III and VI.
Common VII-IX and late levels.
22. Rim larger than 21, and groove deeper. Dark grey ware. From X. Common VII-X. For
rim cf. Margidunum, 3rd Century Well, A.D. 220-300, pl. vI, 30, but that has a slight chamfer
at base. ·
23. Rim heavier than 22. From IX. Fairly common then and X.
There are thus only 2 examples of this type before VI, and it is common from then to the latest
levels. It occurs at Wroxeter I936-'J, late second-early third century, fig. 10, 22; Old Kilpatrick,
Antonine, pl. xxrn, 12; Margidunum 3rd Century Well, A.D. 2 20-300, pl. VI, 30; Verulamium
I9J8, late second-early third century, fig. 16, 2, and first half third century, fig. 17, 8.

Type F. Heavy rounded rims

24. Heavy dish, rim rounded above. _Lightish grey ware. From X, with 1 other similar example.
2 5. Rim rounded, and curving out. Grey ware. I example only, unstratified.
26. Rim rounded, but hardly projecting, groove beneath externally. Grey ware. From X, I
example only.
2 7. Heavy triangular rim. Grey w~re. '1 example only, unstratified.
This type of heavy dish is the latest of the pie-dish type on the site. It is not found in IX, but
only in the surviving patches of X and unstratified. The ware is different from the dark grey-black
 THE COARSE POTTERY
ware of m,ost of the earlier types, being lighter, with an unpolished, rather gritty surface. It is not
apparently common on other sites, the only example identified being Crambeck, to A.D. 395, pl.
VIII, 2 I4, where only I such sherd occurred.
Pie dishes seem on most sites to have been almost entirely superseded by flanged dishes during
the third century. The continuance of types E and F at Leicester is thus unusual. '

FLANGED DISHES
Type A. Fairly light dishes, straight-sided
28. Flange fairly thin, a little below bead. Grey polished ware, firing red in parts. Decorated
externally and upon base with polished curves. From X. First appears IX, 2 examples.
Very common X and unstratified.
This type at Leicester is thus definitely late, as it is on most other sites. The exception is that
of two Welsh sites, where it seems to appear in Trajanic groups, Gellygaer, pl. XII, 1 1, and Caerhun,
fig. 30, 229-31. If these examples were correctly located, they must be a local development.
Elsewhere it does not appear in Antonine levels, and is first found at the very end of the century at
Corbridge, A.D. 160-200, pl. XII, 71, in which group it was rare. It is found in third-century groups,
e.g. CaiHor Pottery, Forum drainage ditch, A.D. 200-60, W. rn; Malton, first half third century,
fig. 6, IO; Caerleon I9J9, late second-early third century, fig. 12, 46; Margidunum 3rd Century
Well, A.D. 220-300, pl. v, 6; Rotherley, late third century, pl. cxv1, v, w, x. There are also fourth-
century occurrences, e.g. Lockleys, Welwyn, c. A.D. 330, fig. 9, rn; Woodcuts, c. A.D. 350, pl.
xxxn, 1; Lydney, fourth century, fig. 27, 40-3, but it is rare, and its place is taken by type B.

Type B. Coarser dish than A

29. Flange heavier and more triangular than 28. Dark-grey ware. From IX, when there are 2
examples. Very common X and unstratified. Cf. Richborough I, pl. xx1x, 12 1, fourth century;
Caerleon I939, fig. 1 1, 2 7, fourth century; Linwood, pl. xxn, 19, fourth century. ·
30. Much heavier dish. Light grey polished ware. From X. Very common X and unstratified.
3 1. Heavy dish, flange curved. Grey polished ware. 1 example only, unstratified. Cf. Feru-
lamium Theatre, fig. IO, 16, appears late third century, common fourth century.
This type is distinctly clumsier than A and on other sites appears later. Its earliest appearance
seems to be the end of the third century, e.g. Caistor Pottery, pit 36, A.D. 260-300, W. I 1 and
W. 12. It is common throughout the fourth century, e.g. Lockleys, Welwyn, c. A.D. 330, fig. 9, 8,
9, 1 1, 12; Richborough I, pit 1, mid-fourth century, pl. xx1x, 12 1 and Richborough III, pit 3 7, end
fourth century, and pit 60, c. A.D. 400, similar types; Birdoswald-Pike Hill, level III, A.D. 305-67,
fig. 16, 89-91, and level IV, A.D. 369-83, fig. 16, 87; CaerleonI939, A.D. 300-75, fig. 11, 25-8;
Crambeck, end third century to A.D. 395, pl. 1, 1-4, I0-14; Scarborough, A.D. 370-395, fig. 4, 1-3
(very common).

Type C. Heavier type of dish

32. Flange well down side. Grey ware. From X, when common.
33. Flange well down side, hooked. From X, common then and unstratified.
34. Ribbed flange, oblique. 1 example only, unstratified.
This type appears to be the latest development, and is confined to the upper levels. On
other sites such a very heavy form does not seem to appear until the late fourth century,
e.g. Crambeck, end third century-A. D. 395, pl. 1, 5-9, 15; Birdoswald-Pike Hill, level IV,
A.D. 369-83, fig. 16, 87. .
 THE COARSE POTTERY

Fig. 20
STRAIGHT-SIDED DISHES
Type A. Black fumed or grey ware, usually decorated with trellis pattern
I. Side hardly curved. Dark grey ware. From I. Some examples from most subsequent levels,
including X. Cf. Newstead, fig. 32, 10, Antonine.
2. Side slightly more curved. Grey ware. Curved trellis pattern externally. From VI. Com-
mon IX.
3. Side straight, rather oblique. Traces of chamfer at base. Slight groove beneath lip. Grey
ware. I example only, from IX.
This type thus appears in I and is common in all levels to IX without much variation, and the
differences do not appear to be diagnostic.

L,"'""''J_ _ _ _ _ _:at· X.c:J-~ \ y--l 74

\ 7 10 L~-=::~:.-.-.-.-.:·.::::-~r,,
Frn. 20. Straight-sided and bead-rim dish series (!)

Dishes with plain sides appear in early Roman levels, but the early ones are dearly developments
of Belgic plates, usually with curved sides and often with a kick or moulding in the interior at the
junction of wall and base. The ware is usually buff or red. They are thus distinct from this type,
which is in the grey or black fumed ware of the second-century cavetto-, &c., rim jars. The first
examples in dated groups, though it is possible that such a comparatively featureless form is not
always illustrated, appear to be· Birdoswald-Pike Hill, Alley Find, A.D. I 20-60, fig. -I 6, 8 2-3.
All the examples from levels dating to A.D. I 20 on sites such as Caerhun, Corbridge, Wroxeter,
Caerleon, Haltwhistle, and Caistor are in reddish or buff ware, with curved sides. In the secc;md
half of the second century they are common, e.g. Newstead, Antonine, fig. 32, 8-10; Old Kil-
patrick, Antonine, pl. xxn, 2-3; Balmuildy, Antonine, pl. xLvrn, 22; Corbridge, A.D. I 60-200,
fig. 6, 84; Wroxeter I936-7, late second-early third century, fig. I 6, 3. They continue throughout
the third century, e.g. Caistor Pottery, pit 9, A.D. 200-50, W. 6-7; VerulamiumI938, late half third
century, fig. I 7, 7; Margidunum 3rd Century Well, A.D. 220-300, pl. VI, I 5, 33. Many of these,
though not as coarse as fype B, do not have any trellis •pattern. By the fourth century, examples
with the trellis are very rare, but it occurs in a very coarse type _at Lockleys, Welwyn, c. A.D. 330,
fig. 9, 5·
Type B. Heavy dish, grey ware
4. Side straight. Thick and heavy dish. Grey ware. U nstratified, with 3 similar examples.
5. Similar dish. Rough pattern of oblique scorings between 2 grooves on wall. Gr~y ware,
roughly polished. Unstratified, with 1 other example.
86 THE COARSE POTTERY
6. Similar dish, walls more curved. Grey ware. Unstratified, with 1 other example.
This type is distinguished from the first group by its heaviness, and also by the fact that its
ware is rather lighter in colour and unpolished. It occurs only in the disturbed levels. On other
sites also, it is typical of late levels, e.g. Caerleon I939, A.D. 324-8 5, fig. 11, 20; Crambeck, end
third century-A.D. 395, pl. 111, 50-1; Scarborough, A.D. 370-95, fig. 4, 4; Birdoswald-Pike Hill,
level IV, A.D. 369-83, fig. 16, 85.

BEAD-RIM DISHES
7. Very shallow groove demarcating rim, wall very slightly curved. Grey ware with grey-brown
patches, small, fairly broad trellis pattern externally'. From I, where only example. A few
from all levels thereafter to VII. Cf. Caerhun, fig. 30, 224, A.D. 120-50.
8. Groove beneath rim more pronounced. Reddish-brown ware, dark brown surface. Small
broad trellis pattern externally. From III. A few examples all levels thereafter to VII. Cf.
Newstead, fig. 32, 7, Antonine. ·
9. Bead small but pronounced, groove sharp cut. Chamfer at base. Dark grey ware. Broad
trellis pattern externally. From V where common, and also in VI and VII. Cf. Birdoswald,
pl. XVI, 8, Hadrian-Antonine; Balmuildy, pl. xLvn, 18, Antonine.
10. Bead fairly small, pronounced shoulder beneath groove. From V, and 1 example each from
VI and VII.
11. Small bead, hardly any groove. Wall slightly curved. From VI, and 1 example each I, VII,
and unstratified.
There are thus only 2 examples of bead-rim dishes pre-III, but they are common VI onwards,
with some unstratified. The differences in form do not appear to be diagnostic.
On other sites bead-rim dishes are mainly a second-century form. They first appear in levels
with a terminal date of c. A.D. I 10-20, e.g. Caerhun, to A.D. 110, fig. 29, 176, fig. 3I, 276-7;
Caerleon I927-9, to A.D. 110, fig. 60, 343; London G.P.O., A.D. 80-120, fig. 15, 42; Corbridge,
Domitian-Trajan, fig. 7, 43. They are common on Antonine sites, e.g. Newstead, fig. 32, 7; Bal-
muildy, pl. xLvn, 14-I 6, 18; Corbridge, A,D. 160-200, fig. 6, 8 3. Later occurrences are very rare;
At Old Sloden, c. A.D. 2 50-90, pl. XIV, 18, there is an example in grey ware with white slip, and at
Crambeck, end third century-A. D. 39 5, pl. 111, 52-3, there are examples of a very coarse form, with
no trellis pattern. Goldsborough, A.D. 370-95, fig. 4, 6, has a less coarse example, which may be
a stray.
Fig. 21
CARINATED BowLs
Type A. Upper part of bowl curved
1. Elegant bowl, rim curving out, wall below slightly curved. Grey ware. Groove beneath plain
neck, zone below decorated with polished trellis pattern. From I, with 12 other ~xamples.
Some examples all levels to VI, the majority with the trellis decoration.
2. Similar bowl, rather heavier. Similar ware and decoration (rather faint). From VI. Appears
I. Some examples all levels III-VII. Cf. Hinckley, pl. vn, 1, undated.
3. Heavier and larger bowl. Grey ware. From IV.
Type B. Upper part of bowl straight
4. Wall rather straighter. From VI. Appears II. Some examples all levels to IX, the majority
undecorated.
These carinated bowls thus appear first in I, are common to VI, and some examples to IX.
 THE COARSE POTTERY
The earlier ones tend to be more elegant in form, and the later ones seldom have the trellis decora-
tion. The form appears to be local since the only close parallel comes from Hinckley. On other
sites the carinated forms are all larger. The nearest parallel is from Brough II, fig. 7, 10, undated.
It is probably descended from the mortar-like Belgic pot, which is common in the earliest levels,
and it may also be influenced by Samian forms 29 and 37.

2' r:m
, 4

l [1 ( (
12

Xl
~
;-J, I )9
)

1
.\
I
\ ·~
7 1--------,->
IE~~~lI

I,
711 14

" ==tts

Fw. 21.
t )~'
Carinated and reeded-rim bowl type series (!)

5. Cylindrical bowl, imitating Samian form 30. Bead rim, with plain band separated from
decorated zone by 2 grooves. Central zone decorated with incised dots. Polished grey ware.
From V, with 1 other example from VI. Cf. Newstead, pl. xLvm, 43, Antonine; Verulamium,
fig. 27, 7, A.D. 160-90.

REEDED-RIM BowLs
Type A. Thin hori~ontal rim, with wall approximately vertical, or inclined slightly in. Junction of rim
and wall sharp
6. Thin rim,. not reeded, sloping slightly down. Grey ware, dark grey slip. Groove above angle.
From SE. IV, when first appears. 12 examples from I, some reeded and some not, and 2 from
II. Cf. Corbridge, fig. 7, 42, Domitian-Trajan; Caerhun, fig. 28, 121, probably Trajanic.
7. Rim horizontal, sharp-cut edge, wall vertical. Grey ware. 2 grooves above angle. From·
SE. III. Common SE. IV and I. 5 examples II and one IV. Cf. Haltwhistle, pl. v, 1,
Trajanic; Malton, fig. 1, 9, c. A.D. 80.
8. Rim horizontal, wall bulging out below a short neck. Buff ware, grey in centre at break.
Groove round bulge. From SE. IV. 1 example each I and VI.
88 THE COARSE POTTERY
9. Rim inclined very slightly up, wall slightly bulging. Grey ware. From I, when extremely
common. 2 examples from II and 1 each from IV and VII.
This type thus just appears in SE. III, is common SE. IV, and very common in I. A few
examples II and III, only isolated ones later.
Type B. Rim thin, angle with wall sharp, wall inclined out
10. Rim pointing slightly up. Grey ware. Groove at angle. From N. IV. 2 examples II and one
III. Cf. Caerhun, fig. 28, 149, A.D. 100-30.
11. Rim horizontal, rather thick, but narrow. Grey ware. From I when extremely common.
7 examples from II and 1 from III.
Type C. Horizontal rim, junction of rim and wall curve,d
1 2·. Fa.irly thick rim. Dark grey ware. From SE. III with 3 other examples from SE. IV.
1 example N. III. Very common SE. IV and I, 1 example II ..

Type D. Rim horizontal, thick at edge, but hollowed out at junction with wall
13. Thick edge to rim, broad hollow at junction, wall bulging. Grey ware. 2 grooves at angle.
From SE. IV. Extremely common then to II. 1 example Ill. Cf. Holt, fig. 66, 90, late
first-early second century.
14. Hollow less pronounced, wall inclined slightly out. Grey ware. 2 grooves above angle.
From III. 3 examples II.
This type is thus common SE. IV and I, fairly common II, and last appears III.
Type E. Thick rim, junction with wall oblique
1 5. Rim short, curved beneftth. Grey ware. From III. 2 examples from I and 1 from VI.
16. Rim thick and convex beneath. Gtey ware. Groove above angle. From I, with 8 other
examples. 2 examples from II.
17. Junction with wall oblique, rim hardly projecting out, with slight projection inwards. Dirty
brown ware. 1 example only, fr()m VI.
This type thus appears to be slightly later than the other groups as it does not appear till I.
The only 2 reeded-rim bowls at Mumrills (Antonine, fig. 101, 1-2) are of this general type.
Reeded-rim bowls thus first appear in SE. III, and only isolated examples are found after II,
when it is not nearly so common as in the earlier levels. These bowls are especially characteristic
of Flavian sites (e.g. Caerhun, fig. 28; Caerleon.Amphitheatre, fig. 19, 1-1.5; Wroxeter r923-J,
pit 18, fig. 44, A. 24, pre-A. D. 90, &c.). They are definitely associated with Agricolan levels on a
number of sites (e.g. Newstead, fig. 26; Malton, fig. 1, 9-10, fig. 2, 3). This appears, however, to
be the earliest fixed dating, for though they appear in the pre-Agricolan occupation at Malton,
this level contains a coin of Domitian of A.D. 86 (op. cit., p. 64) and therefore the pottery cannot
be taken as exclusively pre-A.D. 79. One possible exception of an earlier example is Verulamium
r938, fig. 13, I 1, which is dated to A.D. 60-5, but from the contrast between the pottery in this
level, and that of the preceding Claudian-early Neronian level, the inclusion in it of ring-neck
jugs type A, everted rims type B, which on other sites only come from groups with a terminal
date of A.D. 7 5-80, and the very small number of ~elgic forms, it is possible that too early a date
has been given to the level. The evidence from Ri.chborough is useful towards fixing a date for the
introduction of the type. Pits 33 (A.D. 50-75) and 58 (A.D. 45-75) Richborough III have a number
of bowls of the same general type, though with more pronounced carination, but with out-turned
rims not reeded, while pit I 2, which goes down to the early second century (Richborough I), has an
ordinary reeded-rim type, and other reeded-rim bowls are found on the site. Similarly in Verula-
 THE COARSE POTTERY
mium r938 examples without reeding are found in the Claudian and Neronian level, fig. l l, l 3,
and in the next level, fig. l 3, 6, 9, which, as is suggested above, may have been given too early a
terminal date of A.D. 60-5. Existing evidence therefore suggests that they were coming into com-
mon use about A.D. 75-80.
In Caerleon Amphitheatre it is shown (pp. l 78-9) that on that site there is a chronological signifi-
cance in the angle of the rim with the wall, those with an acute angle being earlier than those with
an obtuse angle. This criterion does not, however, seem to be of significance at Leicester, where
the type with the upwards-inclined rim and wall inclined out is rare. It cannot therefore be used
. for dating evidence in other parts of the country. The same conclusion was reached independently
by Mr. Corder in connexion with a group dated A.D. l 20-60 at Verulamium (Verulamium Kiln,
p. 274, note l).
The type went out of use during the first half of the second century. On military sites in the
north it is rare by the Hadrianic period (Trans. C. & W. A. A. Soc. xi, N.s., pl. rn, l), is absent
from Antonine levels at Newstead (p. 249), and only two fragments occur at Balmuildy (p. 90).
In the south it continued in use later (e.g. Verulamium Kiln, fig. 2, A.D. l 20-60 and Caistor Pottery,
V. 5 and V. 6, A.D. 140). At Leicester the date of disappearance may be intermediate between that
on the southern and northern sites, though the forms are not so coarse and degenerate-lookin g as
those of the Verulamium group~
Fig. 22
FLANGED BowLs
This type of bowl has a wide distribution. It appears to be most common on Welsh sites, for it
was among the manufactures of the Gloucester and Holt kilns, and is common at Caerleon, Caerhun,
Brecon, and Wroxeter. (For references, see parallels quoted.) At all of these sites the earliest type,
A, is found, and at most of them the allied form E in Gle'Oum ware is also found. It is apparently
not found in the south, for it is absent at Richborough, on the London G.P. 0. site, and at Verulamium
only the later form Dis found. In the north it is less abundant. It is not found at Newstead, Cor-
bridge, or Brough, but occurs, though apparently in small quantities, at Malton, Ambleside, High
House Turret, Haltwhistle Green, and Balmuildy (in this case type B only). On these sites, with the
exception named, type A is found. The only site where this occurs in a definitely first-century
level is Malton. All the other groups cover the period from the last decade of the first to the
early second century. It is therefore probable that it did not come into general use until the
beginning of the second century.
The development of the type appears to be focal, since the coarser types B and C found at
Leicester hardly occur elsewhere. Form D, which clearly is connected with Samian form 38,
however, occurs at Verulamium in the period A.D. l 60-90, Wroxeter in the period late second-early
third century, and Caerleon in the Hadrian-Antonin e and Antonine periods.
Type A. Flange slightly below bead, often slightly curved. Fine hard ware
l. Flange curved. Grey-brown polished ware. From SE. IV, when first appears. Fairly
common to III. l example VII. Cf. Caistor Pottery, V. 9, A.D. lOo-50; Wroxeter r936-'J,
fig. l 2, 7, first half of second century; Haltwhistle, Trajanic, pl. v, 3; Caerleon r926, fig. 33,
96, A.D. 70-110. . .
2. Flange broad and nearly horizontal. Polished grey ware. From SE. IV when first appears.
Fairly common to III. Cf. Malton, fig. 2, 5, Flavian.
3. Flange small and straight. Grey ware. l example only, in VI.
4. Flange broad, thin, and slightly curved. l example only, in VI. Cf. Brecon, fig. 98, C. 35,
A.D. 100-40; Mumrills, fig. 102, 37 (probably Antonine); Malton, fig. q, 8, Flavian; Caistor
Pottery, V. 9, A.D. 100-50.
N
 THE COARSE POTTERY
This group thus appears in SE. IV, is commonest in I, and fairly common to VI, after which
only stray examples are found.
On other sites its first appearance is in groups with a terminal date of A.D. 110, and it is not
found in any purely Flavian groups, e.g. Brecon, early second century, fig. 97, C. 3 I; Wroxeter
I936-7, late first-early second century, fig. 12, 7·; Caerleon I926, pre-A.D. 110, fig. 33, 95-6, 98;
Caerleon I927-<J, pre-A. D. 110, fig. 57, 143; Haltwhistle, Trajanic, pl. v, 3; High House Milecastle,
period la, Hadrianic, pl. xvm, 102-3. It is common throughout the second century, e.g. Brecon,
A.D. 100-40, fig. 98, C. 35; Caistor Pottery, pit 14, A.D. 100-50, V. 9; Birdoswald-Pike Hill,

Alley 'Find, to A.D. 160, fig. 15, 59; Old Kilpatrick, Antonine, pl. xxn, 24-7, but it does not occur
in third-century groups.

Type B. Thicker and clumsier. Flange approaching triangular in section

5. Flange short and thick. Coarse grey ware. From V, when common. Some examples VI-IX.
Cf. Wroxeter I, fig. 17, 16a, end first-beginning second century.
6. Flange fairly broad. Polished grey ware. From II. Appears in I. Common to VII. Cf.
Wroxeter I, fig. 17, 16b, end first-beginning second century.
7. Small thick rim, curving slightly downward, grey ware. From V. Common III-VI. Cf.
Balmuildy, pl. xLvm, 27, Antonine.
8. Flange broad and thick, slightly curved. Grey ware, red-brown at break. From V. Common
then and VI. 1 example Ill.
9. Flange sloping down obliquely. Red-brown ware. From VI, with '1 other example.
10. Flange thick, bead projecting inwards. Grey ware, red-brown at break. From V.
11. Flange rather lower, triangular in section. Light brown ware. From VII. 2 examples from
VI and I from X.
12. Short flange sloping down obliquely. Light brown ware. From VII, with 1 other example.
 THE COARSE POTTERY 91
13. Small flange, distinctly below rim. Dark grey polished ware, red-brown at break. 1 example
only, from VIII.
This group is thus later than the first. It just appears in I, is common II-VI, with a few examples
from the later levels. It is not always easily distinguishable from A in illustrations from other
sites, since to some extent this depends on the ware. It does not, however, seem to be as common
as type A, and the only parallels traced are those to Wroxeterand Balmuildy (above) and Verulamium
I9J8, first half third century, fig. 17, 6.
Type C. Similar to the last, but flange farther down side
14. Flange thick and straight. Grey ware. From VII. Appears V. Common VI-VII. 1 example
IX. For rim cf. Caerleon I927-9, fig. 57, 144-6, early second century to Hadrian-Antonine.
15. Flange curving down. Grey ware. From VII.
16. Flange short and triangular. Grey ware. From IX.
This group is thus later still, and is commonest VII-IX. It is in the main a type characteristic
of the second half of the second century. One example seems to occur earlier at Caerleon I927-9,
pre-A.D. 110, fig. 57, 145, but the other examples are all at or after the middle of the century, e.g.
Caerleon Amphitheatre, Hadrian-Antonine, fig. 20, 38; Balmuildy, Antonine, pl. xLvm, 29;
Verulamium, A.D. 160-90, fig. 27, 11, in which group it is common, though it does not occur in
the group dated A.D. 120-60.
Type D. Flange well down side, and wall above vertical
17. Flange short and triangular. Polished grey ware. From VII. Appears in III, a few examples
then and V, common VII-IX.
18. Flange more pronounced. Grey ware. From VI. Fairly common then and VII. Cf. Bal-
muildy, pl. XLVIII, 30, A.D. 140-80; Caerleon I927-9, fig. 57, 148-72, Hadrian-Antonine
and Antonine; Caerleon Amphitheatre, fig. 20, 38, A.D. 130-60; Wroxeter I9J6-7, fig. 11, 7,
late second-early third century.
19. Flange short and sloping downwards. 2 examples, from VII.
This group appears in III, but is much more common VII-IX. It clearly develops out of the
foregoing types under the influence of Samian Form 38. The imitation Samian and Castor forms
have not been included in it, and are distinguished both by ware and the greater prominence and
curve of the flange. It can be distinguished from type C by the greater height of the wall above
the flange, but the process of development is gradual, and some examples might be referred to
either type. It first clearly appears on Antonine sites, e.g. Balmuildy, pl. xLvm, 30, and is found
throughout the third century, e.g. Wroxeter I9J6-7, late second-early third century, fig. 10, 2 3,
fig. 11, 7; Margidunum3rd Century Well, A.D. 220-300, pl. v1, 34. Examples from Crambeck, end
third century to A.D. 370, pl. 1, 21-3, are rather larger, and nearer form 38.
Type E. Hooked flange, light brown ware
20. Flange just below bead. From VI, 1 other example from this level, and 1 from VII.
21. Flange more hooked, bead more prominent. 2 examples from VII. Cf. Caerhun, fig. 30,
238, A.D. 80-120; Brecon, fig. 97, C. 31, early second century; Gloucester, fig. 4, 79, early
second century.
This small group (which is close to type A in form) would appear to be imported, as the ware is
quite distinct from the usual type. The ware and burnish very closely resembles Glevum ware
(Gloucester), though it is possibly a little more purple and less brick-red at break than most of the
examples examined. Until the possibility of other centres of distribution of similar ware has been
 THE COARSE POTTERY
eliminated, or an analysis of the clay has proved it to be identical, it would be rash to assert that
the products of the Glevum potteries were being distributed as far afield as Leicester, but it seems
probable. See also fig. 46, 20.
Type F. White or light ware, decorated with brown paint
22. Flange hardly below bead. Traces of brown paint. From VII.
23. Flange below bead, hooked. Decorated with brown splashes on flange. From VII. Common
VII, IX, and unstratified.
This group is entirely late, only appearing in VII and IX. It must therefore be distinct from
the examples with brown paint on the rims imitating curle I I which appear in the late-first- and
early-second-century levels at Brecon (fig. IOO, C. 69) and Wroxeter I (fig. q, 16).

Fig. 23
MrscELLANEous BowLs AND WIDE-MOUTHED JARS
I. Bowl with rim turned back flatly and squared at edge. q-rey ware. From I, with 2 other
examples, and I from VI.
2. Bowl with rim rolled over. Decorated with impressed wavy line. Light grey ware. From IV.
Also 4 examples from disturbed levels.
3. Similar bowl, heavier rim. Grey ware, polished bands externally .and on rim, lowest surviving
zone rough. From VII, with 2 examples from disturbed levels.
4. Similar bowl, rim curved farther out. Grey ware. From SE. IV. Also I example from N. V
and I from I.
5. Deep bowl, _rim projecting inside and out. Divided into zones externally by deep grooves,
with trellis pattern on shoulder zone. Grey ware. From I, with 2 other examples.
6. Large bowl with heavy rounded rim. Grey ware. From III.
7. Large bowl, rim inclined out and squared at edge. Grey ware, polished externally and on
rim. From III.
8. Wide-mouthed jar, rounded rim. Light grey ware. From disturbed levels, with 3 other
similar examples. ·
9. Hemispherical bowl, rim curved down to form triangular flange. Vesiculated ware, rilled
externally. From disturbed levels, with I r other examples. Cf. Verulamium Theatre, fourth-
century orchestra filling, fig. I 1, 27, only found in uppermost filling; Lydney, late fourth
century, fig. 26, 23.
10. Bowl with flat-topped rim, decorated on top with wedge impressions. Similar ware. From
disturbed levels. No parallels to this bowl can be traced, and it is possible that i:t is medieval,
and allied to fig. 60, 5, the decoration of which is similar. ·

Fig. 24
NECKED Bow Ls
Type A. Thick flaring neck, rim only slightly thickened
I. High neck, rim slightly thickened. Grey ware, red-brown at break. From II. A few examples
most levels from I to VII.
2. High curving neck. Rim turned slightly out and thickened. Grey ware. From II. Fairly
common most levels I to V. Cf. Caistor Pottery, S. 20, A.D. 200-50.
 THE COARSE POTTERY 93
3. Fairly short neck, rim rolled over. Grey ware, red-brown at break. From VII. 3
examples IX.
3 probably represents the latest type of these bowls with a high rim above a marked shoulder.
The type is common from I to IX.
Type B. Straight-necked bowl, shoulder mainly not surviving
4. High neck, slightly flaring. Light grey ware. From N. II with 2 other examples, and 2 from
N. III. Several examples III and V, and common VI.
)

10
Fw. 23. Miscellaneous bowls and wide-mouthed jars (t)

5. Straight neck, rim rolled over and slightly undercut. Grey ware. From I, with 7 other
examples. Several examples most levels to IX. Cf. Balmuildy, pl. xuv, 2, Antonine ..
This type occurs in all levels.
Type C. Neck .flaring, rim not thickened
6. Neck curved well out. Grey ware. Unstratified. 1 example from II, 2 from V, 1 from IX,
and 2 from X.
7. Neck inclined out, cordon at base. Grey ware. From IX, with 4 other examples. 1 example
from V.
This type is thus mainly late. On other sites it does not seem to appear until A.D. 180, e.g.
Balmuildy, pl. xuv, 4-5. .
Type p. Smallish bowls, upright neck, rounded rim
8. Short upright neck, rim curved over. Grey-brown ware, blackened in parts. From pit filling.
Two other examples from SE. IV and V. Cf. Richborough Ill, pl. xxxv1) 258, A.D. 50-75.
94 THE COARSE POTTERY
9. Slightly curved neck. Grey ware. From N. V. 2 examples from VII, 3 from IX, and I
fromX. ·

,l
IO. Neck nearly straight, rim curved out. Grey ware. From II with 4 other examples. A few
examples all levels to IX;
This type is mainly late, but there are similar bowls early. On other sites it occurs from the end

) l ()
1 I 1' ' \~
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7 I fl9 7 FIG. 24. Necked-bowl type series m
of the first century, e.g. London G.P.O., late first century, fig. I 5, 20; Caistor Pottery, A.D. I 10-40,
S. 23, S. 24; Verulamium, A.D. 160-90; fig. 28, 18.
Type E. Wide-mouthed bowl, high flaring neck, rim turned out
I I. Rim curved right out, thickened at edge. Dark-grey ware. From N. I. I example each
N. V and I, 2 from V.
I 2. Neck curved out, rim turned out and thickened, rounded shoulder. Gray ware. From X.
4 examples from I, and I each from V, IX, and X. Cf. Caistor Kilns, pl. Ix, E. 2, A.D. I 10-40.
 THE COARSE POTTERY 95
13. Similar, rather thicker and heavier. Grey ware. From VI. Examples each from V and VII
and 4 from IX.
14. Heavier bowl, neck curved, rim thickened. Grey ware, red-brown at break. From SE. IV
with 2 other examples. Common III, 2 examples V, and 1 example each VII and X.
15. Larger bowl, rim not turned much out. From I, with 9 other examples. Some examples all
levels to X.
16. Large bowl, rim curved well over. Grey ware. From II. Some examples all levels to IX.
This type just appears pre-Forum, and examples are found all levels to IX, with a few later. On
other sites it appears as early as the Claudian period, and is common until A.D. 200, e.g. Richborough
I, pit 14, Claudian, pl. xxr, 14; Caistor Pottery, A.D. 100-40, S. 11, S. 12, and A.D. 120-50,
S. 18.; Caistor Kilns, A.D: 110-40, group E, pl. ix; Newstead, A.D. 140-80, pl. xLvrn, 46;
Balmuildy, A.D. 140-80, pl. xuv, 2; Verulamium Theatre, period III, end second century, fig.
10, 6. A later example is Lockleys, Welwyn, A.D. 300-40, fig. 9, 1, 3.
Type F. Type with shortish necks, rim curled over beyond bulge of pot
q. Short neck, heavy rolled rim. Grey ware. From V. 1 example each from VI and VII and 2
from IX. ·
I 8. Rather higher neck, heavier rim. Grey ware. U nstratified.

This type probably illustrates the later developments of type D. On other sites it first appears
by A.D. I 80, and continues to the end of the fourth century, e.g. Balmuildy, A.D. 140-80, pl.
xuv, 3; Caistor Pottery, A.D. 200-50, S. 2 I; Lockleys, Welwyn, A.D. 300-40, fig. 9, 6; Richborough
I, pit I, pl. xxvrn, 1I6; Verulamium Theatre, fourth-centur y orchestra filling, fig. I 1, I 7; Crambeck,
late third century to A.D. 395, pl. VI.
Type G. Very short neck, rim curled over
19. Large bowl, heavy rim rolled over. Grey ware. I example only, from IX.
20. Small bowl, rim rolled over and rounded. Grey ware. From N. II. 1 example from II~ 5
from V, and 1 from X.
The smaller type of rolled out rim is thus early, but it continues until late. A similar type to
the large bowl occurs at Scarborough, A.D. 370-95, pl. n, 1 I.

Fig. 25
NECKED JARS
Type A. Short neck, small rounded rim
1. Slightly concave neck, rim inclined out and thickened. Grey ware. From SE. IV. Appears
in pit filling. Some examples most pre-Forum levels, and goes down to VII, where there
are 3 examples, some tending to approach 3. Cf. Richborough I, pl. xx, 7, Claudian.
2. Short neck, rim rolled over. Cordon on shoulder. Pinkish-brow n ware, grey in centre at
break. From SE. Ila. 1 example from III.
This type is thus mainly early at Leicester. On other sites it appears in the pre-Flavian period
at Richborough I, pit 14, Claudian, pl. xx, 7; in Flavian levels at Wroxeter r936-7, fig. 9, 2, and
goes down to A.D. 120 at Wroxeter I, fig. 18, 31-3.
Type B. Short neck, rim curved over
3. Short upright neck, thick rim inclined out. Near 1, but distinctly coarser. Grey ware. From
VI, with 2 other similar rims. 2 examples from X.
 THE COARSE POTTERY
4. High neck, rim curved well over. Grey-brown ware. From IX. 1 example from X.
5. High neck, rim turned out. Grey ware, red-brown at break. From IX with 1 other similar

,
rim. 1 example from X .
. ~his group is late, and comes mainly from the latest levels. It may develop from: type A·. A
similar type occurs at Scarborough, A.D. 370-95, fig. 9, 1-3.

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19
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FIG. 25. Necked-jar type series m
Type C. Short neck, rim turned over squarely
6. Rim short, with sharp angles. Grey ware, red-brown at break. From SE. III. Common from
then to II. 1 example III. Cf. Caerhun, fig. 32, 345, A.D. 80-120; Brough IV, fig. 11, 52,
end first century; Caerleon I926, fig. 28, 14, A.D. 70-1 IO.
7. Neck rather higher, rim less angular. Grey ware. From SE. IV, when extn;mely common.
Common to II. Cf. Richborough I, pl. xx1v, 42, mid first century or might be A.D. 80-120;
Brough V, fig. 14, 4, Flavian.
8. Fairly high neck, rim grooved on top. Grey ware. From SE. IV. Appears SE. III. Very
common SE. IV and I, 4 examples II, and I IV.
9. Short curved neck, rim slightly grooved. Grey ware. From N. I. 3 examples from I.
 THE COARSE POTTERY . 97
lO. Shortish curved neck, rim inclined up, and slightly grooved. Grey ware, red-brown at break.
From II when common. 6 examples from I and l from IV. Cf. London G.P.O., fig. l 5,
21, A.D. 70-roo; Holt, fig. 64, 70.
This type is the most common jar form in the later pre-Forum levels. It continues to II, but
only isolated examples are found later. On other sites it occurs from pre-Flavian levels down to
A.D. l 20, e.g. Lockleys, Welwyn, A.D. 20-60, fig. 8, 54; Richborough III, pit 33, A.D. 50-7 5, pl.
xxxv1, 258; Caerhun, c. A.D. So, fig. 32, 349; Caerleon I927-9, A.D. 70-1 lO, fig. 54, 27; Rich-
borough III, pit 34, A.D. 80-120, pl. xxxvu, 269; Caerleon I926, A.D. 70-1 lO, fig. 28, 14. Some-
what similar examples, but with shorter necks, occur at Gloucester, fig. 6, 39-4r. Its distribution
seems to be mainly in the south and in Wales and the Welsh borders. It is not, however, found
at W roxeter, nor Verulamium, but Flavian groups from the latter site have not been published.
Its only northern occurrence is at Brough, and it is not found in any groups at Corbridge, on
Hadrian's Wall, at N~wstead, or on the Antonine Wall.

Type D. Large jars, with fairly wide mouths, short necks and heavy rolled rims
l l. Short upright neck, rim rather square. Grey ware. From I, when very common. Fairly
common all levels to V.
12. Neck slightly more curved, rim projecting farther. Grey ware. From I, when common.
Some examples all levels to V. Cf. Caerhun, fig. 32, 352, A.D. 90-120; Verulamium, fig. 28,
q, A.D. 160-90; Caistor Kilns, A.D. l l0-40, pl. vm, c. 4.
l 3. Large jar, short neck, and square-cut rim. Grey ware. Shoulder decorated with polished
strokes radiating from neck. From I, with l other example. A few examples most levels to IX.
14. Near l l, bU:t neck higher and rim less square. Grey ware. From VI. A few examples all
levels V to IX.
l 5. Short neck, heavy square rim. Grey ware. l example only, from VIII.
This type first appears in the Forum level, when it is extremely common. It is not frequent in
levels between this one and VI, but some examples occur to IX. On other sites an early occurrence
is Richborough III, pit 33, A.D. 50-7 5, pl. xxxv1, 2 54; and it is also found at Caistor Pottery, c. A.D.
loo, S. 22. It is common in levels with a terminal date of A.D. l lO or 120, e.g. Corbridge A.D.
90-1 ro, pl. x1, 3; Richborough III, pit 34, A.D. 80-120, pl. xxxv1, 272; Caerleon I926, A.D. 70-1 lo,
fig. 28, 9, l l, 12; and to A.D. 140, Brecon, A.D. roo-40, fig. 98, C. 33; Caistor Kilns, A.D. l ro-40,
groups A-C, pls. vu-vm. Similar forms occur in later groups, though not so frequently, e.g.
Verulamium, A.D. 160-90, fig. 28, q, 19; Verulamium I9J8, late second-early third century,
fig. 16, ro-11, and first half third century, fig. q, 4; Verulamium I9J4, end third century, fig.
l l, l 5; Lockleys, Welwyn, A.D. 300-40, fig. lo, l 4-2 r.

Type E. Narrow-necked jar, neck high and curved, rim turned out
l 6. Neck contracting gradually upwards. Vestigial cordons on neck and shoulder, with trellis
pattern between. Grey ware. From SE. IV. 8 examples from I. Cf. Gellygaer, pl. x1, 4,
Trajan-Hadrian; Richborough I, pl. xx, 2, Claudian.
q. Neck more curved, rim projecting outwards. Cordon at base of neck. Grey ware, polished
externally. From X. 5 examples from I. Some examples all levels to V, and a few later. Cf.
Wroxeter I9J6-7, fig. ro, 2 5, late second-early third centuries.
l 8. Neck only slightly curved, rim thickened and turned slightly out. Grey ware, polished
externally. From I. Common from then to III. Some examples to VII.
l 9. Similar, but rather thicker and heavier. Grey ware. From X, with l other example. A few
examples most levels I to X. Cf. Caistor Pottery, S. 4, A.D. lOo-30.
0
 THE COARSE· POTTERY
20. Similar, but much heavier .. Cordon at base of neck. Grey ware, grey-brown at break. From
I. A few examples most levels to VII.
21. Similar to 19, but neck shorter and rim rounder. Grey ware. From VI, with 7 other similar
rims. l example from I, 4 each from III and IX, and.3 from X.
22. Similar to 2 l, but neck a little higher. Light-grey ware, grey-brown at break. From VI
with l other example. Several examples from all later levels.
23. Similar to 21, rim projecting farther. Grey ware. l example only, from VI.
24. Similar to 2 3, cordon at base of neck instead of ledge. Grey ware. From X, with 4 other
similar rims. 2 examples from I. Cf. Margidunum; 3rd Century Well, pl. vI, 14, A.n. 220-300.
2 5. Near l 8, but neck straighter and less elegant. Light-grey ware, dark-grey slip externally.
From X, with l example from II.
26. Near l 8, but larger and heavier, rim curved farther out, and more rounded. Cordon at base
of neck. Grey ware. From IX. 3 examples from X. Cf. Margidunum, 3rd Century Well, pl.
v, l, A.D. 220:-300; Verulamium r938, fig. 16, 4, late second-early third century; Balmuildy,
pl. XLIV, l, A.D. 140-80.
This group illustrates the development from the large Belgic cordoned jars (see Verulamium,
p. 195) practically throughout t11;e Roman period. Even down to the latest examples, e.g. 26, the
cordon at the base of the neck survives. The earlier examples (16-20) with fairly high narrow
necks are most common from SE. IV to III, and a few are found to IX. The later examples (21-6)
have rather lower and wider necks, and are common from vr to x.
On other sites also it can be traced continuously from Belgic levels onwards, e.g. Richborough I,
pit 14, Claudian, pl. xx, 1-2, 4-5; Wroxeter r923-'J, A.n. 60-90, fig. 42, A. 1-2; Newstead,
A.D. 80-100, pl. xLvu, 38; Brecon, A.D. lOo-20, fig. 95, C. 6; Gellygaer, Trajanic, pl. XI, 4;
Caistor Pottery, c. A.D. 140, S. l and c. 100-30, S. 4; Caistor Kilns, A.D. ·l 10-40, group K, pl. XI;
Verulamium, c. A.D. I40, fig. 35, 62; Verulamium r938, to A.D. 160, fig. 15, 7; Newstead, A.D.
140-80, pl. XLlx B, 7; Old Kilpatrick, A.D. 140-80, pl. xx, 7; Balmuildy, A.D. 140-80, pl. xuv, l;
Wroxeter r936-'J, early third century, fig. 10, 24-6; Verulamium r938 late second-early third
century, fig. l 6, 4; Margidunum 3rd Century Well, A.D. 220-300, pl. v, l; Scarborough, fig. 5, I.
The development of the type on other sites is similar to that at Leicester, the later examples
being coarser and heavier, with the cordons tending to become less important. The distribution
is not confined to originally Belgic areas.

Fig. 26
CAVETTO RIMS
The development of cavetto rim jars from the second- to the fourth-century forms is well known.
The first appearance of the form has not been ~o closely fixed. The relevant points are as follows:
No examples are found in the levels dating from A.D. 80-100 at Newstea~, though it is very com-
mon in the Antonine levels (op. cit., p. 253). No examples are found in the Wroxeterr923-'J group
underlying the Baths, dated to A.n. 90. The form is not found at Caerleon Amphitheatre, period I,
c. A.D. 80, Corbridge Flavian-Trajan groups, figs. 5 and 7, or Caistor Pottery, pits 10 and 16, A.D,
70-110. It is ·also not found at the Trajanic site of Gellygaer. In Richborough Ill, pit 34 (pl.
64/ 6 5) dated to A.D. 80-120, l early example, of type A, occurs. At Brecon it does not occur in
the group dated A.n. 70-90 (fig. 100, C. 52-6). There is l example in the group dating down
to l 10-20 (fig. 96, C. 2 5) and l in the group dated A.D. 100-20 (fig. 9 5, C. 8). In Caerleon r926,
rims of types A, C, and D occur, but are not apparently common, in the levels associated with the
Timber Structures (terminal date A.D. l 10) (fig. 29, 31-:3) and the general type is very common in
the Stone Building levels (Caerleon r927-<), fig. 55, 38-69). At Caerhun rims of types A and Care
 THE COARSE POTTERY 99
fairly common in the levels sealed by the Stone Fort (terminal date A.D. 110) (fig. 35, 432-44).
In Birdoswald-Pike Hill the form is very common in the Alley group (A.D. 120-60) (fig. 14, 18
a-g). The appearance of the form can, therefore, be dated to the first decade of the second century,
and it becomes common from A.D. 120 onwards.

Type A. Small rims, only slightly curved. Pots usually rather straight-sided
1. Small rim, straight outside, curved inside. Polished dark-grey ware. From N. IV where
first appears; common in I and lasts to III. Cf. Caerhun, fig. 35, 434. Late Flavian.
2. Very small rim, slightly curved. Polished grey-brown ware. Trellis pattern on girth. From
N. IV where first appears, common in I, and l:;i.sts to VI. Cf. Caerhun, fig. 35, 440, A.D. 90-
110; Brecon, fig. 99, C. 45, early second century. .
3. Rather higher neck, gently curved. Polished grey-brown ware. Trellis pattern on girth.
From I, when common, 3 examples from SE. IV where first appears, 1 example each II and
III. Some stray examples VII and unstratified. Cf. Richborough Ill, pl. xL, 319, A.D. 80-120;
Brecon, fig. 95, C. 8.
4. Short thick oblique rim, approaching bead-rini type. Dark-grey polished ware. From I,
when common. 2 examples III, 1 stray ex:ample X.
5. Small rim, more curved over than other examples. Grey ware. Trellis pattern on girth.
From III, with 2 other examples. 1 example II and 1 VI.
This group is thus typical of I and of the levels immediately above and below it. On other
sites it first appears, with types C and D, in groups with a terminal date of c. A.D. 1 10, e.g. Caerhun,
A.D. 80-r 10, fig. 35, 434, 440-1, and is fairly common in groups going down to A.D. 120, e.g.
Brecon, A.D. 100-20, fig. 95, C. 8, A.D. 75-120, fig. 96, C. 45; High House Turret, level la, 'c.
A.D. 120, pl. xvr, 38.
The type becomes rare by the middle of the century, though a few examples are found in levels
going down to c. A.D. 160, e.g. Caistor Pottery, pit 13, A.D. 100-50, S. 36; Wroxeter I936-7, mid
second century, fig. 11, 1.

Type B. Same general type, but shoulder more marked

6. Rim fairly short, slightly curved, shoulder marked. Polished dark-grey ware. Trellis pattern
on girth. From III. Fairly common II-VII. Cf. Appletree Turret, pl. xvn, 60, c. A.D. 120.

Type C. Almost straight rims

7. Fairly high rim, almost straight. Polished dark-grey ware. From SE. IV. 3 examples from
I and 1 each from II and III.
8. Similar rim, shorter. Similar ware. From N. IV. 1 example each N. V and I and 3 II;
1 example each VII and X. Cf. Caerhun, fig. 35, 436, pre-A.D. 110.
9. Rim slightly more curved than last two. Similar ware. Wavy pattern on neck. From I,
where very common, but similar rims found in all levels to latest. Cf. Caerhun, fig. 35, 433,
pre-A.D. 110; Brecon, fig. 95, C. 10, A.D. 100-2·0. · ·
Though this group is also an early one, very similar rims appear till quite late.
Its appearance in dated groups is early second century, and together with A and D occurs in
groups dated to A.D. 110, e.g. Caerleon I926, A.D. 7 5-110, fig. 29, 31; Caerhun, pre-A.D. 110,
fig. 35, 433 and 436. It is fairly common in groups with a terminal date of A.D. 120, e.g. Appletree
Turret, level la, pl. xvn, 61; Brecon, A.D. 100-20, fig. 95, C. 10, and it seems to continue in use
throughout the second century, e.g. Caistor Pottery, pit 30, A.D. 80-130, S. 32; Appletree Turret,
level lb, c. A.D. 196, pl. xvn, 87.
100 THE COARSE POTTERY

I
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Fw.,26. Cavetto-rim jar, bead-rim jar, and poppy-head beaker type series (i)
 THE COARSE POTTERY IOI

Type D. Jars with straight rims with small bead or swelling at top
I o. Rim approximately vertical, bead at top. Polished dark-grey ware, rather thick. From I,
where very common. Several examples all later levels to VII. Cf. Appletree Turret, pl. xvn,
84, Antonine; Brecon, fig. 98, C. 43, A.D. 100-40.
I I. Rim inclined more out, slight bead at top. Grey ware. From I where common, appears
SE. IV.
I 2. Rim inclined slightly out, bead at top, thick and heavy. From I; 2 examples II, 6 III.
Cf. Corbridge, pl. xn, 48, A.D. 170-200; Caerhun, fig. 35, 480, A.D. 120-60; High House
Turret, pl. XVI, 39, Hadrianic; Brecon, fig. 99, C. 44, early second century; Wroxeter I9J6-7,
fig. 9, 7, A.D. I25-50; CaerleonI926, fig. 29, 33, A.D. 75-110.
1 3. Rim high, curving gently out, pronounced shoulder. Light-grey ware. Wavy pattern on
neck. From III. The shoulder seems to become more prominent in later levels. I example
each from II and V, 4 from VI and 2 from IX. Cf. Caerhun, fig. 35, 476, A.D. 100-40;
Wroxeter II, fig. 19, 65, pre-A.D. I50; Balmuildy, pl. XLV, 14, Antonine; Brecon, early second
century, fig. 99, C. 4 7; Wroxeter I9J6-7, fig. 9, I 8, Hadrian-early Antonine.
This group is thus commonest in I, but lasts to VI and VII. Like A and C this type appears in
groups dating down to A.D. I 10, e.g. Caerleon I926, A.D. 7 5-110, fig. 29, 33; Caerhun, pre-A.D.
I 10, fig. 35, 432 and in groups dating to A.D. 120, e.g. High House Turret, level la, pl. xvI, 39;
Brecon, A.D. 75-I20, fig. 96, C. 25, early second century, fig. 99, C. 44; Haltwhistle, Trajanic,
pl. v, 6. It remains quite common throughout the century; e.g. Brecon, A.D. 100-40, fig. 98,
C. 42-3; Caistor Pottery, pit 13, A.D. 100-50, S. 31; Wroxeter I9J6-7, second quarter second
century, fig. 9, 7, Hadrian-early Antonine, fig. 9, 15 and 18; Balmuildy,.Antoni ne, pl. xLv, 13-16;
Mumrills, Antonine, fig. 96, 9; Appletree Turret, level lb, to A.D. 196, pl. xvn, 84-5.
Type E. Jars with rims curving more out. Tendency to have a more marked shoulder
14. Rim fairly high, curving over at top. Polished dark-grey ware. From VI. 2 examples from IX.
I 5. Rim with much more pronounced curve over. Polished light-grey ware. Trellis pattern on
girth. From VI. 1 example III, 12 from IX and 2 from X.
I 6. Rim rather similar, but more curved. Grey polished ware, trellis pattern on girth. From VI.
2 examples in I and one III, but common VI-X. Cf. Caerhun, fig. 35, 483, A.D. 100-50;
Richborougk III, pl. XL, 320, A.D. 90-140; Appletree Turret, pl. xvn, 83, Antonine; Brecon,
fig. 99, C. 46, early second century.
This group is commonest from VI to IX, but examples do occur early. It is typologically later
than the preceding groups, and is much commoner than they later in the second century, but it
does just appear by A.D. I 20, e.g. Appletree Turret, level la, c. A.D. I 20, pl. xvn, 59; Brecon, early
second century, fig. 99, C. 4 7; Haltwhistle, Trajanic, pl. v, 20. It increases in frequency during
the century, and is the predominant type in Antonine levels, e.g. Richborough III, pit 52, A.D.
90-150, pl. XL, 320; Wroxeter I9J6-7, Hadrian-early Antonine, fig. 9, I 6-17; Birdoswald-
Pike Hill, Alley Find, A.D. 120-60, fig. 14, I8 a-g; Newstead, Antonine, fig. 28, I-10; Old
Kilpatrick, Antonine, pl. xxI, I-3; Balmuildy, Antonine, pl. xLv, I-9; Mumrills, Antonine, fig. 96,
I-3 and 5-8; Corbridge, A.D. I 60-200, pl. xn, 46; High House Turret, level lb, c. A.D. I 96, pl.
xvI, 43; Appletree Turret, level lb, c. A.D. 196, pl. xvn, 8 3; Verulamium, Well in IV, 8, A.D.
I60-90, fig. 28, 23. It also continues into the _third century, e.g. Wroxeter I9J6-7, early third
century, fig. 10, I 1; Caistor Pottery, pit 36, A.D. 260-300, S. 51.
Type F. Large high rims, curving well over, but not beyond the girth of the pot
17. Rim curving well over at top. Polished grey ware. From VII where first appears. Common
to latest levels. ·
I02 THE· COARSE POTTERY
r 8. Rim rather higher than last. Polished dark~grey ware. 2 examples from IX. Cf. Corbridge,
pl. XII, 4 7•
r 9. Large high rim, curving well out. Slightly polished grey ware. U nstratified, with 2 other
examples. r example each from VII and IX.
This group is distinctly later at Leicester than the ones already described, appearing only in VII.
On other sites it just appears in Antonine groups, e.g. Balmuildy, pl. XLv, ro-r r; Mumrills, fig.
96, 4, but is rare. From that date onwards through the third century it becomes the most usual
type, e.g. Corbridge, A.D. r 60-200, pl. XII, .4 7-8, 50-2; Appletree Turret, level lb, c. A.D. r 96,
pl. xvII, 72; Wroxeter I9J6-'J, early third century, fig. ro, 9; Birdoswald-Pike Hill, level II,
A.D. 205-97, fig. r4, r9 n-o; Margidunum 3rd Century Well, A.D. 220-300, pl. vr, 2 re, 27. It is
much rarer in the fourth century, but occurs at Lockleys, Welwyn, c. A.D. jjo, fig. I o, 2 3 and Wood-
cuts, to c. A.D. 3 50, pl. xxxII, 5.
Type G. High curved rims, tending to project beyond wall of vessel
20. High rim, inclined well out, almost beyond wall of vessel. Dark-grey polished ware. From X
with several other examples and also unstratified. Cf. Richborough III, pl. XL, 32 r, c. A.D. 400;
Lydney, fig. 26, 34, late fourth century; Caerleon I9J9, fig. II, r6, fourth century.
This later development seems to appear rarely in the third century, e.g. Wroxeter I9J6-7, early
third century, fig. ro, 8, and second half third century, fig. r r, q. It is, however, a much more
common fourth-centur y type, and lasts throughout the century, e.g. Birdoswald-Pike Hill, level
III, A.D. 30 5-67, fig. r4, r 9; Caerleon I939, A.D. 32 5-7 5, fig. r r, r4-r 9; Richborough III, pit 3 7,
c. A.D. 400, pl. XL, 32 r; Lydney, late fourth century, fig. 26, 32-5, fig. 27, 37-9; Woodyates, late
fourth century, pl. cLxxxvr, 4-5.
Type H. Rather similar, but rims small
2 r. Wide-mouthe d jar, small rim curved well out. Light-grey ware, decorated with shallow
grooves round girth. The ware and the base show that this jar was not, as the other examples
are, a cooking-pot. From X with r other example.
22. Small rim, overhanging wall. Polished dark-grey ware. Trellis pattern on girth. r example
only, from IX.
This group merges into G and, like it, is fourth century, e.g. Sandford, fig. 7, 55.
Miscellaneous
23. Short thick rim, straight and vertical. Polished dark-grey ware, r example only, from X.
Cf. Balmuildy, pl. XLv, 28, Antonine.
These groups show the steady development of the form. The small slightly cll:rved rims are
the commonest in the early levels, but types with a pronounced curve have already appeared by I.
The wavy pattern on the neck has been taken on many sites to differentiate early from mid-second-
century examples, but it does not seem to become rare at Leicester until level VI. The later
examples do not seem often to be i.n the polished dark-grey to black ware which is so common in the
early levels.
BEAD-RIM ]ARS
24. Small round bead rim, no neck. Dark-grey polished ware, trellis pattern on girth. From
SE. IV, when first appears, r example only, 4 examples from I. Not found after III. Cf.
Appletree Turret, pl. xvII, 8 8, Antonine.
25. Similar, but heavier. Similar ware. From V. Common II-VI. r example VII. Cf. Appletree
Turret, pl. xvII, 88, Antonine; Balmuildy, pl. xLvr, 4, Antonine; Brecon, fig. 98, C. 4r, A.D.
100-40.
 THE COARSE POTTERY 103
26. Very short thin curved neck, small bead. Dark-grey polished ware. From VI. A few examples
VI-IX.
27. Very short neck, small round bead. Similar ware. From III. A few examples most levels
III-IX. Cf. Corbridge, pl. xu, 57, A.D. I 60-200; Balmuildy, pl. XLVI, 5, Antonine.
28. Very small round bead rim. Grey ware. From V. 3 examples VII.
29. Short straight rim, angular junction with shoulder. Polished grey-brown ware. From VI with
I other example and one IX.
30. Very small fine rim. Grey polished ware. I example only, from IX.
SMALL OBLIQUE RIMS
3 r. Short rim, oblique outside, rounded inside, sharp shoulder. Polished grey ware. From II.
A few examples II-VII.
32. Similar rim, without the sharp shoulder. Grey ware. From V with I example from IX.
These two forms of jar, which merge into one another, are thus much commoner from II to
VII. A few appear SE. IV and I, and there are some in IX, but only I example in X.
Bead-rim jars are, of course, a common pre-Roman form. The Roman form, on vessels closely
allied to the cavetto-rim jars, in the same ware, and usually decorated with the same trellis pattern,
does not seem to appear until well into the second century on most sites. It is apparently absent
from the period la levels of most of the Wall forts. Examples are, however, found at Hardknot,
Flavian-Traja n, fig. 7, 81-2 and Wroxeter r936-7, late first-early second century, fig. 12, 3,
which would accord with the date of their first appearance at Leicester. It is a very common
Antonine form, e.g. Wroxeter r923-7, A.D. I 30-60, fig. 44, B. 4; Wroxeter r936-7, second
quarter second century, fig. 9, 8-9 and fig. I 1, 2; Caistor Pottery, pit q, A.D. I 20-60, S. 36;
Birdoswald-Pike Hill, Alley Find, A.D. I 20-60, fig. I 5, 39-4 I ; High House Turret, period lb,
to A.D. I 96, pl. XVI, 44-5; Appletree Turret, period lb, to A.D. I 96, pl. xvn, · 8 8-9; Old Kil-
patrick, Antonine, pl. xxI, 24-6; Balmuildy, Antonine, pl. XLVI, 1-6; Mumrills, fig. 96, 15-17;
Corbridge, A.D. I 60-90, pl. xn, 57~62. A few examples are found in the third century, e.g.
Wroxeter r936-7, late second-early third century, fig. 10, 6-7; Wroxeter r923-7, A.D. 2 7 5, fig.
46, C. 6. Two debased examples,· one with trellis pattern, with very squat rims, occur at Scar-
borough, A.D. 370-95, fig. 10, 4-5.
PoPPY-HEAD BEAKERS
33. Thin, not very high rim, nearly vertical. Light-grey polished ware, decorated with barbotine
dots. From SE. IV, with 5 similar, 3 in I, and I in II. ·
34. Near 33, but more curved, and sharper angle with wall of pot. Grey ware. From IX, with
I example from I.
3 5. Rim higher and more curved than 3 3. Light-grey ware, dark-grey slip. From I with I other
similar example, and I from IX. Cf. Verulamium, fig. 31, 39, A.D. 120-60.
36. Rather thicker than first three, rim bevelled off slightly. Grey ware. No barbotine dots.
From I, with r similar rim.
The nu~ber of poppy-head beaker fragments found was thus small, which is not surprising,.
as it is a typically southern form. Except for two probably stray examples from IX, the examples
all come from SE. IV and I, and are all early in type. On other sites it appears late first-early
second century, e.g. Brecon, A.D. So-120, fig. 97 C. 29; Richborough III, pit 34, A.D. 80-120,
pl. xxxix, 306. It continues, in a form later than any found at Leicester, to A.D. 200, e.g. Rich-
borough III, pit 52, A.D. 90-140, pl. xxxix, 308; Verulamium, pre-A.D. 140, fig. 35, 72-3; Caistor
Pottery, pit q, A.D. I 20-60, T. 9; Verulamium, A.D. I 20-60, fig. 3 I, 39; Verulamium, A.D. I 60-
104 THE COARSE POTTERY
90, fig. 2 7, 12-1 3. It is only really common in the south-east, the only example from a northern
site being Old Kilpatrick, pl. xx1, I 8, probably Antonine, and the only one from Wales being the
example given from Brecon.

Fig. 27
EvERTED R1Ms
Type A. Thick and short
1. Rim thick and rounded. Grey ware. 1 example only, from SE. II.
2. Rim folded well back, rounded outside, flattened and reeded inside. Grey ware. From pit
filling. Fairly common pre-Forum levels. A few I and II. Cf. Corbridge, fig. 7, 31, Domitian-
Trajan.
3. Similar rim, not reeded. Grey ware. From I, when common. A few from pits, 1 from II
and 2 from VI. Cf. Haltwhistle, pl. v, 12, Trajanic.
4. Thick rim, bevelled off to sharp edge. Grey ware, polished externally on shoulder. Girth
groove on shoulder and a second lower; diagonal polished lines between the two grooves.
Frorri SE. IV when it first appears; very common I, a few examples most later levels to IX.
Cf. Wroxeter I, fig. 17, 27, A.D. 80-1 IO.
5. Thick rim, higher than last, inclined out. Grey ware, polished externally. From N. II.
Common SE. IV and fairly common to V. Cf. Caerhun, fig. 34, 405, A.D. 90-130.
6. Small rim, bevelled to sharp edge. Grey ware. From SE. III, fairly common from this level
to I; 1 example VI and one IX. Cf. Margidunum I st Century Well, pl. x1, I 4.
7. Small rim, rounded internally. Grey ware, polished externally. Girth grooves on shoulder.
From SE. IV. Common then to II.
8. Short thick rim, straight outside, flat on top. Grey ware, polished externally. Girth groove
on shoulder. From SE. IV. Appears in SE. III, a few to II.
9. Rim folded right back, rounded externally, hollowed internally. Grey ware, red-brown in
centre at break. Girth groove on shoulder. From I. A few from N. V to VII. Cf. Margi-
dunum I st Century Well, pl. x1, 24, Claudian.
This group appears in the early levels, is commonest in the immediately pre-Forum levels,
fairly common II, and only a few later examples. The earliest forms, I, 2, and 3, occur in the
Claudian period, e.g. Margidunum Ist Century Well, pl. x1, 14, 22, 24. The others are very
common in the Flavian period, and last till A.D. 120.
Type B. Small and fairly thin
1o. Rim thin and upright. Grey ware. Central zone decorated with incised wedges. From pit
filling. 2 examples I, fairly common II and V. ·
11. Thin rim, inclined out. Grey ware, slightly polished externally. Girth groove on shoulder:
Decorated with applied lumps below. From SE. IV, common then and I. 1 example from
VII and 1 from IX. Cf. Newstead, fig. 2 5, 4, Flavian.
12. Very small rim, curved out. Grey ware, red-brown at break. From pit filling with 1 other
similar rim. Some from I.
13. Small rim, curved out. Light-grey ware, polished externally. Girth groove on shoulder.
From SE. III. First appears SE. Ila. Very common I, fairly common II, 1 example III.
14. Short straight rim, rounded inside. Grey ware, polished externally. From SE. IV, when
first appears. Fairly common to II, only isolated examples later. Cf. Caerleon Amphitheatre,
fig. 21, 61, pre-A.D. 125; Richborough Ill, pl. xxxvrn, 278, A.D. 70-IOo.
 THE COARSE POTTERY
15. Small thin rim, inclined out. Orange ware. From SE. IV, common then and I, some from
VI. Cf. Caerleon Amphitheatre, fig. 2 1, 60, Flavian; Richborough III, pl. xxx1x, 300, A.D.
80-120; Caistor Pottery, T. 3, A.D. 70-110.
16. Rather higher rim, fairly thin. Light-grey ware, polished externally. Girth groove on shoulder.
From I, when common. Some III and VII.
17. Rim with everted lip, wide mouth. Grey ware, polished externally, unstratified.
I 8. Small thin rim, with short neck and everted lip. Grey ware. From v. I example I and I
unstratified.
This group appears in early levels, is commonest SE. IV and I, and fairly common in II. With
the exception of the last two it is rare later. On other sites it appears by A.D. 80, e.g. Richborough
III, pit 33, pl. xxxvrn, 279, 285 and pit 35, pl. xxx1x, 298. It is quite common up to A.D. 120,
e.g. Caerhun, fig. 34, 3 77; Caistor Pottery, pit 10, T. 3-4; Richborough III, pit 34, pl. xxxvrn,
280-3, 300-1, 304; Caerleon r927-9, fig. 54, 6, 19.

Type C. Fairly high, often thickened externally

19. Almost vertical rim, thick. Grey ware, polished externally. Girth groove on shoulder. From
SE. IV. Fairly common all levels to III. 2 examples, each VI and IX. Cf. Corbridge, pl.
XI, 14, C. A.D. 100.
20. Fairly high rim, inclined out. Grey ware. From N. V. Common from then to II, 2 examples
VII.
21. Fairly high rim, thickened at edge. Grey ware. From I, with 4 other examples. 1 each from
VI and X.
22. High rim, thick and fairly rounded. Grey ware, polished externally, 2 girth grooves on
shoulder. From N. II. Common from then to V. Cf. Wroxeter I, fig. 17, 25, A.D. 80-120.
23. High rim, nearly vertical, thickened in middle but thin edge. Grey ware, polished externally.
Central zone decorated with barbotined dots and circles. From N. IV, very common I, and
common to VI. Cf. Caerhun, fig. 34, 397, A.D. 80-120.
2+ Rim high and nearlyvertical. Light-greyware, polished externally. Girth groove on shoulder.
From N. II. Common I, fairly common all levels from then to IX.
2 5. Fairly high and straight, slightly inclined out. Grey ware, girth groove on shoulder. From I,
when very common. Fairly common to V. Cf. Richborough III, pl. xxxvm, 283, A.D. 80-120;
Brecon, fig. 95, C. 9, A.D. 100-20.
26. Rather small rim, slightly curved inside. Light-grey ware. Girth groove on shoulder. From
N. V. Very common I, some II and VI.
27. Similar rim, larger. Grey ware, polished externally. Slight girth groove on shoulder. From I,
when appears first. Common to VI, fairly common to IX and X. Cf. Caerhun, fig. 34, 403,
A.D. 90-130.
2 8. Rim rather thick, top rounded, concave internally. Reddish-buff ware. From I, when com-
mon. 2 other examples only from II and III.
This type thus appears in N. II and SE. IV, is common from I to VI, with a few examples to
IX and X. On other sites it is rare before A.D. 100, the only dated examples being from Wroxeter
r923-7, fig. 42, A. 5, from the group dated pre-A.D. 90, and Brough IV, fig. 10, 2ob, from :the
group antedating the Trajanic wall. It is noticeable that it is not found among the numerous
examples from the Flavian levels at Newstead, that, though it is common at Caerhun (fig. 34,
397-405), none of the examples comes from the levels dating pre-A.D. 110, and at Richborough
it is not found in pits with a terminal date of about A.D. 100, though (see below) it is found in
p
106 THE COARSE POTTER Y

FIG. 27. Everted-rim jar type series (!-)

 THE COARSE POTTERY 107
later pits. On the other hand, it is common in groups going down to A.D. 120, e.g. Wroxeter I,
fig. 17, 25; Brecon, fig. 95, C. 7 and C. 9; Corbridge, fig. 7, 20-4; Gellygaer, pl. x1, 7-8; Rich-
borough Ill, pit 34, pl. xxxvm, 30 5. Like all examples of this form, it becomes rare in the Hadrianic
period, and is not found in the Antonine period. Its period of chief use is, therefore, A.D. 100-20.
Type D. Rim fairly high, turned.well out. Shoulder high and rounded
29. Rim thick and sloped well out, thinning at junction with body. Grey ware polished externally.
Girth groove on shoulder. From N. I. Fairly common pre-Forum to III. Cf. Caerleon Amphi-
theatre, fig. 21, 59, pre-A.D. 80.
30. Smaller than last, turned well back. Grey ware, polished externally. Two girth grooves on
shoulder. Zone below decorated with incised wedges. From SE. IV. Appears in SE. III,
a few examples all levels to II; cf. Newstead, fig. 25, 1, Flavian; Corbridge, pl. x1, 17, c. A.b.
100.
This type is thus found from the pre-Forum levels to II. It is found at Caerleon Amphitheatre
in the group pre-A.D. 80(fig.21, 59), and in the Flavian levels at Newstead (fig. 25, 1), is common
by A.D. 100, e.g. Brecon, fig. 100, C. 53; WroxeterI923-7, fig. 42, A. 4; Corbridge, pl. x1, 17,
and also to A.D. 120, e.g. Wroxeter I, fig. 17, 26-30; Corbridge, fig. 7, 53. Like type C, it becomes
rare after A.D~ 120.
Type E. Similar to last, but shoulder less high
JI. Rim high and thickened, edge thin. Grey ware, polished externally. From I, when it first
appears and is extremely common. Common to V, 1 example IX.
These groups are thus the common ones from the later pre-Forum levels .. The dating from
other sites is Flavian to early second century.
Type F. Rim flattened and everted
32. Rim folded right back, flat on top, pointed edge. Orange-brown ware. Central zone rough-
.cast. From II. Very common all levels from then to VII. 1 example IX. Cf. Corbridge, pl.
xn, 7 5, A.D. I 70-200.
33. Thin rim, turned well back. Orange-brown ware. From III. A few examples all levels from
then to IX, commonest VII. Cf. Manduessedum, Trans. Birmingham Arch. Soc. LIII, 192.
34. Fairly thick rim, flat on top, projecting more than 35. Orange-brown ware. From V. Com-
mon VI and VII, 2 examples IX .
. 35. Thick squat rim, flat on top. Central zone decorated with rouletted lines. From II. Some
examples all levels from then to VII, when extremely common. 1 example IX.
36. Large rim, more rounded than last. Orange-brown ware. Central zone decorated with
rouletted basket pattern. From V with 5 other examples. Several examples VI and 1 IX.
37. Rim not folded back so far. Orange-hrown ware. From VI, very common there and VII.
3 8. Small delicate rim, rounded inside. Orange-brown ware. Girth groove on shoulder, and zone
below decorated with rouletted incisions. From VI with 2 other examples, 4 from VII.
39. Rim folded right back, rounded on top. Orange-brown ware. Central zone roughcast.· From
II. 2 examples from III. ·
40. Rim folded back, rounded inside, pointed tip. Orange-brown ware. Central zone decorated
with rouletted incisions. From VII, when common. Appears in II and fairly common V
and VI.
41. Rim rounded and not very marked. Orange-brown ware. Girth groove on shoulder, with
zone below decorated with rouletted incisions. 1 example onlr, from VII.
108 THE COARSE POTTERY
42. Rim rounded internally, oblique externally. Grey polished ware, red-brown at break. From
VII. 3 examples from VI and 2 from IX.
43. Small rim rounded inside and out, pointed lip. Grey-brown ware. From III. 1 example
from V, common VI.
44. Rim rounded, groove beneath it. Grey polished. ware. From III. Common VI and VII.
45. Rim turned back flatly. Orange-brown ware. From VII. 2 examples from VI.
46. Rim flattened and thick, much heavier than the rest of this class. Orange-brown ware, grey
in centre at break. 1 example only, from VII.
This type thus appears for the first time in II. It is common from II to VI, and very common
in VII. In- IX there are rather fewer examples. Almost all examples are in a typical orange-
brown ware. It does not appear to be a very .common type on other sites, but is found at
Birdoswald-Pike Hill, Alley Find, c. A.D. 160, fig. 15, 54, and South Carlton, A.D. 140-80,
fig. 6, 5 A and fig. 9, 5 B-c. Examples found at Old Kilpatrick, pl. xxm, 4-6 are attributed,
probably erroneously, to the early period. From the Leicester distribution, it is more likely that
they are Antonine.

Type G. Small rim, rather square-cut outside

4 7. Small rim, square outside, groove beneath. Colour-coated ware. Central zone roughcast.
From III, with 2 other examples from same level and 1 from VI. Cf. Verulamium, fig. 27,
10, A.D. 160-90.
48. Small rim, bevelled inside, square outside. Colour-coated ware, 1 example only, from III.
49. Similar rim, with groove on outside. Colour-coated ware. From III. Common I. Cf.
Caistor Pottery, T. 1, A.D. 70-110; Haltwhistle, Trajanic, pl. v, 7.
50. Rim round inside, oblique outside, pointed tip. Castor ware. From V. Fairly common VII
and IX (mainly Castor); 1 example I (not Castor). Cf. Corbridge, pl. xn, 73, A.D. 170-200;
Old Kilpatrick, pl. xxm, 9, Antonine.
This group thus appears in I. It is commonest in III, but is also found in VII and IX. It is a
type which is just coming into use by A.D. 120, as is shown by its occurrence in the following
groups: Brecon, fig. 99, C. 51; Caerhun, pre-A.D. 110, fig~ 34, 428~9 (but more numerous in later
levels); Caistor Pottery, pit 10, T. 1. It is not found in any earlier groups. It seems to continue in
use throughout the century, e.g. Verulamium, A.D. I 60-90, fig. 28, I 6.

Type H. Rim rolled over

51. Fairly thick and large rim. Grey ware. From I, when common. First appears SE. IV. Com-
mon II and VI ..
p. Small thin rim, grey ware. From I, a few examples N. V to III.
53. Heavier rim. Grey ware. From VII. Fairly common III to VII.
54. Rim thickened and curved well back. Grey ware. From V, whep common. 2 examples
each VI, VII, and IX.
55. Rim not curved over so far as last. Grey ware. From V. Several examples VI and one VII.
This group just appears pre-Forum, is commonest VI, and there are a few examples in VII
and IX.

Type J. Heavy, with rim rolled over

56. Rim thick, flattened internally. Coarse grey ware, red-brown in centre at break. From I,
when common. 1 example each from VI and IX.
 THE COARSE POTTERY 109
57. Rim thick, rounded on top. Grey ware. From IX, with I other example. I example from
V and 2 from VII.
58. Rim more rounded than last. Grey ware. From VII, with 2 other examples.
This type is thus found in I, but is commonest in VII and IX.

Fig. 28
RING-NECK JuGs
Type A. Rings angular
l. Sharp cut rim, grooves rather than rings beneath. Light creamy ware. l example only from
SE. II. No exact parallels, but near Richborough III, pl. xxxm, 201, A.D. 50-70.
Type B. Neck tall and not very spreading. Top ring thick, rest rounded
2. Tall neck, not very spreading. Rings usually four and equally marked and rounded. This
is the earliest type at Leicester, with the exception of l example of I, and appears in SE. IV
where it is common and is the only type. l example is found in a late pit; it is common in N. V,
and a few examples I and II. This tall type with equal rings is typical of the late Flavian to
early-second-century levels in the north and west. The rectangularly bent handle is said to be
a sign of first-century date at Corbridge. Cf. Wroxeter I, fig. 17, 3, A.D. l 10-30; Newstead,
fig. 33, 2, Flavian; Wroxeter I923-'J, fig. 44, A. 22, A.D. 60-90.
3. Top ring more pronounced and flaring than 2. Orange-buff ware. From I, when common,
continuing into II. This type does not seem to appear till the end of the first or beginning of
the second century. Cf. Caerhun, fig. 32, 310, A.D. 90-1 lO; Haltwhistle, pl. v, 2.
4. Neck high and slightly spreading, top ring thick, lower ones flat. Light buff ware. From
N. V, appears in N. II. Very common in I and II, and some examples up to V. Cf. Birdoswald,
pl. xvI, 6, Hadrianic. ·
5. Five rings, not pronounced, top one spreading. Orange-buff ware. From N. V. l example
from I.
There appear to be no examples at Leicester of the earliest type of ring-neck jugs found in this
country, which have square-cut rather than rounded rings, a rather short concave neck, and a
very globular body. Cf. Corfe Mullen, fig. 5, class A, and Richborough II, pl. xxx, I 39, both dating
from c. A.D. 50-70. The nearest approach to this type is l. Type B is typical of levels dating from
A.D. 80, but does not seem to appear before that date, e.g. London G.P.O., fig. 14, 9, late first
century; Brough IV, fig. 10, 15, pre-Trajanic; Newstead, fig. 33, l-4, A.D. 80-100. It is common
in the Trajanic period, e.g. Corbridge, pl. XI, I-2, A.D. 90-110; Caistor Pottery, X. l, X. 2, A.D.
70-110; Wroxeter I, fig. 17, l, A.D. 80-120; Caerleon r927-9, fig. 56, 82-3, 86, pre-A.D. l lo;
Haltwhistle, pl. v, 2, Trajanic. From the Hadrianic period onwards it becomes rare, the latest
dated examples being Brecon, fig. 98, C. 34, A.D. 100-40, and Verulamium r938, fig. I 5, 2 I. The
Leicester examples on the whole seem to be more rounded than those from other sites, where the
top ring is often angular.
Type C. Top ring very thick, lower ones slight. Neck shorter and slightly spreading
6. Top ring very thick, a few lower ones not very pronounced, neck not very spreading. Light
buff ware. From II. Appears I and is the predominant type in II and III. l example each
from V and VII. Cf. Balmuildy, pl. xuu, 4, Antonine.
7. Top ring very thick, lower ones even less emphasized than 6, neck spreading. From II, when
first appears, common to V. Cf. Corbridge, fig. 8, 92, A.D. l 60-200; South Carlton, fig. 7,
21C, A.D. 140-80.
l 10 THE COARSE POTTERY
This type just appears before the end of the first century, e.g. London G.P.O., pit F.I.C., fig.
14, 8, late first century. It is common throughout the second century, e.g. Caerhun, fig. 32, 310,
pre-A.D. l ro; Wroxeter I, fig. q, 4, A.D. 80-120; Newstead, fig. 33, 13, A.D. 140-80; Balmuildy,
pl. XLIII, 4, A.D. 140-80; South Carlton, A.D. 140-80, figs. 7 and 8, 2 c, f, j, n, p; Corbridge, pl.
xn, 8 8 and fig. 8, 92, A.D. l 60-200. At Leicester its range is from I to V, with only I later example.
Type D. Top ring fairly thick, rest only scratches
8. Neck fairly high, slightly spreading, top flaring, rings hardly indicated. Light buff ware.
From N. V, when first appears. Common in I, and rather similar examples continue till VII,
but tend to become shorter.

19
)_

Frn. 28. Ring-neck jug and flagon type series (!)

9. Neck fairly short, top ring thick, rest little more than lines. Orange ware. From V, 2 examples
found in I, but common V and VI. Some VII and IX. Cf. Caerhun, fig. 32, 3 I 8, A.D. l 20-40.
ro. Neck fairly high, single collar-like ring, with grooves beneath: Light buff ware. From IX,
l example VI.
This type appears at Leicester slightly earlier than type C, but it becomes more common in the
later levels, and has a longer life, appearing in VII and IX, where there is only l example of
type C. On other sites it does not seem to occur until between A.D. l 20 and l 60, e.g. Wroxeter
I9J6-J, fig; 9, 2 l, Hadrianic-early Antonine and fig. ro, 3, mid-second century; Verulamium I9J8,
to A.D. l 60, fig. l 5, 20.
Type E. Very short and concave neck
l l. Neck short and concave, rings all flat, lip flaring. Light buff ware. From V, with l example
each from VI and VII. Not common. Cf. Verulamium, fig. 35, 67, A.D. 120-40; Verulamium
Theatre, fig. ro, 3, mid-second century.
l 2. Neck very short and concave, contour of lip rounded. Light buff ware. From V, I example
from VI. Cf. Wroxeter I9J6-7, fig. l l, ro, late second century. Near, but typologically
rather later than, Mumrills, fig. roo, 5, Antonine.
 THE COARSE POTTER Y I l I

13. Neck even shorter and more concave. Single ring at lip. Buff ware, orange slip. From IX,
1 example VI.
This typologically late form first appears by A.D. 140, e.g. Caistor Kilns, pl. xr, L 1, L2 (rather
less degenerate), A.D. 110-40; Verulamium, fig. 35, 67-8, pre-A.D. 140. It is common to the end
of the century, e.g. Balmuildy, pl. XLm, 5-6, A.D. 140-80; Corbridge, pl. xn, 89-90, A.D. 160-200;
Verulamium, fig. 2 7, 8, A. D. l 60-90. Only a few examples were found at Leicester.
1+ Double-rin g mouth, neck fairly tall. Red-brown ware, with cream slip. From N. V, with 1
other example from II. This type develops from the first-century double-ring jug (cf. Rich-
borough I), but the general shape is nearer that of the ring mouth from Newstead (fig. 33, 15),
Antonine, but neck longer and probably earlier. Similar rims occur at Corbridge, A.D. 160-
200, fig. 8, 9 5, 99, but again with a shorter and. more concave neck.
Ring-neck jugs practically cease to occur after the beginning of the third century. Their place
is taken by other types, e.g. Richborough I, pl. xxrx, 1 l 7-1 8; Crambeck, pl. vn, l 67-8 7, which do
not seem to occur at Leicester.

FLAGONS

Type A. Fairly high cylindrical neck

l 5. Straight collar-like rim, undercut, and bevelled internally: Grey ware,
light creamy slip.
l example only, from pit l. This is a common first-centur y type and may have one or two
handles. Not enough of the curve of the neck surviving to show how typological ly late it is.
Cf. Caistor Pottery, X, 7, A.D. 70-110; Caerleon Amphitheat re, fig. 2 l, 48, c. A.D. 80;
Richborough I, pl. xxvr, 7 l, early second century. .
l 6. Rim flat on top, rounded beneath. Grey ware. From SE. IV. l example,
I. In this type of
flagon, examples with the handles immediatel y below the rim seem to be earlier than those
with the handles lower down the neck, cf. Richborough III, pl. xxxn, l 94, A.D. 70-9 5 and
Wroxeter II, fig. l 8, 45, A.D. 80-120 with Caerleon I927-<J, fig. 56, 94-101 associated with
the Stone Buildings, post-A.D. l lO.
l 7. Rim rounded externally with groove near lower edge. No handles survive.
Light grey ware.
l example, SE. IV.

l 8. Rim flat above, rounded beneath, rather coarser than l 6. Two handles
from immediatel y
below rim. Reddish-bu ff ware. l example, I.
l 9. Rim narrow, handles from half-way down neck. Creamy-bu ff ware. l
example, I. Cf.
Caerleon Amphitheat re, fig. 23, 82, A.D. 90-120.
20. Rim curved over and undercut. Two handles below rim. Creamy-bu ff ware. I example, I.
All the above are early types and the general group is from the mid-first century to the early
second century.
2 l. Thick rounded rim, slightly undercut, neck concave, two handles midway up the neck. Buff
ware. l example, II.

Type B. Squat, concave neck

22. Short concave neck, contracting upwards, rim sloping downwards . Handle (probably two)
immediately below rim. Creamy-bu ff ware. From VI, with l example each from V, VII, and
IX. Cf. Mumrills, fig. loo, 9, Antonine.
23. Near 22, neck still shorter. Two handles below rim. Creamy-bu ff ware. l example,. VII.
These examples are developments of the first-century ones.
 112 THE COARSE POTTER Y

Fig. 29
STORAGE JARS

The jars are all light drab-colou r ware, in shades varying from pinkish to grey, with on the
whole pinkish more common in the earlier, less romanized, wares. The texture of the earlier
vessels tends to be more soapy, and the later harder and rougher. Throughou t, the ware is heavily
impregnate d with white grit, and is of the type sometimes called vesicular. The earlier ware is
decorated with combing, usually in curves, while the later has regular horizontal rilling.
From II onwards, storage jars are found in great quantities in the western hypocaust area, and
in VI are in enormous numbers there, and continue to be very common to IX. It is suggested that
they may have been used to bring water for the baths, since the proportion is so much higher. As,
however, the levels here cannot be stratigraph ically connected with the general area, but only by
the pottery, they are not published in detail, as they do not provide dating evidence for the
pottery.
Type A. Rim thickened and fat, rounded on top. Well-marked neck
1. Rim curved well over. Smooth pinkish ware, grey in centre at break. From
pit. Very com-
mon in all the pits. A few from later pre-Forum levels, 4 from I, 1 from II, and 1 from IV.
2. Thicker rim, and not so curved over. Smooth pinkish ware. From pit. Fairly common in
pits, and later pre-Forum levels. 10 examples from I, 9 from II, and 1 from IV.
3. Rim heavier and neck straighter than 2. Fairly smooth pinkish ware. From SE. III. 1
example from pit, and a few from later pre-Forum levels. 10 examples from I and 1 from II.
Cf. Verulamium, fig. 19, 6ob, A.D. 5-30.
4. Near 1, but rim more rounded. Smooth drab ware. From pit, with 1 other example. 1 each
from SE. I, SE. II, and SE. Ila, 2 from I, 5 from II, 1 from VI, and 1 from VIII.
5. Near 4, but neck straighter, and rim less curved over. Smooth pinkish ware. From pit, with
1 other example. 2 from SE. II, 1 from SE. IV, 3 from I, and 1 from II. Cf. Verulamium,
fig. I 8, 60 a, A.D. 5-30.
This group is thus almost entirely early. The one example later than IV is probably a stray, and
the type came predomina ntly from the earliest levels down to I. The technique is native, and its
associations are with pre-Roman Belgic ware. The fragments of the rest of the pots have combing
(see fig. 34, 12-14) and the bases are flat.
Type B. Rim turned well out, rounded on top but not thickened
6. Short neck, rim turned out squarely. Smooth pinkish ware. Decorated with grooves on the
shoulder, and oblique lines below. From SE. I. 2 similar rims from SE. IV, 1 from I, and
1 from II.
7: Neck rather higher, rim more curved. Smooth pinkish ware. Decorated with stabbed chevron
pattern on shoulder. From SE. II. I example from IV. Cf. Margidun umI9Io-n, pl. 1v, 2.
This type is thus also an early one.
Type C. Rim curled well over, junction with neck undercut, neck curved
8. Rim rolled well over. Drab to grey ware. From I, with 1 other example. 2 examples each
from II, VI, and VII.
9. Rim flattened on top. Drab grey ware. 2 examples from I. Cf. Verulamizan Theatre, fourth-
century filling (unpublish ed).
10. Rim squat, pointed on top. Pinkish to grey ware. From V.
This type thus appears. in I and in late levels.
 I
. )r: ,. I
) 12 I *4\·.
I
" . I li 14 ' I ~
. _' I' ri6 1 ·I 28 . J\

,,.,
" · I . . ~ ~17
' 1 - - _.,,,<
1

29

Fm. 29. Storage-jar type series (!)

I
Q
114 THE COARSE POTTERY
Type D. Rim thickened, but not rolled over
1 1. Rim straight inside, slight projection outside. Smooth blackish ware. From pit. A few all
levels to II.
Type E. Rim pointed on top, fairly thin, rim not thickened much externally
12. Rim oval in section, nearly pointed on top. Pinkish ware. From I with 3 other examples.
2 examples from II, extremely common V, and a few later.
13. Rim more pointed on top, drab ware. From II, with 1 other example. Common all later
levels to IX. Cf. Verulamium Theatre, fourth-century filling (unpublished).
14. Rim smaller, pointed. Drab ware. ¥rom V. 1 example VII.
15. Rim concave internally, more projection externally. Drab ware. 1 example only from IX.
16. Rim small and rather shapeless. Disturbed level, 1 example only.
This group is thus not found at all in the pre-Forum levels, and the rim form is quite distinct
from that of type A. It appears in I, and is commonest V and VI, but continues to IX. The later
examples tend to be smaller. At Verulamium it is a second-century form, cf. Verulamium z938,
to A.D. 160, fig. 15, 27.
Type F. Rim curved over inside, flattened on top, and pointed edge
17. Rim curved over to a point, square outside. Pronounced neck. Pinkish ware. From I, with
4 other examples. Common all levels from then to IX. Cf. Verulamium, fig. 37, 76, second-
third centuries.
18. Rim more flat_tened on top, neck shorter. Drab ware. From V. 4 examples from I, common
to V, and a few examples to IX.
19. Similar rim, smaller. Pinkish to drab ware, rough surface. From VI. Fairly common to IX.
This type is closely related to type E, and, like it, appears in I, and continues to IX. An example
occurs at Linwood z937, c. A.D. 300, fig. 2, 2.
Type G. Heavy rims, flattish on top
20. Rim flat on top, square outside. Drab ware. From II with 1 other similar. Common V and
VI. A few to IX.
2 1 • .Rim more rounded on top. .Greyish drab ware. From V.•Appears in II. Some examples all
levels to VII. · ·
This type is rather later than E and F. It is particularly common in the western hypocaust area.
Type H. ·Small rims, curved well out, square outside
22. Small rim, high neck. Red-brown ware. From VII. 1 example from Vlll and 3 from IX.
Cf. Verulamium Theatre, fourth-century filling (unpublished).
23. Similar rim, flatter on top. From III, with 2 other examples, and 1 from V.
This smaller type of rim thus does not occur till Ill.
Type J. Rim pointed, junction with neck undercut
24. Rim small and flattened on top. Greyish drab ware. From IX, when common. 1 example
each VII and VIII.
2 5. Rim pointed on top. Greyish drab ware. From VII. Fairly common VII and IX. Rims
similarly undercut occur in Verulamium Theatre, fourth-century filling, cf. fig. II, 3 1.
This type is definitely late, and only appears in VII.
 THE COARSE POTTERY
Type K. No neck, rim triangular in section, mostly grooved inside
26. Rim grooved inside. Greyish drab ware. From III. 2 examples from II, and some from all
levels to VII. ·
27. Similar, but rim larger and heavier. Decorated with regular rilling. Greyish drab ware. From
V, when fairly common.
28. Near 27, but still heavier. Greyish drab ware. From V. l example each from II, VIII,
and IX.
29. Similar, but rim more squat, and no groove. Drab ware. From V. Some examples all levels
to IX.
This type is clearly connected with the form of the cooking-pots, but is much larger and heavier
than the largest of them. It just appears in II, is commonest V, and there are some examples
VII-IX.
Fig. 30
STORAGE ]ARS (cont.)
Type L. Small rims, fairly narrow and high necks
I. Neck high, rim rolled over, and slightly thickened. Pinkish ware. From N. V. l example
from pit. 2 very similar ones from disturbed levels. Cf. Appletree Turret, pl. xvn, 68, second
half second century.
2. Rim not curved out so much. Smooth pinkish ware. From I, with 4 other examples. l
example V and 2 from disturbed levels.
Type M. Small jars with narrow necks, rims small, necks curved
3. Rim rolled well out, thickened at edge. Drab grey ware, with much white grit. From W.
block, 3rd floor, l example W. block, 4th floor, and 2 5th floor, l each VII and IX. Cf.
Verulamium Theatre fourth-century filling (unpublished); Caerleon r939, fig. l l, 30-2, A.D.
3 24-85.
4. Rather shapeless rim, more pointed on top. Greyish drab ware. From I with 2 other similar
rims. l example from W. block, 3rd floor, l from 5th floor, l from IX. Extremely common
disturbed levels.
5. Neck slightly curved out, rim thickened. Drab grey ware. From disturbed levels, where
common. Cf. Verulamium Theatre, fourth-century filling (unpublished).
6. Rim curved farther over. Drab grey ware. l example only, from disturbed levels.
This type has thus a few examples as early as I, when they are probably connected with type K,
but it is typical of the late disturbed levels. Elsewhere, it occurs in fourth-century levels, e.g.
Lockley's, Welwyn, c. A.D. 330, fig. 12, 1-2; Ashley Rails, A.D. 330 on, pl. x1, 5; Caerleon r939,
A.D. 324-8 5, fig. I I, 30-2, and Verulamium Theatre, second half fourth century (unpublished).

Type N. Small jars, neck curving straight into shoulder, rim hardly thickened
7. Rim curving gently out. Drab ware. From disturbed levels, where very common. l example
from IX. Cf. Verulamium Theatre, fourth-century filling (unpublished).
8. Similar rim, smaller. Drab grey ware. From disturbed levels, where common. Cf. Huntcli.ff,
fig. 40, 16, A.D. 370-95.
9. Similar rim, still smaller. Horizontal rilling externally. Drab grey ware. From disturbed
levels, where common. Cf. Verulamium Theatre, fourth-century filling (unpublished).
This group is thus exclusively late, only l example even appearing in IX, and the rest from the
late disturbed levels.
 116 THE COARSE POTTERY
Types Land M entirely take the place of the other types in the late, disturbed levels. Similarly,
in the late-fourth-century filling of the Verulamium orchestra these types are predominant, only
3 examples of the other types occurring. The fact that these types occur so predominantly in the
dish;lrbed levels, and not even appreciably in the two preserved blocks of filling later than IX,
indicates that the levels of the second half of the fourth century have disappeared, and that IX is
probably not much later than the beginning of that century.
The storage jars at Leicester thus have an uninterrupted development from the pre-Roman
types found in the pits. The angular rim forms of types E, F, G, H, and J almost entirely
take the place of the early rounded types A, B, and C by TI. On other sites the rounded forms
seem to continue in many cases, e.g. Sloden lnclosure, pl. xvn, 7, though not always in the same
gritty ware. Few examples of the angular forms are, however, published, and it is possibly a local
development. The later forms L and M, which are of a smaller, lighter vessel, and of which the
ware seems similar to the Huntcliff vessels, are common on a number of other late sites.
Coo KING-POTS
A type of cooking-pot, with small everted rim, usually recessed internally for lid, and of ware
impregnated with grit similar to that of the storage jars, is found in the earliest pits, and continues
to IX. It is apparently mainly confined to the Midland region, since with the exception of Veru-
lamium the only published parallels come from Margidunum, where it is common in the first-
century well, but does not appear in the third-century well, and Tripontium (Cave's Inn), Leicester-
shire (pl. vm, 1-3), where there was no dating evidence. The late Belgic and early Roman levels
from Verulamium contain vessels of similar rim form (Verulamium, fig. I 8, 5 5; Verulamium r938,
fig. I 1, 22, 24), but the ware does not appear to be the same.
Type A. Neat rims, curved externally and recessed internally
10. Small rim, slight internal ridge. Fine rilling externally. Pinkish ware, blackened externally.
From pit, when common. 2 examples from SE. Ila, I from SE. IV, and 3 from I. Cf.
Verulamium r938, fig. 13, 24.
1 1. Rather larger rim. Similar ware. From SE. IV, when extremely common. 2 examples from
pits, 1 from N. II, 2 each from N. Ila and N. III, 7 from I, and 1 from II. Cf. Margidunum,
First Century Well, pl. x, I 1, A.D. 40-60.
12. Larger rim, internal ridge much more pronounced. Drab ware. From I, with 8 other examples.
Also I from pits, 3 from II, 2 from III, and 1 from VI. Cf. Margidunum, First Century Well,
pl. X, 4, A.D. 40..,.-60.
13. Rim heavier and more squat. Coarse rilling externally. Grey-brown ware, blackened ex-
ternally. From SE. I. 3 examples from II. '
This type is the earliest one. It becomes larger and heavier in the later examples.
Type B. Rim heavier, recessed internally, straight and collar-like externally
14. Heavy rim, with pronounced ridge internally, large pot. Pinkish-brown ware, blackened in
parts. From SE. IV, with 8 other examples. Extremely common I and common II. A few
examples all later levels to IX.
15. Smaller pot and lighter rim. Grey-brown ware, blackened externally. From I. Extremely
common there and II. A few examples most later levels to IX.
16. Rim thicker and more rounded. Fine rilling externally. Pinkish-drab ware. From VI.
1 example each from II and VII.
This type first appears in SE. IV, and is extremely common in I and II, with a few examples
to IX. ·
 THE COARSE POTTERY I I7
Type C. Rim fairly heavy, no internal ridge
17. Rim straight internally. Grey-brown ware, blackened externally. From I, when common.
Some examples most later levels to IX.
I 8. Rim rounded inside and out. Rilled externally. Pinkish-brown ware. From I, with 1 other
example. 2 examples from II and 3 from III.

? )~11- ~s~l
)

Ii------,-(~
4'\ I e-.1
-r---,,-----.,.,
~~ 2 1:

) I \a s ) \
I - - --.,..----'

}.-::--------~

I
15 ~
R a~ ,~.91---------z
14

~\61
I
,
I
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1~7~ ===;:::/\ l I ')
rn
23 25
==i==]

21
bl---------7'(~
22
·Jr====c
( 41 2) 26
Fw. 30. Storage-jar (cont.) and cooking-pot type series (l)

I9. Rim heavier and larger. Drab grey ware, blackened externally. From V with 2 other examples.
I example from I, and others from VI and IX. Cf. Verulamium I938, first half third century,
fig. 17, 5·
20. Heavy rim, concave externally. Drab ware. From VI.
This type is commonest from I to VI, with some examples VII-IX.
The three types A-C thus develop from that found in the early pits, and are the most common
up to II. A certain number are found to IX, but none in X.
Type D. Rim turned back flatly, not much thickened
2 I.Rim flat inside, slightly thickened outside, intermediate in type between the last group and
this one. Light drab ware, blackened externally. From III. 1 example from I.
118 THE COARSE POTTERY
22. Flat everted rim. Rilling externally. Ware drab, not gritty. From V.
23. Rim turned out almost horizontally. Dark brown ware, not gritty. From I, with 1 other
similar rim.
None of these examples are common, and they are scattered over levels I to unstratified. 21 is
the only one in grit-impregnated ware.

Type E. Narrow-neckeq}a,~s, rims Cf.tfving out

24. Rim curved out,t-l'fi~ slig}).tly thickened. Fine rilling externally. From I, with 2 other
examples. ·· ..J
25. Heavier rim, curving out. Drab grey ware. From SW. Buildings 11, with I example from
disturbed levels.
This type thus appears in ·¥"ith,~-. ~oarser version later.
Type F. Small neck curving out ··
26. Rim curving out, externally;.5." · ened internally. Orange-brown ware. From VI. 1 example
from disturbed levels. ...: ··
These last groups, D to F,~lrlt to be later than A to C, but none are individually com-
mon. The great majority are nof'. t e grit-impregnated ware of A to C.

Fig. 31
Lrns
Type A. Plain rim, oblique sides
I. Plain sides, slight groove beneath edge. Grey ware. Underneath decorated with impressed
lines. From SE. IV. Common all levels SE. IV to IX. Cf. Richborough I, pl. xxn, 32, mid-
first century; London G.P.O., fig. 16, p, A.D. 80-120; Richborough III, pl. xxx1x, 316,
A.D. 80-120.
2. Rim slightly flattened underneath. Light grey ware. From IV. 1 example each II and VI.
On other sites the type dates at_least from the Flavian period to the end of the second century,
e.g. Richborough III, pit 57, early Vespasianic, pl. xxx1x, 3 q; London G'.P.O., A.D. 80-120, fig.
16, 52; Richborough I, well 1, early second century, pl. xxn, 3 2; Caerhun, c. A.D. 1 1o, fig. 3 1, 307;
Richborough III, pit 34, A.D. 80-120, pl. xxx1x, 3 16; Corbridge, A.D. I 60~200, fig. 6, 8 7.

Type B. Rim folded back or thickened underneath

3. Rim thickened underneath, with ridge set back from edge. Grey ware. From SE. IV.
2 examples from II and 1 from X.
4. Rim folded back underneath. Grey ware. From SE. IV, with 1 other similar rim. 3 examples
from I, 6 from II, and 2 from VI I.
5. Rim thickened underneath, sides curved. Smooth grey ware. From I. 1 example from II.
6. Similar, but rim projecting farther inwards. Smooth grey ware. From IV, with 1 other
example from II.
7. Rim slightly thickened beneath. .Grey ware. From VII with 1 other example and 2 from
II and 1 from VI.
This appears to be a less common type. An example occurs at Ashley Rails, c. A.D. 330 on,
pl. xn, 3. .
 THE COARSE POTTER Y 119
Type C. Rim squared off at edge, projecting slightly upwards
8. Rim with distinct projection upwards. Light brown ware. From SE. IV with 3 other examples.
1 example from I, 3 from II, and 2 from VI. Cf. Gellygaer, pl. x, 7, Trajan-Ha drian; Veru-
lamium Kiln, fig. 5, 14b, A.D. 120-60.
9. Less projection upwards. Grey ware. From I, with 2 other similar sherds. 1 example from
N. I, 4 from II, 3 each from V and VII, and 2 from IX.
10. Rim not thickened, very flat lid. Buff ware. From I. 1 example from II and 3 from VII.
Cf. Newstead, fig. 2 5, 16, Flavian.
Type C occurs from the beginning of the Roman occupation until the middle of the second
century, e.g. Margidunum I st Century Well, A.D. 40-60, pl. x, 6; Gellygaer, Trajanic, pl. x, 6-7;
Caerleon I926, A.D. 70-110, fig. 36, 136; Caerleon I927-<J, A.D. 70-110, fig. 63, 456; Caistor

FIG. 31. Lid type series m

Pottery, pit 16, A.D. 70-110, W. 14; Birdoswald -Pike Hill, Alley Find, A.D. 125-60, fig. 15, 52;
Caistor Pottery, pit I 3, A.D. 100-50, W. I 5, pit 7, A.D. 110-60, W. I 6.
Type D. Similar, with pronounced groove round rim
11. Rim thickened. Grey ware. From VII, with 5 other examples. 5 also from IX, and 1 from VI.
There would thus appear to be no particular chronological distinction in the form of the lids,
with the exception of the last type, which seems to occur only from VI onwards, but in that case the.
groove round the rim can only be a local characteristic of a late date since it appears at Brough IV
(fig. 12, 70-1) in the late first century. It also occurs at Linwood I9J7, c. A.D. 300, fig. 3, 2.

Fig. 32
CASTOR, WARE

This ware first appears in III, when there were 6 sherds. The great majority of the ware
before IX is thin and hard, 1 thick white sherd appearing in VI and 1 in VII. In IX it is
about half and half, and in X the thick white ware is greatly predomina nt. From III to VI the
most common decoration is self-coloured barbotine hunting-sce nes and scale pattern. In the later
levels, rouletting, of which the coarse type first appears in VI, is more common. White painted
decoration first appears in IX, but is not common then or in X, which is in contrast to Verulamiu m
Theatre, where it is common in the late third century. The small high type of base, which is fairly
common in the late third century at Verulamium , first appears in VII, and is common in IX. The
common type of rim in VII and the earlier levels is the folded back type (fig. 32, I 8-19). The
vertical type, with or without a thickened rim, just appears in VIII and is common in IX, X, and
disturbed levels. The bowl imitating Samian form 38 was only found unstratified and was not
common then.
 I20 THE COARSE POTTERY
The dating evidence for the app~arance of Castor ware (as distinct from colour-coated ware,
usually roughcast, which at Leicester appears first in SE. III) is fairly close. It does not appear in
groups with a terminal date of A.D. I 60, e.g. Birdoswald-Pike Hill Alley Find; Caistor Pottery,
pits 7 and I 7; Wroxeter I923--'J, first period of Forum; Verulamium Jnsula V, pit 6. In groups with
a terminal date of A.D. I So it has 'just appeared, but is not yet common, e.g. Newstead, pl. xLvm,
45, 8 to IO examples, mainly decorated with barbotine hunting-scenes; Old Kilpatrick, pl. xxm,
9, barbotine decoration; Balmuildy, I fragment barbotine hunting-scene; Mumrills, fig. 103,
I I-I2, barbotine hunting-scene, fig. Io3, 6, barbotine dots. All these examples are in thin
hard ware, and the decoration is usually en barbotine, either a hunting-scene or some more con-
ventional pattern; even after that date it does not seem to become rapidly common. In the Veru-
lamium Well in Insula IV, 8, dated A.D. I60-90, there were only 4 sherds. There appear to be
no stratified fragments in the level lb ending about I 96-7 on the Roman Wall at Birdoswald
Turret, High House Turret, Appletree Turret, and Birdoswald Fort. At Wroxeter I936--'J, Castor still
does not appear in levels which must go down to about A.D. 220, fig. 10, 6-26 and fig. I I, 7-I I,
so the distribution in the west may have lagged behind that in the rest of the country. The general.
date of appearance is thus A.D. I 70-80 on most sites.
Throughout the ~hird century the predominant type of Castor and the allied New Forest ware
is the fine-ware beaker, either with hunting-scenes or other barbotined decoration, thumb pots or
beakers with conical necks and bulbous middles decorated with fine rouletting, e.g. Caistor Pottery,
pit 5, A.D. I80-220, T. I4; ibid., pit I, A.D. I80-230, T. I5; ibid., Drainage Ditch, A.D. 200-69,
T. I 6; Verulamium· I938, late second-early third century, fig; I 6, 6-9; Wroxeter I9J6-7, second
half third ~entury, fig. I I, I 5; Margidunum 3rd Century Well, A.D. 220-300, pl. VI, I 6; Verulamium
I934, late third century, fig. 9, 8-9, fig. 10, I I-I2. Some types of beakers continue until the
middle of the fourth century, e.g. Lockle_ys, Welwyn, c. A.D. 330, fig. I I, 32; Richborough I, pit I, ·
mid-fourth century, pl. xxix, I2o; Woodcuts, c. A.D. 350, pl. xxx1v, 5; Birdoswald-Pike Hill, level
III, A.D. 305-67, fig. I4, 30 and fig; I 5, 45; Mildenhall, c. A.D. 37 5, pl. I, 6; Ashley Rails, A • 330
on, pl. m, I, 3-6, 9-10; Lydney, late fourth century, fig. 27, 60-I. As far as can bejudg how-
ever, the ware of the fourth-century examples is thick and usually white (with the ex on of
Birdoswald-Pike Hill, fig. I4, 30). Beakers with hunting-scenes and similar barbotined ion
also. do not seem to occur in the fourth century. Beakers are not found in the Signal·
Yorkshire, A.D. 370-95, so by that time this form was not being distributed in then . ~
The earliest form in thick ware appears to be the pot fig. 3 2, I 2, which, as the references cited in
connexion with it show, was manufactured throughout the third century. The various dish forms
seem just to appear by the end of the third century, e.g. Margidunum 3rd Century Well, A.D. 220-
300, pl. VI, I 7, but only .become common in the fourth century. Exact parallels for most of the
bowl and pot forms are hard to find, but they are close to many of the imitation Samian forms of the
end of the fourth century.
Dishes
I. Shallow dish, rim thickened. Light buff ware, thin and hard, red-brown slip. I example
only, from VII.
2. Plain straight-sided dish. Thick white ware, metallic olive-brown slip. Unstratified, with
6 other examples, anc;l I from X.
3. Wider dish, rim slightly thickened. Thick white ware, metallic brown slip. I example only,
unstratified. . ·
· With the exception of I, which is of a different ware, these straight-sided dishes are only found
in the upper levels and in the even later, disturbed, levels. 2 examples of similar heavy dishes were
found in the period IV levels of the Verulamium Theatre, c. A.D. 300 (unpublished); also Margi-
dunum 3rd Century Well, A.D. 220-300, pl. v1, 17. -
 THE COARSE POTTERY 121

4. Dish with flange just below rim. Thick white ware, metallic olive-brown slip. From IX.
l example from VIII, and 2 unstratified.
5. Similar <lisp, flange straighter and broader. Thick white ware, patchy brown slip. Un-
stratified. l example from VIII, 4 from X, 7 others unstratified.
6. Smaller and lighter dish. Thick white ware, patchy brown slip. From X. l other example
unstratified.
7. Similar to 5, thicker and heavier. Thick white ware, patchy brown slip. 6 examples, un-
stratified.
8. Still heavier, flange farther down side. Thick white ware, patchy brown slip. l example only,
unstratified.
These flanged dishes thus appear in VII and IX, but are much more common in the upper and
the disturbed levels. At Verulamium Theatre, l example only is found in the period IV levels,
c. A.D. 300, fig. 10, l 6, but the type is extremely common in the orchestra filling of the second
half of the fourth century. Though it is a common type, it is illustrated in few reports, but its ware,
and its connexion with similar flanged dishes in grey ware, agree in a fourth-century dating.
Bowls
9. Hemispherical bowl, with thick rounded rim. Thick white ware, brown slip. Decorated with
rouletting. 5 examples, unstratified.
10. Shallow carinated bowl. Thick white ware, metallic brown slip decorated with white paint.
l example, unstratified.
l 1. Bowl with more upright sides. Grey ware, brown slip, decorated with white paint. 3 examples,
unstratified.
These bowls are, therefore, all unstratified.
Pots
12. Small pot, with square, high shoulder. Light buff ware, light brown slip. Body decorated
with wedge-shaped rouletting. From VII. 3 examples from IX, and 1 unstratified. Near
Verulamium I93 4, fig. 9, 10, late third century; near Corbridge, pl. xn, 6 3, A.D. 170-200; near
Caistor Pottery, S. 54, A.D. 2 50-300. The Leicester example is nearer the squat form of the
latter, but its angularity is nearer that from Corbridge. 3 examples were found at Verulamium
Theatre, fourth-century Orchestra Filling (unpublished).
l 3. Squat bulbous pot, neck slightly concave. Orange-brown ware and slip. Decorated with
double line of rouletting on shoulder. From X, with 1 other example unstratified.
14. Wide-mouthed heavy pot. White ware, brown slip. 1 example only, unstratified.
l 5. Small pot with upright neck and rim turned over. White ware, olive-brown paste. 2 examples
only, unstratified.
l 6. Pot with short neck, thickened and grooved rim. White ware, metallic olive-brown slip.
Rouletting on rim and shoulder. l example only, unstratified.
Beakers and Jars
I 7. Small rim, slightly concave externally. Light buff ware, light brown slip. From VI, with
2 other examples, and 2 from VII.
l 8. Small rounded rim, with groove beneath. Thin white ware, brown slip. From V. 3 examples .
VII.
19. Rim folded back flatly. Buff ware, dark brown glaze. From V, 1 example only. Cf. Verula-
mium Theatre, fig. 10, 14, late third century, when it is the common type, in contrast with its
rareness at Leicester.
R
122 THE COARSE POTTERY
20. Jar with plain straight rim, body decorated with barbotine wreath pattern. Buff ware, brown
slip. From IX. Similar rim from VIII, and.10 others from IX. Cf. Verulamium I938, late
second-early third century, fig. I 6, 6.
2 I. Rim straight, pronounced shoulder. Buff ware, brown slip. 4 examples, unstratified.
22. Rim straight and high, body decorated with scale pattern. Buff ware, dark -brown slip. I
example o_nly, unstratified. Cf. Caistor Pottery, T. I 5, A.D. I 80-230.

\ ¥=tC~1 _J
b£i3 7 . - ~a
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1 b~
t.1 ( ( . .

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m 26 ·m
28
34
Fw. 32. Castor ware type series (!)

23. Narrow neck, rim thickene_d. Brown ware~ brown slip. From IX with 3 other examples, and
3 unstratified.
Neck .straight, rim slightly turned out. Buff ware, brown slip. I example only, unstratified.
Neck slightly concave, rim thickened, body bulbous, indented. Thin white ware, metallic
black slip. From IX, with I example unstratified.
26. Similar rim, taller, and rim thicker. Buff ware, metallic black slip. From IX, with 2 other
examples, and I unstratified. Cf. Caistor Pottery, T. I 6, A.D. 200-50; Richborough I, pl.
xxvn, 96, fourth century; Lydney, fig. 27, 61, fourth century.
Rim thicker. White ware, metallic black slip. .2 examples, unstratified.
 THE COARSE POTTER Y 123
28. Coarse thumb pot, straight neck. Buff ware, brown slip. Unstratifie d. Cf. Ashley Rails, pl.
III, 5, A.D. 250-350.
The beakers and jars thus seem to be divided into the small beakers with everted rims, which are
common V-VII, and the ones with straight necks, which are common IX and X and in disturbed
levels.
Jugs and Flagons
29. Two-handl ed flagon, rim thickened and hollowed inside. Thick white paste, olive-brown
metallic slip. I example only, unstratified.
30. Narrow-mo uthed jug, rim turned out and thickened. Thick white ware, olive-brown slip.
I example only, unstratified .
3 I. Rim of flagon, spreading mouth, groove on rim. Thick white ware, olive-brown slip. 2
examples, unstratified.

FIG. 33. Amphora type series (!) _ 3

32. Squat one-handled jug, square shoulder. Red-brown ware, brown slip. I example only,
unstratified.
33. Tall neck of jug, with grooves beneath thickened rim, possibly imitating a ring-necke d jug. ·
Buff ware, metallic olive-brown slip. I example only, unstratified.
34. Flagon with narrow mouth and disc round neck. Light buff ware, brown slip. ' Decorated
with white paint. From IX, when first appears. 4 other examples then, others unstratified.
Cf. Lydney, fig. 2 7, 4 7, fourth century, which is rather heavier. This form is a late one, and
does not seem to appear in any deposits dated exclusively to the third century. It is found at
Sandford (second-fo urth centuries), fig. 2, I 9; Woodyates, late fourth century, pl. cLxxxvr, 9;
Ashley Rails, c. A.D. 330 on, pl. 1x, 1-2, 11-13, and it is noticeable that it does not occur in the
New Forest Kilns of Mr. Sumner's early and middle periods. There is, however, an example
(unpublish ed) of a similar form in red-coat~d imitation Samian ware from Verulamium Theatre,
period IV, c. A.D. 300. Its appearance in Castor ware thus probably takes place early in the
fourth century. ,
Thus, with the exception of 34, the jugs and flagons are only found in the disturbed levels.

AMPHORAE Fig. 33
1. Rim folded over and undercut, neck slightly splaying. Buff ware, creamy slip outside. From
I, with I other example. Cf. Caerleon, fig. 23, 78, early second century. ·
2. Rim folded back on to neck. Buff ware. From I, with I other example, and I from II.
3. Rim thickened and splaying out, projecting also slightly inwards. Drab ware, creamy slip
outside. From I, with I other example. 5 examples from II, 2 from III, I from V, 2 from VI,
and 3 from X. ·
The amphora rims cannot, therefore, be dated from form. 3 is the only common type, and this
is found from levels from I to X. The handles are not preserved in most cases, and it cannot,
therefore, be said if they would show any development.
 124

BELGIC WARE
From the lowest occupation level on the site, in pits found wherever excavation was
carried down to natural soil, came a great quantity of Belgic pottery, both imported
and native imitations of Belgic forms. As will be seen from the individual descriptions, this
seems to cover a considerable period. Some forms can be paralleled at Haltern ( 1 r B.c.-
A.D. I 6 ), and a considerable number· at Verulamium (Prae Wood, group B) in the group
dated A.D. 5-35 (which Mr. Ward Perkins, Ant. J. vol. xviii, p. 366, suggests may go
down to A.D. 4 3; as evidence against this later dating, however, it may be noted that it
allows no space of time for the introduction of terra rubra into common use, though this
is certainly found on sites in England, e.g. Hengistbury class J, before the common use of
Romano-British ware). The general dating cannot, however, be as early as that group,
since it includes a number of forms and ware not found there. There is, for instance, an
appreciable quantity of terra rubra plates, which are common at Claudian Hofheim while
only one example is found from Prae Wood, and, while there are a number of early forms
of butt beakers, there are also a number of examples like that from the Claudian levels
of Roman V erulamium. The plate forms include a number which have degenerated to a
considerable degree from their Arretine prototypes. Also, in a number of pits, there are
a few sherds of definitely Roman-British character, and one pit, 7, certainly goes well
into the Roman period.
The Roman sherds which are unlikely to have been imported before the Conquest
are few in number, but sufficient to suggest that the use of the early pits continued into
the period of Roman occupation of the neighbourhood. The contents, however, are in
definite contrast to the pottery from the earliest levels at Margidunum, which is securely
dated to the earliest years of the Roman occupation. There, though the coarse native
pottery is in the same tradition as that at Leicester, and there are many parallels between
forms, the fine Belgic ware is completely absent, and even native copies of Belgic plates
are almost absent. The place of the fine plates and cups is taken by Samian and by
romanized beakers decorated en barbotine or rusticated. In the early group of pits at
Leicester, 5, 8, I o, I I, 3, 2, 6, there is only one Samian sherd (fig. 4, I). The earliest
strata at Leicester, therefore, antedate those of Margidunum. Similarly, the group does
not appear to be as late as that from the first phase in Verulamium Insula XVII (Veru-
lamium I938) which is dated to the Claudian-early N eronian period and does not
include examples such as fig. I I, I 3 and fig. I 2, 3 0-3 from there. The latter group does
not include examples of the early form of butt beaker (our fig. 34, I) and mortar-like
vessels, and terra rubra plates are more rare.
Of significance too is the presence of Arretine ware in Leicester. During the present
excavations five fragments have been found; while a bowl in the style of M. Perennius
was found beneath No. I, St. Nicholas Street, not far off (Ant. J. xiii). Dr. T. Davies
Pryce has pointed out (Ant. "J. xviii) that the bulk of the Arretine ware found in Britain
was imported in pre-Conquest times, 1 since it was already being superseded by South
1 This suggestion was confirmed by the Camu!odunum evidence.
 THE COARSE POTTERY 125

Gaulish ware on the Continent by the second quarter of the first century A.D., and is
not found at Rich borough, Roman Verulamium , and probably Roman Colchester .. It
has also not so far been found at such early Roman sites as Lincoln, Margidunum ,
Wroxeter, Cirencester, Gloucester, Bath, and Exeter, which were associated with
approximate ly the same phase of the Roman advance. The contrast with Margidunum
is especially striking, in view of its proximity on the line of the Fosse. The group, on the
other hand, continues to a later date than North Ferriby, and Prae Wood, group B. A
date of A.D. 35-50 would appear to suit the group best.

Fig. 34
PIT 5

Opposite N. archway in Jewry Wall (see pl. xxx1). (Note: The pits are not indicated on the
plan, since in most cases they were not completely cleared, and their shape was not identified. The
approximate position of each pit is given by reference to the Forum structure.)
Imported Ware
TERRA RuBRA

1. Campanulate cup. Orange-red glaze internally, buff externally, bluish-grey in centre at break.
Cf. Verulamium, fig. 13, 27, A.D. 5-35; Haltern, pl. xiv, 77.
2. Base, probably of similar cup. Light grey ware, orange-red glaze internally.
1 other fragment, probably of a jug.
BuTT BEAKERS

2 fragments of thin white ware, cf. Verulamium, pl. Lva, A.D. 5-35; N. Ferriby, fig. 3, 21;
Lockleys, Welwyn, fig. 5, 3. 1
3. Narrow-necked jug, with globular body, and small raised base-ring. Reddish-brow n ware,
drab slip externally.
Native Ware
4. Plate. Grey native ware. Degenerate and weak form. I other similar plate from this pit.
BuTT BEAKERS

5. Rim, bevelled internally, convex externally, cordon on neck. Light brown ware, polished
externally and on lip, grey in centre at break .. Cf. Camulodunum, pl. LVII, 1 I 2 Ca.
6. Rim rounded internally, triangular externally. Central zone with cordon above and below,
decorated with vertical combing. I other similar rim sherd.
BEAKERS

7. Rim of small beaker, rim everted and flatten~d on top. Drab ware, polished externally.
8. Rim of small beaker, rim horizontal with groove on top. Light brown ware, polished ex-
ternally.
1 It is suggested in Camulodunum (pp. 238-9) that these the volume did not appear until the present report was set
vessels were made there and not imported. I was enabled up, and the results are therefore not fully incorporated or
to consult the proofs of the plates of the Camulodunum considered.
Report through the courtesy of Prof. C. F. C. Hawkes, but
 .... ; J I 4
::::::;::::>

)
t==- •s

Frn. 34. Coarse pottery from early pits, A.D. 35-50 (!)
 THE COARSE POTTERY 127
CoARSE WARE

9. Coarse bowl, with flat-topped rim. Decorated externally with horizontal combing. Dark grey
grit-filled ware. Cf. Camulodunum, pl. Lxxxn, 2 5 5 A.
Fragments of probably 2 other similar bowls.
STORAGE }ARS

10. Rim rolled well over, fairly short neck. Regular rilling on shoulder. Red-brown ware, large
white grits, grey in centre at break.
I 1. Similar jar, neck rather higher. Similar ware.
12. Rim and upper portion of large jar. Decorated with zones of oblique combing. Red-brown
ware, large white grits.
13. Rim and upper portion of smaller jar. Decorated with semicircular combing on shoulder,
zones of oblique combing below. Similar ware.
10-13, cf. fig. 29, 1. 3 other similar rims.
14. Base of jar. Decorated with zones of oblique combing. Similar ware.
Roman Ware
Micaceous bowl rim and 1 other sherd. •
PIT 8
Beneath N. Outer Portico, 68 ft. W. of Basilica wall (pl. xxx1, section E-F).
Imported Ware
Fragments of fine white butt beaker. (For references, see pit 5.)
Native Ware
1 5.Girth beaker, with out-turned rim, cordon beneath it. Zone below decorated with widely
spaced groups of vertical combing. Drab brown ware, grey in centre at break, rim greyish,
polished externally. Combines elements found in various Camulodunum examples, pl. Lv, 8 5,
but not exactly paralleled by any. The rim is more sharply turned out and the sides are
more concave than Verulamium (fig. 14, 33 b, A.D. 5-35), which it otherwise resembles.
16. Mortar-like vessel. Coarse grey ware. This lacks the cordons, pronounced waist, and good
finish of the examples from Verulamium (fig. I 5, 35 a-d, A.D. 5-35). The examples from
Colchester and Kelvedon ( Swarling, pl. x1, 3, 9) also have cordons, but less elaborate than
these last. The closest parallel appears to be from Abbots Langley, found with a late pedestal
urn.
STORAGE JARS

Of type A, 1 rim cf. fig. 29, 1.

Of type D, 1 rim cf. fig. 29, 11.

CooKING-POTS

Of type A, 2 rims cf. fig. 30, 11, and 1 cf. fig. 30, 12.
Roman Ware
2 probable sherds.
 128 THE COARSE POTTERY

PIT 10
25 ft. S. of pit I I.
Imported Ware
TERRA RuBRA
1 small fragment.
Native Ware
1 7. Rim of imitation black Belgic plate. Grey ware, smooth dark grey slip. Cf. Camulodunum,
pl. XLIX, I 3,
STORAGE JARS
Of type A, 1 rim cf. fig. 29, 1, and 1 cf. fig. 29, 3.
PrT 11
In NW. corner of area excavated, 170 ft. W. of Basilica wall, 2 ft. S. of inner wall of shops.
Imported Ware
1 8.Rim of terra nigra plate. Hard whitish ware, light grey slip. Cf. Ha/tern, type 7 3, where it is
thought to be Tiberian rather than a Claudian type; Verulamium, fig. 12, 18, A.D. 5-35,
19. Rim of flagon. Lfght buff ware. Probably cf. Nijmegen, pl. 1x, ~9·
Native Ware
· 20. Rim of weak and degenerate butt beaker. Coarse gritty red-brown ware, grey in centre of
break, soapy brown s}ip. Decorated with trellis pattern between cordons on shoulder.
CoARSE PoTs
2 1. Bead-rim pot. Coarse grey ware with some white grits, black to brown surface. Tooled on
and just below rim, the rest matt. Decorated with irregular combing on shoulder, and rough
chess-board pattern below. For form cf. Hengistbury, pl. xxm, 9, from class I, which is dated
from mid-first century B.c. to second half first century A.D. and similarly contains black and
red Belgic plates.
22. Pot with more pronounced bead rim. Ware more gritty than last. Faint horizontal combing.
Cf. Verulamium, fig. 21, 66 b.
STORAGE ]ARS
Of type A, 1 rim cf. fig. 29, 1, and I cf. fig. 29, 2.
Roman Ware
None.
PIT 3
In SE. angle of area excavated, 6 ft. W. of Basilica wall, immediately S. of corridor wall.
Imported Ware
TERRA NIGRA
Rim of plate, cf. fig. 34, 1 8.
BuTT BEAKER
23. Rim of hard white ware butt beaker. The internal offset is not so pronounced as fig. 35, 1,
which it otherwise resembles. The shape is very close to Lockleys, Welwyn, fig. 5, 3.
Fragments of a jug of light grey ware, cream slip.
 THE COARSE POTTERY 129
Native Ware
BuTT BEAKERS

24. Rim triangular externally, bevelled internally, hardly everted. Cordon below rim externally
only vestigial. Grey ware, firing red-brown on surface, polished externally and on rim. Cf.
Verulamium, fig. 34, 54, Claudian. ·
2 5. Rim triangular externally, convex internally. Grey ware, firing sandy brown on surface.
26. Similar rim, smaller. Similar ware.
MoRTAR-LIKE VESSEL

Rim of plain type, cf. fig. 34, 16.

MISCELLANEO US

2 7. Rim of cordoned vessel. Grey ware with white grits, firing sandy brown on surface.
STORAGE }ARS

Of type A
28. Fairly high neck, rounded rim. Cf. fig. 29, 1.
Of t_,vpe L .
29. High neck, small rim curled over. Cf. fig. 30, 1, but heavier.
Roman Ware
2 fragments of jug.

Fig. 35
PIT 2
Beneath SE. angle of room VI.
Imported Ware
I. Butt beaker, fine white ware. Rim rounded externally, bevelled inside with offset at junction
with wall. This example has not the slight internal concavity of the Haltern form 8 5 (pl. xv)
which it otherwise resembles. It is exactly paralleled by Camulodunum, pl. LVII, I I 3, Tiberian,
and N. Ferr.iby, fig. 3, I 8, pre-Claudian. The example from Lockleys, Welwyn, fig. 5, 3, has
not the internal offset at the base of the rim.
Native Ware
2. Coarse pot, rimless, with flattened lip. Sandy brown ware, with much grit, blackened
externally. Faint irregular oblique combing on shoulder, and horizontal below. Cf. Salome
Lodge, pl. Lx, I.
Roman Ware
None.
PIT 6
Beneath NE. angle of room V.
Imported Ware
TERRA NIGRA

3. Rim of small plate with upright wall. Hard whitish ware, grey glaze. A Belgic copy of the
Arretine form Haltern 2a (pl. x).
I other similar plate.
4. Base with low foot ring. Rouletted circle in interior. Similar ware.
 130 THE COARS E POTTER Y
5. Upright rim, with vestigial internal angle moulding . Similar ware. Cf. Camulodunum, pl. xux,
I 2; N. Ferriby, fig. 2, 7 (with discussion), pre-Claudian.
6. Plate with upright slightly curved wall, a later development of the last type. Similar ware.
Cf. Camulodunum, pl. xux, I 7A.
SAM IAN
See fig. 4. I Samian ·sherd.

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--
~ '"
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1
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i'
~
17

(iJ
2
9'' I ) ~mirruronv9~

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7

'"~~~1~
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f//) l
12 13 14

i1~gl//; ~16 (
(
11111111

II ' /?1
l~~f- '
I 18

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15
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) .l. .1
20

21
~22 23
24
Frn. 35. Coarse pottery from early pits, A.D. 35-50 (1-16); later pit, Flavian (17-19), and
Belgic vessels from other contexts (zo-4) (!)

Native Ware
STORAGE JARS
Of type A, 1 rim cf. fig. 29, 1, and r cf. fig. 29, 2.

PIT I
Beneath NE. angle of room VI.
Imported Ware
TERRA RuBRA
7. Rim of plate, heavy and pendent, but upper moulding not emphasized. Buff ware, orange-
red slip internally and over rim. Cf. Camulodunum, pl. xux, 4B.
 THE COARSE POTTERY 131
8. Rim of campanulate plate. Whitish ware, orange-red slip internally and on rim, buff ex-
ternally.
9. Base of plate with fairly high footstand. Pinkish ware, orange-red slip internally.
Several other fragments of similar ware.

TERRA NrnRA
Rim of plate, cf. fig. 34, 1 8.
1 o. Ba~e of plate with low broad footstand. Similar ware.
Fragments of several other similar plates.
Rim of butt beaker, cf. fig. 34, 23.
SAM IAN
See fig. 4. 3 Claudian sherds and 1 Claudius-Nero.
A few other fragments of Roman ware.

Native Ware
BuTT BEAKERS
I I. Rim triangular externally, bevelled internally, with offset at junction with wall. No cordon
at base of rim externally. Sandy brown ware, polished externally. Cf. N. Ferriby, fig. 3, 20,
pre-Claudian.
I 2. Rim rounded externally, slightly concave internally. Grey ware, polished externally.
2 other similar rims, and 2 others bevelled internally.

MORTAR-LIKE VESSELS
I 3. Upper portion of plain, uncordoned vessel. Light grey ware, polished dark grey slip externally.
Cf. fig. 34, 16 and references there.
Fragments of several other similar vessels.

CoARSE BowL
14. Pot with plain flattened rim.

STORAGE JARS
15. Base of jar decorated with irregular vertical combing. Pinkish sandy ware with white grits;
This base is typical of the numerous fragments found. Some sherds also had oblique and
curved combing. The ware thus belongs to the type of coarse pottery found with the Ayles-
ford-Swarling vessels (Richborough II, pp. 97-9, and references cited there).
Of type A, 3 r_ims cf. fig. 29, 1.

CooKING-PoTs
Type A
I 6. s.mall pot, rim slightly recessed. Cf. fig. 30, 10, which is from this level, with I other similar

Roman Ware
FLAGON
0f type A, fig. 2 8, 1 5 is from this level.
132. THE COARSE POTTERY
PIT 7
Between N. shops and drain, 108 ft. W. of Basilica wall.

Imported Ware
SAM IAN
See fig. 4. 16 Claudian sherds.
BuTT BEAKER
Portion of rim of hard white ware, probably cf. fig. 34, 23.

Native Ware
17. Imitation of Belgic plate. Sandy brown ware, grey slip. Cf. Camulodunum, pl. L, 24, Ca;
Hofheim, pl. xxxvI, 97B, Claudian.
NECKED BowLs
Of type D, fig. 2:4, 8 is from this level.
NECKED JARS
Of type A, 1 rim of fig. 2 5, 1..
EVERTED RIMS
Of type A .
18. Pot with everted rim, rim reeded on top. Body decorated with regular horizontal combing.
Cf. fig. 27, 2. 1 other similar rim.
Also 2 other rather similar rims cf. fig. 27, 3.
Of type B, fig. 27, IO and 12, and 1 other simifa.r rim are from this level.
STORAGE JARS
Type A
19. Tall neck, rim rolled over. Grey ware. Cf. fig. 29, 1.
Of type D, 1 rim cf. fig. 29, I 1.
This pit, which was sealed by a floor of the late Flavian period, is appreciably later than the other
pits, and may equate with levels SE. I to SE. III elsewhere.
SELECTED BELGIC WARE FROM LATER LEVELS, PRESUMABLY DISTURBED IN BUILDING OPERATIONS
20. Rim of terra rubra plate with pendent lip. Fine creamy buff ware. Light orange glaze
internally and over rim. Cf. Hofheim, pl. xxxvI, 97 Aa, Claudian. From period III.
~ I. Butt beaker of fine white ware. Rim triangular externally, with no moulding, bevelled in-
ternally, with no offset. This is typologically the latest type of the imp6rted white-ware
beakers found. From period III.
22. Base of pedestal vase. Grey ware. Angular, and probably of Roman date, cf. examples from
London (Belgae of Gaul and Britain, fig. 22, 4-6). From period III.
2 3. Mortar-like vessel, cordoned. This and one other sherd (from period II I) are the only examples
in which the cordons survive. Near Verulamium, fig. I 5, 35c, but less angular; Camulodunum,
pl. LXXIv, 2 IO a. From robber trench.
Beneath earliest road surface
24. Mortar-like vessel, low ring base. Grey ware, polished grey-brown surface externally.
 THE COARSE POTTER Y 133
Fig. 36
PIT 4
In SE. angle of area excavated, in angle of Basilica wall and corridor wall.
Imported Ware
ARRETINE
1. Cup, Loeschck e type 8. Burnishe d (but not glazed?) red surface.

TERRA RuBRA
2. Rim of campanu late cup. Fine buff ware, orange-re d slip internally
and over rim. Cf.
Verulamium, fig. 13, 27, A.D. 5-35; Ha/tern, pl. XIV, 77, 11 B.C.-A.D. 16.
3. Base of plate with fairly high, bevelled footstand. Pinkish-b uff ware. Orange-r ed slip. Fine
rouletted circle in centre.
4. Base of plate with flat broad footstand. Orange-r ed ware, smooth orange-re d slip.
TERRA NIGRA
5. Base of plate, with very low footstand. Hard whitish ware, fine grey slip. Probably cf.
Ha/tern, pl. XIV, type 73a.
6. Base of plate with higher, bevelled footstand. Circle concentri c with plate lightly incised
internally. Hard whitish ware, not so fine as last, light grey slip.
7. Rim of plate, rather thick. Ware and slip rather coarser than usual.
Also rim of plate, cf. fig. 34, I 8.
8. Rim and part of base of plate. Hard whitish ware, light grey slip. The rim has noticeably
less pronounc ed swellings than the examples from Ha/tern (pl. xiv, 72 a, b), Verulamium
(fig. 12, 8-10), and N. Ferriby (fig. 2, 4).
9. Rim of plate. Hard light grey ware.
Also from this pit, base of white ware butt beaker.
Native Ware
BuTT BEAKERS
10. Rim rounded and cordon beneath. Dark grey ware, firing brown
on surface. Two zones
decorated with vertical combing, bounded by cordons. Rest of surface polished.
11. Lower portion of large butt beaker. Cordon above base, multiple cordons round girth, with
zones above and below decorated with deep vertical combing. Coarse grey-brow n ware,
firing sandy brown on surface. Reddish slip on base zone, brown above.
1 other very similar vessel.
12. Rim of weak form, triangula r externally, hardly everted or bevelled
internally . Grey-bro wn
ware, firing sandy brown on surface. Cf. Verulamium, fig. 35, 54, c. A.D. 50.
I 3. Rim curving outwards . Sandy brown ware. " i-t-

Large number of fragment s of other butt beakers, mostly of coarse sandy brown ware.
MORTAR-LIKE VESSELS
14. Plain uncordon ed form. Grey ware, smoothed externally.
15. Fragmen ts of vessel with more pronounc ed rim, and place of cordon indicated by grooves.
Grooves also above carination. Grey ware, polished externally.
 134 THE COARSE POTT ERY

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:. I f ===9 3 ::.._'~--============~' 4

17

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,-
I I

'.

FIG. 36. Coarse pottery from Pit 4, Claudia n-Neron ian (t)
 THE COARSE POTTERY 1 35
r 6. Base of vessel.
Fragments of large number of other similar vessels, mostly thick and coarse.
17· Base of pedestal of thick, heavy shape. Rather coarse dark grey ware, polished externally.
Cf. Lexden (Swarling, pl. m, fig. 2), probably Claudian.
CoRDONED BowLs
r 8. Rim, with 2 (or more) cordons at base of neck. Grey ware, smoothed externally. Cf. Camu-
lodunum, pl. Lxxrv, 220 Bb.
Fragments of 3 similar bowls.
COARSE NATIVE wARE
r 9. Rimless cooking-pot, top curved in. Coarse black ware with white grits. Horizontal combing
externally. Cf. Salome Lodge, pl. Lx, 2.
20. Similar pot, with groove forming vestigial head rim. Hand-made. Similar ware.
r other similar rim.
2 r. Similar pot, similar ware. Decorated with oblique scoring.
22. Rather similar pot, rim flat on top and more upright. Hand-made. Similar ware.
23. Bead-rim pot. Similar ware. Hand-made, or roughly wheel-turned.
24. Heavier bead-rim pot, roughly wheel-turned. Similar ware.
2 5. Heavy pot, rim turned out. Deep groove on shoulder. Similar ware.
26. Less heavy pot, rim horizontal, grooved on top, cordon on neck. Similar ware.
27. Rim cooking-pot, cf. fig. 30, r2. Groups of faint vertical combings. Harder and less gritty
ware.
STORAGE JARS
Of type .d, 5 rims cf. fig. 29, r, fig. 29, 2, and r similar rim fig. 29, 4 and fig. 29, 5, and r
similar rim are from this level.
Of type D, fig. 29, r 1, is from this level.
MISCELLANEOUS
2 8. Rim curved well over, short neck, cordon at base of neck. Light brown ware.
2 9. Short neck, projecting rim, triangular in section.
Roman Ware
30. Ring-neck jug. Orange-buff ware. Cf. fig. 28, 2.
3 r. Rim of amphora. Hard buff ware. Cf.°Verulamium, fig. r 3, 29, A.D. 5-35; Ha/tern, pl. xm, 7 I.
Fragment of amphora, cf. fig. 33, 3. Buff ware.
Fairly numerous other fragments of Roman ware.
This pit includes a rather higher proportion of Roman ware than the others, and may therefore
go down rather later.
Fig. 37
HousE J.W. I (see section P-Q, pl. xxxrn)
Native TYare
r. Upper part of girth beaker of rather bulbous form. Decorated with groups of vertical comb-
ing. Light-brown ware, polished externally. For decoration cf. Camulodunum, fig. 50, 3, and
Verulamium, fig. r4, 33 a. The form is nearer Ha/tern, pl. xv, 87, which has a more curved
wall than the other examples and similar decoration.
 [<)
3
•

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I ~ s

""I ' l/ T... Il

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i:5i

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l.1 12

kit3 '
10\
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I \,14

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~16
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18
)

,
17 ~1
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...!19
'- ) (
r:J
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I I 22

(:\
124

J J) 26 ( '
.j
Frn. 37. Coarse pottery from House J.W. I-la, earliest Roman occupation (1-5); House SE. I, earliest Roman
occupation (f>.-9); House SE. II, to A.D. 75-80 (10-16);_ House SE. Ila, Vespasian-Domitian (17-18); House
m
SE. III, to A.D. 90-100 (19-28)
 THE COARSE POTTERY 137
STORAGE JARS
Type A
2. Small rim, rolled over. Red-brown ware. Cf. fig. 29, 4, but much smaller.

OccuPATION oN FwoR oF HousEJ.W. I

Imported
Rim of butt beaker cf. fig. 34, 23.
Fragment of terra nigra plate.
Native
Rim of mortar-like vessel cf. fig. 34, I 6.
MoRTARIUM

Of type A
I rim cf. fig. I 8, r.
STORAGE JARS
Type B
3. Type A rim rolled over, ~ut not rounded. Stabbed chevron pattern on shoulder. Cf. fig. 29, 7.
4. Fairly high neck, rim rolled well over. Cf. fig. 29, 2.

HousE J. W. la
Imported
Rim of terra nigra plate cf. fig. 34, I 3.
Native
2 rims of butt beakers, of w~ak form, cf. fig. 34, 2 5.
Rim of imitation terra rubra plate. Whitish ware, orange-red slip inside and out.
5. Carinated bowl, probably late development of the mortar-like vessels. Light-brown ware,
grey in centre at break.
This series of three levels seems to bel~ng to the earliest years of the occupation of the site. The
r non-native sherd, the mortarium rim of the type of fig. I 8, 1, may belong to the earliest years
of the Roman occupation.
HousE- SE. I
Dating. Though exact parallels to the storage jars and cooking-pots are not found in the pits,
the types are early ones, and there is nothing to suggest a much later date than the pits.
Imported Belgic
6. Rim of terra nigra plate with pendent lip. Hard whitish ware, grey slip. Cf. Verulamium,
fig. I 2, 9, A.D. 5-35; Ha/tern, pl. xrv, 72a, I I B.c.-A.D. I 6; N. Ferriby, fig. 2, 4, pre-Claudian.
Several other sherds of similar ware.
Native
7. Imitation of terra nigra plate, cf. last form, with triangular lip. Grey ware, grey slip. Near
Verulamium, fig. 22, I 2, A.D. 5-35.
8. Rim of butt beaker, short and thick with no moulding externally. Red-brown ware, polished
externally. Several other rather similar rims.
T
138 THE COARSE POTTERY
STORAGE ]ARS
Type A
9. Rather small rim, rolled well over, cf. fig. 29, 4.
Also 3 rims cf. fig. 29, r.
Of type B, fig. 29, 6 is from this level.
Coo KING-POTS
Of type A, fig. 30, r 3 is from this level.
HousE SE. II
The mixture of native and Roman forms in the level is similar to .that from Brough IV in the
pits dated A.O. 56-76. The absence of the forms which are common on sites dating from A.O. 80
onwards, for instance reeded rim bowls, and the Vespasianic Samian, gives a terminal date of
A.O. 75-80.
Imported
Several sherds of terra nigra plates. Fragment of hard pinkish ware butt beaker.
Native
ro. Coarse imitation Belgic plate, ultimately derived from Camulodunum, pl. xrv, r 3. Red-brown
ware, grey in centre of break, light-brown polished slip.
Rim of butt beaker cf. fig. 34, 24.
CoARSE WARE
r r. Bowl with wall inclined out, flat-topped lip.
r 2. Bowl or cooking-pot with rim rounded externally, flattened on top, outer edge decorated with
thumb-nail impressions. Coarse grey ware with white grit.
Roman Ware
The Samian (Leicester I9J6, pl. 11, r-9) includes a considerable number of Vespasianic sherds.
First appearance of rusticated ware and of roughcast ware. Roughcast ware is found as early as
the Claudius-Nero period at Richborough III, pit 35, but rusticated ware does not occur there in
the pits dating down to A.O. 7 5. It is, however, common in connexion with the early occupation of
Newstead, and is found in 'the ditch of the early fort. It also occurs in early pits at Brough IV
(pits I-III) dated A.o. 56-76, and in the Flavian occupation of the Caerleon Amphitheatre. The
Leicester ware in this respect has northern and western associations. About half of the sherds in
this level are of Roman ware.
MoRTARIA
Of type A, fig. r 8, r is from this level.
Of type B.2, fig. r8, 6 is from this level.
EvERTEO RlM JARS
Type A
r 3. Rim curved out flatly. Grey ware. Cwtral zone decorated with wavy lines between double
grooves. Cf. fig. 27, 2 (though rim not reeded). The same wavy line decoration is found in
the example from the Claudian well at Margidunum (Margidunum I st Century Well), and on
a more wide-mouthed jar from Brough IV (fig. ro, 7) dated A.o. 56-76. For rim form cf.
Brough IV, fig. r r, 33, A.O. 56-76.
Fig. 2 7, r is also from this level.
 THE COARSE POTTERY 1 39
RrnG-NECI>. J uGs
0f type A, fig. 2 8, 1 is from this level.
STORAGE JARS
The jars from this level are of harder and less reddish ware than from the earlier ones.
Type A·
14. Rim curved over. Rough surface. Cf. fig. 29, 4.
15. Similar jar, heavier. Smoothed surface. Cf. fig. 29, 5. 1 other similar rim.
Also 1 rim c[ fig. 29, 2.
0f type B, fig. 2 9, 7 is from this level.
T_ype E
16. Neck straight, rim only slightly thickened. Cf. fig. 29, 11.

HousE SE. Ila

The increased proportion of Roman ware gives a rather later date than the underlying level
SE. II, but the few sherds of Samian, which are mainly N eronic (Leicester I9J6, pl. 11, I0-12 ), and
the datable coarse ware sherds do not give a precise date. The level must be dated Vespasian-
Domitian.
Imported Belgic
1 fragment of terra nigra plate.
Imitation Belgic
1 fragment of black-ware plate. 1 fragment of mortar-like vessel. A few fragments of butt
beakers.
MoRTARIUM
Type A
1 7. Rim folded back against side, bulge at top. Light-buff ware. Hole bored through top. Cf.
fig. I 8, I.
NECKED JARS
0f type A, fig. 2 5, 2 is from this level.
EvERTED R1M JARS
Of type B, 2 examples cf. fig. 27, 13.
RusTICATED WARE
Waster of a rusticated beaker, one of the very few wasters found on the site.
STORAGE JARS
Type A
18. Small rim, curved over. Hard ware. Cf. fig. 29, +
Also 2 rims cf. fig. 29, r.
Of type D, 1 rim cf. fig. 29, 11.
Coo KING-POTS
Of type A, 2 examples cf. fig. 30, IO.
The sherds from this level are predominantly Roman, with only a few examples of Belgic ware.
140 THE COARSE POTTERY

HousE SE. III

In this level there are still a few sherds of Belgic types, but only 3 fragments of imported
vessels. The Samian again does not go beyond the Vespasianic period (Leicester I9J6, pl. n.,
I 3-26), but the appearance of reeded rim bowls, which first occur in this level, suggests a later
date, since they are typical of sites dated A.D. 80-100 (see pp. 8 8-9). Necked bowls and necked jars
also appear, and the general character of the pottery is distinctly more romanized. The terminal
date may be A.D. 90-100.
Imported Belgic
I 9. Rim of terra nigra plate, in form intermediate between the type with pendent lip and that with
upright walls. Hard whitish ware, grey glaze. Cf. Camulodunum, pl. xux, 8; Hofheim,
pl. XXXVI, 97 Ab.
Also I fragment with upright wall, cf. fig. 34, I 8, and I other fragment.
Imitation Belgic
20. Rim of plate, rather roughly made. Grey ware. Cf. Camulodunum, fig. 4 7, 20.
2 I. Rim of plate with angles of earlier forms only marked by internal grooves. Grey ware, polished
on surface.
22. Butt beaker, rim triangular externally, bevelled inside, with offset at junction with wall.
Sandy red-brown ware, polished externally.
Also rim of coarse bowl cf. fig. 34, 9.
Prn-msH RIM PLATES
Of type A, I example cf. fig. I 9, I.
REEDED RrM BowLs
Of type A, fig. 21, 7 is from this level.
Type C
2 3. Thick rim, convex beneath. · Grey ware.
24. Similar rim and ware.
23 and 24 cf. fig. 21, 12, which is from this level, with 2 other similar rims.
This type of bowl only becomes common after about A.D. 80.
NECKED ]ARS
Type A
2 5. Rim curving outwards, cordon round neck. Grey ware. Cf. fig. 2 5, I. 4 other similar rims.
26. Short concave neck, slightly thickened rim., Grey ware. Fig. 25, 1, but rim slightly beaked.
I other similar rim.
Type C
27. Short concave neck, rim thick and grooved on top. Grey ware. Cf. fig. 25, 9. 2 similar rims.
Also 4 rims cf. fig. 2 5, 6.
This type is Flavian (see p. 9 7).
EvERTED R1M ]ARS
Of type A, fig. 27, 6 is from this level, and 2 rims cf. fig. 27, 8.
Of type B, fig. 27, 13 and I similar rim are from this level.
Of type D, fig. 27, 30 and I similar rim are from this level.
 THE COARSE POTTERY 141
STORAGE JARS
Type A
28. Neck curved, rim more pointed than any of the early ones, but not quite as oval in shape as
type C. Near fig. 29, 2 with l other similar rim. Fig. 29, 3 is from this level.
Of type D, l rim cf. fig. 29, l l.
SE. IV
The Samian from this level goes down to the Trajanic period, but the majority is Flavian
(Leicester I9J6, pl. m, V. 27-56). A coin of Domitian was found. The coarse wares correspond
in dating to the Samian. A considerable quantity of Flavian sherds are included, for instance reeded
rim bowls, necked bowls of type D, everted rim jars of types Band C, and ring-neck jugs of type B.
New forms, however, appear. The level marks the first appearance of cavetto rim and bead-rim
jars, which can be dated to A.D. 100-10 (see pp. 98-9), of flanged bowls of type A which can be
similarly dated (seep. 90). Of the mortaria rims found, types B. 2 and C appear before the end
of the first century (seep. 72 ), but type D is very rare until the beginning of the second century,
and may possibly be post-A.D. l lO. The everted rim jars include a majority of types A and B,
which are common Flavian types, but there are also 2 examples of type C, which is rare pre-
A.D. roo, and common from A.D. 100-20 (see pp. 105-6). l example of a bead-rim jar, first found
in Flavian-Trajan levels (see p. lo 3), occurs. The ring-neck jugs are common in the Flavian
period and equally so in the Trajanic period, but the type becomes rare later. Poppy-head beakers
only appear just before the beginning of the second century, and the type found is typical of the
period up to A.D. l 20.
All the evidence therefore points to a Trajanic date for the level.

Fig. 38
Imitation Belgic
r. Plate with plain curving wall and slightly thickened rim. Grey ware, polished dark-grey slip.
Cf. Camulodunum, pl. xux, r 6B.
2. Rather similar plate, lighter ware. Possibly an imitation of Samian form r 8. Hard dirty-
brown ware, surface polished.
3. Rather similar plate, with vestiges of angles of Belgic plate. Rather coarse dirty-brown ware,
grey in centre of break.
MoRTARIA
Of type B. I, fig. r 8, 2 is from this level.
Of type B.2, fig. r8, 7 and 9 are from this level.
Of type C, fig. 18, ro is from this level.
Of type D, fig. l 8, l 1 is from this level.
Pm-DISHES
Type A
4. Rim flat sharp; angle with wall not preserved to base. Grey ware, red-brown slip.
5. Similar rim, broader and more pointed.
6. Similar rim. Polished grey ware. No chamfer at base.
4-6 cf. fig. 19, 2. 3 other similar rims.
Also from this level, 2 rims cf. fig. r 9, 1.
 THE COARSE POTTERY

-··.. .. ... .. .. .

Fw. 38. Coarse pottery from SE. IV, Trajanic (i-)

 THE COARSE POTTERY 143
REEDED R1M BowLs ·
Type A
7. Thin rim, slightly concave above. Red-brown ware, micaceous slip.
8. Similar rim, not concave. Grey ware. Groove at angle.
7 and 8 cf. fig. 2 1, 7. 6 other similar rims.
Fig. 2 1, 6 and 8 are also from this level.
Type C
9. Thick rim, convex beneath. 2 grooves above angle. Sagged slightly in firing. Grey ware.
1o. Similar rim and ware. 2 grooves at angle.
I 1. Similar rim and ware. 2 grooves above angle.
9-11 cf. fig. 21, 12. 9 similar rims.
Type D
12. Rim not very broad, wall bulging. Grey ware. 2 grooves at angle.
13. Rim broader, wide hollow at junction with wall, wall vertical. Grey ware. Groove at angle.
14. Similar rim, smaller. Dark-grey ware. Groove at angle.
15. Broad hollow beneath rim. "'Tall curved and not angular. Grey ware. 3 grooves high up
wall.
16. Narrow sharp-cut hollow beneath rim, wall high and gently curved. Grey ware. 2 grooves
low down.
12-16 cf. fig. 21, 13, which is from this level, and also 12 other similar rims.
FLANGED BowLs
Type A
17. Curved flange. Grey ware. Cf. fig. 22, 1, which was from this level.
Also from this level, fig. 22, 2.
First appearance of this type of bowl.
NECKED BowLs
Of type D, 1 rim cf. fig. 24,. 8 is from this level.
Of type E, fig. 24, 14 and 2 similar rims are from this level.
M1scELLANEous BowLs
Fig. 23, 4 is from this level.
NECKED JARS
Of type A, fig. 2 5, I is from this level, and 2 similar rims.
Type C
18. Short neck, small square rim. Grey ware, red-brown at break.
I 9. Similar type, rather higher neck. ·Light-grey ware.
I 8 and I 9 cf. fig. 2 5, 6. 3 other similar rims.
20. Rim rather heavier, and not so sharp cut. Grey ware. Cf. fig. 25, 7, which is from this level,
with 16 other similar rims.
2 1. Short neck, rim grooved on top. Grey ware. Cf. fig. 2 5, 8, which is from this level, with r 6
other similar rims.
0f type E, fig. 2 5, 16 is from this level.
I44 THE COARSE POTTERY
CAVETTO RIM ]ARS
Of typed, fig. 26, 3 and 2 similar rims are from this level.
Of type C, I rim cf. fig. 26, 7.
Of type D, I rim cf. fig. 26, I I.
This is the first appearance of this form. All the rims are of the small and not much curved type.

BEAD-RIM JARS
Fig. 26, 24 is from this level.

PoPPY-HEAD BEAKERS
22. Fairly short neck, elegant form. Decorated with barbotined dots. Cf. fig. 26, 33, which is
from this level, with 5 other similar rims.

EvERTED RIMS
Type A
23. Sm?-ll, thick rim, folded well back. Smoothed grey ware. Girth groove on shoulder.
24. Similar rim and ware. Girth groove high up on shoulder with zone decorated by barbotine
dots below.
2 3-4 cf. fig. 2 7, 6. 2 other similar rims also from this level.
2 5. Short rim square outside, flattish on top. Smoothed grey ware.
Cf. 2 7, 8 which is from this level.
Also fig. 27, 4 and I similar rim, and fig. 27, 7 and 2 similar rims, and 7 rims cf. fig. 27, 5.
Type B
26. Thin straight rim, inclined out. Smooth light-grey ware. Girth groove on shoulder. Cf. fig.
2 7, I I, which is from this level, and also 7 similar rims.
27. Small straight rim. Grey ware. Cf. fig. 27, I4. One other similar rim.
28. Small thin upright rim. Cream ware with olive-brown slip. Roughcast. This is the first
appearance of colour-coated ware. Cf. fig. 27, I5, which is from this level, and also 5 other
rims, I colour-coated and 4 pink with micaceous slip.
29. Small, fairly thin rim, nearly upright. Bright orange ware, polished internally and over rim.
Decorated with lines and dots in white paint. Rim cf. fig. 2 7, I 6 but shoulder flatter.
Also from this level, 8 rims cf. fig. 2 7, I 3.
Type C
30. Rim high and thick, sloping out, cordon at base of rim. Grey ware red-brown at break.
Girth grooves on shoulder. Cf. fig. 27, I9.
I other similar rim from this level.
Of type D, fig. 27, 30 and I similar rim are from this level.
Of type H,. I cf. fig. 2 7, 5 I.

MISCELLANEOUS ]ARS
3 I. Large jar, small everted rim, ridged for lid, not unlike cooking-pot rim. Ware firing pink on
surface, grey core, cream slip externally. Girth decorated with incised wavy pattern between
double angular grooves.
 THE COARSE POTTERY 145

Fig. 39
RING-NECK JUGS
Type B
l. 4 fairly pronounced rings, neck tall. Light-buff ware.
2. Similar form, reddish-brown ware.
3. Similar, rims slightly flatter. Creamy-buff ware.
l-3 cf. fig. 28, 2. These are typical of this level, which is the first in which ring-neck jugs
are common at Leicester. They are the only type in this level.

Frc. 39. Coarse pottery from SE. IV, Trajanic (cont.) W

FLAGON
4. Two-handled flagon, grey ware.
Of type A, fig. 28, 16 and I7 are from this level.
STORAGE JARS
Of type A, l rim cf. fig. 29, l; 2 cf. 29, 2; leach cf. 29, 3 and 5.
Type B
5. Rather small jar, rim curved over. Cf. fig. 29, 6 with l other similar rim.
Coo KING-POTS
Type A
6. Light pot, rim curved externally. Light red-brown gritty ware.
7. Similar pot, rilled externally. Drab-grey gritty ware.
8. Similar pot, rim reeded rather than recessed internally. Rilled externally. Light-grey ware.
6-8 cf. fig. 30, l I. 20 other similar rims.
Also from this level, l rim cf. fig. 30, IO.
u
146 THE COARSE POTTERY
Type B
9. Heavier pot. Rilled externally. Red-brown gritty ware.
10. Similar pot. Light red-brown ware, blackened externally.
9-10 cf. fig. 30, 14. 7 other similar rims.
Lms
Of type A, fig. 3 1, 1 and 1o other fragments are from this level.
Type B
1 1. Rim folded sharply inwards. Grey ware. Grooves inside rim underneath. Cf. fig. 3 1, 4,
which is from this level.
Fig. 3 1, 3 is also from this level.
Type C
12. Edge with slight groove. Smooth red-brown ware, grey in centre at break. Cf. fig. 31, 8,
which is from this level, with 2 other similar rims.

Fig. 40
HousE N. I
The pottery from this level is rather scanty to give a close dating. The imitation form 3 7 is
fairly certainly post-A. D. 80, and the form does not become common until the end of the century.
On the other hand, the everted rim jars are confined to type A, while by A.D. 80 other types had
become fairly common. A date of A.D. 80-90 is thus the most probable. A coin of Vespasian
from this level would agree with this dating.
MISCELLANEOUS BowLs
1. Bowl imitating Samian form 37. Grey ware. Central zone decorated with rouletted dots. No
exact parallels to this bowl have been traced; the method of decoration with dots is unusual.
Imitations in black or grey ware of form 37 are common, the principal period being the end
of the first century and the beginning of the second. It does not seem, however, to become
common until after the Flavian period. The only group including an example which is dated
entirely to the Flavian period is one from Caerleon Amphitheatre, fig. 20, 34, which is, however,
dated from associated pottery and not from position, since the actual level was laid down at
a later date. No examples are definitely associated with the Flavian period at Newstead,
though the Samian form from which it is copied is common. Groups which go _down to
A.D. 110 have, however, numerous examples, e.g. Caerhun, pre-A.D. 110, fig. 30, 24 7-8;
Caerleon I926, pre-A.D. 110, fig. 31, 61; Caerleon I927-<J, pre-A.D. 110, fig. 58, 196, 199,
200; Caistor Pottery, pit 10, A.D. 70-110, V. 8. It continued in use throughout the second
century, e.g. Caerleon Amphitheatre with Hadrian-Antonine pottery,' fig. 20, 35; Wroxeter
I9J6-'j, mid-second century, fig. 11, 5; Balmuildy, Antonine, pl. xuv, 12-15; Birdoswald-
Pike Hill, Hadrianic period to A.D. 196-7, fig. 15, 60.
NECKED BowLs
Of type E, fig. 24, 11 is from this level.
EvERTED RIMS
Type A
2. Rim turned sharply back, thick externally, reeded on top. Grey ware. Wall of pot rilled
externally.
 THE COARSE POTTERY 147
3. Similar rim and ware, not reeded on top. Rilling starts on shoulder.
2 and 3 cf. fig. 2 7, 2. I other similar rim from this level.
4. Rim nearly vertical outside, sloping internally. Grey ware. Girth groove on shoulder. Cf.
fig. 2 7, 4. 1 other similar rim from this level.
Of type D, fig. 27, 29 is from this level.
Lrns
Type C
5. Edge slightly projecting up and down. Grey ware. Cf. fig. 31, 9.
HousE N. II
The Samian from this level includes Domitianic sherds (Leicester I9J6, pl. vI, 57-8). The coarse
pottery is again scanty in quantity, but the appearance of everted rim jars type C suggests a date
towards the end of the first century. A terminal date of A.D. 9 5 may be suggested. (Note: the
dates in years suggested for this level and the following two are slightly arbitrary, on the basis of
a succession of short periods between the fairly closely dated levels N. I of c. A.D. 80-90 and
N. V of A.D. 110-20.)
NECKED BowLs
Of type B, fig. 24, 4 and 2 other similar rims are from this level.
Of type G, fig. 22, 20 is from this level.
MISCELLANEOUS
6. Bowl with high neck, rim turned out, double cordon on neck. Grey ware. Cf. Caerhun, fig.
33, 366, A.D. 80-120.
NECKED }ARS
Of type C, fig. 25, 9 is from this level, and also 1 rim cf. fig. 25, 7.
EvERTED RIMS
Type A
7. Rim fairly upright, rounded externally, straight inside. Grey ware. Girth groove on shoulder,
vertical polished lines above it. Cf. fig. 2 7, 4.
8. Rim thick and squat. Grey ware. Double-girth groove on shoulder. Cf. fig. 27, 3.
Also 1 rim cf. fig. 27, 6.
Of type B, there was 1 example each cf. fig. 27, 11, 13, and 14.
Of type C, fig. 27, 22 and 24 were from this leve~.
RING-NECK JUGS
Type B
9. Top ring thick and round, lower ones rather flat. Reddish-brown ware, cream slip. 1
example only, and first appearance of type common in I. Cf. fig. 28, 4.
IO. 4 well-developed rings, top one flattened on top. Reddish-brow n ware, cream slip. Near
fig. 28, 2.
· HousE N. Ila
The Samian from this level is predominantly Domitianic. The coarse pottery, such as it is,
agrees with a late-first-century date, c. A.D. 100.
 THE COARSE POTTER Y

17

)
J m
22
(
'23 28

FIG. +o. Coarse pottery from House N. I, A.D. 80-90 (1-5); House N. II, to A.D. 95 (6--10); House N. Ila,
to A.D. 100 (u-13); House N. III, to A.D. 105 (14-15); House N. IV, to A.D. 110 (16--18); House N. V,
m
A.D. I 10-20 (l<j-28)
 THE COARSE POTTERY 149
EvERTED RrMs
Type A
1 r. Rim fairly square externally, hollowed beneath lip, bevelled to point internally. Grey ware.
Girth groove on shoulder. Cf. fig. 27, 7.
12. Rim high, thick and roun.ded. Light grey ware. Girth groove on shoulder. Cf. fig. 27, 5.
TypeD
1 3. Rim slightly concave inside. Smoothed grey ware, red at break. Shallow girth groove. Cf.
fig. 2 7, 2 9. 1 other similar rim from this level.
Coo KING-POTS
Of type A, 2 cf. fig. 30, 11.
HousE N. III
The pottery is insufficient of itself to give a close date within the period late first-early second
centuries, but is not inconsistent with a date of c. A.D. 10 5, which fits in with preceding and succeed-
ing levels.
Pm-DISH
Of type A, 1 rim cf. fig. 19, 2.
NECKED BowLs
Of type B, 3 rims cf. fig. 24, 4 are from this level.
EvERTED RrMs
Type A
14. Rim folded well back, reeded on inside. Rough grey ware. Shoulder rilled. Cf. fig. 27, 2.
Type C
15. Rim thin and straight. Smoothed grey ware. Girth grooves on shoulder. Cf. fig. 2 7, 19. 1
other similar rim from this level.
STORAGE ]AR
Of type D, 1 rim cf. fig. 29, 11.
Coo KING-POTS
Of type A, 2 examples, cf. fig. 30, 11.
HousE N. IV
Of the 2 sherds of Samian from this level (Leicester I9J6, pl. vrr, 6 5-6) 1 is V espasianic and
1 Trajanic. The coarse pottery would agree with an early-second-century dating, to c. A.D. 110,
since it includes cavetto rims which (see pp. 98-9) do not occur until the beginning of the second
century.
REEDED RrM BowLs
Of type B, fig. 2 I, 10 is from this level.
Of type C, 1 example cf. fig. 21, 12.
NECKED JARS
Of type A, 1 sherd cf. fig. 25, 1.
Type C
16. Short concave neck, rim fairly square, grooved on top.· Grey ware. Cf. fig. 25, 8.
 THE COARSE POTTERY

CAVETTO RIM JARS

Of type A, I rim each cf. fig. 26, I and 2.
Of type C, I rim cf. fig. 26, 8.
EvERTED RIM ]AR
0f type C, fig. 2 7, 2 3 is from this level.
STORAGE ]AR
Type A
I 7. Large jar, rim curved over. Hard grey ware, not gritty. Near fig. 29, I, but concave beneath ..
IMITATION BELGIC
1 8. Mortar-like vessel, considerably lighter and smaller than those from the pits. A transitional
form to the carinated bowls (fig. 21, 1-4). Light-red ware, grey in centre at break, polished
externally.
N.V
From this level came a coin of Trajan of A.D. 103-5 and 1 of Nero. The Samian is predomiN.antly
Trajanic (Leicester I9J6, pl. vu, 67-9). The mortarium type Dis a type which, though it occurs
rarely before the end of the first century, is more common after A.D. 110 than before. The everted
rim jars are predominantly of type C, which is rare before A.D. 100 or even I 10. As an indica-
tion of a terminus ante quem, there are no typically Hadrianic types. The date of the level is prob-
ably A.D. I 10-20 .
. MoRTARIUM

TypeD .
19. Flange flaring, slightly curved 'at end. Light-buff ware. Cf. fig. 18, 11.
Fig. I 8, 1 2 is also from this level.
Pm-DISHES
Type A
20. Rim slightly curving, angle with wall sharp. Dark-grey ware. Fairly acute-angled trellis
pattern. Cf. fig. 19, 2.
2 other similar rims.

MISCELLANEOUS BowLs
1 rim cf. fig. 23, 4 is from this level.
NECKED BowLs
Of type D, fig. 24, 9 is from this level.
Of type E, 1 rim cf. fig. 24, I 1.
NECKED ]ARS
Of type A, 1 rim cf. fig. 25, I.

CAVETTO RIM ]ARS

Of type C, 1 rim cf. fig. 26, 8.
EvERTED RIMS
Of type A, 1 rim cf. fig. 27, 9.
 THE COAR SE POTT ERY
Type C
2 1.Small beaker, fairly high, thick, straigh t rim. Smooth grey ware. Girth groove
on shoulder.
Central zone decorated with b.arbotine dots. Cf. fig. 27, 19.
22. Thick rim, curved slightly out. Smooth grey ware, girth grooves on
shoulder. Cf. fig. 27, 23.
23. Similar rim. Smooth grey ware. Cf. fig. 27, 22.
2 other similar rims from this level.
,Also from this level, fig. 27, 20 and 2 similar rims and fig. 27, 26 and 1 similar
rim.
TypeD
24. Beaker with fairly high rim, inclined out. Girth groove on shoulde
r. Central zone decorated
with barbotine dots and circles. Cf. fig. 27, 29.
Of type H, there was I example, cf. fig. 27, 52.
Miscellaneous
2 5. Heavy rim, curved backwards, and recessed for lid.
Grey ware.
RING-N ECK JUGS
Type B
26. Neck tall, top ring round, rest flatter. Reddis h-buff ware, thin cream
slip.
2 7. Similar neck, creamy-buff ware, buff slip.
26 and 27 cf. fig. 28, 4, which is from this level.
Also fig. 28, 5 and 5 necks cf. fig. 28, 2.
This type appears in N. II, but is only common now.
TypeD
28. Top ring angular, ·1ower ones very flat. Creamy-buff ware. Cf. 28,
8. I other similar neck.
Miscellaneous
Fig. 28, 14 is from this level.
I
The pottery from this level included an appreciable quantity of early materia
l, since there was
considerable importation of soil to raise the level on the south side and south-e
ast corner (seep. 20
and sections, pls. xxxr-x xxm). The soil came partly from the wide founda
tion trenches of the
Forum walls, and probably partly from levelling of the site, particularly in the central
courtya rd area,
where the earlier levels which existed at the sides had disappeared. The pottery
is fully illustrated,
but the occurrence of types cannot be taken as evidence for their continuance
in use. From the
point of view of dating evidence it is the inclusion of types not found in earlier
levels, or of an
increased proportion of types beginn ing to occur in them, which is of import
ance.
The coin evidence is not helpful. The only securely stratified ones were 3
of Nero, 3 of Ves-
pasian, and 2 of Domiti an. The Samian (figs. 5 and 6), while includi ng a
majority of sherds of
the Flavian period, has an appreciable quantit y of Hadria nic types. One
sherd (fig. 6, 16) is
possibly of Hadria n-Anto nine date.
The most common type of mortarium is B. 2, which, as has been shown (seep.
monest in the period up to A.D. 120, and continues in use up to A.D. 160. Types 77), is com-
C and D, which
are also represented, had a similar range in date. The examples of type B.
1 probab ly represe nt
the earlier material incorporated in the filling. .
The dishes include, besides the early types (fig. 41, 23 to 26), examples of straigh
t-sided dishes,
type A, which does not seem to appear until after A.D. I 20, and of bead-rim
dishes which appear
at the beginn ing of the second century.
 THE COARSE POTTER Y
A new type which appears in this level is that of the carinated bowl. This, however, does not
give any help for dating, since it is apparently a Leicestersh ire type, and has no close parallels on
a dated site.
This is the first level in which pie-dishes appear in any quantity, and the first in which type B
occurs at all, type A being much more common than type B. On other sites this occurs in groups
dating to A. D. I I o or I 20.
Flanged bowls of type A, which first appear in Trajanic levels, are fairly common, and there is
I example of type B, which is a coarser developme nt, of which the date is not
well documente d.
Reeded rim bowls are still very common, which is. in strong contrast to Antonine levels in the
north, though, as shown on pp. 8 8-9, they probably continued in use later in the south, until at
least A.D. r40-60.
The everted rim jars are marked by a predominan ce of type C (73 examples as against 49 of A
and 48 of B) which had first become common in N. V. There are also 2 5 examples of the allied
type E, which first appears in this level. Types G and J also appear for the first time in this level.
Type G on other sites appears by A.D. I 10-20 (5 examples from dated groups cited on p. 108),
but is not apparently common until after that date. Type J is a type much more common in the
later levels.
The cavetto rim jars contain a very great majority of those types which are common by A.D.
I ro-20 (23 of type A, 8 of type C, and 26 of type D). There are also 2 examples
of type E which
(seep. 101) just appears by A.D. r20.
The ring-neck jugs still contain a majority of type B, which on other sites goes out of use by
c. A.D. r40 (seep. 109), but there is an increased proportion of type D, which, though it appears
by the beginning of the second century (4 examples cited which are pre-A. D. I 20), is more common
from A.D'. I 20 onwards. Type C, which on other sites appears between A.D. I 20 and I 60, first
appears in this level.
The storage jars are marked by the introductio n of types E and F with the rims pointed on top,
but as parallels from dated levels are hard to find, no help is given in dating the level.
The evidence of the coarse wares is thus consistent. In all forms the majority of examples are
close to those from earlier levels. A number of new types are included, which, as far as they can
be dated, appear on other sites round about A.D. I 20. As evidence as a terminus ante quem, there
is an absence of typically Antonine forms, e.g. the mortaria, cf. Verulamium Kiln, fig. 3, types
I-M (A.D. r20-60) and Wroxeter I9J6-'j, period I (Hadrian-e arly Antonine), fig. 9, r4, and of
later forms cavetto-rim jars and ring-neck jugs of type E, which (see p. I I 1) begin to appear by
A.D. 140. The inclusion of an appreciable amount of Hadrianic Samian, which would not pre-
sumably have reached a place like Leicester at the very beginning of the period, suggests a date
of A.D. 12 5-30 for the building of the Forum, while the 1 Hadrian-A ntonine Samian fragment
may bring it down slightly later.
Fig. 41
MoRTARIA
TypeD
1. Rim hooked down at end. Orange-bu ff ware.
2. Similar rim. Light-buff ware. Stamp of C. ATTIVS MARINVS (see fig. 58, 2b).
3. Similar rim. Light-buff ware, patchy orange slip. Stamp of ALBINVS (cf. fig. 58, 1a and rb).
1-3 cf. fig. I 8, 12. 8 other similar rims.
4. Rim hooked under at end. Orange-bu ff ware.
5. Similar rim, large. Orange ware. Stamp of C. ATTIVS MARINVS (see fig. 58, 2c).
4 and 5 cf. fig. 18, 13. ·
 THE COARSE POTTERY 1 53
Type· B. I
6. Flange not very broad. Orange-buff ware. Cf. fig. l 8, 2. 4 other similar rims.
7. Fairly broad flange, rising slightly above bead .. Creamy-buff ware.
8. Similar rim, heavier. Orange-buff ware. Stamp of GENIALIS (see fig. 58, 8).
9. Similar rim. Creamy-buffware. StampofCOERTYTIN (see fig. 58, 3).
7-9 cf. fig. 18, 3, which is from this level. 3 other similar rims.
TypeB.2
lO. Broader flange. Orange-buff ware. Stamp of REYS (see fig. l 8, l 6).
Cf. fig. 18, 9. 5 other similar rims.
11. Broad flange. Buff ware. Cf. fig. 1 8, 8, which is from this level.
l 2. Flange with short horizontal portion, curving obliquely. Buff ware, orange slip. Stamp of
CRESCENS (see fig. 58, 4), cf. fig. 18, 4. 1 other similar rim.
13. Broad flange, end curved down. Dirty-brown ware. Stamp of SOLLYS (see fig. 58, I?)·
14. Fragment of similar rim. Light-buff ware. Stamp of DOCCAS? (see fig. 58, 6).
13 and 14 cf. fig. 18, 5, which is fr.om this level. Also 4 other similar rims.
Type C
1 5. Broad flange, sloping slightly down. Light-buff ware.

Cf. fig. I 8, JO.

Pm-DISHES

Type A
16. Fairly narrow rim, angle with wall sharp. No chamfer at base. Dark-grey ware. Acute-
angled trellis pattern externally.
I?· Similar rim, shallower dish. No chamfer. Dark-grey ware. Similar trellis pattern.
l 8. Similar rim, chamfer at base. Dark-grey ware. Similar trellis pattern.
I 6-1 8 cf. fig. I 9, 2.
1 o other similar rims not preserved to base.

19. Fairly broad rim, slightly curved. Chamfer at base. Grey ware. Acute-angled trellis pattern·.
externally.
20. Similar rim and chamfer. Grey ware. No pattern.
2 1 • Similar rim, base not preserved.
I 9-2 I cf. fig. I 9, I.
6 other similar rims, not preserved to base.
Also from this level, fig. 1 9, 3 and 3 similar rims and fig. l 9, 5.
All these rims have a sharp angle internally with the wall, and externally usually also a sharp
angle, sometimes slightly concave.
Type B
22. Thick short rim, rounded beneath externally. No chamfer. Grey ware, grey-brown surface
internally.
Cf. fig. 19, l 2, which is from this level with 2 other similar sherds.
These thickened rims are thus very much in the minority in this level.
x
FIG. 41. Coarse pottery from deposits contemporary with Forum (I), to A.D. 125-30 (!)
 THE COARSE POTTERY
STRAIGHT-SIDED DISHES
Of type A, fig. 20, I and I similar rim are from this level.
This is the first appearance of the later type of dish which does not show close affinities
to the Belgic plates.
BEAD-RIM DISHES
I rim each cf. fig. 20, 7 and I 1.
First appearance of this type of dish.
MISCELLANEOUS DISHES
23. Dish with curved oblique sides. Pinkish ware, polished externally. Probably eventually
derived from a Belgic plate.
24. Dish with curved oblique sides, concave base. Light-grey ware.
2 5. Dish with straight walls, and bulges representing mouldings. Grey ware, polished on surface.
A very degenerate Belgic dish, even more so than fig. 37, 20, in entirely Roman ware.
26. Dish with curved sides, rim thickened inwards, low foot-ring. Light-grey ware. Derived
from Belgic prototype. .
These dishes are typical of those which appear in many early levels, cf. Caerleon I926, A.D.
70-I rn, fig. 3 I, 64-6, Haltwhistle, Trajanic, pl. v, 9-rn, &c.
CARINATED BowLs
Type A
2 7. Elegant, with 2 grooves beneath plain neck, zone below decorated with polished trellis pattern.
Grey ware.
2 8. Similar bowl, plain neck, with below zone decorated with groups of incised lines, between
raised bands. Grey ware, red-brown at break.
27 and 28 cf. fig. 2 r, 1, which is from this level, with IO similar rims.
29. Rather coarser bowl, no decoration. Brown ware, firing grey on surface. Cf. fig. 21, 2. I
other similar rim, wall cordoned, with hatched decoration.
FLANGED BowLs
Type A
30. Broad, gently curving flange. Grey ware, orange slip, polished internally and on rim. Cf.
fig. 22, I. 4 other similar rims.
Of type B, I rim cf. fig. 22, 6.
TAZZAS
3 I. Upper portion of tazza, pie-crust flange at rim and angle. Light-buff ware. Blackened with
soot inside.
3 2. Upper part of tazza, large. Similar decoration and ware, and similarly blackened.

Fig. 42
REEDED RIM BowLs
Type A
1. Rim rather down-bent, wall inclined in. Grey ware. 2 grooves high up and I on girth.
2. Thin flange, wall inclined in. Red-brown ware, micaceous slip. 2 grooves high up.
3. Broad flange, wall inclined in. Pinkish ware. 2 grooves above angle.
 t-----r-->

~===~\3

I 7

I f
10

Fw. +2. Coarse pottery from deposits contemporary with Forum (I), to A.D. 125-30 (cont.)(!)
 THE COARSE POTTERY 157

4. Narrow flange, rather thicker than other examples, wall inclined in. Grey ware.
1-4 cf. fig. 21, 6. 8 other similar rims.
5. Thin horizontal flange. Grey ware, red-brown at break. 2 grooves above angle. Cf. fig.
2 1, 7. 1 2 other similar rims. .
6. Horizontal rim, wall inclined slightly out. Grey ware. 2 grooves high up.
7. Similar rim and ware. 2 grooves above angle.
6 and 7 cf. fig. 21, 9, which is from this level, with 28 similar rims.
Also 1 rim cf. fig. 21, 8.
Of type B, 16 rims of '21, 1 I.
TypeD ,
8. Broad rim, narrow hollow at junction with wall. Grey ware.
9. Rim thick at edge, broad hollow beneath. Grey ware. 2 grooves above angle.
11-12 cf. fig. 21, 13. 20 other similar rims.

Type C
1 o. Thick rim. Grey ware. Shallow groove above angle.
1 1. Similar rim and ware.
11 and 12 cf. fig. 21, 12. 13 other similar rims.

TypeE
12. Thick rim, concave on top. Grey ware. Cf. fig. 2 1, 16, which is from this level, with 7 other
similar rims.
Also 2 rims cf. fig. 2 1, 1 5.

NECKED BOWLS
Type A
13. Bowl with high neck, cordon on it. Light-orange ware, polished externally. Cf. fig. 24, I.
14. Small bowl, marked shoulder. Grey ware. Cf. fig. 24, 2. 3 other similar rims.

Type B
15. Large bowl. Grey ware. Near fig. 24, 5, which is from this level, with 6 other examples.
TypeE
16. 1'.airly high neck, shoulder slightly marked. Grey ware. Cf. fig. 24, 12, with 3 other similar
rims.
·Also 1 example cf. fig. 24, 1 1 and fig. 24, 15 and 9 similar rims.

NECKED ]ARS
Of type A, 1 rim cf. fig. 2 5, I.

Type C
17. Short concave neck, sharp-cut rim. Grey ware. Cf. fig. 25, 6. 10 other similar rims.
1 8. Similar rim, heavier. Grey ware. Cf. fig. 2 5, 7. 14 other similar rims.
19. Similar rim, heavy, grooved on top. Grey ware .. Cf. fig. 25, 8. 16 other similar ri?J.s.
Also 3 rims cf. fig. 25, 9, and 6 cf. fig. 25, 10.
158 THE COARSE POTTERY
TypeD
20. Curved neck, small rounded rim. Grey ware. Cf. fig. 25, 12, which is from this level, with
6 other examples.
Also fig. 2 5, I 1 and 14 other similar rims, and fig. 2 5, 13 and 1 similar rim.
TypeE
21. Neck curved, rim thickened, and slightly ridged inside. Near fig. 2 5, 16, with shorter neck.
7 other rims cf. fig. 2 5, 16.
22. Jar with high concave neck. Red-brown ware. Cf. fig. 25, 19, with 1 other example.
23. Similar jar, rim more angular and undercut. Red-brown ware. Near fig. 25, 18, which is
from this level, with 4 other similar rims.
Also from this level, fig. 2 5, 20; 5 rims cf. fig. 2 5, q; 1 cf. fig. 2 5, 2 1, and 2 cf. fig. 2 5, 24.
CAVETTO RIMS
Type A
24. Small, slightly curved rim, shoulder hardly bulging. Polished dark.:.grey ware. Wavy
pattern on neck. Rubbed trellis pattern on girth. Cf. fig. 26, 3, which is from this level, with
3 other similar rims, 1 with wavy pattern and 2 without.
25. Small rim, hardly curved, shoulder hardly bulging. Polished dark-grey ware. Wavy pattern
on neck, trellis on girth. Cf. fig. 26, 1. ·
I 1 similar rims from this level, 4 with wavy pattern and 7 without. Also 5 cf. fig. 26, 2,
none with wavy pattern, and 26 cf. fig. 26, 4, none with wavy pattern.
Of type C, fig. 26, 9 and4 similar rims; 3 rims cf. fig. 26, 7, and 1 cf. fig. 26, 8 were from this level.
The majority of this last group of rims had not got a wavy patte.rn on the neck.
TypeD
26. Straight rim with slight bead at edge. Light-grey gritty ware.
2 7. Similar rim and ware.
2 8. Similar rim. Dark-grey polished ware.
2 6-2 8 cf. fig. 2 6, IO, which was from this level, and I 6 more similar rims.
29. Fairly short thin straight neck, slight bead. Hard grey ware. Cf. fig. 26, 11, which was from
this level, with 5 similar rims.
Fig. 2 6, 12 is also from this level.
TypeE
30. Rim high and distinctly curved. Grey rather gritty ware.
31. Similar rim. Dark-grey polished ware. Wavy pattern on neck.
30and31 cf. fig. 26, 16. These 2 rims appear to be the most advanced types in this group.
BEAD-RIM PoTs
4 examples of bead-rim pots cf. fig. 26, 24 from this level.
PoPPY-HEAD BEAKERS
32. ~airly .high and fine rim. Light-grey ware, polished externally cf. fig. 26, 33, with 2 similar
nms.
33. Fairly high rim, rather thick and bevelled off internally. Grey ware, polished externally.
Cf. fig. 26, 36, which is from this.level.
Also from this level fig. 26, 35 with 2 similar rims, and 1 cf. fig. 26, 34.
 THE COARSE POTTERY 159
EvERTED R1Ms
Type A
34. Short rim, sloped back inside to sharp edge. Grey ware, polished outside and on rim inside.
Girth groove on shoulder, below which zone decorated with groups of barbotine dots.
3 5. Similar rim. Grey ware, red-brown at break.
34 and 35 cf. fig. 27, 4. 29 similar rims from this level.
36. Short rounded rim. Grey ware. Cf. fig. 27, 7. 7 other similar rims from this level.
Also from this level, fig. 27, 3 and 7 similar rims; 1 rim each cf. fig. 27, 2 and 8; 2 cf. fig.
27, 5; 5 cf. fig. 27, 6, and 3 cf. fig. 27, 9.
Type B
3 7. Thin rim, sloped well back. Light-grey ware. Girth groove on shoulder. Cf. fig. 2 7, 1 1.
9 other similar rims.
3 8. Very short, thickish rim, slightly curved back. Light-grey ware. Girth groove on shoulder,
cf. fig. 27, 13. 26 other similar rims.
39. Very short straight rim. Light-grey ware, polished outside and on rim inside.
40. Similar rim. Grey ware.
41. Small pot with similar rim. Pink ware.
39-41 cf. fig. 2 7,' 14. 8 similar rims.
42. Small pot with short upright rim, marked shoulder. Decorated externally with groups of
barbotined dots. Grey ware.
43. Short thin pointed rim. Pink ware, micaceous slip outside and on lip outside. Girth groove
on shoulder.
44. Similar rim. Buff ware, olive-green coat inside and out. Body roughcast.
42-4 cf. fig. 27, 15 ..4 similar rims.
4 5. Short nearly upright rim, fairly pointed. Dark-grey ware. Body decorated with groups of
barbotine dots, cf. fig. 27, 16, which was from this level, and also 8 similar rims.
Also 2 rims each cf. fig. 27, 10, and fig. 27, 12, and 1 cf. fig. 27, 18.
Type C
46. Rim fairly high, inclined slightly out. Light-grey polished ware. Girth groove on shoulder.
Cf. fig. 27, 20. 8 similar rims.
4 7. Rim high and thick, but edge thin. Dark-grey polished ware. Girth groove on shoulder, and
zone below decorated with circles of thinned clay. Cf. fig. 27, 23.
13 similar rims. _
48. Rim high, thickened at middle, pointed at edge. Grey polished ware. Cf. fig. 27, 24. 7 other
similar rims.
Fig. 43
1. Rather small rim, nearly upright, and slightly concave internally. Lig~t-grey polished ':"are.
Girth groove on shoulder. Groups of barbotine dots below.
2. Similar rim. Dark-grey ware. Body rusticated. .
1 and 2 cf. fig. 27, 25, which was from this level, and also 12 other similar rims.
3. Small pot, rim more concave than last. Orange-brown ware, polished internally, cf. fig. 27, 27,
which was from this level, with 2 other similar rims.
Also from this level, 7 rims, cf. fig. 27, 19, fig. 27, 21 and 4 similar rims; 7 rims cf. fig.
27, 22; 11 rims cf'. fig. 27, 26, fig. 27, 28, and 8 similar rims.
160 THE COARSE POTTER Y

Frn. 43. Coarse pottery

.
from deposits contemporar
. .
y with Forum (I), to A.D. I 25-30 (cont.) (i)
 THE COARSE POTTERY 161
Of type D, 4 rims cf. fig. 27, 29 and 5 rims cf. fig. 27, 30.
TypeE
4. Rim fairly small, thickened at edge. Grey polished ware. Cf. fig. i7, 31, which was from this
level, and 23 similar rims.
0f type H, fig. 2 7, 5 1 and 4 similar rims, and 2 cf. fig. 27, S2 were from this level.
TypeJ
5. Thick rim, flattened on top. Coarse grey ware. Cf. fig. 2 7, 56, which was from this level, and
7 other similar rims.
Type G
6. Small rim, square outside, bevelled inside. Buff ware, brown colour-coat. Body roughcast.
Cf. fig. 27, 49. 4 similar rims.
7. Small rim, curved ou~ards. Buff ware, brownish-black colour-coat. Decorated with barbo-
tine lines. For rim shape cf. fig. 32, 17, but this is not Castor ware. Also 1 rim cf. fig. 2 7, 50.
Miscellaneous
8. 2-handled pot, rim turned back flatly. Light-buff ware. Grooves round shoulder and above
bulge.
RING-NECK Jucs
Type B
9. Tall neck, well-developed rings. Buff ware, orange slip.
1o. Similar neck. Creamy-buff ware.
9 and IO cf. fig. 28, 2.
11. Top ring pronounced, rest rather flat. Buff ware.
12. Similar neck. Buff to orange-buff _ware.
11 and 12 cf. fig. 28, 4. 9 other similar rims.
13. Top dng pronounced, rest still well developed. Light-buff ware.
14. Similar neck and· ware.
15. Similar neck, buff ware.
13-1 5 cf. fig. 2 8, 3. 6 other similar rims.
Also 1 example cf. fig. 28, 5.
TypeD
16. Neck fairly high and spreading, rings hardly indicated. Reddish-brown ware, buff slip.
17. Similar neck. Buff ware, orange slip.
18. Similar neck. Reddish-brown ware, buff slip.
16-18 ·cf. fig. 2 8, 8. 2 other simifar necks. .
19,. Top ring thick and rounded, lower ones hardly more than lines, neck rather clumsy. Orange.:.
buff ware, orange-brown slip.
20. Similar neck, light:·buff ware.
19 and 20 cf. fig. 2 8, 9. This is the first appearance of this type, which only becomes·
common in V.
Type C
21. Wide mouth, slender neck, fairly straight. Buff ware. Cf. fig. 2 8, 6.
y
 THE COARSE POTTERY
FLAGONS
Of type A, fig. 28, 18, 19, and 20 and 1 example cf. fig. 28, 16 are from this level.
STORAGE JARS
Type A
22. Heavy rim, rolled well over. Cf. fig. 29, 3. 9 other similar rims.
23. Fairly small rim, curved well over. Cf. fig. 29, 1. 3 other similar rims.
24. Rim rather more rounded. Cf. fig. 29, 5. 2 other similar rims.
Also IO rims cf. fig. 29, 2 and 2 cf. fig. 29, 4.
Type B
2 5. Short neck, small rounded rim. Harder ware than other examples and no white grit. Cf.
fig. 29, 6.
Of type C, fig. 29, 8 and 1 similar rim, and 2 rims cf. fig. 29, 9, are from this level.
Of type D, 2 rims cf. fig. 29, 11.
TypeE
26. Rim oval in section, pointed on top. Cf. fig. 29, 12, which is from this level, with 2 other.
similar rims.
Type F
2 7. Rim pointed on top, squared outside. Cf. fig. 2 9, q. 4 other similar rims.
Also 4 rims cf. fig. 2 9, 1 8.
TypeL
2 8. Small fairly high neck, rim curved out and thickened. Cf. fig. 30, 2, which is from this level,
with 3 other examples.
Of type M, 3 rims cf. fig. 30, 4.
Coo KING-POTS
Type A
29. High rim, recessed for lid. Cf. fig. 30, 12, which is from this level, with 7 other similar rims.
Also 3 rims cf. fig. 30, 10 and 7 cf. fig. 30, 1 I.
Type B
30. Heavy rim, straight outside, recessed for lid inside.
3 1. Similar rim, heavier.
30-1 cf. fig. 30, 14. 24 other similar rims.
3 2. Less heavy rim, straight outside. Cf. fig. 30, 1 5. 4 7 other similar rims.
Type C
33. Fairly heavy rim, very slight ridge inside. Cf. fig. 30, 17, which is from this level. 9 other
similar rims.
Also 30, 18 and 1 similar rim and 1 rim cf. fig. 30, 19.
Of type D, fig. 30, 23 and 1 similar rim and 1 rim cf. fig. 30, 21 are from this level.
Of type E, fig. 30, 24 and 2 similar rims are from this level.
Miscellaneous
34. Straight rim, decorated on top with slashes.
 THE COARSE POTTERY
Lms
Of type A, 12 fragments cf. fig. 31, 1 were from this level.
Of type B, fig. 3 1, 5 and 3 sherds cf. fig. 31, 4 were from this level.
Of type C, fig. 3 1, 9 and 2 similar sherds, fig. 3 1, 1o, and 1 sherd cf. fig. 31, 8 were from this level.
AMPHORAE
Fig. 33, I and 1 other example, fig. 33, 2 and 1 other example, fig. 33, 3, and 1 other example
are from this level. ·
II
The coins from this level were Nero (3), Vespasian (2), Antoninus Pius (2 of A.D. 155-6, of
which 1 was from a level not quite certainly belonging to this period and 1 not certainly identi-
fiable), Faustina II, A.D. 145-61.
The Samian (see fig. 7) includes 2 Hadrian-Antonine and 5 Antonine sherds, together with
a considerable quantity of Flavian, Trajanic, and Hadrianic. The early sherds are clearly accounted
for by the material from the deep and wide foundation trenches of the walls of the Baths, surplus
material from which was used for the thick make-up of the courtyard floors. The coarse wares
also go down to the beginning of the Antonine period. Of the mortaria, there are still some of the
early types, but 3 out of the 8 are of later types, both type F and type G not appearing much before
A.D. 140. The point noticeable about the everted rim jars is the appearance of type F, which is
very common from now on. This type, though not identifiable on many other sites, seems to be an
Antonine one (see p. 108). The pie-dish rims are still predominantly of type A, with orily 1 of
type B, and are thus characteristic of the first half of the century.
This is the first level in which type Bis not the most common type of ring-neck jug. Type C,
which first appeared in I, and which is a common mid-second-century form, is now the most
common.
The storage jars are marked by 2 new types. Type G is a development of the early types, but
more angular, the upper part having a square, flattened appearance. Type K is of a different
form, neckless, with a rim triangular in section, in shape like a much larger cooking-pot. Other
sites give no dating evidence for these forms. . .
The coarse pottery thus includes a number of new types, though unfortunately many of them
are not datable from outside evidence. Thost1 that are datable agree with the Samian in suggesting
an early Antonine date .. It may be compared with the South Carlton Kiln site, which also has
everted rims type F and a preponderance of ring-neck jugs type B, but since it does not include
mortaria type H. I, should have an earlier terminal date. A date of A.D. 1 50-60 for the building
of the Baths appears to be consistent with the evidence.

Fig. 44
MoRTARIA
Of type A, 1 rim cf. fig. 1 8, 1.·
TypeD
1. Flaring flange, end curved over. Orange ware, cf. fig. 1 8, 12. 2 other similar rims.
2. Flaring flahge, tip broken. Hard buff ware, pinkish core. Cf. fig. 18, 12. Stamp of G. ATTIUS
MARINUS (see ref. under fig. 58, 2). ·
3. Similar rim, end hooked under. Light-buff ware. Cf. fig. 18, 13. Stamp of G. ATTIUS MARINUS
(see ref. under fig. 58, 2).
Of type B. I, I rim cf. fig. 18, 3.
 THE COARSE POTTERY

~
> ,.J ' ,,

37
~381
Fw. 44. Coarse pottery from deposits contemporary with Bath Building (II), to A.D. 150-60 (!)
 THE COARSE POTTERY
Type F
4. Flange curved, below bead. Orange-buff ware. Cf. fig. 18, 15. Stamp GRATINUS (see ref.
under fig. 58, 9).
5. Small hooked flanged. Light buff ware. Cf. fig. 18, 16, with smaller and less prominent bead.
3 other rims cf. fig. 18, 16.
Type G
6. Flange sloping down obliquely. Buff ware. Near fig. I 8, I 8, bead less prominent.
Pm-DISHES
Type A
7. Fairly broad rim, slightly curved. Chamfer at base. Dark grey ware. Fairly acute angled
trellis externally. Cf. fig. 19, I.
8. Narrow rim, sharp angle with wall. Base not preserved. Grey ware. Acute angled trellis
pattern.
9. Similar rim. Chamfer at base. Similar ware and trellis pattern.
I o. Similar rim. Deep dish with pronounced chamfer at base. Similar ware and trellis pattern.
Scroll pattern on base.
11. Similar rim. No chamfer. Grey ware. Similar trellis pattern.
8- I I for rim cf. fig. 1 9, 2. I 2 other similar rims from this level.
Also from this level, fig. I 9, 6, and I similar rim, and fig. I 9, 4.
I 2. Dish with unusually sharp angles, slightly concave base. Sandy-brown ware with dark brown
slip. Incised encircling lines externally, including base. The rim is nearest fig. 19, 2, but this
example is narrower.
All the rims from this level have a sharp angle with the wall internally, and externally
mostly sharp, a few slightly concave ..
MISCELLANEOUS DISHES
13. Imitatio1:1 :Belgic dish, in completely Roman ware. Mouldings indicated by swellings. Light
grey ware.
14. Very flat plate, low base ring, rim curved up. Grey ware, firing light brown on surface,
surface polished. Probably developed from Belgic prototype.
CARINATED BowLs
15. Plain bowl. Tooled line on side probably accidental. Grey ware. Cf. fig. 21, 4.
Also 2 rims cf. fig. 2 I, I.
REEDED RIM BowLs
Type A
16. Fairly narrow horizontal rim. Grey ware. Girth groove at angle. Cf. fig. 21, 7. 4 other
similar rims.
Also 2 rims cf. fig. 21, 6, and 2 cf. fig. 21, 9.
Type B
1 7. Small horizontal rim, fairly thick. 2 girth grooves at angle. Light grey ware. Cf. fig. 2 I, I I.
6 other similar rims.
Also 2 rims cf. fig. 21, IO.
Of type C, I rim cf. fig. 21, 12.
166 THE COARSE POTTERY
TypeD
18. Fairly narrow rim. Grey ware. Girth groove at angle. Cf. fig. 2 1, I 3. 1o other similar rims.
Also 3 rims cf. fig. 21, 14.
TypeE
19. J:Ieavy rim, vertical wall. Grey ware. Girth groove at angle. Cf. fig. 2 1, 16. 1 other similar
nm.
FLANGED BowLs
Type4
20. Flange straight. Grey ware, slightly polished externally. Cf. fig. 22, 2. 2 other similar rims.
Of type B, fig. 22, 6, and 1 other similar rim were from this level.
M1scELLANEous BowLs
2 1. Small bowl, sharp carination, wall curving out. Light grey ware.
22. Similar bowl, smaller, similar ware.
23. Bowl imitating Samian form 37. Dark grey ware, polished externally. Central zone de-
limited by double grooves with chevron pattern between.
24. Small thick-ware bowl, rounded carination. Grey ware. Zone below rim decorated with
vertical scoring.
Also from this level fig. 23, 1 and 2 other examples, fig. 23, 5 and 2 other examples, and
I cf. fig. 2 3, 4•

NECKED BOWLS
Of type A, fig. 24, 2 and 5 similar rims, and 1 cf. fig. 24, 1.
Of type B, 1 example fig. 24, 5.
Of type C, 1 rim cf. fig. 24, 6.
TypeD
25. Neck slightly concave, rim turned over. Light grey ware. Cf. fig. 24, IO, which is from this
level, with 3 other similar rims.
Of type E, 3 rims cf. fig. 24, 15.
Of type G, 1 rim cf. fig. 24, 20.
NECKED JARS
Type C
26. Fairly high neck. Grey ware.
2 7. Shorter neck. Grey ware.
26-7 cf. fig. 25, 7. 7 other similar rims.
Also 6 rims cf. fig. 2 5,_ 6, and of the type grooved on top, 4 cf. fig. 2 5, 8, and fig. 2 5, 10
and 1 1 similar rims.
TypeD
28. Short slightly curved neck, with 2 grooves at the base. Pinkish-buff ware. Cf. fig. 2 5, 11.
4 other similar rims.
Also 9 rims cf. fig. 25, 12.
 THE COARSE POTTER Y 167

TypeE
29. Neck slightly curved, rim thickened and projecting. Grey ware, polished externally. Cf. fig.
2 5, 1 7. 2 other similar rims.
Also 1 rim cf. fig. 25, 18; 2 cf. fig. 25, 20, and 1 cf. fig. 25, 25.
CAVETTO RIM JARS

Of type A, 3 rims cf. fig. 26, 1; 3 cf. fig. 26, 2; 1 cf. fig. 26, 3, and 1 cf. fig. 26, 5.
Of type B, 2 rims cf. fig. 26, 6.
Type C
30. Rim fairly small and straight. Grey ware. Wayy pattern on neck. Cf. fig. 26, 8, with 2 other
similar rims.
Also 2 rims cf. fig. 26, 9, and 1 cf. fig. 26, 7; 2 with wavy pattern and I without.
Of type D, I rim cf. fig. 26, rn; 2 cf. fig. 26, 12, and 1 cf. fig. 26, 13, all with wavy pattern.
BEAD-RIM JARS
31. Small rounded bead rim, grey ware. Cf. fig. 26, 24.
3 2. Small fairly straight rim. Light grey ware. Cf. fig. 2 6, 2 5. 3 other similar rims.
OBLIQUE RIMS

Fig. 26, 31 is from this level.

PoPPY-HEA D BEAKERS

33. Rim high and upright. Light grey ware, polished externally. Cf. fig. 26, 33.
EvERTED RIM JARS

Type A
34. Thick rim, folded well back, high shoulder. Light grey ware. Girth groove on shoulder.
Cf. fig. 2 7, 7. 3 other similar rims from this level.
35. Thick rim, flattened on top. Grey ware, polished dark grey surface. Cf. fig. 27, 8.
36. Rather thick rim. Light grey ware. Cf. fig. 27, 4. I other similar rim.
Also from this level, 1 rim cf. fig. 27, 2; 1 cf. fig. 27, 3; 4 cf. fig. 27, 5; 1 cf. fig. 27, 6,
and 1 cf. fig. 27, 9·
Type B
3 7. Small rim, rounded externally, bevelled internally. Light grey ware. Girth groove on shoulder.
Cf. fig. 2 7, 1 3. 2 similar rims from this level.
38. Small thin rim, pointed edge. Light grey ware, patchy dark and light grey surface, polished.
Very shallow girth groove on shoulder, zone below decorated with groups of barbotine dots.
Cf. fig. 27, 14. 2 other similar rims.
Also from this level 4 rims cf. fig. 2 7, IO, and 2 cf. fig. 2 7, I 6.
Type C
39. Straight, fairly thick rim. Grey ware, red-brown in centre at break. Girth groove on shoulder,
with zone below decorated with barbotined circles. Cf. fig. 2 7, I 9. 4 other similar rims.
Also from this level, 5 rims cf. fig. 2 7, 20; 3 cf. fig. 2 7, 2 3; 1 cf. fig. 2 7, 24; I cf. fig. 2 7, 2 5;
4 cf. fig. 27, 26; 3 cf. fig. 27, 27, and I cf. fig. 27, 28.
OJ type D, 2 rims (1 colour-coated) cf. fig. 27, 30, and I rim cf. fig. 27, 29.
168 THE COARSE POTTERY
TypeE
40. Rim high, sloping well back. Grey ware. Cf. fig. 2 7, 3 I. 2 other similar rims from this level.
Type G
4 I. Rim turned back, flat on top, double ridge on outside. Buff ware, brown colour-coat. Girth
groove, zone below roughcast. Cf. fig. 27, 49. 2 similar rims from this level.
Type F
42. Rim turned back, flat· on top. Grey ware. Girth groove, with zone below decorated with
rouletting. Cf. fig. 27, 35, which is from this level.
Als9 from this level, fig. 27, 32, and I similar rim, fig. 27, 39, and I cf. fig. 27, 40.
Of type H, I rim cf. fig. 27, 53, and 2 cf. fig. 27, 51.
Of type J, I rim cf. fig. 27, 56.

Fig. 45
RING-NECK JUGS
Type B
I. Top rim thick, rest well developed. Pinkish-buff ware.
2. Similar neck. Orange-buff ware.
I and 2 cf. fig. 2 8, 4, with 7 similar rims.
Also from this level 4 necks cf. fig. 28, 2, and 3 cf. fig. 28, 3.
Type C .
3. Top ring thick, rest small. Cream to pinkish-buff ware.
4. Top ring thick, others hardly indicated. Fracture at base of neck shows how this was fitted
to body. Buff ware.
3 and 4 cf. fig. 28, 7, which is from this level, with .I other similar rim.
5. Similar rim, neck shorter and thicker. Similar ware. Cf. fig. 2 8, 6, which is from this level,
with 3 other similar rims.
TypeD
6. Rings indicated by grooves only. Reddish-brown ware, buff slip.
7. Similar rim. Orange-buff ware, patchy orange slip.
6 and 7 cf. fig. 2 8, 8, with 2 other similar rims.
Of Double-ring Type, I rim cf. fig. 2 8, I 4.
MISCELLANEO US
8. Jug with disc mouth, spreading neck. Creamy-buff ware.
FLAGONS
Of type A, fig. 28, 21 is from this lev~l.

STORAGE JARS
Type A
9. Rim rolled over and rounded. Cf. fig. 29, 4, with 4 other similar rims.
Also 1 example cf. fig. 29, 1; 9 cf. fig. 29, 2; 1 each cf. fig. 29, 3 and 5.
Of type B, 1 rim cf. fig. 29, 6.
 THE COARSE POTTERY
Of type C, 2 rims cf. fig. 29, 8.
Of type D, 2 rims cf. fig. 29, 11.
TypeE
10. Rim rather pointed, not much emphasized externally. Cf. fig. 29, 12, with 1 other similar rim.
Also 2 rims cf. fig. 29, 13.

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5 6 7 8

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9
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10
)
(
11

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14

Fw. 45. Coarse pottery from deposits contemporary with Bath Building (II), to A.D. 150-60 (cont.)(!)

TypeF
11. Rim rolled out to a point, square externally. Cf. fig. 29, 17. 2 other similar rims.
12. Similar rim, more flatten~d on top. Cf. fig. 29, r 8. 1 other similar rim.
Type G
13. Rim rolled out, slightly pointed. Cf. fig. 29, 21.
Also from this level, fig. 29, 20, and 1 similar rim.
z
~70 THE COARSE POTTERY
Type K
14. ~im of triangular section. First appearance. Cf. fig. 29, 26. l other similar rim.
Also l rim cf. fig. 29, 28.
l'he pointed type of rim is therefore predominant in this level, and the neckless type of .
triangular section first appears.
Coo KING-POTS
Type A
15. Rim high and fairly fine, recessed for lid. Cf. fig. 30, 12. 2 other similar rims.
Also I rim cf. fig. 30, 11, and 3 cf. fig. 30, 13.
Type B
16. Fairly heavy rim, straight outside, recessed for lid.
l 7. Similar rim, not so high.
16 and 17 cf. fig. 30, 14. 6 other similar rims.
18. Similar rim, not so heavy. Cf. fig. 30, 15· 18 other similar rims.
· Also l rim cf. fig. 30, l 6.
Of type C, 2 rims cf. fig. 30, 17, and 2 cf. fig. 30, l 8.
Miscellaneous
l 9. Fairly heavy, rounded ,rim, slight ridge internally, top of rim decorated with slashes.

Lrns
Of type A, 7 sherds cf. fig. 31, 1, and l cf. fig. 31, 2.
Of type B, 2 sherds cf. f:ig. 31~ :i_;6cf. fig. 3 i, 4; 1 cf. fig. 31, 5; 1 cf. fig. 31, 6, and 2 cf. fig. 31, 7.
Of ~ype C, 3 sherds cf. fig. 3 l, 8; 4 cf. fig. 3 l, 9, and 1 cf. fig. 31, 1o.
AMPHOI~AE
· .J~.:i:c;~:mples cf. fig. 33, 3 are from this level, l cf. fig. 33, 2, and 1 with cylindrical neck and plain
roJled rim. :
I .
III.
( The Sa~ian from this level (fig. 7, l 1-23) includes an increased number (9) of Antonine
sherds, and there was l which may be late Antonine. There were no stratified coins.
The coarse pottery also provides good dating evidence. The most important point is that
Castor ware first;appears in this level, and, as is shown on pp. l 19-20, this can be placed about
~.o. l 70-80. It is not yet common, and the proportion is similar to that of the groups cited on
p. 1.20, which have a terminal date of A.D. l 80. The type of decoration is also similar to that
in those groups. .
The mortaria, with one exception, are of types E and F, which (seep. 78) are predominantly
Antonine typ~s.
The cavetto rims still include a predominance of the early types A, C, and D, with only 2
examples of type E, .which, though 'appearing by A.D. 120, is the common Antonine type.
The ring-neck jugs have an overwhelming majority of type B, which is common throughout the
second century.
The pie-dish rims still include a majority of types A and B, but there are 2. examples of type C,
which just appears by A.D. 1_60, but is much commoner by A.D. 180 (seep. 83), and type E,
 THE COARSE POTTERY
which is still rare in Antonine groups, appears for the first time. The flanged bowls are marked by
a predominance of type B, of which the only parallel is from an Antonine site, and the first
appearance of type D, which elsewhere first appears during the Antonine period.
In the everted rim jars, type A and B have almost disappeared, though C, D, and E, which are
common early-second-century forms, still continue. The most noticeable point is the increased
numbers of type F.
In the storage jars there is a noticeable absence of the early types, and a great predominance of
type F.
The terminal date of the group is clearly c. A.D. I 80.

Fig. 46
MoRTARIA
Of type B. I, I rim cf. fig. I 8, 2.
TypeE
1. Gently curved flange. Buff ware, pinkish core. Cf. fig. 1 8, 14, though rather narrower. 5
other similar rims.
TypeF
2. Flange sloping slightly down. Orange-buff ware. Cf. fig. I 8, 15, which is from this level.
3. C?ently curved flange, slightly below bead. Light buff ware, cf. fig. 18, 16. 1 other similar
nm.
Pm-DISHES
Type.A
4. Fairly narrow rim, sharp angle with wall. Base not preserved. Grey ware. Fairly acute
angled trellis pattern externally.
5. Fairly narrow rim, sharp angle with wall. Chamfer at base. Dark grey ware. Acute angled
trellis pattern externally.
6. Similar rim, no chamfer, similar ware and trellis pattern.
7. Similar rim, ware and pattern. Base not preserved.
8. Fairly narrow rim, sharp angle with wall. Chamfer at base. Dark grey ware. Acute angled
trellis pattern externally.
9. Similar rim and chamfer. Smaller bowl. Grey ware. Similar trellis pattern. The rim of this
example is slightly deformed, so the diameter is difficult to ascertain.
For rims of 4-9 cf. fig. 19, 2. 21 other similar rims from this level.
Also 5 rims cf. fig. 19, 1; 2 cf. fig. 19, 3, and 1 cf. fig. r 9, 5.
These rims have sharp angles internally, and sharp or slightly concave externally.
Type B
10. Narrow, rather heavy rim, concave externally. Base not preserved. Grey ware. For rim cf.
fig. r 9, 12. 3 other similar rims from this level.
Also from this level fig. 19, 1 3.
Of type C, fig. 19, 15 is from this level, with 1 other similar rim. These rims are heavier and con-
cave beneath, but are rare.
TypeE
I 1. Small rim, groove at junction with wall. Base not preserved. Acute angled trellis pattern
externally. Grey ware. First appearance of this type. Cf. fig. 1 9, 2 r.
 / 15

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47 I l14~$:
ii Frn. 4-6. Coarse pottery from Level I II, to A. D. 1 80 (!)
 THE COARSE POTTERY I 73
BEAD-RIM DISHES
I 2. Shallow dish, slight bead rim. Dark grey ware, fairly broad trellis pattern outside. Cf. fig.
20, 7. I other similar rim.
Also from this level, fig. 20, 8 and I similar rim.
CARINATED BowLs
Type A
I 3. Elegant bowl. Grey ware. Groove beneath plain polished neck, with zone below decorated
with polished trellis pattern. Base restored from complete section, in the Leicester Museum,
found in Leicester.
I4· Similar bowl and decoration, wall more curved. Grey ware.
I 3 and 14 cf. fig. 2 I, I. 7 other similar rims.
I 5. Rather heavier bowl. Grey ware. No decoration. Cf. fig. 2 I, 2. 2 other similar rims.
Type B
I 6. Similar bowl, wall straighter. Grey ware. Narrow central zone decorated with polished
trellis pattern, with double grooves above and below. Cf. fig. 21, 4. 3 other similar rims.

REEDED R1M BowLs

Of type B, I example each cf. fig. 2 1, I o and I 1.
TypeD
17. Broad heavy rim. Grey ware. 2 girth grooves. Cf. fig. 2I, I3.
Fig. 2 I, I 4 is also from this level.
Of type E, fig. 2I, 15 is from this level.
FLANGED BowLs
Of type A, I rim cf. fig. 22, 1.

Type B
I 8. Flange distinctly below rim, thick. Grey ware. Cf. fig. 22, 6. 4 other similar rims.
I9. Similar rim, flange not so far down. Grey ware. Cf. fig. 22, 8.
Also I rim cf. fig. 22, 7.
Of type D, I rim cf. fig. 22, 17.
MuG
20. Slightly splaying sides. I handle. Orange ware, polished externally, resembling Glevum
ware. Central zone decorated with fine trellis pattern. Cf., Wroxeter I, fig. I 8, 40, second half
second century-third century. Mugs were not common at Leicester, as they were at Wroxeter.

MISCELLANEOUS BowLs
2 I. Wide-mouthed bowl, everted rim. Hard grey ware.
Fig. 23, 6 and 7 are from this level.
NECKED BowLs
Of type A, I rim cf. fig. 24, I, and 7 cf. fig. 24, 2.
Of type B, I rim cf. fig. 24, 4, and 3 cf. fig. 24, 5.
174 THE COARSE POTTERY
TypeD
22. Medium high neck, shoulder not very marked. Light grey ware. Cf. fig. 24, {O. 5 other
similar rims.
Of type E, 10 rims cf. fig. 24, 14, and 3 cf. fig. 24, 16.

NECKED JARS
Of type A, 1 rim cf. fig. 25, 2.
Of type C, 1 rim cf. fig. 25, 6.
Of type D, 4 rims cf. fig. 25, 11, and 1 cf. fig. 25, 12.
TypeE
23. Neck fairly straight. Grey ware. Cf. fig. 2 5, 18. 9 other similar rims.
24. Neck rather oblique and flattened. Thick grey ware, red-brown at break. Near fig. 25, 18,
though rather degenerate example.
25. Fairly short curved neck, rim rolled out. Grey ware. Cf. fig. 25, 21. 3 other similar rims.
26. Neck only slightly curved, rim turned out. Grey ware. Cf. fig. 25, 17. 4 other similar rims.

CAVE'ITO RIM ]ARS

Type A
27. Short straight rim. Dark grey ware. Cf. fig. 26, 1. 2 other similar rims from this level.
28. Very small cavetto to bead rim. Light grey ware. Cf. fig. 26, 5, which is from this level, but
smaller. 1 other similar rim.
29. Very small, hardly curved rim, grey ware. Cf. fig. 26, 4. 1 other similar rim.
Also 1 rim each cf. fig. 26, 2 and 3.
Type B
30~ Small rim, slightly curved, slight ridge at shoulder. Polished dark grey ware. Wavy pattern
on rim. Cf. fig. 26, 6, which was from this level, with 1 other similar rim, also with wavy
pattern;
Type C
31. Rim nearly straight, fairly high. Grey polished ware. Wavy pattern on rim. Cf. fig. 26, 9.
4 other similar rims.
Also 1 rim cf. fig. 26, 7.
Of type D, fig. 26, 13 was from this level, with 6 rims cf. fig. 26, 12, 3 with wavy pattern and 3
without, and 4 cf. 26, 10, none with wavy pattern.
TypeE
32. Fairly high rim, curved well out at top. Grey polished ware. Cf. fig. 26, 15.
3 3. Rim distinctly curved, but well inside bulge of pot. Dark grey ware, polished, wavy pattern
on rim. Cf. fig. 26, 16.

BEAD-RIM ]ARS
34. s.mall round bead rim, fa~rly thick. Grey polished ware. Cf. fig. 26; 24, with 1 other similar
rim.
Also from this level, fig. 26, 27.
 THE COARSE POTTERY 1 75
EvERTED RIM JARS
Of type A, 1 rim cf. fig. 27, 4.
Of type B, 1 rim cf. fig. 27, 13, and 4 cf. fig. 27, 16.
Type C
35. Thick straight rim. Grey ware, polished externally. Slight girth groove on shoulder, with
groups of barbotine dots below.
36. Similar rim, ware, and decoration.
35 and 36 cf. fig. 27, 19. 2 other similar rims.
37. Rim rather thicker and more rounded. Grey ware. Slight girth groove on shoulder. Cf. fig.
27, 22. 3 other similar rims.
38. Thin upright rim, fairly high shoulder. Grey ware. 2 shallow girth grooves on shoulder.
Cf. fig. 27, 23. 4 other similar rims.
39. Rim sloping more out. Grey ware, polished externally. Girth groove on shoulder, groups of
barbotine dots below. Cf. fig. 27, 25. 6 other similar,rims.
Also 1 rim cf. fig. 27, 28.
Of type D, 11 rims cf. fig. 27, 29.
TypeE
40. F_'airly thick rim, inclined out. Grey ware, polished externally. Cf. fig. 2 7, 31. 8 other similar
rims.
TypeF
41. Miniature pot. Rim turned back squarely. Polished on shoulder, roughcast below.
42. Rim turned back squarely. Smooth orange-brown ware. Girth groove on shoulder, with
rouletting below.
43. Similar rim, smaller. Similar ware and decoration.
41-3 cf. fig. 27, 32. 5 other similar rims.
Also from this level, fig. 27, 33, 43, and 44; 1 rim cf. fig. 27, 35, and 2 cf. fig. 27, 39.
Of type G, fig. 27, 47 and 2 similar rims, fig. 27, 48 and 49, are from this level.
TypeH
44. Rim small and thin. Light grey ware, polished externally. Cf. fig. 27, 52. 1 other similar rini.
4 5. Rim thicker. Grey ware.
46. Similar rim, not so heavy. Grey ware.
45 and 46 cf. fig. 27, 51. 5 other similar rims.
Also 4 rims cf. fig. 27, 53.
RING-NECK JUGS
Of type B, 2 examples cf. fig. 2 8, 4.
Type C
4 7. Top ring very thick, lower ones hardly indicated. Buff ware, patchy orange-buff slip.
48. Similar neck, smaller. Handle oblong in section, no trace of ribbing. Buff ware.
49. Similar neck, still smaller. Light buff ware.
4 7-9 cf. fig. 2 8, 6. 14 other similar necks of size varying between those illustrated.
Also 2 necks cf. fig. 28, 7.
TypeD
50. Neck spreading, rings hardly indicated. 4-ribbed handle. Buff ware. Cf. fig. 28, 8.
176 THE COARSE POTTERY

Fig. 47
STORAGE ]ARS
Of type E, 3 rims cf. fig. 29, 13.
TypeF
I. Rim flattened on top, pointed externally. Cf. fig. 2 9, 1 8. 16 other similar rims.
Also 1 rim cf. fig. 2 9, 17.
Type G
2. Heavy rim, flattened on top, pointed externally. Cf. fig. 29, 20. 2 other similar rims.
Also 2 rims cf. fig. 29, 21.

' ., (?
---r. ? '
' 1

I
I
~' 4
?2

l
3

\5
'
1- I ~'6
Frc. 47. Coarse pottery from Level III, to A.D. 180 (cont.) (i)
TypeH
3. f_Iigh neck, small pointed rim. Cf. fig. 29, 23, which is from this level, with 1 other similar
rim.
Type K
4. Heavy rim, triangular in section, no neck. Cf. fig. 29, 26.

Coo KING-POTS
Type A
5. Rim curved outside, ridged inside. Cf. fig. 30, 12. 1 other similar rim.
Of type B, 4 rims cf. fig. 30, 14.
Type C
6. Heavy rim, straight inside. Cf. fig. 30, 18. 2 other similar rims.
Of type D, fig. 30, 21 is from this level.
CASTOR WARE
First appearance of Castor ware; 2 fragments of thumb pots with fine rouletting, and 1 with
white barbotine decoration on a high glaze; 1 fragment decorated with self-coloured barbotine
hunting-scene, and 2 with self-coloured scale-pattern. All of fine, thin ware.

AMPHORAE
2 examples cf. fig. 33, 3 are from this level.
 THE COARSE POTTERY 177
IV
The pottery from this level is clearly almost all derived from the earlier levels cut by the deep
foundation trenches of the walls. The coins were of Claudius I and Antoninus Pius, and the
Samian was exclusively early. From stratification, the level may be dated between A.D. 180 and
200. I

CARINATED BowLs
Of type A, fig. 21, 3 is from this level.
REEDED RIM BowLs
Of type A, 1 example cf. fig. 21, 7.
MisCELLANEous BowLs
Fig. 2 3, 2 is from this level.
NECKED BowL
Of type D, 1 rim cf. fig. 24, 10.
NECKED ]ARS
Of type C, 1 rim each cf. fig. 25, 8 and 10.

RING-NECK JUGS
Of type B, 2 examples cf. fig. 28, 4.
STORAGE ]ARS
Of type A, 1 rim each cf. fig. 29, 1 and 2.
Of type B, 1 rim cf. fig. 29, 7.
Of type E, 3 rims cf. fig. 29, 13.
Of type F, 1 rim cf. fig. 29, 18.
Of type K, 1 rim cf. fig. 29, 26.
Coo KING-POTS
Of type C, 2 rims cf. fig. 30, 17.
Lms
Of type B, fig. 31, 6 is from this level.

v
The coins from this level were Vespasian, Antoninus Pius (A.D. 155-6), and 1, with a second
probable, of Faustina II.
The Samian (fig. 8) includes a few early fragments, but the majority of sherds are Antonine.
Castor ware is still not very common, and all the sherds are of the fine, early ware.
The mortaria rims are not numerous, but with one earlier exception are all of types found in
Antonine levels elsewhere. The most noticeable point is the first appearance of an early type of
hammer-head ed mortarium type H. 1. In this, the level is very similar to Antonine wall and other
Scottish Antonine sites in which similar early types of this class of mortaria just appear (see p. 79)
and to the kiln at South Carlton dated to A.D. 140-80 where there are a very few of type H. 1
mortaria.
In the everted rim jars, type F greatly predominates, with 17 examples as against 14 of all
Aa
 THE COARSE POTTERY
other types. The most common ring-neck jugs are types C and D, usual second-century types, but
this is the first appearance of type E which is a typical Antonine form (see p. 1 1 1).
Of the storage jars, type E is much the most comm.on, and there is an increase in the numbers
of the neckless type K. In the flanged bowls, type B has entirely taken the place of A, and is very
common, with 1 example each of the Antonine types C and D.
There is nothing in this group which is definitely later than typical Antonine Wall groups, but
since it is stratigraphically distinct from III, and the pottery shows some new forms, or change of
proportions between types, it must be somewhat later than A.D. 180, the date of that level, and
may go down to A.D. 200. ·

Fig. 48
MoRTARIA
Of type B. 2, 1 rim cf. fig. 18, 5.
TypeD
I. Small flaring rim, slightly curved. Buff ware, surface partly grey. Stamp of an illiterate potter
(see no. 22 of Mortaria stamps, p. 220). Near fig. 18, 11, but much smaller, and possibly of
type F.
TypeF
2. Flange hooked fairly gently down. Buff ware, patchy orange slip.
3. Flange with narrow horizontal portion, and sloping obliquely. Drab-buff ware. Stamp of
GRATINUS (see under no. 9 of Mortaria stamps, pp. 217-18).
2 and 3 cf. fig. 18, 16.
4. Short heavy, slightly hooked flange. Buff ware. Near fig. 18, 16, but heavier.
Of type H. I , fig. 18, 19, hammer-headed, but not reeded, is from this level.
Pm-DISHES
Type A
5. Slightly curved rim. Light-grey ware. Obtuse-angled trellis pattern. Cf. fig. 19, 1, with 4
other similar examples ..
Also 13 rims cf. fig. 19, 2; 2 cf. fig. 19, 5, and 1 cf. fig. 19, 6.
Type B
6. Small rim, concave angle with wall externally. No chamfer. Grey ware. Acute-angled trellis
pattern.
7. Similar rim. Grey to brown ware. Similar trellis pattern.
For rims of 6 and 7 cf. fig. 19, 1 I. 4 other similar rims.
Also 1 example cf. fig. 19, 13.
Of type C, r rim cf. fig. 19, I 5.
TypeE
8. Small thin rim, slight groove at junction with wall. Grey ware. Acute-angled trellis pattern.
For rim cf. fig. I 9, 2 I.
BEAD-RIM DISHES
Fig. 20, 9 and I 5 similar rims, fig. 20, 10, and 2 each cf. fig. 20, 7 and 8.
 THE COARSE POTTERY 179
FLANGED BowLs
Type B
9. Fairly small flange, below bead. Grey ware.
10. Similar rim and ware.
9 and 10 cf. fig ..22, 6. 4 other similar rims.
11. Flange rather broader. Grey ware.
12. Flange rather lower. Red-brown ware, grey slip externally.
11 and 12 cf. fig. 22, 8, which was from this level, with 1 other similar rim.
Fig. 22, 5 was from this level with 4 other examples, and also fig. 22, 10 and 6 rims cf.
fig. 22, 7.
Of type C, 1 rim cf. fig. 22, 14.
TypeD
13. Small triangular flange, well down side. Hard polished grey ware. Cf. fig. 22, 17.

CARINATED BowLs
Type A
14. Elegant bowl. Grey ware. Rim and neck polished. Central zone decorated with polished
trellis pattern beneath 2 grooves. Cf. fig. 21, 1. 8 other similar rims.
15. Similar bowl, rather heavier. Grey ware. Central zone decorated with rouletting, beneath 2
grooves. Cf. fig. 21, 2. 3 other similar rims.
Of type B, 7 sherds cf. fig. 2 1, 4.
CvuNDRICAL BowL'
Fig. 2 1, 5 is from this level.

NECKED BowLs
Of type A, 8 rims cf. fig. 24, 2.
Of type B, 2 rims cf. fig. 24, 4.
Of type C, 2 rims cf. fig. 24, 6 and 1 cf. fig. 24, 7.

TypeD
16. Short upright neck~ rim curved over. Light-grey ware. Cf. fig. 24, 10.
Also 1 rim cf. fig. 24, 8.
Of type E, 2 rims cf. fig. 24, II; 1 cf. fig. 24, 12; 2 cf. fig. 24, 13; 2 cf. fig. 24, 14; 2 cf. fig. 24,
15, and 3 cf. fig. 24, 16.
Of type F, fig. 24, 17 is from this level.
Of type G, 5 rims cf. fig. 24, 20.

NECKED JARS
Of type A, 5 rims cf. fig. 25, 1.

TypeD
·17. Neck slightly oblique, rim rolled over. Grey ware, red-brown at break. Cf. fig. 25-, 14.
Also 2 rims cf. fig. 25, I 1, and 4 cf. fig. 25, 12.
180 THE COARSE POTTERY
TypeE
18. ~eck rather shorter than usual, rim rather thick. Grey ware. Cf. fig. 2,5, 19. 1 other similar
rim.
Also 2 cf. fig. 25, 18; 2 cf. fig. 25, 17, and 3 cf. fig. 25, 20.

FIG. 48. Coarse pottery from Level V, to A.D. 200 (!)

CAVETTO RIM JARS

Of type C, 2 rims cf. fig. 26, 9.
Of type D, 4 rims cf. fig. 26, rn, and 1 cf. fig. 26, 13.

BEAD-~IM JARS
Fig. 26, 25 and 28 are from this level, and 1 rim cf. fig. 26, 27.

OBLIQUE RIM JARS

Fig. 26, 32 and 1 rim cf. fig. 26, 31 are from this level.
 THE COARSE POTTERY
EvERTED RIM JARS
Of type A, 2 rims cf. fig. 27, S·
Of type B, fig. 27, 18, and 3 rims cf. fig. 27, IO.
Of type C, S examples each cf. fig. 27, 22 and 23; l example each cf. fig. 27, 24 and 2s, and 4 cf.
fig. 27, 27.
Of type E, 3 rims cf. fig. 27, 3 I.
TypeF
19. Small rim, curved over. Orange-brown ware. Lightly impressed pattern on central zone. Cf.
fig. 27, 33·
20. Fairly large thick rim, curved well over. Similar ware. Rouletted decoration on central zone.
Cf. fig. 27, 36, which was from this level, with 4 other similar rims.
Also 2 rims, cf. fig. 27, 32; 6 cf. fig. 27, 34, and l each cf. fig. 27, 40 and 43.
0f type H, fig. 2 7, S4 and 4 similar rims are from this level, also 1 rim cf. fig. 2 7, s1, and 2 cf.
fig. 27, SS·
Of type J, l rim cf. fig. 27, S7·
RING-NECK .JuGs
Of type B, 1 example cf. fig. 28, 4.
Type C
2 1 • Top ring thick, lower ones hardly indicated. Buff ware.
2 2. Similar rim and ware.
21 and 22 cf. fig. 28, 7. 2 other similar rims.
Also 1 rim cf. fig. 28, 6.
TypeD
23. Neck flaring, rings hardly indicated. Creamy-buff ware. Cf. fig. 28, 8.
24. Short neck, rings mainly grooves. Light-buff ware.
2s. Similar rim, rather higher. Red-brown ware, cream slip.
24 and 2 S cf. fig. 2 8, 9, which was from this level, with 2 other similar rims.
Of type E, fig. 28, 11 and l 2 are from this level. This is the first appearance of the very short
concave type.
FLAGON

1 rim cf. fig. 28, 22.

STORAGE JARS
Type B
Of type C, fig. 29, 10 is from this level.
TypeE
26. Thin pointed rim cf. fig. 29, 12. 9 other similar rims.
27. Similar rim, more rounded externally. Cf. fig. 29, 13· 9 other similar rims.
Also from this level, fig. 29, 14.
TypeF
28. Rim flattened on top, pointed edge. Cf. fig. 29, 18. 7 other similar rims.
Of type G, fig. 29, 21, and 3 rims cf. fig. 29, 20.

r
 THE COARSE POTTERY
Of type H, 1 example cf. fig. 29, 23.
Type K
29. Rim triangular in section, ridged internally. Cf. fig. 29, 27, which is from this level.
Also fig. 29, 28 and 29, and 3 rims cf. fig. 29, 26.
Of type L, 1 rim cf. fig. 30, 2.
Coo KING-POTS
Type B
30. Fairly hea'Vy rim, straight outside, ridged inside. Cf. fig. 30, 14.
Also 2 rims cf. fig. 30, 15.
Of type C, fig. 30, 19 and 2 other similar rims are from this level, also 1 cf. fig. 30, q.
Of type D, fig. 30, 22 is from this level.
Lrns
Of type A, 2 sherds cf. fig. 3 1, I.
Type C
3 1. Plain square edge. Grey ware. Cf. fig. 3 1, 9, with 2 other similar rims.
CASTOR WARE
Fig. 2 7, 50 and fig. 3 2, 18 and 19 are from this level. Also 1 fragment of self-coloured barbotine
hunting-scene, 1 fragment thumb-pot with self-coloured scale-pattern, and 2 other fragments of
thumb-pots; 1 fragment with self-coloured barbotine dots, and 1 fragment of a broad low base.
All the sherds are of fine thin ware.
AMPHORA
1 example cf. fig. 33, 3·
VI
The coins from this level were Vespasian ( 2), Trajan ( 2), Hadrian (2), and Antoninus Pius ( 2).
Samian sherds (fig. 9, I-I 5) go down to the Antonine period. Castor ware is appreciably more
common than in V. The principal forms are the fine-ware beakers which are common from the
late seconCl. century and throughout the third. 2 sherds were found of thicker ware, which
seems just to begin to appear about A.D. 200.
The mortaria of type G are typical of late-second-early-third-century levels. The flanged bowls
still show a predominance of type B, but types C and D, which appear in the Antonine period and
are common in the third century, are found in increasing numbers.
The cavetto rims are marked by a great predominance of type E, which though it appears at
the beginning of the second century is the commonest Antonine type.
The pottery is thus still close to Antonine types, but includes some which are common to groups
dated late second-early third century. An approximate terminal date may be about A.D. 220.
MoRTARIA
Of type B. 2, r rim each cf. fig. 1 8, 4 and fig. 1 8, 9.
Of type D, I rim cf. fig. I 8, I 3.
Of type E, 2 rims cf. fig. 18, 14.
Of type F, 1 rim cf. fig. 1 8, 15 and 2 cf. fig. 18, 16.
Of type G, fig. 18, q and fig. 1 8, 18 are from this level.
Of type H.I, 1 rim cf. fig. 18, 19.
 THE COARSE POTTER Y

Fig. 49
PIE-DISHES
Of type A, 2 cf. fig. I 9, 1; 6 cf. fig. I 9, 2; 3 cf. fig. I 9, 3; 1 cf. fig. I 9, 4; 1 cf. fig. 19, 5; 1 cf. fig.
I9, 6; 8 cf. fig. I9, 7; I cf. fig. 19, 8.
Type B
I. Small rather thick rim, angle of wall oblique, no chamfer. Dark-gre y ware. Acute-an gled
trellis pattern externally.
2. Similar form. Grey ware. Fairly acute-angled trellis pattern externally.
3. Similar rim. Chamfer at base. Grey ware.
For rims 1-3 cf. fig. 19, 1 I. 15 other similar rims from this level.
Also 19, 14 and I rim cf. fig. 19, 12, and 2 cf. fig. 19, I 3.
Of type C, fig. 19, I 9 and 9 rims Cf. fig. 19, 16.
Of type D, fig. I9, 20 and 1 similar rim are from this level.
Type E
4. Small rim, groove at junction with wall. Grey ware. Fairly acute-angled trellis pattern
externally. For rim cf. fig. 19, 2 I. 1 other similar rim.
STRAIGHT-SIDED DISHES
Type A
5. Wall very slightly curved. Light-gre y ware. Fairly acute-angled trellis pattern externally.
Cf. fig. 20, 1. 3 similar rims from this level.
I example side more curved, fig. 20, 2.
BEAD-RIM DISHES
From this level, fig. 20, 1 I. Also 1 rim cf. fig. 20, 7, and 2 each cf. fig. 20, 8 and 9.
CARINATED BowLs
Type A
6. Elegant bowl. Light-gre y ware. 2 grooves beneath neck, but no decorated zone. Cf. fig.
2 1, 1. I 2 other similar rims.
7. Heavier bowl. Grey ware . .Cf. fig. 21, 2, which is from this level. 5 other similar rims.
Type B
Fig. 2 I, 4 and 2 similar rims.
CYLINDRICAL BowL
I example of fig. 2 I, 5 is from this level.
REEDED RIM BowLs
Of type A, I example cf. fig. 21, 8 was from this level.
Of type E, fig. 21, 17 was from this level, and 1 rim cf. fig. 2I, I5.
FLANGED BowLs
Of type A, fig. 22, 3 and 4 are from this level.
Type B
8. Thick heavy rim, flange below bead. Rather coarse grey ware. Cf. fig. 22, I I. I other similar rim.
9~ Flange fairly broad, just below bead. Light-bro wn ware, grey in centre at break.
Cf. fig. 22, 5.
Also from this level, fig. 22, 9 and 1 similar rim, 6 rims cf. fig. 22, 7, and I cf. fig. 22, 8.
184 THE COARSE POTTERY
Type C
10. Flange fairly broad, sloping slightly down. Red-brown ware, grey in centre at break. Cf.
fig. 22, 14. 3 other similar rims.
TypeD
I I. Rather short thick flange. Grey ware, reddish-brown in centre at break. Cf. fig. 22, I 8, which
is from this level, with 1 other similar rim.

'

28
FIG. 49. Coarse pottery from Level VI, to A.D. 220 (!)
TypeE
12. Flange broad and hooked. Light, orange-brown ware. Decorated with spots of white paint
on flange. Cf. fig. 22, 20, which is from this level.
M1scELLANEous BowLs
1 example cf. fig. 23, I.
NECKED BowLs
Of type A, 2 rims cf. fig. 24, I.
TypeD
I 3. Neck medium high, rim turned out. Grey ware. Cf. fig. 24, 10. 4 other similar rims.
 THE COARSE POTTERY
Of type E, fig. 24, I 3 and 3 rims cf. fig. 24, l 6.
OftypeF, l rim cf. fig. 24, q.
NECKED JARS
Of type B, fig. 2 5, 3 and 2 similar rims are from this level.
Of type D, fig. 25, 14 and 3 other similar rims are from this level, and l rim cf. fig. 25, I3.
TypeE
l 4. Short-neck variety, rim rounded. Grey ware. Cf. fig. 2 5, 2 I, which is from this level, with
6 other similar rims. ·
Also from this level, fig. 25, 22 and I other similar rim, fig. 25, 23, and l example each cf.
fig. 25, l 8 and 20.
Miscellaneous
l 5. Narrow-necke d jar, rim angular and splaying out. Grey ware.

CAVETTO RIM JARS

Of type A, 2 rims, both with wavy pattern, cf. fig. 26, 2 and I cf. fig. 26, 3.
Type B
I 6. Small, slightly curved rim, shoulder slightly marked. Grey polished ware. Cf. fig. 26, 6.
TypeD
I 7. Rim nearly straight, slight bead at edge. Light-grey ware. Trellis pattern on central zone.
Cf. fig. 26, IO. 4 other similar rims, 2 with wavy pattern and 2 withbut.
Also 4 rims cf. fig. 26, I3.
TypeE
I 8. Rim fairly high, with pronounced curve, shoulder marked. Grey polished ware.
I 9. Rim fairly high, curving over at top, shoulder slightly marked. Light-grey ware.
I 8 and I 9 cf. fig. 2 6, I 6, which was from this level. 4 other similar rims, none with wavy
pattern.
Also fig. 26, I4 and l 5.
Of 9 other unidentifiable cavetto rims, 2 had wavy pattern, the rest not. This is the first level
in which the wavy pattern on the necks seems to be definitely rare. Also, in all the fragments
preserved far enough, there seems to be a marked shoulder or ledge beneath the neck, which is
rare in the earlier levels.
BEAD-RIM JARS
Fig. 26, 26 and 29 and I similar rim, and I rim cf. fig. 26, 25 and 4 cf. fig. 26, 27.
OBLIQUE RIM JARS
2 rims cf. fig. 26, 3 I.
EvERTED RIM JARS
Type A
20. Rim folded back very flatly. Grey ware. Girth groove on shoulder. Cf. fig. 27, 3, with I
other similar rim.
Also I rim each cf. fig. 27, 4, 6, and 9.
Of type B, I rim cf. fig. 27, 14, and 2 cf. fig. 27, I5.
Bb
I 86 THE COARSE POTTERY
Type C
2 I. Thick nearly upright rim. Grey ware, polished externally. Cf. fig. 2 7, 19. 1 other similar rim.
22. Thin upright rim. Grey ware. Cf. fig. 27, 24.
23. High rim, sloping out. Grey ware, polished externally. Cf. fig. 27, 27. 7 other similar rims.
Also 1 rim each cf. fig. 27, 21 and 23, and 3 cf. fig. 27, 26.
Type F
24. Thick rim, turned back squarely. Grey ware, brown in centre at break. Rouletting in central
zone. Cf. fig. 27, 36 with 1 other similar rim.
Also from this level, fig. 27, 37 and 10 similar rims; fig. 27, 38 and 2 similar rims; 3
rims cf. fig. 27, 32; I cf. fig. 27, 33; 11 cf. fig. 27, 34; 4 cf. fig. 27, 35; 4 cf. fig. 27, 40;
3 cf. fig. 27, 42; 6 each cf. fig. 27, 43 and 44; 2 cf. fig. 27, 45.
Type G
25. Small rim, turned back squarely.· Colour-coated ware, light-red paste, brown coat externally.
Cf. fig. 27, 50. 2 other similar rims. .
Also 1 rim cf. fig. 2 7, 4 7.
TypeH
26. Rim curled over. Grey ware, black outside. Cf. fig. 27, 51, with 3 other similar rims.
Also 1 cf. fig. 27, 53 and 2 each cf. fig. 27, 54 and 55.
Of type J, 1 rim cf. fig. 27, 56.
RING-NECK JUGS
TypeD
27. Top ring thick, rest only lines. Cf. fig. 28, 9. 8 other similar rims.
Also 1 cf. fig. 28, 10.
Of type E, I rim each cf. fig. 28, I I, i2, and i3.
FLAGON
Of type B, fig. 28, 22 is from this level.
STORAGE ]ARS
Of type A, I rim cf. fig. 29, 4.
Of type C, 2 rims cf. fig. 29, 8.
Of type E, 1 rim cf. fig. 29, 12, and 2 cf. fig. 29, 13.
Of type F, fig. 29, 19 is from this level, also 3 rims cf. fig. 29, 17, and 4 cf. fig. 29, 18.
Of type G, 1 rim cf. fig. 29, 20.
Of type K, 3 rims cf. fig. 29, 29.
Coo KING-POTS
Of type A, I rim cf. fig. 30, 12.
Of type B, fig. 30, 16, and 3 rims cf. fig. 30, 14 and 1 cf. fig. 30, 15.
Of type C, fig. 30, 20 is from this level.
TypeE
28. Small jar with high shoulder, short neck, and rounded rim. This is near fig. 30, 24, but the
rim is more rounded, and it is less heavy than fig. 30, 2 5.
Of type F, fig. 30, 26 is from this level.
 THE COARSE POTTERY
Lrns
Of type A, 4 sherds cf. fig. 31, 1and1 cf. fig. 31, 2.
Of type B, 1 sherd cf. fig. 31, 7.
Type C
29. Edge projecting slightly upwards, slightly grooved. Light-grey ware. Cf. fig. 31, 8, but
flatter. 1 other similar rim.
Of type D, 1 lid cf. fig. 31, 11.
CASTOR WARE
Fig. 32, 17 and 1 similar rim, both of thumb-pots with self-coloured barbotine scale pattern,
are from this level. Fragments of 1 other similar thumb-pot, and 2 others decorated with rouletting;
1 fragment of a lid, with wedge-shaped decoration; 1 low and fairly broatj. base; 9 other fragments
of fine ware, and 2 of thick ware, 1 with white paste and brown slip and 1 of light-buff ware,
olive-brown slip, were also found.
AMPHORAE
2 examples cf. fig. 33, 3·

SW. BUILDINGS II. PROBABLY= VI.

CARINATED BowL
Type A
30. Small bowl, slightly curving sides. Light-brown ware, firing grey on surfaces. polished
externally, cf. fig. 21, 2, but rim higher.

VII
The coins from this level consist of Trajan, Hadrian, and Antoninus Pius. The Samian (fig. 9,
16-22) includes early sherds from Domitianic onwards, Antonine forms, and 1 sherd (fig. 9,
22) which may be dated to the third century (A.D. 220-40). The Castor ware is in considerably
greater quantity than in VI. Most of the types and ware are of vessels which are found from the
end of the second century onwards. The first appearance of the small fairly high base, fig. 51, 6,
is, however, to be noted. It is a distinctly later type than those illustrated in Verulamium I9J8,
fig. 16, 6-8. In period IV levels at the Verulamium Theatre there were 18 low bases to 13 high
ones (in the late-fourth-century filling of the orchestra, the bases were almost exclusively high),
and therefore the proportion in the level under consideration is very much lower. The jug neck,
fig. 51, 3, is dose to that from the first half of the third century from Verulamium I9J8, fig. 17, 19.
In the coarse ware the most important point is the appearance of the hammer-headed type of
mortarium, which (seep. 79) appears in one group covering the turn of the second-third centuries,
is fairly common in the first half of the third century, and the predominant type of the end of the
century. The other mortaria are of type F, which is a common Antonine type, and include 1
stamped by GRATINVS, dated A.D. 160-200. In the flanged bowls, types C and Dare the· most.
common; these are characteristic of the third century, though appearing by the end of the second.
Type F appears for the first time, but it is not closely datable from other sites. The cavetto rim
jar type F also appears at the end of the second century, and is common in the third. Type E,
which does not seem on most sites to be found in the second half of the third century, is, however,
the most common type. The very great majority of the everted rim jars are of type F, which appears
in the Antonine period, this being the level where it is found in the greatest numbers.
The date of the level therefore appears to be the first half of the third century A.D.
188 THE COARSE POTTERY
Fig. 50
MoRTARIA

TypeF
I. Flange fairly narrow, curving gently. Light-buff ware. Stamp, cf. GRATI NVS (see fig. 58, 9B).
2. Light, gently curved flange. Orange-brown ware.
· 1 and 2 cf. fig. 18, 15, though rather less curved.
3. Fairly' narrow flange, curving slightly down. Orange ware. Cf. fig. 18, 16.
Of type H.2,
.
fig. 18, 22
.
is from this level and 1 rim cf. fig. 18, 21.
Pm-DISHES
Type.A
4. Rim curved and pointing slightly up. Grey ware. Polished curves externally. Cf. fig. 19, 1.
5. Smallish rim, curved junction with wall inside and out. Grey ware. Acute-angled trellis
pattern externally. For rim cf. fig. 19, 3. 1 other similar rim.
6. Fairly narrow rim, sharp angle inside and out with wall. Base not preserved. Light-grey ware.
Fairly acute-angled trellis pattern externally. For rim cf. fig~ 19, 2. 15 other similar rims from
this level.
7. Wall high and inclined out, rim thin and at sharp angle .to wall. Grey ware. Curved trellis.
pattern externally. Cf. fig. 19, 8, which is from this level, and 7 other similar rims.
Also from this level, 2 rims, cf. fig. 19, 4, fig. 19, 7, and IO similar rims, fig. 19, 9, and I
other similar rim, and fig. 19, 10.
TypeD
8. Heavy rounded rim, curved junction with wall below. Grey ware. For rim cf. fig. 19, 20.
3 similar rims.
Type C
9. Heavy rim, rounded angle with wall beneath. Grey ware. For rim cf. fig. 19 1 18. I other
example from this level.
Also from this level, fig. 19, 16 and 17.
TypeE
10. Smallish rim, groove at junction with wall. Light-grey ware.
1 1. Similar rim, almost complete dish. Dark-grey ware. Curved trellis pattern externally and on
base.
1 2. Rather broader rim and more pronounced groove. Grey ware.
For rims of 10-1 2 cf. fig. I 9, 2 1. 2 other similar rims.
·STRAIGHT-SIDED DISHES
·3 examples of fig. 20, I.

BEAD-RIM DISHES
13. Bead defined by groove. Dark-grey ware. Faint acute-angled polished lines externally. Cf.
fig. 20, 9, with 2 other similar dishes from this level.
Also 2 examples cf. fig. 20, 7, 4 cf. fig. 20, 8, and 1 cf. fig. 20, 10.
 THE COARSE POTTERY
CARINATED BowLs
Of type A, 2 rims cf. fig. 2 I, 2.
Of type B, I 1 rims cf. fig. 2 I, 4, all undecorated.
REEDED RIM BowLs
Of type A, I rim cf. fig. 2 I, 9 was from this level.
FLANGED BowLs
Of type A, I rim cf. fig. 22, I.
Type B
14. Thick fairly short flange, just below bead. Grey ware.
I 5. Similar rim, bead rather higher. Grey ware.
14 and I 5 cf. fig. 22, 6. 6 other similar rims.
Also from this level, fig. 22, I I and fig. 22, 12 and 1 other similar rim.
Type C
I 6. Broad flange, sloping slightly downwards. Grey ware. Cf. fig. 22, 14, which is from this
level, and also 4 similar rims.
Fig. 2 2, I 5 is also from this level.
TypeD
17. Flange short and triangular. Grey polished ware. Cf. fig. 22, 17, which is from this level.
Also 5 other similar rims.
18. Similar type, flange more pronounced. Grey ware. Cf. fig. 22, 18. 2 other similar rims.
19. Similar type, flange sloping downwards. Grey ware. Cf. fig. 22, 19, which is from this level.
TypeE
20. Flange with pronounced hook. Light-brown ware. Cf. fig. 22, 21, which is from this level.
Also I rim cf. fig. 22, 20.
TypeF
2 I. Flange hooked, below bead. Creamy-white ware. Flange decorated with leaf-shaped splashes
of brown paint. Cf. fig. 22, 23, which is from this level.
Fig. 22, 22 is also from this level.
M1scELLANEous BowLs
22. Hemispherical bowl, imitating Samian Form 37. No decoration, except a line dividing the
rim zone from the body. Polished orange-brown ware.
Fig. 2 3, 3 is from this level.
NECKED BowLs
Of type A, fig. 24, 3 is from this level, and 1 rim cf. fig. 24, I.
TypeD
23. Small bowl, upright neck. Grey ware. Cf. fig. 24, 9. I other similar rim.
Of type E, 2 rims cf. fig. 24, I 3; I cf. fig. 24, 14; 3 cf. fig. 24, I 5, and 1 cf. fig. 24, I 6.
Of type F, I rim cf. fig. 24, I 7.
NECKED JARS
Of type A, 3 rims cf. fig. 25, I.
Of type D, I rim each cf. fig. 25, 13 and 14.
Fie. 50. Coarse pottery from Level VII, first half third century(!)
 THE COARSE POTTERY
TypeE
24. Rather small, light jar. Light-grey ware. Cf. fig. 25, I8. 2 other similar rims.
25. Heavy type, rounded rim. Grey ware, red-brown at break. Cf. fig. 25, 20. I o'thersimilar rim.
Also I rim cf. fig. 25, I9 and 3 cf. fig. 25, 22.
CAVETTO RIM }ARS
Type A
26. Small rim, slightly curved. Polished grey ware. Cf. fig. 26, 3. I other similar rim.
Type B
27. Similar rim, pronounced shoulder. Grey ware. Cf. fig. 26, 6.
Of type C, I rim cf. fig. 26, 8, without wavy pattern.
TypeD
28. Rim nearly straight, bead at edge. Polished dark-grey ware. Cf. fig. 26, 10. 2 similar rims,
I with wavy pattern.
TypeE
29. Rim more curved, small. Polished light-grey ware. Cf. fig. 26, I5.
30. Small rim, curved. Polished dark-grey ware.
3 I. Rim higher, pronounced curve, shoulder marked. Polished grey ware.
30 and 3 I cf. fig. 26, I 6. 5 other similar rims, none with wavy pattern.
TypeF
32. High rim, curving well out. Polished dark-grey ware. Cf. fig. 26, 17. ·3.other similar rims.
33. Smallish vessel, rim curved well out. Polished dark-grey ware. Wavy pattern on rim cf.
fig. 26, I 9, but smaller.
Of I 5 other small cavetto rim fragments, only I had a very scrawled wavy pattern.
BEAD-RIM }ARS
34. Small round bead rim. Grey ware. Cf. fig. 26, 28. 2 other similar rims.
35. Short neck, slight bead rim. Grey ware. Cf. fig. 26, 27. 2 other similar rims.
Also I rim cf. fig. 26, 25, and 3 cf. fig. 26, 26.
OBLIQUE R1M }ARS
36. Short straight rim, shoulder marked. Polished grey ware.
3 7. Short oblique rim, shoulder marked. Polished dark-grey ware.
36 and 37 cf. fig. 26, .3 I.
EvERTED R1M }ARS
Type A
38. Rim turned well back, slightly concave' internally. Grey ware. Girth groove on shoulder.
Cf. fig. 27, 9.
Of type B, I rim each cf. fig. 27, II and I6.
Of type C, 2 rims each cf. fig. 27, 20 and 24.
TypeF
39. Thick rim, turned over squarely. Orange-brown ware. Rouletted pattern on body. Cf. fig.
2 7, 3 5. I 3 other similar rims from this level.
192 THE COARSE POTTERY
40. Thick rim, less square than last. Orange-brown ware. Girth groove on shoulder, rouletted
pattern below. Cf. fig. 27, 33. 3 similar rims.
41. Thick rim, flat on top. Orange-brown ware. Cf. fig. 27, 34. 8 other similar rims.
42. Small thick rim, rather rounded. Orange-brown ware. Girth groove on shoulder. Cf. fig.
2 7, 40, which is from this level, and also 6 other similar rims.
43. Small rounded rim. Orange-brown ware. Girth groove on shoulder, rouletted basket pattern
below. Cf. fig. 27, 44. 5 other similar rims.
44. S_mall rim, turned back and pointed. Orange-brown ware. Cf. fig. 27, 32. 5 other similar
rims.
Also from this level, fig. 27, 41, 42, 45, and 46; 8 rims cf. fig. 27, 37, and 4 cf. fig. 27, 38.
Of type G, 4 rims cf. fig. 27, 50.
TypeH
45. Small rim, curled well over. Grey ware. Cf. fig. 27, 55.
Also from this level, fig. 27, 53 and 2 other similar rims, and 2 rims cf. fig. 27, 54;
Of type J, fig. 27, 58 and 2 similar rims, and 2 rims cf. fig. 27, 57 are from this level.

RING-NECK JUGS
Of type C, 1 neck cf. fig. 28, 6.
Type D
46. ~op ring thick, lower ones hardly indicated. Orange-buff ware. Cf. fig. 28, 9. 2 other similar
rims.
Also 2 necks cf. fig. 28, 8.
TypeE
4 7. Short concave neck, rings flat. Light-brown ware. Cf. fig. 28, 11.

FLAGONS
Type B
48. Shortish thick neck, handles immediately below rim. Light-buff ware. Cf. fig. 28, 22.
Also from this level, r example cf. fig. 28, 23.

STORAGE ]ARS
Type C
49. Rim curved well over, and undercut. Cf. fig. 29, 8. 1 other similar rim.
TypeE
50. Thin rim, pointed on top. Cf. fig. 29, 12. 1 other similar rim.
Also 2 rims cf. fig. 29, I 3, and I cf. fig. 29, 14.
TypeF
51. Rim flattened on top, pointed edge. Cf. fig. 29, 17. 4 other similar rims.
Also 3 rims cf. fig. 29, 19, and 1 cf. fig. 29, 18.
Of type G, 1 rim cf. fig. 29, 2 1.
0 f type H, fig. 2 9, 2 2 is from this level.
 THE COARSE POTTERY 193
Type J
52· Small rim, curved over. Cf. fig. 29, 24.
Also from this level, fig. 29, 2 5 with 2 similar rims.
Of type M, l example cf. fig. 30, 3.
Coo KING-POTS
Type C
53. Heavy rim, straight inside. Cf. fig. 30, 19. 2 other similar rims.
Type B
54. Fairly heavy rim, ridged inside. Cf. fig. 30, 14. 1 other similar rim.
Also 2 rims cf. fig. 30, 15, and 1 rim cf. fig. 30, l 6. ·

Fig. 51
Lrns
Of type A, 9 sherds cf. fig. 3 1, 1.
Of type B, fig. 3 l, 7 and l similar rim, and 2 sherds cf. fig. 31, 4.
Type C
1. Edge slightly thickened above and below. Grey ware. Cf. fig. 3 1, 9. 2 other similar rims.
2. S.imilar, but edge not thickened. Grey ware. Cf. fig. 3 1, 10, but not so flat. 2 other similar
rims.
Of type D, fig. 31, 1 l, and 5 similar rims.
CASTOR WARE

3. Neck of jug with pinched mouth. Buff ware, olive-brown slip, cf. Verulamium r938, first half
third century, fig. 17, 19. A similar example (unpublished) came from the period IV level
of the Verulamium Theatre, end of third century.
4. Rim of small beaker, curving gently outwards. Buff ware, olive-brown slip. Cf. fig. 3 2, l 7.
l other similar rim, of a thumb-pot decorated with self-coloured scale pattern.
5. Rim of small beaker, turned over flatly. Brown ware, dark-brown slip. Decorated with self-
coloured scale pattern. Cf. fig. 3 2, l 8. 2 other similar rims,
6. Small base of thumb-pot, fairly high. Light-buff ware, brown slip. First appearance of the
small high base.
7. Broad low base. Red-brown ware, red-brown slip, darker zone above. 5 other similar bases.
The dish fig. 32, 1 and the pot fig. 32, l 2, are from this level. Also many fragments of hard
thin ware, orange-brown paste. Only 1 fragment of thick white ware. l sherd of Rhenish
ware.
VIII
The coins from this level were Trajan, Commodus, and Septimius Severns.
In Castor ware, the flanged dish (fig. 51, 13) appears for the first time. 1 example only of
this dish was found in the period IV levels of the Verulamium Theatre, dating to the end of the
third century, as against a great number from the fourth-century levels. The rest of the ware from
VIII was thin and hard.
The rest of the pottery from the level, which was a thin one, does not help towards dating. From
the Castor ware, the date may be second half of third century.
cc
1 94 THE COARSE POTTERY
FLANGED BowLs

Of type B, fig. 22, 13 is from this level.

NECKED ]ARS

Of type D, fig. 25, 15 is from this level.

TypeE
8. Thick heavy type. Grey ware, red-brown at break. Cf. fig. 25; 22. 1 other similar rim.
STORAGE ]ARS

Of type A, 1 rim cf. fig. 29, +

Of type E; 1 rim cf. fig. 29, 13.

,
'
FIG. 5 I. Coarse pottery from Level VII, first half third century (cont.) ( l-7) and from Level VII I, second half

TypeF
third century (8-13) (!)

9. Rim flattened on top, pointed edge. Cf. fig. 29, 17.

Type G
IO. Heavy rim, flattened on top, pointed externally. Cf. fig. 29, 20.
Also 1 rim cf. fig. 29, 2 ·1.
TypeH
11. Small rim, curved well out. Hard, light-buff ware. Cf. fig. 29, 22.
Of type J, 1 rim cf. fig. 29, 24.
Of type K, 1 rim cf. fig. 29, 28.
TypeM
12. Small rim, rolled well over. Cf. fig. 30, 6.

CooKI NG-POTS

Of type B, 1 rim cf. fig. 30, 14.

CASTOR WARE

I 3. Rim of flanged dish. Thick white ware, olive-brown slip. First appearance of this type of
dish. Base of dish of similar ware. Cf. fig. 32, 5.
Also 1 rim cf. fig. 32, + All the other fragments were of hard thin ware, including a thumb-
pot with self-coloured scale pattern, and a rim cf. fig. 32, 20.
 THE COARSE POTTERY 195
IX
The only stratified coins were Trajan, and Constantine I of A.D. 313-15.
The Samian (fig. rn) includes l third-century (fig. rn, 4), 4 Hadrian-Antonin e, and 19 Antonine
sherds (mainly plain forms). It is interesting to note in the tabulation of the occurrence by
levels of some of the late Samian forms (p. 72) the greatly increased numbers of forms 38
and 4 5. These are all dated by Dr. Oswald to the Antonine period, and examples do in fact
occur in period II (A.D. l 50-60). But these are the 2 forms which par excellence are the charac-
teristic forms of the imitation Samian so common in late-third- and fourth-century groups. It has
always appeared odd that these imitations should be so much later than the generally accepted date
of the forms in true Samian ware. The evidence of Leicester, which is exceptional in its unusually
complete succession of levels, does seem to suggest that the true Samian forms continued to be
current considerably later than the Antonine period. It may be noted that this is no reason to
suppose that the period IX levels contained an appreciable quantity of earlier material, since there
were no building operations to disturb earlier levels, and Samian earlier than the Hadrian-Antonin e
period is in fact absent.
The Castor ware shows a considerable increase over VII in thick white ware, and the proportion
is appreciably higher than in the period IV levels of the Verulamium Theatre, dated to the end
of the third century. On the other hand, it is much lower than the Orchestra filling from the same
site, dated to the end of the fourth century. The proportion of high bases similarly is greater than
that from the Theatre period IV, but much less than that in the Orchestra filling. In the Orchestra
filling no thumb-pots, of which there were several examples in the level under consideration, and
which are very common in late-third-century levels on all sites, were found. Flanged dishes also
were more common than in the Theatre period IV levels, but much less so than in the Orchestra
filling. The disc-necked jug is predominantly a late-fourth-century type, but may first appear at
the beginning of the century (seep. 123)·
Red-coated .imitation Samian, which is so common in the second half of the fourth century, is
rare, only 3 sherds occurring. The mortaria are all of the hammer-headed type, type H. 2, of
which there are 2 examples, being predominantly third century, and dying out early in the fourth;
and type H. 3 appearing first in the fourth century. Flanged dishes, of grey or black fumed ware,
first appear in this level, which seems to be a distinctly later appearance than on most sites, type
A, of which there are 2 examples, being a late-second-third- century type, becoming rare in the
fourth century, and type A. 2, of which there are also 2 examples, appearing at the end of the
third century and being common in the fourth.
The cavetto rim jars are also predominantly late, though a considerable number of type E are
included. The greatest number are of type F, which is a common late-third-century type, lasting
till the middle of the fourth century. Type H, of which there is l example, is a fourth-century
type.
The date of the level is thus probably the first quarter of the fourth century.

Fig. 52
MoRTARlA
Of type H.2, fig. 18, 21 and 3 similar rims are from this level.
Of type H. 3, fig. l 8, 23 is from this level.
PIE-DISHES

Type A
l. Fairly narrow rim, sharp angle with wall inside and out. Grey ware. Acute-angled trellis
pattern externally. Cf. fig. 19, 2.
 THE COARSE POTTERY
2. Wall high, rim small and slightly curved. Grey ware. Acute-angled trellis pattern externally.
3. Similar form. Light-grey· ware. Similar trellis pattern.
2 and 3 cf. ·fig. 19, 9.
Also 1 example each fig. 19, 1 and S.
Type B
4. Small rounded rim. No ch~mfer at base. Grey ware. Cf. fig. 19, 11.

TypeE
5. Small rim, shallow groove at junction with wall. Dark-grey ware. Broad-angled trellis pattern
externally. Cf. fig. 19, 21, which is from this level, and also 3 other similar rims.
6. Rather larger rim and deeper groove. Curved trellis pattern externally. Dark-grey ware
internally, reddish-grey externally.
7. Similar form and trellis pattern. Grey ware.
6 and 7 cf. fig. 19, 22. 2 other similar rims from this level.
This is the first level in which the rim with groove appears in any numbers.
All the pie-dishes from this level seem to be deep, with the exception of no. 4.

STRAIGHT-SIDED DISHES
Fig. 20, 3 is from this level, and 2 examples cf. fig. 20, 1, and 8 cf. fig. 20, 2.

BEAD-RIM DISHES
1 rim cf. fig. 20, 9.

FLANGED DISHES
Type A
8. Flange straight. Grey polished ware. Cf. fig. 19, 28. 1 other similar rim.
Type B
9. Flange heavy and triangular. Light-grey polished ware. Cf. fig. 19, 29, which is from this
level.
CARINATED BowLs
Type B
1 o. Small bowl, straight sides. Grey ware. Undecorated. Cf. fig. 21, 4. 1 other similar rim.

FLANGED BowLs
Type B
1 1 • Flange just below rim. Grey ware. Cf. fig. 2 2, S. 2 other similar rims.
Of type C, 1 rim each cf. fig. 22, 1-4 and 16.
TypeD
12. Flange short and thick. Grey polished ware. Cf. fig. 22, 17. 2 other similar rims.
Of type F, 6 examples cf. fig. 22, 23.

TAZZA
I 3. Tazza with pie-crust decoration. Light-buff ware, buff slip.
 THE COARSE POTTERY 197
NECKED BowLs
Type A
14. Neck curved, rim turned over. Light-grey ware. Trellis pattern on body. Cf. fig. 24, 3.
2 other similar rims.
Of type B, 6 cf. fig. 24, 4 and 1 cf. fig. 24, 5.
TypeD
l 5. Short upright neck. Grey ware. Cf. fig. 24, 9. 2 other similar rims.
Also 1 rim cf. fig. 24, lo.
Type C
l 6. ~eck more curved. Grey ware. Cf. fig. 24, 7, which is from this level, with 3 other similar
rims.
Also l rim cf. fig. 24, 6.
Of type E, l rim cf. fig. 24, l 2; 4 rims cf. fig. 24, l 3; 3 cf. fig. 24, ~ 5, and l cf. fig. 24, l 6 are from
this level.
TypeF
l 7. Short neck, thick rim. Gritty grey ware.
l 8. Rim curved well out, beyond girth. Grey ware.
I7 and l 8 cf. fig. 24, I7.
Of type G, fig. 24, l 9 is from this level.
NECKED JARS
Of type B, fig. 25, 4 and 5 and l similar rim are from this level.·
Of type D~ 3 rims cf. fig. 25, 13, and 2 cf. fig. 25, 14.
TypeE
19. Slightly curved neck, rim turned well out. Light-grey ware. Cf. fig. 25, 17.
20. Heavier jar. Grey ware.
2 l. Similar jar. Grey ware.
20 and 21 cf. fig. 25, 22. l other similar rim.
Also from this level fig. 2 5, 2 6, and 4 rims cf. fig. 2 5, 2 I.
Miscellaneous
22. Heavy rim, square on top. Grey ware.
2 3. Heavy rim~ very short neck. Grey ware.

CAVETTO RIM JARS

Of type C, l rim cf. fig. 26, 9.
Of type D, 2 rims cf. fig. 26, l 3.
TypeE
24. Fairly small curved rim. Polished dark-grey ware. Cf. fig. 26, 14. l similar rim. .
2 5. Rim higher and more curved. Polished grey ware.
26. Similar rim. Polished dark-grey ware. Trellis pattern round girth.
2 7. Similar rim and ware.
25-7 cf. fig. 26, 15. 9 other similar rims, none with wavy pattern on rim.
 THE COARSE POTTERY 1 99

TypeF
2 8. Rim with more pronounced curve. Shoulder marked. Polished grey ware, trellis pattern on
girth.
29. Similar rim. Polished grey-brown ware.
28 and 29 cf. fig. 26, q. 13 other similar rims, none with wavy pattern.
30. Heavy rim curving well out. Grey ware. Cf. fig. 26, 19.
Fig. 26, l 8- and l other similar rim, neither with wavy pattern, are from this level.
Of type H, fig. 26, 22 is from this level.

BEAD-RIM JARS
Fig. 26, 30 and 2 rims cf. fig. 26, 26, and I each cf. fi·g. 26, 27 and 29 are from this level.

OBLIQUE RIM JARS

I example cf. fig. 26, 32.

PoPPY-HEAD BEAKERS
Fig. 26, 34 is from this level, and I example cf. fig. 26, 35.

EvERTED RIM JARS

Type A
3 1. Thick upright rim. Light-grey ware, polished externally. Girth groove on shoulder, groups
of barbotine dots below. Cf. fig. 27, 4. 2 other similar rims.
Also I rim cf. fig. 27, 6.
Of type B, I rim each cf. fig. 2 7, I I and I+
Type C
3 2. Fairly thick rim, inclined out. Grey ware, reddish-brown at break. Cf. fig. 2 7, 19. l other
similar rim.
Also 2 rims each cf. fig. 27, 24 and 27.
Of type E, l rim cf. fig. 27, 31.
Type F
33. Rim turned back flatly. Orange-brown ware. Cf. fig. 27, 32.
Also 2 rims each cf. fig. 27, 33 and 34; I each cf. fig. 27, 35 and 36, 2 cf. fig. 27, 42.
TypeH
34. Thick rim, turned back. Grey ware: Cf. fig. 27, 51. 2 other similar rims.
Also 2 rims cf. fig. 27, 54·
Of type J, fig. 27, 57 and I other similar rim, and l cf. fig. 27, 56, are from this level.

RING-NECK JUGS
TypeD
35. Top ring thick, rest hardly emphasized. Handle shows start of 2 ribs. Buff ware, patchy
orange slip. Cf. fig. 28, 9.
Fig. 2 8, IO is also from this level.
Of type E, fig. 28, 13 is from this level.
200 THE COARSE POTTERY
FLAGON
Of type B, 1 rim cf. fig. 28, 22.
STORAGE ]ARS
Of type C, fig. 29, 9 is from this level.
TypeE
36. Thin pointed rim cf. fig. 29, 13. 8 other similar rims.
Also from this level, fig. 29, 15 and 1 rim cf. fig. 29, 12.
TypeF
37. Rim flattened on top, pointed externally. Cf. fig. 29, 17. 8 other similar rims.
38. Rim flattened on top, pointed edge. Cf. fig. 29, 18.
39. Similar rim, smaller. Cf. fig. 29, 19. 2 other similar rims.
Of type G, 1 rim cf. fig. 29, 20.
TypeH
40. Small rim, curved out. Cf. fig. 29, 22. 2 other similar rims.
Type J
41. Rim rolled well out, and undercut. Cf. fig. 29, 2 S.
42. Similar rim. Cf. fig. 29, 24. S other similar rims.
Type K
43. Triangular rim, flat inside. Cf. fig. 29, 29.
44. Similar rim, ridged inside. Cf. fig. 29, 28.
TypeM
4 5. Small rim, curved out, not thickened. Cf. fig. 30, 3.
46. Similar rim, thickened. Cf. fig. 30, 4.
TypeN
47. Small jar, rim curved out. Cf. fig. 30, 7.

Fig~ 53
Coo KING-POTS
Type B
1. Rim straight outside, ridged inside. Cf. fig. 30, 15. 1 other similar rim.
Also 2 rims cf. fig. 30, 14.
Type C
2. Heavy rim~ flat inside. Cf. fig. 30, 19.
Also 2 rims cf. fig. 30, 17.
Lms
Type A
3. Edge very slightly thickened. Grey ware. Cf. fig. 31, 1, with 2 similar rims.
Of type C, 2 rims cf. fig. 31, 9.
TypeD
4. Edge thickened and grooved. Grey ware. Cf. fig. 3 1, 11. 4 similar rims.
 THE COARSE POTTERY 201

IMITATION SAMIAN

3 fragments.

CASTOR WARE
5. Neck of jug with disc round it. Buff ware, patchy orange-brown slip. Cf. fig. 32, 34. 4 other
similar jugs, of which this is the first appearance.
6. Small high base of thumb-pot. Orange-buff ware, metallic brown slip, light on base, darker
above.
7. Small high base. Orange-buff ware, patchy brown slip. 6 similar high bases.
There were also 9 low broad bases, 4 broad high bases, and 8 medium high bases.

Fie. 53. Coarse pottery from Level IX, first quarter fou~th century (cont.)(!)

8. Rim of square-shouldered pot. Orange-brown ware, brown slip. Body decorated with
rouletted wedges. Cf. fig. 32, 12, with 2 other similar sherds.
The beaker fig. 32, 20 with IO similar rims, including 1 Rhenish sherd, fig. 32, 23 with 3
similar rims, 1 rim cf. fig. 32, 25, fig. 32, 26 with 2 similar rims, are from this level. The small
beaker with rim turned over does not occur in this level.
The dish fig. 32, 4 is from this level, with fragments of 3 other thick heavy dishes.
Rather more than half of the numerous sherds were thin and hard, the remainder being thicker,
and some of white paste with dark-brown slip. 3 sherds were decorated with white paint (first
appearance). There were 3 sherds of thumb-pots decorated with scale pattern. The commonest
form of decoration was rouletted wedges or self-coloured scale pattern. Some sherds were decorated
with barbotine wreaths or hunting-scenes.

RooM VI. LEVEL X

The Castor ware is distinctly later than that of level IX, since it included only thick white or
buff ware. It thus resembles the ware from the late fourth-century Orchestra filling of the Verula-
mium Theatre. Only 1 flanged dish was, however, found.
1 example was found in this level of mortaria type J, which is common on late-fourth-century
sites in the south, and was not found in the period IV levels of the Verulamium Theatre, dated to
the end of the third century.
The cavetto rim jar-form which is the most common is type F, which elsewhere lasts till the
middle of the fourth century. Types G and H, which are fourth-century forms and very common
in the second half of the century, occur, however, nearly as frequently. Flanged dishes are very
common, including 8 examples of type B, which is mainly a fourth-century form.
The group appears to be somewhat earlier than the upper levels in the SE. Angle (below). Its
date may be mid-fourth century.
nd
202 THE COARSE POTTERY

Fig. 54
MoRTARIA
Of type J, l cf. fig. l 8, 24.

Pm-DISHES
Type.A
l. Wall inclined out, rim thin, junction with wall sharp. Grey ware. Acute-angled trellis pattern
externally. Cf. fig. l 9, 7.
2. Wall high, rim thin and curving. Grey ware. Cf. fig. 19, 9.
Of type C, fig. l 9, l 8 is from this level.
TypeE
3. Small rim, grooved. Grey ware. Cf. fig. l 9, 2 I.
4. Rather heavy rim, fairly shallow groove. Grey ware. Cf. fig. 19, 23. I other similar rim
from this level.
Also from this level ,fig. l 9, 22.
Of type F, fig. l 9, 26 is from this level.
STRAIGHT-SIDED DISH
5. Shallow dish, sides almost straight. Grey ware. Cf. fig. 20, l.

FLANGED DISHES
Type.A
6. Flange slightly curved down. Grey ware. Decorated externally with polished curves.
7. Similar type, flange straight. Similar ware and decoration.
6 and 7 cf. fig. 19, 28. l l other similar rims.
Type B
8. Flange rather heavier. Grey ware.
9. Similar type. Dark-grey ware, decorated externally with polished curves.
8 and 9 cf. fig. 19, 29. 6 other similar rims.
NECKED BowLs
Of type C, 2 rims cf. fig. 24, 6.
TypeD
10. Small bowl, upright neck. Grooves round neck. White ware, grey slip. Cf. fig. 24, 9.

TypeE
l I. Fairly small bowl, neck slightly curved. Girth groove round bulge. Grey ware.
1 2. Similar bowl. Girth groove round bulge. Grey ware, polished externally, red-brown at
break.
1 l and l 2 cf. fig. 24, 12, which is from _this level, with l other similar rim.
Of type G, l rim cf. fig. 24, 20.
NECKED ]ARS
Of type B, l rim cf. fig. 25, 5.
 THE COARSE POTTERY 203
TypeE
13. High neck, slightly curved. Light-grey ware. Cf. fig. 25, 19.
l 4. Shorter type. Grey ware, red-brown at break. Cf. fig. 2 5, 2 I.

16

Fw. 54. Coarse pottery from Room VI, Level X, mid fourth century (1-22, !; 23, i-)
15. High curving neck, rounded rim. Grey ware, red-brown at break, cf. fig. 25, 26. 2 other
similar rims. ·
Miscellaneous
16. Large jar with wide mouth, flaring rim projecting beyond bulge. Shoulder polished, with
groove below, and then impressed wavy line. Grey ware. ·
204 THE COARSE POTTERY
CAVETTO RIM JARS
Of type A, I rim cf. fig. 26, 4.
Of type C, I rim cf. fig. 26, 8.
Type E
I 7. ~im curling well over, marked 'shoulder. Slightly polished grey ware. Cf. fig. 26, 15. 1 similar
nm.
TypeF
I 8. High rim, curved well over. Grey ware.
I 9. Similar rim, slightly polished grey-brown ware.
1 8 and 19 cf. fig. 26, 17. 5 other similar rims.

Type G
20. Rim curved more over. Grey ware.
2 1. Similar rim. Slightly polished grey ware.
20 and 21 cf. fig. 26, 20, which was from this leve.l, and 1 other similar rim.
TypeH
22. Small rim, curved out beyond wall. Light-grey ware. Trellis pattern on girth. Cf. fig. 26, 21,
which is from this level.
Miscellaneous
Fig. 26, 2 3 is from this level.

STORAGE JARS
Of type M, I rim cf. fig. 30, 4 .

.CASTOR WARE
All the sherds were of thick white or buff ware, including I flanged bowl, cf. fig. 32, 5.

AMPHORAE
23. Upper part of amphora. Hard buff ware. On one handle 8 strokes are incised, presumably
a measure of contents. Cf. fig. 33, 3. 2 similar rims were found. On top of one rim was
scratched vii xiii. Another handle of similar type had a worn stamp apparently reading
CEC(I).

SE. ANGLE. LEVEL x

Coins from this level were Septimius Severns, Victorinus, Quintullus, while from a comparable
level farther west, but not stratigraphically connected, came one ofCrispus (A.D. 317-26).
The Castor ware from this level, like the similar one in room VI, was entirely of the thick white
or buff type. Flanged dishes are rather more common. The only bases are small and high.
Of the coarse ware, the cavetto rim jars are similar to those from room VI, of late-third-fou rth-
century types. The flanged dishes, however, appear to be later. There is a great preponderanc e
over type A of type B, which on other sites only becomes common from the middle of the fourth
century; and type C appears for the first time. On other sites this appears to be a type of the
second half of the fourth century.
 THE COARSE POTTERY 205
The date is apparently in the second half of the fourth century. It is, however, clear from the
contents of the disturbed levels (see fig. 56) that this level does not go down to the end of the
century, since they contain a large number of forms and ware not included in it. The terminal
date may be about A.D. 360-70.

Fig. 55
MoRTARIA •
Of type G, 1 example each cf. fig. 18, I7 and 18.
Pm-DISHES
Of type A, I rim cf. fig. 19, 9.
Of type B, 1 rim cf. fig. 19, 13.
Of type C, 1 rim cf. fig. 19, 17.
TypeF
1. Large dish, angle of rim and wall curved, acute-angled trellis pattern externally. Grey polished
ware. · Cf. fig. 19, 24, which is from this level. This example is, however, not quite so coarse.
FLANGED DISHES
Type A
2. Flange fairly thin. Grey ware.
3. Similar type, rim more curved. Light grey ware.
2 and 3 cf. fig. I9, 28. IO similar rims.
Type B
4. Flange rather heavier. Grey ware, decorated externally with polished curves.
5. Similar type. Grey polished ware.
6. Similar type, small. Light grey ware.
4-6 cf~ fig. 19, 29. 25 similar rims.
7. Flange farther down side. Grey ware . .Cf. fig. 19, 30, which is from this level, and also lO
similar rims.
Type C
8. Large dish, with broad flange. Grey polished ware. Cf. fig. 19, 32, which is from this level,
also 2 other similar rims.
9. Similar type, flange hooked. Grey ware. Cf. fig. 19, 33, which is from this level, also 2 other
similar rims.
MISCELLANEOUS DISHES
10. Cheese squeezer. Grey ware. 2 rows of holes on quadrants of base.
FLANGED BowLs
Of type B, 1 rim cf. fig. 22, l 1.

NECKED BowLs
TypeE
l I. Neck slightly curved. Grey ware. Cf. fig. 24, 12.
Also 2 rims cf. fig. 24, 15 and l cf. fig. 24, I4.
 206 THE COARSE POTTERY
NEC°KED ]ARS
Type lJ
12. Neck curved, rim turned well out. Grey ware. Cf. fig. 25, 4.
Also 2 ri~s cf. fig. 25, 3.

\
)

(8

14

FIG. 55. Coarse pottery from SE. Angle, Level X, to c. A.D. 360-70 (!)
TypeE
· 1 3. Rather thick neck, slightly curved. Cordon at base of neck, 2 girth grooves lower down. Grey-
brown ware, grey in centre at break, polished grey slip. Cf. fig. 25,- 19, which is from this level.
14. Shortish neck, rim curved out. Grey ware, red-brown at break. Cf. fig. 25, 21. 1 other
similar rim.
Fig. 25, 17, fig. 25, 24, and 4 similar rims, and fig. 25, 25 are from this level, also 5 rims
cf. fig. 25, 22.
 THE COARSE POTTERY 207
Miscellaneous
l 5. Narrow-necked bottle, neck curved, rim turned out. Grey ware. 2 similar rims.
16. Heavy jar, short slightly curved neck. Grey ware. Cf. Wroxeter 111, pl. xxvm, 83, fourth
century; Caerleon I9J9, fig. n, 23, third century.

CAVETTO RIM JARS

Of type C, 2 examples cf. fig. 26, 9.
TypeE
17. Rim curling over, but not beyond girth. Grey ware. Cf. fig. 26, 16. l other similar rim.
TypeF
l 8. Rim similar but higher. Grey ware. Cf. fig. 2 6, 17. r o!her similar rim.
Type G
r 9. Rim fairly straight, inclined out nearly to girth of pot. Grey ware. Cf. fig. 26, 20.

EvERTED RrM JARS

Type C
20. J:!igh rim, inclined out, slightly curved internally. Grey ware. Cf. fig. 27, 27. 2 other similar
rims.
Also r rim cf. fig. 27, 2 I.
TypeH
Thick rim, curved well out. Light grey ware. Cf. fig.
2 I. 2 7, 5 l, but projecting more beyond
girth.

Lms
Of type B, l sherd cf. fig. 31, 3.

CASTOR WARE

22. Flanged dish. Thick buff paste, metallic olive-brown slip.

23. Similar dish, ware and slip.
22 and 23 cf. fig. 32, 5. l other similar rim.
Fig. 32, 6 is from this level, also l rim of a straight-sided dish, cf. fig. 32, 2. All the sherds
are of thick white ware and brown slip. All the bases are high.
Of pot forms, fig. 3 2, l 3 is from this level.

Posr-RoMAN LEVELS
Drain robber
The robber of the drain in the SE. corner of the Forum was dated to the medieval period by
green-glazed and coarse medieval wares, but in considerably less quantity than in most of the other
robber filling. The great bulk of the pottery was late Roman, and clearly represents the contents
of the top adjacent Roman levels, which were sliced off to fill in the trench. A considerable number
of forms included are not represented, or are rare, in the latest intact Roman levels, which is thus
an indication that these levels do not date from the end of the Roman period. The vessels illus-
trated are examples of these late forms.
208 THE COARSE POTTERY

Fig. 56
IMITATION SAMIAN
I. Neck of jug or flagon. Light-red ware, red slip externally and over inside of neck.
2. Carinated bowl with incurved rim. Light-red ware, red slip inside and out. Somewhat similar
carinated bowls occur in the late-fourth-century levels at Mildenhall, Ashley Rails, and Rich-
borough, but none is an .exact parallel.
Also IO sherds imitating form 38, 4 sherds decorated with white paint, and 3 sherds
decorated with rouletting.
Imitation Samian is thus comparatively common. In the latest stratified levels it was almost
non-existent. It may be noted that it is not very common in the period IV level of the Verulamium
Theatre (end third century), the majority of the sherds being of thinnish flagons, and in the New
Forest kilns only I example, of form 38, occurs in the middle group of kilns dating c. A.D. 270-
330 (New Forest Roman Pottery, pl. xx1v, 2 and p. 82), but it is common in the late group
A.D. 330 on.

CASTOR WARE
3. Imitation of Samian form 3 8. Creamy-buff ware, orange-brown slip. 5 other similar bowls.
This type seems to appear in the first half of the fourth century. It is absent from the
period IV levels of the Verulamium Theatre (end third century), but is found in the late-
fourth-centur y Orchestra filling. It occurs at Lockleys, Welwyn, c. A.D. 330, fig. 11, 36;
Mildenhall, c. A.D. 38 5, pl. 1, 1; Ashley Rails, c. A.D. 330 on, pl. vn, 7-8; Scarborough, A.D.
370-95, fig. 1, 2.
4. Flanged dish. Dirty-buff ware, dark-brown slip. Cf. fig. 32, 7, which is from this level, with
3 other similar rims.
Also from this level, fig. 32, 5 and 5 other similar rims, 1 rim cf. fig. 32, 4.
Of the plain, straight-sided dishes, fig. 32, 3 and 3 rims cf. fig. 32, 2 are from this level.
Of bowl forms, fig. 32, 9 and 3 similar rims and fig. 32, I 1 are from this level.
MoRTARIA
0f type H. 2, 1 rim cf. fig. I 8, 22 is from this level.
Type J
5. Nearly square cut flange, below rim. Red-brown ware, grey in centre at break, cream slip.
Cf. fig. I 8, 24.
Also from this level, fig. 1 8, 2 5.

MrscELLANEous BowLs
6. Small bowl, rim rolled out. Light-brown ware, polished externally.

NECKED BowLs
TypeE
7. Upright neck, thickened rim. Grey ware, polished externally. Cf. fig. 24, 1 5.
TypeF
8. Short neck, curving out. Coarse form. Light-grey ware, slightly polished externally. Cf.
fig. 24, 17.
9. Neck curving out beyond girth. Grey ware, polished externally. Cf. fig. 24, 18.
 THE COARSE POTTERY 209
Miscellaneous
10. Small bowl, rim curving out beyond girth. 2 girth grooves. Grey ware, red in centre at
break. Light brown slip.
]ARS WITH CuRLED-OVER RIMS
1 1. Small jar, rim curled well over. Grey ware.
12. Jar with wide mouth, rim curled over and projecting beyond girth. Grey ware, polished
externally. ·
These jars are representative of a considerable number of similar forms.
STORAGE ]ARS
TypeN
13. Small jar, thin light ware. Cf. fig. 30, 8; which is from this level with 5 other examples.
14. Similar jar.
15. Rather heavier jar, similar form.
16. Similar jar.
14-16 cf. fig. 30, 9, which is from this level with 4 other examples.
All the storage jars are of similar form, and the large heavy type has completely disappeared.
]AR
17. Neck of heavy jar. Grey ware. Decorated externally with band of frilling made by incisions.
3 other similar rims occurred in this filling. No similar types were found in intact levels.

U NSTRA TIFIED
The following bowls are illustrated as examples of types which do·not occur, or are rare, in the
intact Roman levels. They presumably come from the levels disturbed at the time of the robbing
of the walls, some of them being from the actual robber trenches.
IMITATION SAMIAN
1 8. Bowl, probably carinated. Light-red ware, bright-red slip, almost a glaze. Decorated externally
with scrolls of white paint. Cf. Mildenhall, c. A.D. 375, pl. rn, 1; Richborough I, pit I, mid-
fourth century, pl. xxvm, 113.
19. Small bowl, carinated. Light-red ware, grey in centre at break, red-brown slip. Decorated
externally with rows of rouletting. Cf. Lydney, late fourth century, fig. 26, 2 5; Mildenhall,
C. A.D.375, pl. II, 4·
20. Similar bowl. Light-red ware, light-red slip. Decorated with stamped rosettes, apparently
in groups of 3, and rouletting on and below rim. Cf. Ashley Rails, c. A.D. 330 on, pl. IV, I.
2 1. Similar bowl. Light-red ware, bright red slip, almost a glaze outside. Decorated externally
with a band of rouletting and stamped rosettes, apparently single, and less deeply impressed
than the last example. ·
22. Imitation form 4 5, lion's head very coarsely rendered. Light-red ware, grey in centre at break,
red-brown slip externally, orange-red internally, grit studded. Cf. Verulamium Theatre, late
fourth century, fig. I 1, 23, the form being very common in this filling, but absent from the
period IV levels of the end of the third century; Richborough I, pit I, mid-fourth century, pl.
xxvm, 107; Mildenhall, c. A.D. 37 5, pl. I, 2; Ashley Rails, c. A.D. 330 on, pl. x, a, 20-2;
Sandford, fourth century, fig. 2, 14; Lydney, late fourth century, :fig. 27, 59.
These Imitation Samian forms are thus very common on late-fourth-centur y sites. Their
Ee
Fw. 56. Late coarse pottery from disturbed levels: Drain Robber (1-17); unstratified (18-42) (!)
 THE COARSE POTTERY 2 I I

absence from the latest intact levels at Leicester suggests b_oth that these levels do not go down to
the end of th~ fourth century, and that the forms belong mainly to the last years of the century.
CASTOR WARE
2 3. Imitation of Samian form 4 5, with lion-head mask at spout. Drab ware, brown slip, grit
studded inside. Vertical wall decorated with scratched wavy pattern before slip applied. This
form is more common in red-coated Imitation Samian than in brown-coated ware.
24. Imitation of Samian form 38. Drab ware, pale-brown slip. Common. For references see
fig. 56, 3, above.
2 5. Similar vessel.
26. Deep, heavy flanged dish. Drab ware, light-brown slip.
27. Similar dish, much smaller. These two dishes indicate the range in size of a form which was
very common in the disturbed levels. .
28. Shallow dish, curve.d rim, ultimately derived from Samian form 36. White ware, olive-brown
metallic slip. Decorated with white paint on rim, probably in scroll pattern, and in bowl with
radiating lines and dots imitating petals. The rim of a similar dish occurred in the late-fourth-
century filling of the Orchestra of the Verulamium Theatre (unpublished); cf. Ashley Rails,
c. A.D. 330 on, pl. vm, 8; Sandford, fourth century, fig. 1, 11, though both these lack the
internal bead. A similar type in red-coated Imitation Samian ware is also very common in
late-fourth-century sites.
29. Shallow platter or possibly lid, with upright, grooved rim. White ware, patchy dark-brown
metallic slip. Decorated internally with white paint. Cf. Sandford, fourth century, fig. 1, 5,
of which the form is similar, but the ware is not mentioned. The shape, but not the ware, is
not unlike that of the painted bowls of Scarborough type 8, fig. 6, 1-4.
MoRTARIUM
Type H.3
30. Hammer-head mortaria. Creamy-buff ware. Flange decorated with red-brown paint. These
mortaria, which are a fourth-century type, are not common at Leicester, but a few occurred
in disturbed levels.
CARINATED BowLs
31. Small bowl, thick and heavy. Coarse dark-grey ware, polished externally.
NECKED BowLs
32. Small bowl with upright neck and rounded rim. Herring-bone decoration on shoulder. Cf.
fig. 24, 9·
33. Wide-mouthed bowl, rim curving out beyond bulge. Grey ware.
34. Small bowl with neck curving out. Grey ware.
35. Small wide-mouthed pot, rim projecting beyond bulge. Grey ware.
NECKED JARS .
36. Narrow-necked jar, neck concave internally. Grey ware. 1 other similar rim.
3 7. Small jar, short neck, rounded rim. Grey ware.
38. Jug or pitcher, frill below rim, handle from frill .. Grey ware. 11 other similar frilled-neck
jars were found in disturbed levels. None were found in stratified levels, and they are there-
fore presumably later than the latest of these levels.
212 THE COARSE POTTERY
}AR
,39· Small jar, coarse grey ware.
MISCELLANEOUS
40. Small bowl on pedestal, probably candlestick. Traces _of burning on one side. Buff ware.
41. Disc in shape of face from side of jar. Light-grey ware.
42. Jar with turned-out rim, neck splaying downwards. Creamy-pink ware, polished externally.
Decorated with bands of brown paint.

U NSTRA TIFIED
Miscellaneous sherds of various periods, not found in stratified levels.

Fig. 57

Fw. 57. Miscellaneous unstratified coarse pottery (i)

MoRTARIUM

Type H.2
1. Hammer-headed; not reeded. Buff ware. Cf. fig. 18, 22, but not reeded.

PLATES
2. 'Pompeian red' dish, plain curved sides, triple, non-functional foot-ring. Micaceous buff
ware, red slip internally and over rim, creamy-pink slip externally. A number of other sherds
of 'Pompeian red' dishes were found, but none of them stratified in an early level where they
presumably belong.
3. Base of plate of similar ware. Deep-red slip internally. Blackened externally. Interior
decorated with concentric circles. From level· probably equivalent to VI.
The distribution centre of this ware is uncertain. It occurs on a number of sites in Britain,
e.g. Colchester, and' on the Continent, e.g. Ha/tern, pl. xiv, type 7 5; Hojheim, pl. xxxv1,
type 100; and also in Near Eastern sites, e.g. Samaria (Samaria-Sebaste, iii,, forthcoming,
with list of other Near Eastern sites).
CANDLESTICK ,
4. Small vase on pedestal, probably candlestick. Hole near centre of vase. Pinkish-buff ware;
one-third of rim blackened. From W. block, fifth floor, probably contemporary with IX.
 THE COARSE POTTERY 213

CARINATED BowL
Type A
5. Small bowl, elegant form. Brown sandy ware, grey surface internally and externally. Surface
tooled except for central zone between cordons on which is faintly tooled trellis pattern on a
small surface. Cf. fig. 21, 1. Not from excavations. In Leicester Museum, found in 1860 in
Talbot Lane, therefore near W. side of Forum.
NECKED ]AR
6. Small jar, narrow neck. Cordons round neck, groove above bulge. Grey ware, polished
externally.
Jue
7. Part of neck 9f jug in form _of woman's head with elaborate head-dress. Hard orange-brown
ware, with self slip, possibly Castor ware. A fragment of a somewhat similar jug is apparently
illustrated (fig. P. 48) in A Romano-British Industrial Settlement near Tiddington, Stratford-on-
Avon, W. Fieldhouse, T. May, and F. C. Wellstood.
 THE MORTARIUM STAMPS
By E. BIRLEY, F.S.A.

T HE mortarium stamps submitted to me for examination amount to 37, and

represent the work of 2 r or 22 different potters. In the following notes I give brief
surveys .of the evidence available to me for the place and period of activity of each potter,
adding summaries of the site-evidence for the distribution of their wares; I have not
burdened the summaries with references to excavation reports, but the references are
availabk in my index of mortarium stamps at Hatfield College, Durham; account has
been taken of information available up to r May r 946.
I hope to deal fully with the whole subject of mortarium stamps and their value for
da~ing on another occasion; at the present juncture it will be sufficient to refer to the brief
general observations on the subject in my report on excavations at Birrens (Proc. Soc.
Ant. Scot. lxxii, r 93 8, pp. 3 3 r-2). Reference may also be made to Dr. Oswald's paper
on the mortaria from Margidunum (Ant. J. xxiv, 1944, pp. 45-63), and to Professor
Atkinson's Report on Excavations at Wroxeter ( r 942, especially pp. 278-9, 297-9).
It should be emphasized that the accumulation of stamped examples has taught me to
distrust purely typological dating of mortarium rim-sections; for that reason I do not
discuss the relationship between rim and internal moulding (for example) in my notes,
but rather emphasize fabric and site-evidence: if sufficient site-evidence can be collected,
mortarium stamps are undoubtedly capable of becoming no less useful for dating than
potters' stamps on Samian ware; and the study of fabric and distribution in conjunction
should lead, in many cases, to the location of the potter's place of activity, if not to the
discovery of his kilns. ·
Fig. 58
I (a) and (b). Mere fragment (from disturbed levels), and portion of a rim (from II) from a
hook-rimmed mortarium in hard, reddish fabric, with cream wash on rim and exterior; both
pieces include part of the counter-stamp f(actum) or f(ecit) Lugudu(ni) of the well-known potter
ALBINVS, for whom see in particular Atkinson, Wroxeter, pp. 278-9, and Oswald, Margi-
dunum, p. 50. I cannot follow Dr. Oswald in taking the potter's place of work to have been
anywhere but the Lugudunum par excellence, i.e. the modern Lyons; though it is remarkable
that hitherto no examples of this potter's work have been reported at Lyons, or indeed any-
where else on the Continent. Four other potters (MARINVS, MATVGENVS, RIPANVS, and
VRBANVS) mark their mortaria as products of Lugudunum, but the counter-stamp FLVGVDV
is peculiar to ALBIN V S. He is shown by a stamp found in London (Archaeologia, !xiii, p. 3 2 7:
ALBINl.F.MATVGEN) to.have been the son of MATVGENVS; compare the potters BRARIATVS
and VACASATVS BRARIATI F who made mortaria and amphorae in Gallia Belgica. ALBINVS
seems to have been taken as a model by the Radlett potter CASTVS, since one example of
his products was found in the excavation of the latter's kiln, and CASTVS copied his style
of hook-rim (cf. V.C.H. R.-B. Herts., p. 161). Site-evidence is as follows:
Scotland: Camelon, Castledykes, Newstead.
Wales: Segontium, Usk.
 THE MORTARIUM STAMPS 215
England: York, Chester, Wilderspool, Wroxeter, Norton (Northants.), Margidunum,
Verulamium, Radlett, Hambleden (Bucks.), Silchester, Colchester, London.
All this potter's mortaria known to me are of the Flavian hook-rim type (Bushe-Fox's nos.
34/38), which has therefore been restored in the section of no. 1 (b). Oswald dates ALBINVS
to the time of Nero; Atkinson points out that his occurrence (sc. that of his "counter-stamp
FLVCVDV) at Newstead attests a Flavian date; his period of activity may be estimated at
c. A.D. 60-90, with main emphasis on the earlier part of the period.
2 (a), (b), and (c). Three rims (from (a) II, (b) and (c) I) with the stamp c. ATTIVS MARINV(S)
or counter-stamp FECIT, in each case retrograde within a rectangular frame bordered above
and below by herring-bone straight wreaths; in addition, a fragment too close to the spout to
permit the drawing of a rim-section, and too damaged for a clear drawing of the stamp (from I)
reads c. ATTIV(S) MARINV(S) retrograde. Two further examples of this stamp, figured on
fig. 44, 2 and 3, come from II. The fabric is in each case very hard and rather coarse (hence the
poor impressions of the stamp in many cases), as is usual with this potter; in colour it ranges
from dirty white to reddish-buff, in some cases washed with a cream or umber slip; the grit is
normally coarse and variegated, occurring in the body as well as on the interior surface. The
3 rim-sections here figured give a good indication of the variations which may be found in
the type (nearest to Bushe-Fox's no. 46) which is characteristic of all his mortaria which I
have seen. As in the case of ALBINVS, one example of his stamp vras found in the excavation
of the CASTVS kiln at Radlett (V.C.H. R.-B. Herts., p. 162, where it is illustrated but not
deciphered); I think it unlikely, however, that he himself worked at Radlett, for his mortaria
are quite unlike those of CASTVS in rim-section, whilst they markedly resemble those of
VITALIS (referred t() below): like VITALIS, it may well be that C. ATTIVS MARINVS worked
at Lincoln, though I do not know of any instance of his stamp from there. Site-evidence is
as follows:
I-Fales: Caerleon.
England: Elslack, Slack (autopsy shows that the stamp is correctly attributed to him),
Wilderspool, Melandra, Templebrough, Brough (Derbyshire), Little Chester, Radlett,
Verulamium, Colchester, London.
No example of his stamp has been noted at Corbridge, but undoubted examples of his
work occur there, where they are definitely assignable to the pre-Hadrianic period. He may
be dated c. A.D. 80-110.
3. Rim fragment (from I) in very.hard, light drab ware; the stamp has been partly obscured in
the final smoothing of the rim before firing, and is very difficult to read, but comparison with
a Wilderspool stamp (Warrington Museum, no inventory number) permits it to be read with
confidence as COERTVTIN retrograde: the horizontal bars of ·the E are missing, presumably
broken off subsequent to the stamping of the Wilderspool piece. No further parallels are
available unless (as I believe to be the case) the mortarium stamp from Margidunum (p. 55
and fig. 4, 30) with the repeated stamp read by Oswald as DllRTVS retrograde really reads
C]OllRTVTIN retrograde, the E being rendered in this case by II. Oswald dates the Margi-
dunum mortarium to the time of Domitian; the drawing of that vessel, and the fabric and
shape of the Leicester fragment, suggest to me a date in the second half of the second century.I
+ Rim fragment (from I) of a hook-rim mortarium, with smooth surface; light drab, with umber
slip; stamped CR ES. Parallels have been noted at Segontium (p. 150, on a mortarium similar
1 It should, however, be noted that the find spot, which A.D. 125-30, while the type B.1 at Leicester seems to be
was definitely Forum filling, does not agree with as late a c. 70. K.M.K.
A.D.
date as this, the date of the filling being not later than
216 THE MORTARIUM STAMPS

'~ - t---1·_ _
2A
j
IB

2B

3 '\~
7

9A 9B

"~ 12A

"~ 12 B 13~

GLYI.
i7
)

·4'\ 18
~
~·~'\:~I I
Frn. 58. Potters' stamps on mortaria (!)
19
 THE MORTARIUM STAMPS 217
in shape to those of ALBINVS, found with fragments of Dr. 29 and early Dr. 37), Temple-
brough and possibly Wilderspool (p. 64, read as CRE[ ); I do not know if the incomplete
stamp from Meersen, C.J.L. xiii, 10006, 116, CR[, belongs to the same potter. His name
may be completed with some confidence as Cres(cens); the associations of the Segontium
example, and the shape of that and of the present instance, indicate a Flavian date: greater
precision must await fuller evidence.
5. Rim fragment (from disturbed levels) in very hard, dirty yellowish-white fabric with reddish-
buff slip on rim and exterior; sparse, small black and brown grit. The stamp reads CVRFE;
I do not know whether the first three letters represent initials, the beginning, or the end of an
abbreviated name (FE, no doubt, abbreviates FECIT). No parallels have been noted; the
Antonine stamp CICY[ (noted at Bar Hill, Balmuildy, and Old Kilpatrick) might have been
thought to give the first two letters of the potter's name, but it is in different lettering on a
dissimilar rim-type in a different fabric. The fabric and shape of the present piece suggest a
date c. A.D. 80-110, but further evidence is obviously required.
6. Fragment (from I) from a large Flavian hook-rim, more like that of SOLL VS below than that
of ALBINVS above; the lettering is crude, and might be read either DOLL VS retrograde
or DOCCAS. The only parallel known to me comes from London (Guildhall Museum,
1932, 182); in that example the impression of the Dis complete, and the repeated letter looks
rather more like C than L. Certainly Flavian; probably imported, though no parallels have
been noted abroad.
7. Damaged hook-rim fragment (from disturbed levels) of a mortarium in rather coarse ware,
dirty light buff, with sparse grey and brown grit; traces of buff slip on rim and exterior wall;
bearing part of the retrograde stamp of ERVCANVS, already recorded at Wroxeter (1912,
p. 66, 11) and Wilderspool (Warrington Museum, Inv. A 13'13). It is conceivable that the
stamp, C.J.L. xiii, 10006. 126, CVNAS may really be an incomplete impression of eVLt1A'.l[YH3;
in any case, the vessel is undoubtedly an imported one, and assignable to the Flavian period
(Mr. Bushe-Fox dated the deposit in which the Wroxeter specimen was found c. A.D. 90-120,
but a rim such as the Lei,.cester one would look entirely out of place anywhere near the latter
date). •
8. Rim-fragment (from I) in hard, yellowish-buff ware, pinkish in fracture, with smoothed sur-
face; stamped GENIALl(S) within a rectangular frame, bordered above and below by straight
wreaths to I. and r. respectively. An unstratified hook-rim fragment (not illustrated) carries
the stamp GEN IAL[ in slightly smaller letters and without any decorative border; the fabric
is a hard and smooth light buff. The nearest parallel to the illustrated example comes from
Slack (p. 70, 7 and fig. 44a, 3, the straight wreaths in this case running tor. and I. respectively);
other instances have been recorded at Wilderspool (p. 64) and Westheim near Augsburg (i.e.
in Raetia, Zeitschr. d. Hist. Vereins f Schwaben u. Neu burg, 1907, p. 35). I do not know
whether the stamp GENIALIS·F within a different border which occurred twice at Caistor-
next-Norwich (Norfolk & Norwich Arch. Soc. xxvi, 2 12-13, R. 18 and 19) belongs to the same
potter; Professor Atkinson dates the Caistor vessels to the first third and second quarter of
the second century respectively, though his reasons seem too purely typological to inspire
complete confidence: the Birdoswald parallel which he cites for dating the latter piece is in
an entirely different fabric. The Leicester example is probably imported, and may be dated
approximately A.D. 80-1 1o (it would be out of place in a normal Hadrianic deposit, and equally
so in a pre-Flavian one).
9 (a), (b), and (c). Three rim-sections (from (a) disturbed levels, (b) VII, and (c) VI) all bearing
stamps of the potter GRATINVS; the fabric is in each case a hard, smooth dirty white, with
Ff
218 THE MORTARIUM STAMPS
medium to small black grit. Two further stamps of the same potter, figured on fig. 44, 4 and
fig. 48, 3, come from II and V respectively. Oswald (Margidunum, p. 55, cf. fig. 4, 34) dates
this potter 'Domitian-Trajan ', but gives no reasons for the dating, which seems to be purely
typological; his fabric, grit, and rim-sections show very close affinities with the work of the
Antonine potter LOCCIVS, and Oswald's dating must certainly be rejected. It will be noted
that the five Leicester stamps all come from different dies, and the N sloping smartly to r. is
the most important characteristic of all but one of them; in view of the care with which
GRAT INV S forms his A, i do not know why it is customary to regard the sloping N as represent-
ing AN ligatured, to make his name GRATIANVS. Site-evidence is as follows: ·
Scotland: Balmuildy, Newstead, Birrens.
England: Corbridge, York, Wilderspool, Templebrough, Lincoln, Margidunum.
I know of no instance in which his stamp has been impressed complete on a single rim;
normally either the first two or the last two and a half letters are missing, as a result of the
rim being too narrow to take the complete impression. Mortaria of the type in question occur
at Corbridge and on Hadrian's Wall in the period A.b. 160-200 (to use convenient round
figures), to which GRAT INV S may be assigned with confidence. His place of working is not
yet known, but should probably be sought somewhere in Warwickshire.
10. Rim-section (from SW. Buildings, silt above floor, see p. 34) in hard, smooth light buff
ware; the grit is medium to small and variegated, black, white, and brown occurring in that
or d er offrequency. 0 n t h e nm
. 1s
. a partla
. l"1mpress10n
. o f t h e stamp V10SOVT'
IMllMI
oth er examp1es
of which have been noted in Scotland at M umrills and Newstead, and in England at Corbridge;
a fragmentary impression of the same stamp comes from W. Block, probably period II (not
illustrated). How the stamp should be read I do not know; neither lmemitvobon nor Tvoboni-
memi (nor yet T. Voboni Memi) makes sense: but there is no doubt about the reading. Fabric
and grit alike recur in Antonine deposits at Corbridge; the Newstead piece comes from an
Antonine pit (Newstead, p. 26 5 and fig. 35, 24), the Mumrills one from level B of the westmost
ditch of the Antonine fort, thus belonging to the penultimate period of that site (whatever
the precise date of that period may have been). In this case also I believe that the potter's
place of work should be sought somewhere in Warwickshire, to judge by the fabric and rim-
sections; and a date c. A.D. 160...,.200 will not be far wrong. ·
I 1. Rim-fragment (W. block, third floor) of a mortarium in hard, dirty-white ware with umber slip
on the rim, on which is part of the retrograde stamp of IV NI V S. I have noted a variety of
mortarium stamps giving this name; whether the same potter is represented on all of them
I do not know. Site-evidence is as follows:
England: Benwell, Corbridge, Old Penrith, Ebchester, Heronbridge (Cheshire), Wroxeter,
Margidun~m, Mancetter, Gloucester.
The present specimen is undoubtedly Antonine, as I believe the rest to have been; it
should be noted, however, that Oswald assigns one of the three Margidunum specimens
(Margidunum, p. 5 5 and fig. 5, 3 9) to the time of Domitian, apparently on typological grounds.
More examples stamped by IVNIVS will need to be studied before the classification of the
stamps, and the date and place of work of the potter or potters, can be arrived at.
I 2 (a) and (b). Two rim-sections (from (a) disturbed levels and (b) \V. block, second floor) in hard
dirty-white and light-buff ware respectively; the grit on 12 (a) is reddish-brown and fairly
large. Both pieces show the stamp, complete but for its first letter (which is only partially
impressed), of the well-known potter MINOMELVS; a mere fragment (from disturbed levels,
not illustrated) retains part of the same stamp. One of the six stamps of this potter from Cor-'
 THE MORTARIUM STAMPS 219
bridge was found in a stratified Antonine deposit (Arch. Ael. 4th ser. xv, 271 and fig. 7, 29);
site-evidence is as follows:
Scotland: Rough Castle, Mumrills, Newstead.
England: Corbridge, York, W roxeter, Shenstone (Staffs).
In this case also I believe that the potter's place of work should be sought in the Midlands:
his fabric and rim-sections suggest a closer affinity to SENNIVS than to LOCCIVS; his period
of activity may be dated c. A.D. 160-200.
13. Rim-fragment (from disturbed levels) from a small and delicate hook-rim mortarium in very
hard, light-buff ware, with light-orange slip on the rim. This piece, and another not figured
(from VI, in similar ware but burnt grey: too near the spout for a rim-section to be drawn), carry
the stamp MOC, to which I can adduce no parallel. Fabric and rim-section suggest a date
within the period A.D. 80-1 IO.
14. Rim-fragment (from IX) in hard, dirty-white ware with smooth surface, bearing the stamp
NAN[I, previously noted only at Birrens (p. 330 and fig. 34, 2); the potter is plainly Antonine,
and from his fabric and style I suspect that he worked somewhere in the Midlands.
15. Several pieces of a neatly proportioned mortarium (from SW. Building, silt above floor) in
hard, whitish ware with smooth surface, drab slip; the grit is mainly dark brown, some of the
pieces being quite large. The rim bears the stamp of SARRVS; in this instance the initial S
(often not impressed at all) is present though slightly obscured through lack of care in apply-
ing the stamp. This potter apparently worked at Hartshill near Mancetter in Warwickshire
(Proc. Soc. Ant. Lond. xvi, 405; Haverfield, in V.C.H. R.-B. Warwicks., p. 246, casts doubts
on the attribution of his stamp to the kiln site, but gives no reason for doubting it); he used a
considerable number of stamps in three main types, of which this is the simplest, and his
mortaria differ widely in fabric and rim-section, though a majority of them are in the hard,
whitish ware of the present vessel. Site evidence is as follows:
Scotland: Ardoch, Camelon, Balmuildy, Bar Hill, Rough, Castle, Newstead, Birrens.
England: Corbridge, Lanchester, Aldborough, Templebrough, Lincoln, Margidunum,
Shenstone (Staffs).
Oswald dates this potter's stamps, on the basis of their good lettering, to 'say A.o. 125-35';
I cannot follow him in that: it is in the second half of the second century that fabrics and
rim-sections alike justify us in placing him. At Corbridge, where there are exceptionally good
facilities for distinguishing between pre-Hadrianic and post-Hadrianic pottery (occupation
being intermitted under Hadrian himself), SARRVS is represented by as many as fifteen
stamps, all of them undoubtedly Antonine. The variety in stamps and fabrics indicates a
relatively prolonged period of work, which may be assessed as A.D. 150-200.
16. Rim-fragment (from I) in hard, dirty-white ware with a yellowish slip on the rim and (less
intense) interior; it has been impressed twice with a stamp which has ended ]LI s retrograde.
I read, with some hesitation, SIM]ILIS retrograde, noting, however, that fabric and rim-
section point to the period c. A.D. 70-110; the well-known mortarium-maker who stamps his
wares s IM I LI s retrograde in larger and rather. spindly letters is undoubtedly Antonine (his
stamps occur in Scotland at Old Kilpatrick, Balmuildy, and Newstead, and in England at
Benwell, Corbridge, Carlisle, Maryport, Wilderspool, Templebrough, and Wroxeter).
17. Rim-section of an exceptionally large and bold Flavian or earlier type hook-rim (from I), in
hard drab ware,, burnt grey and black in places, and bearing the stamp SOLLY SF. SOLL VS
is a well-known potter, approximately contemporary with ALBINVS (above); although his
stamp has not, apparently, been recorded outside Britain, it seems likely that he worked on
220 THE MORTARIUM STAMPS
the Continent, most probably in Gallia Narbonensis (like L. ATISIVS SECVNDVS, to whose
stamp-frame, normal rim-section, and fabric those of SOLL VS bear a marked resemblance).
.
Site-evidence is as follows:
England: Corbridge, York, Lincoln, Holt, Wroxeter, Mancetter, Alchester, Colchester,
Verulamium, Silchester, London, Ewell (Surrey).
Like L. ATISIVS SECVNDVS, to whom reference has already been made, SOLLVS probably
worked in the period c. A.D. 60-90, with main output in the earlier part of that period.
r 8. Rim-fragment (from SE. IV) in hard, light-drab ware, showing part of a poorly impressed
stamp, in rather crude letters, which with some hesitation I read S]OLL VS[FE as on a rim-
fragment from London in the British Museum (B.M.C. 2777, misread as CEt-SANOS).
In that case, we have here another, cruder example of the work of SOLL VS, but I have in-
. sufficient confidence in the attribution to list this piece under the same serial number. The
rim-section is a quite exceptional one, but the fabric is undoubtedly Flavian and imported.
r 9. Large portion from a mortarium (probably from I) in hard, light-buff ware, with yellowish
slip on rim and exterior; large and variegated but mainly black grit. The rim carries a poor
and incomplete impression of the commonest stamp of VITALIS of Lincoln (where one of
his kilns has been excavated, J.R.S. xxvii, 233-4); he used at least four other stamps. The
present example is matched by better impressions from Newstead and Corbridge, the latter
coming from a Flavian rubbish-pit (Arch. Ael., 3rd ser. xii, 245). Other stamps occur at
Chester, Wroxeter, and Derby; several of his rims show a marked affinity with those of.
c. ATTI VS MAR IN VS, as in the present instance and the stratified piece from Corbridge.
There remains to be mentioned an example from Benwell on Hadrian's Wall (Arch. Ae,l.
4th ser. iv, 167, fig. 6B, 3 and p. q6, fig. 9, r); this is a very close parallel to the Leicester
piece: it might be taken as evidence for the potter working as late as the time of Hadrian,
under whom the stone fort at Benwell is known to have been built (Arch. Ael. 4th ser. xix,
r-43), but it should be noted that Benwell has also produced-a piece of South Gaulish figured
Samian (Arch. Ael. 4th ser. v, pl. xvm, 7), and both pieces are best regarded as 'survivals',
since the possibility of a pre-Hadrianic fort on that site is now ruled out of account.
Apart from the Benwell example, I know of no mortaria of this type from any site on
Hadrian's Wall, so that the potter's period of activity i;nay well be estimated, like that of
c. ATTIVS MARINVS, as c. A.D. 80-r ro.
20. (Not figured.) Rim-fragment (unstratified) from a large and boldly modelled Flavian hook-
rim in a hard and smooth light-buff ware, with large variegated grit; diagonally across the
rim is the counter-stamp [L]vcovrEc of the well-known Flavian potter MARINVS (cf.
Chester Arch. Soc. Journ. xxvi, r925, p. 32 f.); contrast the counter-stamp of ALBINVS, no. r
above. Site-evidence for this potter is as follows:
Scotland: Newstead,
England: Corbridge, Castleshaw, Templebrough, Chester, Verulamium, London, Rich-
borough.
2 r. (Not figured.) Mere scrap (W. Block, 3rd floor) with the incomplete stamp ]PPI v[ retrograde;
I canriot identify the potter. ·
22. Rim-fragment, showing one side of the spout also, of a small and neatly modelled mortarium,
figured on fig. ro, r (from V), impressed with what seems to be the cipher of an illiterate
potter.
 22I

STAMPS ON BELGIC PLATTERS

Report by M. R. HULL, M.A., F.S.A.
l. A T . . . . . stamped centrally on terra nigra platter. From room V, pre-Forum levels. This
may be from the same matrix as nos. 33-4 in the Camulodunum Report 1 (pp. 208-9,
·pl. XLv), which read A T I T . . . and A T . . . . both on terra nigra platters of unidentifiable
form, and centrally placed. One was period I (pre-A.D. 43) and the other period IV (A.D.
49-61). With these may be compared two examples from Behrens's Catalogue of Bingen
Museum, p. 193 and Abb. 93, 663, A T I T I o, thrice radially on a terra rubra, and p. 197
and Abb. 94, 66 5, A T I T I o, centrally on a terra nigra platter of Camulodunum form l 2.
No. 663 might be from the same matrix as the Colchester and Leicester examples, but prob-
ably not no. 6 6 5, though all are clearly by the same hand.
2. V X AV OT (retro.). Stamped centrally on a fine terra rubra platter. From IV. Two examples
from Colchester (op. cit., no. I 62) are closely similar, but probably not from the same matrix,
as the corners of the frame are more rounded. Both are on terra nigra cups of Camulodunum
form 58 (corresponding to Drag. 24/ 2 5), and one was stratified in period IV (A.D. 49-6 l ).
Only one possible parallel has been found V X ••••• from the Courmelois kilns (Lacroix, l 6)
which may be Tiberius-Claudius. On the underneath of the platter is a graffito, which may
read S I I N•••••••
3. AV I I •••• or .... I I AV. Stamped radially on a fine terra nigra platter. From pre-Forum
levels. Such stamps may read inwards or outwards impartially. No examples recorded in
facsimile help to complete the reading, but there are a number of possibilities in C.J.L. ·
xiii, lOOIO, 228-9 and 243-6 under the names of A VETO, AVITVS (one reading AVllTV),
AVNEDOS, and AVNVS. The nature of the vessel is only seldom given, so some of these may
be Gallo-Belgic potters. The first and third names may be regarded as very possible, and the
second is the closest parallel so far.
4. A A A I M (or similar). A meaningless stamp in centre of a coarse grey copy of a Gallo-Belgic
platter. U nstratified. The stamp cannot be matched, nor need this be expected, since no two
of these stamps ever seem to be alike. ·
1 Camulodunum, C. F. C. Hawkes and M. R. Hull, Research Report of the Society of Antiquaries No. xiv.
 MEDIEVAL POTTERY
By G. C. DUNNING, F.S.A.

D URING the Middle Ages the Jewry Wall suffered considerable depredations, and
its materials were used extensively in the construction of medieval buildings, though
indeed little enough of Roman materials can now be identified in medieval buildings in
Leicester. On the Jewry Wall site the evidence of medieval activity was abundant, in
the form of robber trenches along the line of Roman walls and many rubbish-pits, from
which a considerable amount of m~dieval pottery was obtained. Many of the pits had
been truncated by later digging and the contents of these pits were disappointing. Two
pits, however, still contained half a dozen pots each, and these are particularly valuable
as they provide associated groups of pots of different dates, one early twelfth century and'
the other late thirteenth century. 1 For the rest, pottery has been selected from the robber
trenches and from the general medieval layers to illustrate the sequence and development
from the twelfth century to the fifteenth century. Comparative material, particularly
for the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, is plentiful in Leicester and is introduced as
required. 2 In regard to the total amount of medieval pottery from the Jewry Wall site,
it may be divided roughly in the following proportions:
Twelfth century . 25 per cent.
Thirteenth century 60 per cent.
Fourteenth century and later. 1 5 per cent.

These figures may be taken to show that robbing of the Roman walls was carried out
in the Norman period, but the most intense activity was during the thirteenth century.
After that it seems that robbing was only casual. The few pots of the Tudor period and
the seventeenth century appear to be simply part of the rubbish which accumulated on
the site, without implying active interference with the Roman structures.

TWELFTH CENTURY
The bulk of the twelfth-century pottery probably belongs to the first half of this
century. With few exceptions it is uniformly of types derived from the Late Saxon period
and named after the type-site at St. N eots, Huntingdonshire, dated about the ninth
century.3 St. Neots pottery of pre-Conquest date is plentiful in East Anglia, particularly
·in Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire, and also at Bedford and Northampton, but as
1 The pits are not recorded on the plans. Their positions of NE. corner of Period IV building.
with reference to Baths structures are as follows: 2 The writer is greatly indebted to Mr. F. Cottrill for

Pit Med. I. In south courtyard of Baths SW. of southern suggestions in dealing with this material and for supplying
apse. information and photographs of pottery in the Leicester
Pit Med. 2. In southernmost division of central block of Museqµi.
Baths, in its NW. corner. J Proc. Cambridge Antiq. Soc. xxxiii, 137.
Pit Med. 3. In south courtyard of Baths, immediately E.
 MEDIEVAL POTTERY 223
yet it has not been proved to antedate the Norman period farther north and north-west
in the Midlands. The longest series of the derivative Norman types are from Alstoe
Mount, Rutland, and Stamford Castle, 1 and the. material from Leicester compares
remarkably closely with that from these two sites.
The pottery is wheel-turned with precision and the ware is fine and sandy, easily
distinguished from the coarser, gritty or shelly wares of the prototypes in East Anglia. 2
It is, moreover, distinguished by the sporadic appearance of pale-green or yellow
glaze on some of the bowls, pitchers, and jugs. The evidence from the early pits at Qld
Sarum 3 points to the introduction of glaze into this country c. I r oo, but its appear-
ance in the Midlands is not yet dated more closely than the first half of the twelfth
century.
The pottery from the Jewry Wall comprises the main types as known from other sites.
Cooking-pots are well represented by a small complete example with sagging base (fig.
59, 2) and several rims showing the wide range of variation of rim section (fig. 60, 1-4).
Another leading type, the deep flanged bowl (fig. 59, 3-4), sometimes has roller-stamped
or applied decoration on the flange (fig. 60, 5-6 ). There are several fragments of glazed
pitchers, including a tubular spout (fig. 60, 8) and strap handles; the complete type is
illustrated by a pitcher from West Bridge, Leicester (fig. 6 r, r ). In addition to these
normal types there are two vessels of a new form, derived from pitchers, which may be
called jars (fig. 59, 5-6 ). The jug (fig. 60, 7) is unglazed and of coarser ware than the rest
of the pottery, and in view of its similarity to earlier material elsewhere (p. 227) it is
probably the earliest of the Jewry Wall series, though a pre-Conquest date can hardly be
claimed on the available evidence. Glazed jugs with a pinched-out lip for pouring and a
single strap handle on the opposite side are less well known than the spouted pitchers,
and from the Jewry Wall there are only fragments too small for reconstruction, but
including pieces of strap handle too long and straight for pitchers. Opportunity is there-
fore taken to publish a complete glazed barrel-shaped jug from South Bond Street,
Leicester (fig. 6 I, 2 ), which well illustrates the high standard of potting attained in the
east Midlands at this time. The decoration, a shallow spiral groove over the greater part
of the body, is, however, of the simple kind made while the pot was slowly turning on the
wheel.
Finally a pottery lamp of the funnel shape with spike (fig. 60, 9), designed for
hanging in a loop from the ceiling, is of a widespread type derived from originals in
glass. Three lamps of different types found in Leicester are illustrated for comparison
(fig. 6 I, 4-6 ). .
The group from the twelfth-century pit includes a cooking-pot (fig. 59, r) of the wide-
mouthed type with sloping rim that is widespread over the southern part of England in
the first half of the twelfth century. It shows no trace of influence from the St. Neots
class in either ware, shape, or rim-section. Pots of this kind appear to be descended
directly from Saxon wares in use in the regions unaffected by the St. Neots pottery, but
1 Ant. J. xvi, 396.
detail in Ant. J. xvi, 406 and in Archaeo!ogia, lxxxix, 75.
2 The chronology of St. Neots ware is discussed in more 3 Ant. J. xv, 186.
 MEDIEVAL POTTERY
also forming a substratum in those areas, since comparable vessels occur at Alstoe
Mount (below).
The second half of the twelfth century is almost a blank in English ceramics, and no
pottery from the Jewry Wall can be referred even tentative! y to this half-century. In con-
sequence there is very little evidence as to how long the derivatives of St. N eots pottery
lasted in the Midlands before being absorbed in the general run of medieval ceramics.
One of the very few vessels certainly dated to this period from the whole of England
comes from Leicester itself. 1 It contained a hoard of coins of Henry II, and most probably
it was hidden during the baronial wars of I I 73-4. All that has survived is the lower part
of a small pot with a plain sagging base (fig. 62). The ware is gritty grey with small '
white specks showing at the fractures. Judging by the similarity of paste and the character
of the base, a jug in Leicester Museuin found 8 ft. deep in Belgrave Gate in 1879 should
be of about the same date (fig. 63). This is of grey ware with white grit, probably flint,
and unglazed light-brown surface; it is rather irregularly wheel-turned, with thick walls.
The profile is heavy, without demarcation for the neck, and the bulge is flattened. The
plain handle is thick, the hollow down the back is only slightly defined, and the lower end
is clumsily pressed against the bulge. A shallow spiral groove runs down the body to
below the handle. A hove the base angle some of the surface has been lightly trimmed off
before firing.
A corn parison of fig. 6 3 with· fig. 6 1, 2, suffices to show that the Belgrave Gate jug
embodies the late St. N eots tradition in a very debased form, or rather that the precise
technique and well-defined character of the South Bond Street jug are here seen almost
completely devolved and assimilated into the common stock of the medieval potter. The
scanty evidence given above suggests that this process was well advanced soon after the
middle of the twelfth century.

Fig. 59. Pottery associated in Pit Med. I

1. Cooking-pot. Roughly wheel-turned, coarse grey ware, slightly gritty, with harsh light-red
surfaces, grey-toned outside. The pot is wide-mouthed, with rim sloping outwards. The sides
are almost vertical and thin-walled (3 mm.), and the base is sagging. The type is widespread
on early-twelfth-century sites, e.g. The Caburn, 2 Old Sarum early pits,3 Lydney Castle,4 &c.
A comparable cooking-pot and sherds of similar ware were associated with the late St. Neots
pottery at Alstoe Mount.s ·
2. Small cooking-pot. Hard fine pinkish-buff ware, smooth grey surface. Everted sloping rim,
globular body with trimming of the surface by a knife above the sagging qase. Similar small
cooking-pots formed one of the predominant types in late St. Neots ware at Alstoe Mount and
Stamford Castle. 6
3. Large deep bowl. Fine buff ware with grey tones outside. Heavily flanged rim bent downwards.
The sides slope gradually inwards to the s'agging base, above which the surface is knife-trimmed.
1 In the British Museum. Ant. J. vii, 322; Num. Chron. 4 Ibid. xi, 2 58, fig. 7, I 5.
1927, P· 244. s Ibid. xvi, 408, fig. 3, I 5.
2 Sussex Arch. Coll. lxxx, 209. 6 Ibid., 404 iE, fig. 3, 1-10 and fig. 5, 1-8.
3 Ant. J. xv, 187, fig. 4, 5.
 MEDIEVAL POTTERY 225

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Frn. 59. Twelfth-century pottery from Pit Med. I (!)

 MEDIEVAL POTTERY
The deep bowl with flanged rim is a constant type in late St. Neots ware at the sites already
quoted 1 and elsewhere in East Anglia. The shallow flanged bowl which also occurs widely has
not, however, been identified amongst the Jewry Wall pottery. . .
4. Large deep bowl with flanged rim, similar in type and ware to no. 3. The lower part of the
surface is knife-trimmed. ·
5. Globular vessel with vertical neck and moulded rim. Fine buff ware with smooth surface, grey
toned below the shoulder. The surface is knife-trimmed in large facets above the sagging base.
In shape and proportions, in rim-section and in the presence of a vertical neck, this pot is
evidently modelled on the pitcher with tubular spout and strap handles, well represented at
Stamford2 and by a large fragment from West Bridge, Leicester (fig. 61, 1). But the rim of
the Jewry Wall pot is complete, so that spout and handles were absent. The type is therefore
new to the late St. N eots series, and it may be called a jar; possibly it was used for storing honey
or dry foodstuffs ..
. 6. Jar of same type as no. 5, but larger. Fine whitish ware with buff surface, grey toned over
greater part of body, knife-trimmed above the base.

Fig. 60. Miscellaneous Pottery

I. U nstratified. Cooking-pot rim of grey ware, inside light brown; outside blackened and sooty.
Rim outbent and thickened. Band of roller-stamped pattern above the shoulder. Similar rims
with a variety of stamped patterns were found at Alstoe Mount and Stamford.J The complete
type is globular with a sagging base, as•from Normanton, Lincs.4
2. From disturbed Roman levels. Cooking-pot rim of grey ware with sparse flii;it grits. Rim
thickened and slightly hollowed inside.
3. From disturbed uppermost Roman levels. Cooking-pot rim, ware similar to no. 2, blackened
and sooty outside. Rim strongly outbent with pronounced hollow inside and internal beading,
as for a lid.
4. From disturbed Roman levels. Rim of large cooking-pot. Buff ware, grey on rim, with chance
spot of yellow glaze on inner margin of rim. Rim thickened and folded down very flatly, as at
Alstoe Mount.s
5. From disturbed Roman levels. Rim of large bowl of fine grey ware with buff surface. Heavily
flanged rim sloping downwards, and decorated on top with lines of roller-stamped pattern.
Similar bowls with a variety of stamped patterns were frequent at Alstoe Mount and Stamford.6
6. From robber trench of N. outer Portico wall. Fragment of large deep bowl. Fine buff ware
with light-green glaze on outer part of rim and side. Rim flanged, with thumb-pressed strip
applied along top surface. The bowl is exactly matched at Stamford.7
7. From robber trench of W. wall of central block of Baths. Large jug, roughly wheel-turned
with surface finished by hand. Coarse gritty grey ware, fired light-red on both surfaces and
grey toned outside. The jug has a splayed neck defined below by a broad low cordon. The
body is conical, widening to the greatest diameter at the base, which is sagging. The handle
springs from the rim, and though most of it is missing, it may be restored as broad and strap-
like after other fragments from the site.
Large jugs of this kind are fully developed in the Late Saxon period in East Anglia, for
1 Ant. J. xvi, 406 ff., fig. 4, 18-24 and fig. 6, 13-16. 5 Ibid., 404, fig. 3, 8-9.
2 Ibid., 410, fig. 6, I 6. 6 Ibid., 406 ff., figs. 4-6.
3 Ibid., 404 ff., figs. 3 and 5. 7 Ibid., 410, fig. 6, I 5.
4 Ibid., 410, fig. 7·
 MEDIEVAL POTTERY 227

instance the Ely jug decorated with bands of roller-stamped pattern. 1 The closest parallel for
the Jewry Wall jug is, however, a large plain example from St. Peter's, Bedford. A great deal
of pottery of St. Neots type has been found at various sites in Bedford, and most of it appears
to be tenth or eleventh century. 2 The Bedford material suggests that the Jewry Wall jug is

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Fw. 60. Miscellaneous twelfth-century pottery (i)

amongst the earliest of the medieval pottery from the site. A pre-Conquest date for it appears
to be precluded by the ware, which is almost identical with that of the larger cooking-pot from
the pit group (fig. 59, 1). For this reason the jug is referre~ to the early twelfth century
or possibly the late eleventh century.
8. From robber trench of wall between rooms VI and VII. Spout and rim of a pitcher. Fine
I Ant. J. iv, 37.1.
2 F. W. Kuhlicke, 'The Founding of Bedford', Bedford Modern School Field Club Journal, no. 4 (1937), pp. 116-23.
228 MEDIEVAL POTTERY
whitish ware with sharp sand, buff surface with thin pale-green glaze outside on neck. The
spout is tubular, springs from the upright neck, and is joined to the moulded rim. This spout,
several more fragments of pitchers, and a few broken strap handles also found on the site, are
all comparable with the pitcher: from West Bridge, Leicester (fig. 6 1, 1 ).
9. From the general medieval layer. Pottery lamp of coarse gritty grey ware with light-red sur-
face~ The lamp has a broad shallow cup to hold oil or fat on which the wick floated, and ends
in a thick spike. Medieval pottery lamps are described below, and for comparison three
lamps found elsewhere in Leicester are illustrated in fig. 61, 4-6.

Figs. 61-3.' Comparative Material in Leicester Museum

Pottery of St. Neots type is well represented at a number of sites in Leicester, and some of it
has been found stratified in excavations in recent years. The bulk of this material is remarkably
uniform in character, and agrees closely as to types, ware, and glaze with that from the Jewry
Wall. This suggests that in the early twelfth century Leicester was largely supplied by potters of
high technical skill working at a small group of kilns. No attempt is made to discuss this material
adequately here, but a few examples have been selected to amplify the Jewry Wall series.
I. Upper part of pitcher found in West Bridge, Leicester. Fine buff ware, partially covered by
thin yellow glaze. A tubular spout is attached to the rim, and three strap handles, one opposite
the spout and the others placed laterally, are joined to the upper part of the body. The restora-
tion of the drawing is based on a complete pitcher from Stamford. 1
2. (Pl. xx1 c.) Complete jug 9· 8 in. high, found about IO ft. deep in ·south Bond Street, Leicester.
Fine whitish ware with smooth buff surface. A light-green glaze covers most of the surface,'
and is thicker on the neck and above the shoulder. Round the body is a shallow irregular spiral
groove, the lowest turns erased by facetting of the surface above the base. The rim is outbent
with a small pinched-out lip, the neck is short and cylindrical, and the body is barrel-shaped
with a plain sagging base. The single strap handle springs from the rim, with two thumb-
marks at the attachment to the bulge. ·
In the early twelfth century, glazed jugs with pinched-out lips and a single handle are of less
frequent occurrence in the east Midlands than spouted pitchers like no. 1 ; the survival of a
complete example is therefore all the more noteworthy.
3. Skillet from Glast<'>n, Rutland; found in I 946 associated with fragments of a large flanged bowl
on a hearth of stones. Fine buff ware with light-brown surface, blackened by fire and sooty on
base and lowe.r part of side. The rim is flanged, and attached to it is a tubular socket for a
wooden handle.
Similar skillets in St. Neots ware are known from sever'al sites in the east Midlands and
East Anglia, e.g. Stamford, 2 Bedford, and in and near Cambridge. Their use as culinary
utensils for heating liquids over the fire is well demonstrated by the Glaston find.
4-6. Lamps from High Cross Street, Leicester; nos. 4 and 6 are marked with the same date of
finding in 18 64, and so may have been found together. The spiked lamp (no. 4) is of fine, smooth,
buff St. Neots ware. The other lamps are of thicker and coarser grey or black ware, like fig.
60, 9 from the Jewry Wall. No. 5 has a small flat base and no. 6 is provided with a pedestal
foot for standing on a shelf or table.
At Northampton pottery cresset-lamps of all the types represented at Leicester were found in
tenth- to eleventh-century associations, but the shapes lasted well on into the medieval period.3
1 Ant. J. xvi, 410, fig. 6, 16. 3 London Museum, Medieval Catalogue, p. 174, fig. 54,
2 Ibid., fig. 6, I 4. 5-8.
 MEDIEVAL POTTERY 229

3
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FIG. 61. Twelfth-century pottery from Leicester. No. 3 from Glaston, Rutland(!)

FIG. 62. Pot dated late twelfth

century from Leicester (!)

FIG. 63. Jug from Belgrave Gate,

Leicester (U
230 WHETSTONES
Whetstones (fig. 64)
1. From robber trench of Forum-period drain W. of N. apse of Baths. Whetstone of pale grey
granulite, 3·4 in. long. The top end with the original hole for suspension is broken away, and
new poles have been started on two adjacent sides. Dr. K. C. Dunham, of the Petrographical
Department, Geological Survey, reports as follows on a section of the hone: 'Quartz-mica
granulite, banded parallel to the length of the hone, composed of angular interlocking quartz
grains averaging o·o5-0·07 5 mm., with abundant tiny grains of recrystallized muscovite.
These have one axis parallel to the banding, but not two, i.e. the rock is not schistose. There
is a slight concentration of mica in some of the bands.
Calcite is present, and there is a little chlorite, as well as
scattered grains of an opaque material.'
2. From robber trench of Period IV drains immediately N. of
Period IV building. Whetstone of pale-grey granulite,
4· 4 in. long. The top is broken away, and the hone is much
worn down on all sides. Dr. Dunham reports thus on a
_ - section of the hone: 'Quartz-mica granulite, composed of
9 angular and sub-angular interlocked .quartz, of average
grain-size about o· 07 5 mm., but reaching o· 2 mm. in
,., places; with recrystallized white mica and greenish biotite
~ in tiny grains having one axis parallel to the banding.
Feldspar, zircon, apatite, magnetite and calcite are minor
2 constituents of the rock.'
Fw. 64. Whetstones of granulite (!) Whetstones were in common use throughout the Middle
Ages for sharpening knives, &c. A considerable number of
hones of mica-schist have been found in England,1 many of them in early medieval contexts,
arid in Dr. Dunham's opinion the two Jewry Wall hones are to be associated with these. T~e
schist hones appear to have a limited range in date. 2 In a few instances the hones are dated tenth
or eleventh century, but the majority have been found in deposits or at sites of the twelfth century.
At West Woodhay, Berks., a schist hone is securely dated middle or late thirteenth century, and
at Stonar the hones occur in a thirteenth-century context, but evidence is doubtful for their use
later. The material is foreign to the areas in which the hones are found in England, but extensive
deposits are in Brittany and !llore remotely in the Central Massif of France. Hones made of the
local schist have been found at a few medieval sites in both these regions, also farther north-east
in Normandy, and the dating is consistent with the English evidence.
The distribution of schist hones in England is densest in the south and south-eastern parts of
the country, and opportunity is here taken to republish the original map with additions (fig. 6 5).
It will be seen that many of the sites are along the south coast, also related to ports such as London,
Stonar, Pevensey, Southampton, Bristol, and Chester. Farther inland the hones are more scat-
tered, though many of the sites appear to be related to. traffic along the main rivers and roads.
The following schist hones are additions to the original list published in I 9 3 8 :
London and Westminster. London Museum, Medieval Catalogue, p. 293, pl. xc1v.
Stonar, Kent. Several hones found by Mr. W. P. D. Stebbing in the medieval layer at Stonar.
Arch. Cant. Iv, 49.
Oldbury, Ightham, Kent. Archaeologia, xc, I 66.
Churt, Surrey. Surrey Arch. Coll. xlvii, 90.
1 Proc. Isle of Wight Nat. Hist. and Arch. Soc. ii, 682-95. earlier date noted in the list are not necessarily contrary to this
2 Three instances of schist hones from sites of much statement, in view of the inconclusive nature of the evidence.
0 50 IOOMILES

•
FIG. 65.r,., Distribution-map of mdieval whetstones of mica-schist. Inset: schist hone from
- St. Giles' Hill, Winchester (!)
232 WHETSTONES
Croydon, Surrey. Hone apparently associated with iron axe-head in Anglo-Saxon grave.
Surrey Arch. Coll. xiii, 1 8.
St. Giles' Hill, Winchester. Associated with early twelfth-century pottery in pit. Present
publication fig. 65, inset. Winchester Museum.
Porchester, Hants. Found on allotments near the Castle. Winchester Museum.
Fifehead Neville, Dorset. Hone from Roman Villa, associations unknown. Dorset County
Museum.
Isle of Portland. Hone from beehive chamber; date uncertain, possibly Iron Age. Dorset
County Museum.
Trigon, near Wareham, Dorset. Hone and oak paddle or blade of spade, from silted-up bed of
river. Dorset County Museum.
Avebury, Wilts. Three hones with medieval sherds in top-soil. Oxoniensia, viii-ix, 106, fig. 35.
Avebury Museum.
Bascombe Down, Amesbury, Wilts. Broken hone and scratch-marked pottery of c. 1100 from
fi~ling of hole made at former opening of Barrow 8 5. Wilts. Arch. Mag. xlv, 433, pl. II, 10.
Salisbury Museum.
Old Sarum. Additional hone in Salisbury Museum.
Merton College, Oxford. Oxoniensia, viii-ix, 106, fig. 35.
Littlemore, Oxon. Op. cit.
Deddington Castle, Oxon. Hone with late-twelfth-century pottery. Information from Mr. E. M.
Jope.
Easton, Norfolk. Norwich Castle Museum.
Thetford, Norfolk. Several hones of schist and allied stone from the Late Saxon Settlement.
. Ministry of Works excavations.
Southwold, Suffolk. Hone 15 in. long.· Saffron Walden Museum.
Burnt Fen, near Cambridge. Pitt Rivers Museum, Oxford.
Southoe, Hunts. Two hones from excavations by Mr. G. L. Clayton in a circular earthwork at
Southoe Manor. One hone was stratified with pottery of the late eleventh or early twelfth
century.
Bedford. Hone, miscellaneous objects and pottery of twelfth century and later, from river
Ouse in widening of Bedford Bridge. Bedford Modern School Museum.
Coventry. Three hones from sites in Coventry. J. B. Shelton Collection.
Longdon, Worcs. Salisbury Museum.
Elloughton, Yorks. Hull Museum Publications, no. 198, p. 40, pl. II, B.
Knaresborough Castle, Yorks. Hone associated with twelfth-century pottery and iron objects, in
filling of castle ditch. Information from Mr. D. M. Waterman.
Peveril Castle, Derby. Ministry of Works Collection.
Chester. Three hones in Chester Muse um.

THIRTEENTH CENTURY
The pottery identified on type as belonging to the thirteenth century consists of a large
number of fragments of cook_ing-pots and jugs, the latter both glazed and unglazed,
which in the total amounts to rather more than half of the medieval pottery from the site.
It is probable that the pottery covers the greater part of the century, but until pottery
more accurately dated within this century is forthcoming in the Midlands it would be idle
to attempt fine distinctions. It would appear, however, that the bulk of the pottery,
certainly the cooking-pots with more developed rims and the jugs with heavier glaze,
 MEDIEV AL POTTER Y 233
slip decoration , &c., belong to the second half of the century. Fortunate ly one pit con-
tained six pots, i.e. three cooking-p ots, two jug necks, and a cauldron (figs. 66-7) which
are typical of much of the more fragmenta ry material. The group has close analogies in
the late thirteenth century, as quoted in the descriptions.
At Leicester itself the pit group has significant parallels with pottery found in the filling
of a well in Millstone Lane in I 940. This includes several large cooking-p ots, one very
similar to fig. 66, 2 in shape and rim section, and a sherd with an incised wavy line on the
inner slope of the rim, as on the same pot. In addition there is a large deep bowl with a
flanged rim and finger-pri nted strips down the side, and the rim of a pipkin. Jugs are
represente d by one with an ovoid body and plain sagging base, decorated with a spiral
groove above the shoulder and green glazed, and glazed sherds of another vessel with
applied strips and groups of scales. In ware, too, the Millstone Lane cooking-p ots compare
very closely with those from the Jewry Wall pit, and it is reasonable to infer that both
groups are products of the same kiln. The only medieval pottery kiln yet known in the
Leicester region was found and excavated in I 94 5 at Potters Marston, 8 miles south-wes t
of Leicester. The pottery made here comprises the wide range of types current in the
thirteenth century-j ugs, cooking-p ots, bowls, pipkins, lids, &c.-and several distinctive
features should make its recognitio n easy elsewhere. Prelimina ry corn parison of the Jewry
Wall pottery with that from the Potters Marston kiln failed to show any such character-
istics, and it appears therefore that the Jewry Wall pottery was made at some other kiln,
yet to be discovered.
Evidence is accumulat ing that the thirteenth century was the period par excellence for
decoration to be lavished on jugs. The Jewry Wall site has produced two notable vessels
decorated with conventio nalized foliage patterns, which are referred to different dates in
the second half of the century (figs. 69-72). Analysis and compariso n of the patterns on
the jugs suggest that they are in fact the products of a family of potters, whose reactions
they exhibit to the new influences animating the pottery industry during the course of
this century (pp. 236-8).

Fig. 66. Pottery associated in Pit Med. 2

1. Cooking-pot. Hard grey ware, slightly gritty, uneven surface, light red inside and outside.
The ~ase is discoloured black by fire. Angular rim with internal slope, body of pot almost·
straight-sided, with wide sagging base. In section the rim is very similar to several from Ray-
leigh Castle, Essex, 1 where occupation ceased c. 1270.
2. Cooking-pot. Ware similar to no. 1, with reddish-bu ff surface, discoloured black below the
shoulder. Rim similar to no. I but thicker and more developed, with wavy line incised on the
internal slope. Body globular, with deep sagging base.
In a deposit dated 1294 at Bungay Castle, Suffolk, 2 a great number of cooking-pots with
this form of rim were found, which together with the material from Rayleigh Castle constitute
the most relevant evidence for dating the Jewry Wall group to the latter part of the thirteenth
century.
1 Trans. Essex Arch. Sor. N.s. xit, 182, fig. 7. z Proc. Suffolk Institute of Archaeology, xxii, 33+, figs. l-9.
Hh
234 MEDIEV AL POTTER Y
3. Large cooking-pot. Hard grey ware, slightly gritty, buff to light-red surface, discoloured grey
below the shoulder. Rim heavily moulded, rounded on top, with sharp outer edge. Two shallow
girth-grooves below the neck. Body broad and squat; and deep sagging base~ Girth-groov es

2 5

FIG. 66. Thirteenth-c entury pottery fr~m Pit Med. 2 m

below the neck are a thirteenth- century feature, e.g. at Rayleigh Castle and also from a midden
at Ni ton, Isle of Wight. 1
4.· Upper part of jug. Grey ware, slightly gritty, buff to light-red surface. The rim has a narrow
cordon outside and a large pinched-ou t lip for pouring. The handle springs from the incurved
neck, but insufficient remains for its shape to be determined .
1 Proc. Isle of Wight Nat. Hist. and Arch. Soc. iii, I 29, fig. 1, 4-6.
 MEDIEVAL POTTERY 235
5. Upper part of jug. Ware similar to no. 4. The rim is in bent, joining the neck at a sharp angle.
The handle springs from the upper part of the incurved neck; it is broad and strap-like with a
groove down the middle and thumb-marks at the sides.
Fragments of jugs found elsewhere on the site suggest that the complete type had a tall
ovoid body, retracted or waisted above the base, which was of pedestal form and hollow under-
neath, as restored on figs. 69 and 7 r.

Fig. 67 and Pl. XXI, D. Restored Pottery Cauldron

Hard gritty grey ware_ with dark grey surface. In shape the vessel is a cooking-pot with the
addition of angular handles on opposite sides of the rim, and three long legs equidistant round the
base angle. It is r o! in. diameter, r 2 in. total height, legs 5 in. long.

FrG. 68. Storage-jars m

Frc. 67. Pottery cauldron from Pit Med. 2 (t)

This type, provided with angular handles and legs, is a pottery imitation of the metal cauldrons
in common use in the Middle Ages from the thirteenth century onwards.I A number of separate
elbow handles were found on the Jewry Wall site and also elsewhere in Leicester. Similar vessels
or the handles for them have been found at a number of sites in south England, mostly in or near
London.
Fig. 68. Storage-jars
Two heavy rims are identified as from storage-jars. This is a new type beginning in the thir-
teenth century, of which about a dozen examples have been recorded recently, and it is suggested
that these huge vessels, about 24 in. high and r 8 in. diameter, were used for storing grain or other
perishable foodstuffs. 2 The jars are usually decorated, some quite elaborately, with applied finger-
printed strips reaching from the neck to the base, as on the Jewry Wall fragments. Most of the
storage-jars have been found in east and south-east England, and Leicester is the most northerly
site yet recorded.
1 London Museum, Medieval Catalogue, p. 205, fig. 68 now proves that storage-jars originated earlier, and they
and pl. LVI (metal) and p. 224, fig. 74 (pottery). were present in the St. Neots group in the Late Saxon
, 2 Ant. J. xix, 303. Evidence obtained in 1948 at Thetford period.
 MEDIEVAL POTTERY
I. From Pit Med. 3. Upper part of storage-:-jar. Hard coarse gritty grey ware, buff surface.
Rim sloping outwards. Decorated with applied finger-printed strips passing vertically down
the body.
2. From the general medieval layer in N. outer Portico of Forum. Upper part of storage-jar.
Coarse gritty grey ware, light-red surface. Heavy rim, expanded on both sides and rounded
on top. Applied finger-printed strips on body, similar to no. r.

Figs. 69-72 and Pl. xx. Decorated Jugs

Two glazed and decorated jugs are outstanding in quality, and they are of considerable interest
in regard to the technical and artistic development of local pottery in the thirteenth century.
The jugs are remarkably similar in many respects. The shape is a tall ovoid with the neck gradually
widening into the curve of the body. The lower parts are missing, but in all probability they were
of the waisted form with moulded flat base, of which there are several examples from the site.
The handles, too, are very similar in form and technique, and both are marked by a line of incisions
down the middle. The decoration, however, is the most remarkable feature of both jugs, and con-
sists of scrolls and tendrils forming conventionalized tree or foliage patterns.
There are, however, significant differences to be noted. The ware of the first jug is grey and the
walls are thick, and the glaze is thin and patchy; in both respects the jug appears to owe something
to the texture and glaze of the late St. Neots fabrics of the preceding century. In contrast to this,
the ware of the second jug is better levigated and fired more thoroughly, the surface is a uniform
buff, and the walls are much thinner. The glaze is better in quality, lustrous, and applied more
evenly. In technique the decoration on the first jug lacks finish and the lines of slip are very variable
in width and in emphasis, whereas on the second vessel the elements of the pattern are narrow lines
of slip, applied with greater skill and sureness, and the scale of the design is more harmoniously
related to the area available for ornament.
The dating of these two jugs is determined by analogy. The shape of the jugs, a tall ovoid or
bulbous body retracted towards the flat base, is derived from the slender baluster jugs of the
thirteenth century. Comparable ovoid jugs are well represented in a long series covering the
whole of the thirteenth century from the site of the Bodleian Library extension in Broad Street,
Oxford, 1 where they appear about the middle of the century..
Analysis of the decoration leads to the same conclusion. Plastic curvilinear ornament on jugs
makes its appearance during the first half of the thirteenth century, and is best known in the
notable series of jugs from White Castle, Monmouthshire, 2 and also on jugs from Clarendon
Palace, near Salisbury. At these sites the pattern takes the form of discrete S or C-shaped scrolls,
which apparently were not combined in more elaborate designs until later in the century.
Consideration of both kinds of evidence, then, suggests that the first Jewry Wall jug may be
dated about the middle of the thirteenth century, and that it represents an early stage in the
reaction of the potters to the new artistic impulses and improvements in technique and glazing
that were affecting English ceramics in the course of this century.
The dating of the second jug depends partly on the date given to the first jug and partly on
analogy and general evidence. If it may be taken for granted that this jug is later in date than the
other, then it should be placed after the middle of the century. On the other hand, the evidence
from Nottingham (p. 244) shows that, in this part of the Midlands at least, curvilinear patterns
survived in only a degenerate form in the early fourteenth century. Symmetrical foliage designs,
usually carried out in slip or in applied strips, with the junctions and leaves sometimes emphasized
1 Oxoniensia, iv, 105, fig. 24, J; cf. ibid. vii, 73, fig. 17,.i. 2 .Ant. J. xv, 330, fig. l, 3 and 5, and fig. 2, 6-8.
 MEDIEV!\L PO TTERY 237
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i' decorated Jug 4
-
FIG. 69. Thirteenth-century

FIG. 7o.
238 MEDIEVAL POTTERY
by tool cuts or in the form of raised scales, are known on jugs from several localities ip the southern
part of the country, and in their most mature form appear to belong to the close of the thirteenth
century. Reference may be made to a jug with dark green glaze from London,1 with a bridge-
spout of the parrot-beak shape characteristic of this period. Another jug (undated) with tree
designs of applied strips and scroll ends to the branches is published from Bristol. 2
The panel of vertical strips and rows of pellets down the front of the Leicester jug (fig. 72)
differs in character from the rest of the design. Similar 'strip and pellet' patterns are known an
several jugs, e.g. from Old Sarum.3 The arrangement of the pellets in pairs at each side of the
medial notched strip on the Leicester jug suggests that it may also be in imitation of the sewn
junction of a leather vessel or 'black jack'. Similar decoration based on leatherwork is not in-
frequent, and usually it is in the form of notching or tool cuts over the structural joins of the body
or spout, as at Kidwelly Cfl,stle.4
The conclusion is, therefore, that the second Jewry Wall jug dates from the close of the
thirteenth century, and in any case it may with some confidence be referred to the last quarter of
the century.
The above analysis points to a close relationship existing between these two jugs, not only in
time but in craftsmanship. The parallels quoted above suggest that the .first jug may be dated
about the middle of the thirteenth century and the second jug towards the close of the same century.
If that is so, then the two vessels were made by a family of potters working in the same tradition,
and the later jug is the lineal descendant of the earlier. The first jug would thus represent an early
phase in the work of the potters, when they were still using fabrics and glazing changed but little
from those of the previous century, and experience was being gained in the newly introduced
curvilinear patterns of plastic decoration. The second jug, perhaps less than half a century later
than the other, is the result of greater familiarity and competence in the art of glazing and decora-
tion, and indeed this jug shows a technical mastery of materials and an artistic appreciation of
plastic ornament which give it a place of merit in any collection of English pottery of the thirteenth
century. '
Figs. 69-70 and Pl. xx, A-B. Decorated Jug
From robber trench of W. wall of central block of Baths. Jug of fine hard ware with sharp
sand, light grey inside to half thickness, then whitish with buff surface. The· walls are thick, about
7 mm. above the shoulder, and the inside shows heavy rilling whilst on the wheel, also present
outside above the shoulder. It is covered with glaze over the greater part of the body and down
the back of the handle. The glaze is fairly thick in places over the decoration and here has darker
specks, but mainly it is thin, medium to light green, patchy, and dull. The body of the pot is
ovoid, tending to biconical, and the neck forms a continuous curve with the body. The lower part
and base are missing, but may be restored with strong probability as a moulded flat base, as repre-
sented by several examples from the site. The neck is broken off below the rim, but in front it
shows an outward curve, so that a pinched-out spout was certainly present. As restored in the
drawing the height is I 6 to I 7 in. and the shoulder diameter is 7! in.
The handle is broad and strap-like, and is grooved down the back. It springs from the upper
part of the neck and is attach_ed just above the shoulder. Across the top of the handle is a transverse
row of deep stab-marks made by a blade-like tool or the point of a knife, and similar incisions are
in a line down the whole length of the handle. The lower end has large thumb-marks securing
the junction with the body of the pot.
The decoration covers the neck and body of the pot. It is carried out in lines of slip in low relief
1 London Museum, Medieval Catalogue, p. 2 r +, pl. LXII, r. 3 Wilts. Arch. Mag. xlvi, 266, pl. v, fig. 2, 2, with further
2 Burlington Fine Arts Club, Illustrated Catalogue of references.
Early English Earthenware (r9r4), p. 8, no. 28, pl. III. 4 Archaeologia, lxxxiii, r ro, fig. 5, P 20.
 MEDI EVAL POTT ERY 239
tree design of a central
and variabl e in width. On each side is a symme trical conven tionaliz ed
scales.
stem with three pairs of branche s. The junctio ns are marked by raised
the spout is a symme trical foliage design of reverse d paired scrolls joined
On the front beneath
At the junctio ns of scrolls
to a central stem. The free ends of the scrolls termina te in large pellets.
es, as on the tree designs .
and stem, and in the central space betwee n the scrolls, are paired branch

Figs. 71-2 and Pl. xx, c-D. Decorated Jug

buff surfaces. It has
From the general mediev al layer. Jug of fine hard sandy grey ware with
s light green, in places
an overall glaze on the body and handle ; the glaze is thick and even, lustrou
mergin g in a continu ous
mottled a darker tone. In shape the pot is ovoid, with the neck and body
The comple ted vessel
curve. The lower part is missing , but is restore d with a moulde d flat base.
is about I 6 in. high and 7! in. should er diamet er.
from the neck and
The handle is long and strap-li ke and groove d down the middle . It springs
down the middle of the
is attache d to the shoulde r. Across the top is a row of stab-m arks, and
marks at the sides.
handle is a line of similar deep incisions. The lower end has large thumb-
lines of dark brown
The decorat ion covers the entire neck and body, and is execute d in narrow
d paired scrolls and a
slip in low relief. On each side is a symme trical foliage design of reverse rows of
lar pellets with
central stem. The junctio ns of the stem are marked by large triangu
scrolls.
incised notches , from which subsidi ary notche d tendrils pass to the lateral
is a large vertical panel of narrow strips, the medial one marked by
On the front of the pot d in pairs.
centres , arrange
small notches . Down each space is a line of large pellets with hollow ed
The panel is linked to the foliage design at each side by notche d strips.

Figs. 73-5. Comparative Material from Coventry

ry have produc ed
In the course of the past twenty years, excavations on several sites in Covent
watche d throug hout by
an abunda nce of mediev al finds. The excavations have been assiduo usly
on of antiqui ties, remark -
Mr. J.B. Shelton , the City Chamb erlain, who has formed a large collecti
quality of some of the
able alike for the range and variety of the objects and the outstan ding
later periods , from the
materia l. 1 The collection include s pottery of the whole of the mediev al and
Shelton has kindly per-
twelfth century onward s, and for the purpos e of the present report Mr.
l from the Jewry Wall.
mitted the inclusio n of two jugs which have a close bearing on the materia
Lane, Covent ry. It
The first jug (fig. 73) was found on the site of Lloyds Bank, Grey Friars
glaze covers most of the
is of hard sandy whitish ware with light buff surface. Yellow ish-gre en
of undisso lved glaze.
body and the handle ; it is fairly thin and evenly applied , with a few spots
The rim is thicken ed
In shape the pot is a broad ovoid, slightly retracte d above the wide base.
pinche d-out into a small
and bevelle d inside, and below it is a broad flat mouldi ng. The rim is
thumb- marks; these do
spout for pouring . The base is sagging and the angle has overlap ping
and the should er diamet er
not, howeve r, reach to the lowest level of the base. The height is I 2t in.
is Si in.
springs from the neck
The handle is strap-s haped with a broad groove down the middle . It
at the sides. Across the
and is attache d to the shoulde r. At both ends are large thumb- marks
the handle. The marks are
top is a row of stab-m arks, and a similar line runs down the back of
by the tip of a sharply
triangu lar and deeply penetra te the handle ; appare ntly they were made
pointed knife.
parts are rounde d in
The decorat ion is carried out in dark chocola te-brow n slip; the curved
nt on one side for the
section s and the leaves flat. Althou gh very fragme ntary, there is sufficie
am Arch. Soc. lviii, 56-62.
1 A selection of the finds has been published by Mr. P. B. Chatwin in Trans. Birmingh
 MEDIEVAL POTTERY
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FIG. 7 I. Th"Irteenth-century decorated jug (!)

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FIG. 72. Development of pattern on decorated jug (!)
 MEDIEVAL POTTERY
pattern to be restored as. a symmetrical foliage design of three leaves at the top with scrolls spring-
ing from the stem lower down, and space for another pair of leaves at the bottom.
The jug has a very close relationship to both the decorated jugs from the Jewry Wall. In a
simpler form the decoration combines all the elements in the pattern of the earlier jug (fig. 70),
whilst the use of brown colour for the decoration, the narrower slip lines, and the better technical
finish generally appear to bring it closer in date to the second Jewry \Vall jug. In its broad ovoid
shape, however, it differs from the other jugs of this group. The shape is a frequent one for jugs
throughout the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, whereas the taller and more slender ovoid, allied
to the baluster types of London, Oxford, Old Sarum, and Clarendon Palace, appears to have
originated about the middle of the thirteenth century.

Fie. 73. Thirteenth-century decorated jug from Coventry(!)

The second jug from Coventry (figs. 74-5) was found at the bottom of a well on the same site
in Grey Friars Lane. It is of hard sandy buff ware with buff surface. The walls are thick, about
6-7 mm., except the base which is only 3-4 mm. thick. Glaze covers the entire surface and the
handle; it is thick and even on the body, thinner above the base. The glaze is mottled dark green,
good in quality and lustrous. In shape the jug is a tall and graceful ovoid, changing in profile
from the neck to the body and again waisted above the base. The rim is sharply inbent and beaded,
with a deep vertical collar set outwards from the neck. The jug is provided with a bridge-spout,
attached to the collar well below rim level, and the spout is prolonged as a sort of trough down the
neck. The lip of the spout is mostly broken away, but the attachment shows that it projected
slightly upwards. The base is sagging and the angle has continuous large thumb-marks giving
the effect of fluting, but these do not reach to the lowest level. The jug is 1 5 in. high and 7 in.
shoulder diameter. ·
The handle springs from the upper part of the neck and is attached to the shoulder, where it
is marked by two large thumb-impression s. The greater part of the handle is missing, but enough
remains to show that it was strap-like, deeply grooved down the middle, and had stab-marks
across the upper end and. down the back.
I 1
 MEDIEVAL POT TER Y

Frc. 74. Thirte enth-c entury decorated jug

from Coven try (!)

try (t)
Frc. .7 5. Devel opmen t of patter n on decorated jug from Coven
 MEDIEV AL POTTER Y 243
The decoration is effectively carried out in dark brown slip in high relief. The framework of
the pattern consists of three vertical strips or panels unequal in width, narrow on each side, and
doubled under the spout. Subsidiary decoration is formed by large applied pellets with hollowed
centres, very similar to those on the second jug from Leicester (compare figs. 72 and 75); the
pellets are not coloured brown, but green glazed as on the surface of the pot. The pellets occur
in two vertical lines in the double panel beneath the spout, as a single line in the narrow panel
on one side, and as terminals to the scrolls and the convention alized foliage patterns which spring
from the upper and lower ends of the panels, from both sides of the central panel and laterally
from the side panels.
The panel on the opposite side (fig. 7 5) is filled by a sinuous sea-serpent with five fins or paddles,
each marked by incised lines. Its long jaws are open, and the eye is a pellet with hollowed centre.
This realistic figure is entirely carried out in dark brown slip. At the side of this panel, above
the foliage pattern, are two pairs of sloping parallel lines, each ending in a pellet, with a row of
incised notches between each pair.
Analysis of the developed pattern (fig. 7 5) reveals the basic symmetry of the design, the two
narrow side panels balancing the wider centre panel. The foliage elements serve as links con-
necting the three panels; their curves soften the formal vertical scheme of the panels and also unite
them in a harmoniou s composition. As an example of the combinatio n of the familiar 'strip and
pellet' pattern, foliage elements, and a naturalistic figure, the dec;oration embodies a variety of
motifs and techniques as wide as on any known vessel of the medieval period. The jug may there-
fore be justly regarded as one of the finest efforts of the medieval potter in this country. Considered
together, the four jugs from Leicester and Coventry demonstrat e the existence in this part of the
Midlands of a flourishing group of potters, whose artistic standards and technical ability rank as
high as any in the whole of England.
The date of the second Coventry jug is indicated by the form and position of the bridge-spo ut.
In southern England the bridge-spo ut is usually attached to the rim, and its edge either rises above
the rim or is level with it; in this developed form it clearly imitates the 'parrot-bea k' spout of
imported polychrome ware in the last quarter of the thirteenth century. 1 In the Midlands the
few bridge-spo uts known are comparable in size and shape with those in the south, but they are
attached below rim level. A good example is the spout on the highly decorated jug from Parlia-
ment Street, Nottingham , 2 which has the same trough-like form as the spout on the Coventry jug.
Farther north still, the bridge-spo ut undergoes reduction in size, is rounded in plan, attached at
rim level or below it, and the lip has a tendency to droop. This derivative spout may be dated
c. I 300 or soon after, since examples were found at Dunstanbu rgh Castle,3 built in 1313.
The evidence of the bridge-spo ut thus corroborates the date to which the jug may be assigned
on general considerations of style, shape, and glaze, and it may be referred to the closing years
of the thirteenth century. It is thus contempor ary with the later jug from the Jewry Wall, to
which, indeed, many of its features have a close family likeness, and it provides some independen t
evidence for the date already given to that vessel for other reasons.
A Note on Fairs as a Factor in the Distributio n of Pottery
The detailed descriptions of the jugs from Coventry, and comparison with the correspond ing
jugs from the Jewry Wall, fully bring out the very close relationship existing between these vessels.
In fact it is an eminently reasonable deduction that all four jugs are the product of the same group
or family of potters working over a period of fifty years or less. As already noted (p. 233), the
character of the Jewry Wall jugs points to a local origin in or near Leicester, and it follows that.
the other jugs reached Coventry, a distance of 22 miles, from the same source. The explanation
1 London Museum, Medieval Catalogue, p. 2 I 5, pl. LXII, r 2 Trans. Thoroton Soc. xxxvi, 85, pl. II, I.
and fig. 69, 3; Sussex Arch. Coll. lxxiv, 62, pl. xrv, 4. 3 Arch. Aeliana, 4th Series, xiii, 286, fig. 3, 4-5.
 MEDIEV AL POTTE RY
foay be sought in the trading of pottery for sale at the fairs, and these remarks may fitly include
one or two instances in which fairs are indicated as the factor in the distributi on of medieval
pottery between the larger towns. It should perhaps be emphasiz ed that the identification of
pottery traded by this (or any other) means is only likely to lead to useful results in the case of
material with specific local characteristics, or recognizable as the product of known kilns. In both
these respects the study of English medieval pottery has hardly advanced sufficiently for more
than a brief mention of the possibilities.
A distinctive green-gla zed jug, probably mid-thirt eenth century, found in Cark Street, Leicester,
is decorated with applied strips and pellets of white clay, and each pellet has the impression of
a neatly-cut trellis-pattern stamp. The handle is grooved spirally, giving the appearan ce of a rope
or cable; and the sagging base is plain without thumbing of the angle. A second jug of precisely
this character is from Northam pton Castle, and at Bedford two sherds with identical decoration
were found in a miscellaneous collection of medieval objects during the widening of Bedford
Bridge. In this instance Northam pton appears to be the centre of distributi on, the distances being
29 miles to Leicester and 26 miles to Bedford.
Evidence is accumula ting that the medieval pottery of London was to a considerable extent
supplied by kilns in Surrey. Here the material itself is supported by documen tary evidence for
the London orientation of the Surrey pottery industry as early as the middle of the thirteenth
century. Later on, the fifteenth-century kiln at Cheam sent its distinctive red-paint ed jugs and
pitchers to London, and many of the plain jugs, bowls, pipkins, &c., found in great numbers in
the City are most probably from the same source.I
Finally, the fact that pottery travelled long distances even earlier in the Middle Ages is proved
by the discovery at Oxford 2 of a yellow-glazed pitcher with tubular spout, an early twelfth-c entury
type, which was certainly made in East Anglia, and probably in the Cambridg e region. The
journey, 6 5 miles, is at present the record for long-dista nce trade in medieval pottery in this
country.

FOl!RT EENTH CENTU RY

It is uncertai n to what extent the making of finely decorate d jugs was continue d during
the early fourteen th century. The dated material , scanty though it is, clearly shows that
changes were now taking place in the pottery industry , due partly to the standard izing
effect of mass-pro duction and partly to the influenc e of metalwork.3 Fortunat ely for the
present purpose, the longest series of relevant material is from a kiln in Parliame nt Street,
Nottingh am, where a large number of jugs in several sizes and shapes, cooking- pots,
pipkins, &c., are dated by coins to the first half of the fourteen th century.4 One of the
most distinctiv e types at Nottingh am is a tall ovoid jug with waisted foot and flat base,
evidentl y d.erived from types similar to the two jugs from the Jewry Wall referred to the
precedin g century. The decorati on is such as could easily be made whilst the pot .was
still turning on the wheel, and frequent ly the body is merely marked by cordons or by a
'broad zone of rilling of the surface. Jugs of this type haye been found in Leiceste r, and
it is proqable that some of the flat bases with thick dark-gre en glaze from the Jewry Wall
belong to jugs of this kind. But applied and plastic decorati on still occur at Nottingh am,
1 The evidence is given in detail
in the London Museum 2 Oxoniensia, v, 42.
Medieval Catalogue, pp. 211, 226. See also Trans. English 3 Cf. London Museum, Medieval Catalogue, pp. 222 if.
Ceramic Circle, vol. ii ( r 94 5), p. 2 34· 4 Trans. Thoroton Soc. xxxvi, 79.
 MEDIEVAL POTTERY
either as individual stamps irregularly spaced over the body or as scrolls and meanders
in relief; 1 the latter apparently a degenerate version of designs such as that on the second
jug from the Jewry Wall. Much pottery of about the same stage of development is from
1<1________________\

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FIG. 76. Fourteenth-century decorated jug(!)

FIG. 77. Development of pattern on decorated jug (!)

a kiln at Ashton, near Chester, where tall ovoid jugs also form a leading type. Here
stamps were more fr~ely used than at Nottingham, sometimes in combination with
incised crosses and stylized floral patterns. 2
1 Trans. Thoroton Soc. viii, 55, pl. 1v; xxxvi, 85, pl. n. 2 Liverpool Annals of Archaeology, xxi, I 5, figs. 3-4.
 MEDIEVAL POTTERY
A jug from the Jewry Wall is referred to the first half of the fourteenth century on the
strength of these analogies and considerations. In shape and technique, and above all in
the character of its decoration, it is related to the two jugs already described, though
decline is apparent not only in technical skill but in artistic values. The former is
manifest in the thicker ware and clumsier throwing of the pot on the wheel~ the inferior
quality of the glaze, the lack of character in the handle, and in the treatment of the slip
lines of the decoration, which are very variable in width and in several places are badly
smudged~ The change in artistic values may be appreciated by comparing the develop-
ment of the pattern (fig. 77) with those of the earlier vessels (figs. 70 and 72). Although
there is a lingering feeling for curvilinear elements in the two central panels, straight
lines and geometric forms dominate the pattern. The decoration occupies the entire
field, so that the balance between pattern and background, admirably maintained on the
earlier vessels, is now lost. The crowded effect is increased by smothering all available
spaces with large stamps.

Figs. 76-7 and Pl. XXI, A-B. Decorated Jug

U nstratified. Jug of hard light grey ware with buff surface. The walls are thick, 7-8 mm. above
the shoulder, and the inside shows heavy wheel-marks, which are also present outside from neck
to base. The glaze covers the neck, handle, and body down to the base, with only a few unglazed
areas on the lower part beneath the handle. The glaze is green, thick and shiny on one side above
the shoulder, but over most of the surface it is dull, speckled, and imperfectly fused. The shape
is a tall ovoid, slightly retracted towards the base, which has a moulded edge and rises in a tall
hollow at the centre. The neck is marked by a deep groove running spirally, dividing the surface
into cordons. The rim is missing, but it has been restored in the drawing after a jug of similar
shape in the Leicester Museum. The height was about 14 in. and shoulder diameter 6-! in.
The handle is short and strongly curved, springing from the neck and attached to the shoulder.
At both ends it is marked by large thumb-impressions. The section is oblong, and down the back
are a few holes made by a pointed tool.
The decoration covers the upper part of the body from the neck to below the shoulder. It is
carried out in lines of thick slip, forming a series of vertical panels unequal in width. On the
front two panels are filled with wavy lines, and at the sides the broader panels have chevrons
and parallel sloping lines respectively. Subsidiary decoration is formed by a large circular stamp
about o· 8 in. diameter, consisting of an 8-rayed wheel inside a hatched border. A stamp marks
the upper end of each line forming a panel, also the junctions of shorter lines with. the panels. As
well stamps occur in vertical series in the narrower panels on each side, and separately in the larger
panels, where they are used simply to fill up the spaces.

FIFTEENTH CENTURY
The fifteenth century is .characterized by simple pottery forms. The jugs are either
plain or have decoration of the simplest kind made whilst the pot was turning on the
wheel. Glaze is restricted to a large patch or bib on the front below the lip; it is usually
dark brown with a purple tone. The ware of these jugs is distinctive; it is close-textured
and very thoroughly fired, so that the fabric becomes partially fused and resembles
 MEDIEVAL POTTERY
stoneware. 1 Fortunately Leicester Castle has produced a jug closely dated to the early
fifteenth century which has this character (fig. 79). It was found in the lower filling of
the garderobe pit attached to the Turret Gatehouse, which is da_ted by documentar y
evidence to 1422-3. Two small jugs from the Jewry Wall are referred to this century
because of the close similarity of their ware and character to that of the Leicester Castle
jug. A feature which is shown by the Leicester Castle jug and one from the Jewry Wall
(fig. 58, l) may here be commented on. This is the spiral groove on the body, a simple
motif revived from earlier in the medieval period (p. 224), but whereas in the twelfth

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FIG. 78. Fifteenth-centu ry jugs W Frc. 79. Jug dated early fifteenth century
from Leicester Castle (!)

century the groove extends over most or the whole of the body (cf. fig.·61, 2), in the
fifteenth century it is restricted to the part above the shoulder. Another feature common
earlier, thumb-press ing of the base, which originated in the thirteenth century to steady
the sagging bases of jugs, is also revived in the fifteenth century and occurs as continuous
frilling round the base of the Leicester Castle jug.

Fig. 78. Plain Jugs

I. From robber trench of Baths period drain west of entrance to Basilica. Medium-size d jug.
Grey ware, fired very hard and partly fused. Purplish-brow n pimply surface, with few small
patches of glaze on front. Rim everted and squared on top. The neck meets the body at an
open angle. The body is cylindrical and is encircled by a shallow groove running spirally.
Plain flat base, concave at centre. The small handle is grooved down the back, and its lower
end is marked by long thumb-impres sions. ·
2. U nstratified. Small jug. Light red gritty ware, partly fused. Dull-brown pimply surface, no
glaze. Rim sharply everted and squared on outer edge. Spreading neck demarcated by an
offset from the broad squat body. Broad flat base. The handle springs from the upper part
of the neck and is grooved down the back.
1 Pottery with these characteristics has recently been published from Oxford, see E. M. Jope in Oxoniensia, vii, 76.
 MEDIEV AL POTTER Y

Fig. 79. Jug from Leicester Castle

Jug found in excavations conducted by Mr. F. Cottrill in 1939, in clearing the garderobe pit
of the Turret Gatehouse, built in 1422-3. 1 The jug was at the bottom of the pit, in a layer of
powdered sandstone and mortar fragments left by the builders of the gatehouse, and it is thus
accurately dated to the early fifteenth century.
The jug is of dark grey ware, fired very hard and partially fused. The outside is brown and
pimply in texture, the inside is red toned and heavily wheel-marked. It is pear-shaped, with the
profile sagging below the bulge; height rot in., bulge diameter 6! in. The rim is square in section,
sloping outwards, and has a pinched-ou t lip. The glaze is purple-brow n in a large patch on the
front from the rim down to the bulge. A groove runs spirally round the body above the bulge.
The base is hollow at the centre, and its edge is continuously frilled by thumb-mar ks. The handle
is plain, with a deep groove down the back. It has thumb-mar ks on each side at the top, and at the
lower end are three deep thumb-mar ks, each with a groove made by the nail down the middle.
1 L. Fox, 'Leicester Castle', Trans. Leics. Arch. Soc. xxii, r 54.
 SMALL FINDS
BROOCH TYPES
The types are based on those of Collingwood, Archaeology of Roman Britain, chap. XV.

Fig. 80
I. Type A. I-piece brooch, simple coil spring, chord passing beneath rod-bow, flat curve.
From disturbed levels. I example from SE. III, 2 each II and disturbed levels. Cf. Rich-
bor.ough II, pl. xv1, I, unstratified (bow flattened and not rod), where list of occurrences is
given; Woodcuts, pl. x1, 7; Hofheim, pl. Ix, q2.
The type is an early one, beginning before the Roman invasion and hardly lasting beyond
the end of the first century.
2. Type B. 1. Similar brooch, bow more strongly curved. From disturbed levels, with I other
similar example.
3. Similar, from II.
2 and 3 cf. Newstead, pl. Lxxxv, I, A.D. So; Perulamium, fig. 43, 2, A.D. 40-75; Wroxeter
I9J6-7, fig. I5, 2; Claudian, Rotherley, pl. xcix, 7; Hofheim, pl. Ix, 179 (type IV, fairly
common).
This type is a variation of the last and is also early. Its occurrence in the north of England
is exceptional, and it had therefore largely gone out of use before the occupation was firmly
established.
4. Type F. I. Coiled spring, simple rod-bow, chord of spring passing over top and secured by
catch, rudimentary casing to spring, catch-plate pierced by 3 holes. From IV. 2 similar
examples from II, I each IV and VI, 2 disturbed levels. Cf. Lydney, fig. I 2, I 3; Woodcuts I,
pl. xiv, 10; Wroxeter I92J-7, fig. 36, H. 105, Flavian; Richborough I, pl. xn, 1, first century;
Perulamium, fig. 44, 26, late first-early second century; Allington (Swarling Report), pl. xv, 14.
This is another pre-Roman type, lasting down to the end of the first century. It is again a
southern type. A brooch of the same Belgic or sub-Belgic type but with unusual ornament on
the bow comes from Gringley-on-the-H ill, Notts., Ant. J. xviii, p. 4Io, which is the most
northerly occurrence recorded.
5. Type F. 2. Similar to F. I. Multiple coil. From pre-Forum, with 1 example from VI and
2 from disturbed levels.
6. Type H. I. Pin hinged, bow plain rod, humped in profile. Some ornament is missing from
the head. From disturbed levels.
7. Type H. 2. Pin hinged, wide arms, bow humped and 'dolphin shaped', tapering downwards
and ornamented at top by 2 impressions. Solid catchplate. From I.
4 similar types, without the decoration on the bow, came from disturbed levels.
8. Similar, body ornamented with central keel and oblique ribs on outer side. From I.
This type is found mostly in the south and Wales, and is predominately first century but
may last into the second century.
9. Type K. Coiled spring. Loop over head secured by catch, tapering strip bow, grooved
down centre. From disturbed levels.
10. Type L. 2. Pin hinged, bow divided into 2 sections, lower one expanding at foot, upper
section decorated with raised rib, lower with incised dot and circle. From VI.
This type does not correspond closely to any of those of Collingwood, but with its division
into halves, and its flat section, seems to come closest to his type L.
Kk
2

13

14 15
FIG. 80. Brooch types m
 SMALL FINDS
I I. Type M. Pin hinged, plain tapering strip bow, casing of hinge-pin continued over head of
bow in a triangular plate. Catch-plate broken, but it may have been pierced. Pre-Forum.
12. Type N. Rim hinged, tapering strip bow, cast head loop. From III.
I 3· Type P. Pin hinged, segmental strip bow with wings. From I.
2 examples each from I and
II and 1 each from IV and disturbed levels. Cf. Wroxeter I92J-7, fig. 36, H. 7, pre-Flavian;
Verulamium, fig. 43, 6. This type is an early one and similar examples are found at Hofheim,
pl. x, 241-6.
A fragmentary example, of the same general type but round centre-plate, came from pit 7
(Flavian, seep. 132).

2
FIG. 81. Brooch types (cont.) (l)

14. Type Q. Pin hinged, bow humped, head stud and head loop, bow decorated with lozenges.
·From I. This is a late development of the heacf-stud type, as all vestige of the catch has
vanished.
1 5. Type S. I. Trumpet head, angular central moulding, fantail foot. Cf. Newstead, pl. Lxxxv, 2.
From VI.
Fig. 81
1. Type S. 4. T-shaped head with head loop, semicircular plate in centre of bow with St.
Andrew's cross and remains of enamel. From III.
2. Type T. Crossbow type, with heavy terminal knobs. From disturbed levels. Cf. Lydney,
fig. 13, 26-7. This is a common late-third-early-fourth-century type in southern England
and in Germany ..
3. Type V. Knee-shaped brooch, with. semicircular plate at head. From VL Cf. Newstead,
pl. Lxxxvu, 30, probably Antonine; Woodcuts, pl. x, 7; Segontium, fig. 58, I.
.The knee-shaped types of brooch, though found in the south, are more common in the
north.
Fig. 82
I. Type AA. I. Disc brooch, round. From IV. Cf. Wroxeter I92J-7, pl. 4 7, H. So. Flavian.
2. Type AA. 2. Disc brooch, edge scalloped. From disturbed levels.
3. Similar, edge more spiky, remains of enamel in field. From VI.
4. Similar, tinned. From I.
5. Type BB. Animal brooch, running hare, blue enamel on body. From VII.
 2 52 SMALL FINDS
6. Type CC. 1. Penannular brooch, terminals coiled. From II, with 1 example from VII.
7. Type CC. 2. Penannular brooch, terminals knobbed. From disturbed levels.
8. Similar brooch. Knobs grooved. From VI.
Other examples from SE. III, II, and 2 from disturbed levels.
9. Type CC. 3. Large penannular brooch with zoomorphic terminals, of the type classified by
Kilbride-Jones ('The Evolution of Penannular Brooches with Zoomorphic Terminology in
Great Britain and Ireland', Proc. Royal Irish Academy, vol. xliii) as Northern Developed Form.
The brooch does not seem to fit exactly into any of the groups within this type. It is somewhat

0
": 3
:-_-__ ....

.,
7 .
6

Frc. 82. Brooch types (cont). (t)

smaller than most of them, though larger than the Southern Developed Form. The pin-head
is barrel-shaped, which he regards as late, whereas the ears are rounded and not marked off,
which should be early. The snout tip is flat and not incised, as late examples are, but the way
in which the snout has become detached from the rest of the head suggests a late development
which is not paralleled by any published examples. The hoop is not ribbed like the early
examples. From disturbed levels.
IO. Type CC. 4. Penannular brooch, double-knobbed terminals. From SE. III. Cf. Newstead,
pl. Lxxxvm, I 5; Appletree Turret, fig. 38, 5, second half-second century.
1 I. Type DD. 1. Buckle brooch, flat base, curved top. From disturbed levels, with 1 other
example.
12. Type DD. 2. Hexagonal buckle brooch. From disturbed levels.
I 3. Type DD. 3. Circular buckle brooch, decorated with knobs and ribs. From disturbed levels.
Of the group of brooches as a whole, the most noteworthy point is that in the main the affinities
are more with southern sites and Wales than those in northern Britain. Of the bow brooches
 SMALL FINDS 253
(excluding the disc and penannular types) nearly half ( r 8-20) are of the types A, B, and F,
derived from the Swarling types, which are hardly found in the north. There is a complete absence
of the typical second-century northern brooch with trumpet head and central knob or acanthus
moulding (Collingwood, type R). Brooches which are consistently late are rare, only the example
of the crossbow type (T) being found.

Fig. 83
BRONZE BRACELET TYPES

r. Type A. I. Strip section, edge with small rectangular corrugations. From disturbesf levels,
with I similar from X. Cf. Lydney, fig. I 7M, probably fourth century.
2. Type A. 2. Strip section, edge notched. From disturbed levels.
3. Type A. 3. Strip section, edge with rectangular projections, intervals between projections
notched. From disturbed levels. Cf. Verulamium I9J4, fig. 2, 4, late fourth century.
4. Type A. 4. Strip section decorated with dots and circles. From disturbed levels.
Also fragment from X decorated with raised zigzag pattern, cf. Verulamium Theatre,
fourth-century Orchestra filling, fig. I 2, 3. 2 from disturbed levels, I decorated with groups
of incised lines, and I undecorated.
5. Type B. Strip secti~n, thick, decorated with rather rough oblique grooves. From disturbed
levels.
6. Type C. Thin strip section, shaped into series of knobs and bars. From disturbed levels.
7. Type D. Bracelet of 2 strands of twisted wire. From disturbed levels. I example from II
and 5 from disturbed levels. Cf. Richborough II, pl. xxn, 60, unstratified; Woodyates, pl.
CLXXXIII, IO.

8. Type E. Rounded section with snake's-head terminal, decorated with dots and grooves.
From VII. For snake's-head terminal, cf. Verulamium Theatre, fig. I 2, 2, late fourth
century.
9. Type F. Large bangle, strip section, with line decoration. From disturbed levels.

BRONZE RING TYPES

A. With insets
ro. Thin strip section ring, oval centre with paste (?)inset. From VII. Also I example each from
X and disturbed levels.
I I. Ring angular externally, round centre with groove which probably held inset. From dis-
turbed levels.
I 2. Ring decorated externally with oblique grooves from central line, settings for double inset.
From I.

B. Without insets, decorated

I 3. Ring with strip section, decorated externally with transverse ribbing. From VI.

r+ Ring with flat section decorated with ribbing on both sides. From disturbed levels.
Plain undecorated rings, round in section, were fairly common, r example from VI and r r
from disturbed levels. 2 of a smaller size came from V and disturbed levels. Plain rings of strip
 SMALL FINDS
section came from N. I in a large size, 1 each I, X, and disturbed levels in a medium size, and I
in a small size from disturbed levels.
Go10 RINGS
15. Gold wire ring. From disturbed levels.

WU/IDlll/ll/IHU/lll/ll/llllll
I 5
3
2

7 6

8 9 ','

..........
n
~
I

.. 10

16Q 17
Qa
Frn. 83. Bracelet and ring types; stone mould (19) (U
RING INSET
16. Intaglio of carnelian (impression drawn). The workmanship is crude. The left arm of the
figure is mixed up with a spray which the original was presumably holding. From disturbed
levels.
BRONZE EAR-RING TYPES
17. Type A. Round wire ring, with pointed overlapping ends. From disturbed levels, with 2 other
examples. ·
1 8. Type B. Small ring of twisted wire, attachment broken. From disturbed levels.
STONE
I 9. Mould for a small medallion in relief. Helmeted head. Offered for sale in public-house near
site. Probably stolen from Forum.
 . SMALL FINDS

Fig. 84
BRONZE ORNAMENTS
1. Pendant and chain. From V.
2. Pendant. From disturbed levels.
3. Attachment. 2 studs at back. From disturbed leve.ls.
4. Strap attachment. Loop at back. From disturbed levels.
5. Bronze hinge-plate. Remains of iron hinge-pin. From disturbed levels.
6. Bronze ornament. The points and centre of the cross are decorated with incised dots and
circles. From disturbed levels.
7. Bronze shell. From X.
8. Cruciform ornament, decorated with concentric circles in centre. From disturbed levels.
Cf. Old Kilpatrick, pl. xx1v, 9; War Barrow, Handley Down, pl. 2 58, 14, with third- and fourth-
century coins.
9. Pendant or seal box lid. Traces of blue enamel in field of design with red in the heart. From
disturbed levels.
10. Seal box lid, with circular ornament, from centre of which some setting has probably been
lost, outer zone decorated with segments of red enamel. From disturbed levels.
11. Small bronze handle, strip section, upper surface decorated with raised oblique plain bands
and beads. From disturbed. levels.
12. Bronze plate, turned over at one end and sides to fit on to some core. Surface decorated with
panel in blue champleve enamel with interlocking heart-shaped design. From disturbed
levels. Exact parallel in shape of plate and decoration from Wroxeter III, pl. xvi, 17.
13. Handle of small bronze implement, decorated with rough pattern, possibly a stylized plant.
From disturbed levels.
14. Belt plate. Decorated with crouching four-footed winged beast with pock-marked body.
Stylized plants in the field. From disturbed levels.
15. Bronze strap-end. (Report by Mr. T. D. Kendrick.) This strap-end belongs to the Germanic
'Late Roman' chip-caruing series of ornaments, and both its form and its ornament can be
matched in the continental 'Kerbschnitt' province that stretches from the mouth of the Rhine
along the borders of the Empire as far as the bend in the Danube. The Leicester piece may
for instance be compared with a strap-mount (Behrens, loc. cit., infra, Tf. 3 1, 5) from Gellep
in north Germany that has similar spiraliform decoration in the central field and also crouching
animals on the edge (the Randtiereof this class of metalwork). Judging by the degree of styliza-
tion of the animals on the Leicester mount, this must be a little later in date than the buckles,
brooches, and mounts with the more realistic marginal beasts, and it is probably the contem-
porary of one or two of our equal-armed brooches from Anglo-Saxon sites. The chronology
of the whole series, however, is uncertain, and a suggested date c. 450 is only an average
between extremes of opinion that might put the mount as .early as 400 and as late as 500.
It is also impossible to say definitely whether the piece is an import from the Continent, but
this is likely. See G. Behrens, Schumacher-Festschrift, Mainz, 19 30, p. 2 8 5 f. (containing
references to early studies such as those of Plettke and Riegl); also Baldwin Brown, Arts
in Early England, iv (London, 1915), p. 56 1 f.; E. T. Leeds, Archaeologia, lxxiii ( 192 3),
p. 174 f.; A berg, Anglo-Saxons in England (Uppsala, 1926), p. 15 f.; T. D. Kendrick, Anglo-
Sa.-x:on Art to A.D. 900 (London, 1938), p. 45 f.
 I

I
9
~

11

'iM»Ml!J!llll' Iii! 14

FIG. 84. Bronze ornaments m

 SMALL FINDS 2 57

Fig. 85
MEDIEVAL BRONZE ORNAMENTS
I. Oval mount, possibly Scandinavian, with ornament derived from the Carolingian acanthus.
From disturbed levels.
2. Buckle strap-end, with dragonesque ornament in red and blue champleve enamel. From
disturbed levels. Fourteenth century, possibly first half.
3. Copper strap-end for buckle, with heraldic inlay in champleve enamel. From disturbed
levels. Fourteenth or fifteenth century.

2 4
3
Frc. 85. Medieval bronze ornaments (l)

+ Fragment of bowl or mount, with silver inlay and traces of applied copper. From disturbed
levels. Possibly fifteenth century.
I am indebted for reports on the objects in this figure to Mr. T. D. Kendrick and
Mr. R. L. S. Bruce Mitford, of the Department of British and Medieval Antiquities of the British
Museum.
Fig. 86
BRONZE TOILET AND SURGICAL IMPLEMENTS
Tweezer types
1. Type A. Thin strip metal, arms straight, tips inclined in. From disturbed levels. 1 example
from II, 2 from X, and 3 from disturbed levels. Cf. Woodcuts, pl. xvI, 18; Caerleon r927-9,
fig. 34, 44, A.D. 200-300.
· 2. Type B. Thin strip metal, arms more curved. From disturbed levels. Cf. Lydney, fig. I 8, 60,
late fourth century; Woodcuts, pl. xvI, 13.
3. Type C. Upper part twisted, ends flat and splaying. From disturbed levels, with I other
example.
Other implements
4. Nail-cleaner, part of a set of toilet implements. Decorated with incised dots and circles. From
disturbed levels.
5. Part of chatelaine. Only the case and 1 pointed instrument survive. From disturbed levels.
Fragments of other toilet sets came from pre-Forum levels, II, and disturbed levels.
6. Spatula, one end flattened and at slight angle to shaft, butt pointed. Probably used for
mixing paints or ointments. From X, also 1 from VII and I from disturbed levels. A
L1
 SMALL FINDS
rather similar type, with larger, rounded head, came from N. II and IX (1 each) and 2 from
disturbed levels.
7. Spatula or scoop, possibly used as an ear-pick, with head at slight angle to shaft, butt pointed,
shaft decorated with encircling grooves. From I. Cf. Caerleon Amphitheatre, pl. xxxm, 3
(shaft not grooved).

3 4

8
6

9
7

5
10

11
£12
Fw. 86. Bronze toilet and surgical implements, keys and lock (t)
13

8. Small ligula, twisted handle. These small scoops may have been used for getting ointment
out of jars. From disturbed levels. Cf.' Caerleon Amphitheatre, fig. 14, 36, A.D. 90-120.
Bronze keys
9. Type A. Slide-key, head parallel to shaft, which is decorated with lines of punctuations,
wards projecting upwards. From disturbed levels. Cf. Newstead, pl. Lxxvm, 13.
10. Type B. Lever-key, head perpendicular to fiat shaft, slit wards. From IV.
1 1. Type C. Lever-key, head parallel to round shaft, slit wards. From disturbed levels. Cf.
London in Roman Times, pl. xxx1, 4-6.
12. Type D. Ring-key. From disturbed levels.
 SMALL FINDS 2 59
Lock
Bronze lock, of usual type operated by slide key. One of the holes has apparently got a prong
of the key broken in it. From Pre-Forum levels. Similar bolts from I, IV, and disturbed
levels (1 each).
Fig. 87

l .3

~·, n

)
I

5
Frn. 87. Miscellaneous bronze objects (U

MISCELLANEOUS BRONZE OBJECTS

I. Stylus. From disturbed levels.
2. Portion of spoon, bowl egg-shape. From pre-Forum levels.
3. Portion of spoon, bowl circular and off-set from shaft. From II. Cf. Segontium, fig. 61, ~o,
late second century.
4. Steelyard. From disturbed levels. For manner of use, cf. London in Roman Times, fig. 23.
5. Knob, with remains of iron shaft, possibly the knob of a linch pin. From I. Cf. Wroxeter III,
pl. xvn, 22.
260 SMALL FINDS
6. Handle of 'patella or saucepan. From V. Cf. Caerleon r927-!), fig. 37, 11, A.D. 7 5-100;
Hofheim, pl. xiv, 27, Claudian.
7. Bell, 4-sided. Knobs at 4 angles. Traces of iron at apex suggest clapper was of this material.
From SE. III. Cf. Brecon, fig. 58, I6; Richborough III, pl. x, I 8, unstratified.

Fig. 88
BRONZE STUD AND NAIL TYPES
1. Type A. 1. Large flat head. From disturbed levels with 2 other examples and 1 from VII.
2. Type A. 2. Head smaller and shaft longer than last. From disturbed levels.
3. Type B. 1. Small tack with flat head. From IX. '
4.' Type B. 2. Larger tack, flat head. From II. 2 from disturbed levels.
5. Type C. 1. Small, drawing-pin-like stud, convex head. From X. 2 each from I and II, 1
each III and X, 8 from disturbed levels.
6. Type C. 2. Similar, larger. From X, with 2 from disturbed levels.
7. Type C. 3. Similar, head decorated with indentations. From disturbed levels.
8. Type C. 4. Small, drawing-pin-like stud, flat head. From VI. 1 each from I, III, VI, VII,
andX.
9. Type D. 1. Small nail with knob head. From dis.turbed levels. 1 each from II, V, VII, and
IX, and 2 from disturbed levels.
10. Type D. 2. Similar, smaller. From V. 2 each from II and III, 1 each from V and IX, 4
from disturbed levels.
11. Type D. 3. Similar, still smaller. From disturbed levels. 1 each from SE. III, II, VI, and X,
5 from disturbed levels.
12. Type D. 4. Large knob-head of nail. From II.
13. Type E. Tack with flat head and conical shaft. From IX, with 1 other example from dis-
turbed levels.
BRONZE Boss, KNoB, AND FITTING TYPES
14. Type A~ 1. Small boss, rounded raised centre. From X, with 2 other examples from disturbed
levels.
15. Type A. 2. Small boss, centre truncated cone, raised ridge round rim. From II. 1 example
from SE. IV, 2 from I, 1 from II. Cf. Caerleon Amphitheatre, pl. xxxu, 4, Flavian.
16. Type B. 1. Large convex boss. From IX. 1 example each from VI, VII, and IX, 3 disturbed
levels.
17. Type B. 2. Similar, small. From disturbed levels with 1 other example. Similar example
from VII.
18. Type C. 1. Boss with quatrefoil head, attached by 2 iron studs. From disturbed levels with
3 other examples.
19. Type C. 2. Boss with cinquefoil head. From disturbed levels.
20. Type C. 3. Boss with rectangular head, pierced with 5 holes and grooved leaf-wise. From
disturbed levels.
2 1. Type C. 4. Boss with diamond-shaped head, decorated with raised knobs. From disturbed
levels.
22. Type D. Hexagonal boss. From disturbed levels.
 SMALL FINDS

4
2

-
~s -~6 10 11

-
~.
'

14
13
15

IS
-

~
'.

20

19
21

22
24
23
FIG. 88. Bronze stud and nail types m
 SMALL FINDS
23. Type E. Knob, possibly handle of box or drawer, with conical projection in centre above
concave disc. Fixed on iron shaft. From disturbed levels with 2 other examples. Cf. Amble-
side, fig. 32.
Type F. Fitting with cylindrical hole through centre. From I.

Fig. 89
BRONZE Pm TYPES
r. Type A. Head with slight knob and slight collar beneath. From disturbed levels.
2. Type B. r. Multiple disc head. From disturbed levels. r example pre-Forum and VI, 2 each
VII and disturbed levels.
3. Type B. 2. Disc and knob head. From I. r example V.
4. Type B. 2. Similar type. Stray find after end of excavations.
5. Type B. 3. Similar to B. 2, pointed head. From VII.
6. Type C. r. Plain round knob head. From IX. Also 2 examples each from I and disturbed
levels.
7. Type C. 2. Fine pin, with small knob head. From disturbed level. r example from IX and 6
from disturbed levels.
8. Type C. 3. Similar pin, head larger. From disturbed levels, with 6 other examples.
9. Type C. 4. Fine wire pin with knob head.
Sub-types C. 3 and C. 4 are probably not Roman. C. 3 occurs in medieval robber levels,
but C. 4 only in upper levels.
ro. Type D. Knob head with conical top. From disturbed levels.
r r. Type E. Fairly large, flat, disc head. From I.
12. Type F. Head with roughly cut facets. Disturbed levels.
13. Type G. Small pin, with very small cruciform head. From disturbed levels (robber trench)
with r similar example. This is probably medieval.
14. Type H. Large pin with circular ring head. Disturbed levels. Cf. Chester I93 5, pl. x1x, 8.
r 5. Type]. Pin with ring head (broken), set forward from shaft. The ring is apparently decorated
with beads. From disturbed levels. Cf. Traprain Law, fourth century, where ring heads
with beads are common, e.g. r 920, fig. 2 r, 7; Lydney, undated, fig. r 8, 6 3-4; Corbridge,
fig. 34·
r 6. Type K. Ornamental heads.
Head in form of a cock. The eye is indicated by a hole pierced through, and there is
another hole in the centre of the body. Both sides are decorated with slightly sunk holes.
Disturbed levels.
There was also a head probably in form of a dolphin, from disturbed levels.
BRONZE NEEDLE TYPES
r 7. Type A. Head expanded, round eye. From disturbed level.
r 8. Type B. Large needle split to form eye. Probably a netting-needle. From disturbed levels.
r example from VII and 4 from disturbed levels. Cf. London in Roman Times, pl. xLn, r r
(2-ended).
r 9. Type C. Expanding, flattened head, long eye. From pre-Forum level. Also r example I
and r from disturbed levels. Cf. Hofheim, pl. xvi, r 9; London in Roman Times, pl. XLII, 4.
 0

i
i

8
6 9

5 17

:: 2
4

3
'"''1·

12

19

16 18

10 13
14

II 15
F1G. 89. Bronze pin and needle types (i)
 SMALL FINDS

Fig. 90
BoNE Pm TYPES
I. Type A. 1. Head pointed, with two grooves round it. From VI. 6 examples II, 5 III, 3 V,
16 VI, 14 VII, 8 IX, 3 X, 2 1 disturbed lev({ls. Cf. Newstead, pl. xcm, 14-1 5.

2. Type A. 2. Similar, 1 groove. From VII. 1 example V, 1 VII, and 2 disturbed levels.

3. Type A. 3. Similar, with 4 grooves round it. From VII.

4. Type A. 4. Head pointed, with elaborate rings and knobs. From disturbed levels. 1 example
from VII, I IX, 2 X, 2 disturbed le".'els. Cf. Wroxeter II, pl. x, 2.
5. Type A. 5. Head pointed, decorated with grooves and band of trellis-work. From VII. Cf.
Lydney, pl. xxxn, 180.
Type A is thus much the most common, with A. 1 the most common sub-type. It first
appears in II, and there are examples from all the later levels. The significance ofits appearance
in II may not be purely chronological, as it would be natural for pins to be common in a bath
building.
6. Type B. Shaft tapering from thick top, head bevelled to point, quite plain. From disturbed
levels. I example each from IV, VI, VII, X, and disturbed levels. ·
7. Type C. 1. Shaft swelling in centre, flattened spherical head. From disturbed levels. I
example from VI and 13 from disturbed levels. Cf. Lydney, fig. I 8, 69, late third-fourth
centuries.
8. Type C. 2. Similar, head smaller and not flattened. From disturbed levels. I example each
from V, VI, and VIII, 8 from IX, and I 6 from disturbed levels. Cf. Wroxeter II, pl. x, 2.
9. Type D. 1. Straight shaft, polished spherical head with 2 rings beneath it. From disturbed
· levels.
10. Type D. 2. Similar, with 1 ring. From disturbed levels.

11. Type D. 3. Bulbous pointed head, with I ring beneath. From disturbed levels, with I other
example. Cf. Lydney, pl. xxxn, I 66.
12. Type E. Shaft tapering downwards, no head. From disturbed levels. I example each from
VII and VIII, 4 from IX, and 3 from disturbed levels. Cf. Wroxeter II, pl. x, 2; Lydney,
pl. xxxn, I 60.
13. Type F. Shaft swelling in centre,, flat disc head. From IX.
Type G. Carved Heads
14. Axe-headed pin. From disturbed levels. Cf. Verulamium Theatre, fig. I 2, 20, late fourth
century.
1 5. Flat angular head, edges ornamented with notches. From X.

16. Flat rounded head, ornamented on both faces with grooved trellis pattern. From disturbed
levels.
I 7. Flat rectangular head, edges ornamented with notches, hole in centre.. Stray find after end of
excavations.
Type H. Miscellaneous
18. Small pin, head covered with gold leaf. From disturbed levels. Cf. Wroxeter I, fig. I I.
 SMALL FINDS

ii
Ii
:1 II
I!

i
1111

1:
9
3
4 5
6
8

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~ 7
M
2 ~ 12
~ 13
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i
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it
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18
14 15 IG 17
Frn. 90. Bone pin types (!)

Mill
266 SMALL FINDS

Fig. 91
BoNE NEEDLE TYPES
1. Type A. 1. Long pointed head, round eye. From X. 1 example each from I and V, 2 each
from VII and IX, 1 each from X and disturbed levels.
2. Type A. 2. Pointed head, eye made by 2 intersecting circular holes. The point is rough and
may have been resharpened after breaking. From VI. 1 example each from III, VI, and X.
Cf. Wroxeter II, pl. x, 2.
3. Type A. 3. Long pointed head, triple eye, 2 small circular holes above and 1 below a long
slot. From II. Cf. Caerleon Amphitheatre, pl. xxxm, 1, 14, Hadrian-Antonine.
4. Type B. Slightly pointed head, oblong slot eye. From X. Cf. Caerleon Amphitheatre,
pl. xxxrn, r, r 5, A.D. 100-20; Lydney, pl. xxxrr, 16 I.
5. Type C. Slightly pointed head, eye made by 2 intersecting circular holes. From IX.
6. Type D. Square-cut head, similar eye. From VII.
7. Type E. Long square-cut head, tapered to thin edge, oblong slot eye. From disturbed levels.
1 example each from VII and IX, and 3 from disturbed levels. Cf. Caerleon Amphitheatre,
pl. xxxm, 1, 16, Flavian; Richborough II, pl. xrx, 21; Wroxeter II, pl. x, 2.
8. Type F. Roughly shaped bone with pierced head. From disturbed levels with 2 other similar
ones.

BoNE CouNTER TYPES

9. Type A. 1. Plain, with slightly sunk centre. From disturbed levels, with 7 other similar
examples. Cf. Newstead, pl. xcm, 1; Brecon, fig. 63.
10. Type A. 2. Similar, large. From VII. 1 example from VI, 2 each VII and disturbed levels.
11. Type A. 3. Similar, but heavier and thicker. From X.
12. Type A. + Similar to A. 1, hole through centre. From X.
All those drawn, and all except 2 of those not drawn, have one or sometimes 2 edges beneath
bevelled off, probably by wear (as for tiddly-:-winks). This is particularly pronounced in A. 3.
The majority come from X and disturbed levels, the earliest example being from VI.
13. Type B. 1. Slightly sunk hole in centre, surrounded by circular grooves. From VI. 1 example
II, 2 III, 1 VI, 3 VII, 1 IX, and 6 from disturbed levels. Cf. Newstead, pl. xcm, 2; Brecon,
fig. 62; Chester r93 5, pl. x1x, 14.
14. Type B. 2. Similar, hole right through centre. From VII.
15. Type B. 3. Similar. Rings coarser and fewer. From disturbed levels.
This group also (with 1 undrawn exception from II) has bevelled edges beneath, but, except
for B. 3, these are less pronounced than in type A.
16. Type C. 1. Plain flat disc, hole through centre. From. disturbed levels.
q. Type C. 2. Plain flat disc. From disturbed levels, with 8 other similar examples.
Also plain flat disc, with figure X roughly scratched on it. From disturbed levels.
None of the examples in this group has a bevel beneath. The majority are coarse in finish. ·
18. Type D. Plano-convex disc, slightly sunk hole in centre. From disturbed levels.
These counters are common on many Roman-British sites an:d were clearly used for some game.
The distribution at Leicester suggests that it increased in popularity in the later periods. None
are found prior to II. The worn bevels beneath do not suggest that they were used for a game of
the draughts variety but for something more in the nature of tiddly-winks.
 ~
0 I ~
~~
1
:01

ff
0
$,
~
x

'
~~
I· "" %
~
l
I
i
1
2 l
4 zJ
1
5 l
~
3
6

9 '
10

8
7

13 14 15 17
Fw. 9 I. Bone needle and counter types (l)
268 SMALL FINDS

r? 7

8
Fw. 92. Objects of bone (i)
 SMALL FINDS
Fig. 92
OBJECTS oF BoNE
1. Knife handle, decorated with raised ridges. From VI.
2. Bone strip, decorated with incised concentric circles. From disturbed levels.
3. Comb, with large teeth one side, and fine the other. Side pieces are attached to either face
of the central zone by iron rivets. The side pieces are decorated with incised dot and circle
pattern. From VI. This is a common type on Roman and also Pagan Saxon sites, among
which there is a close parallel from Whitby, fig. 20. For Roman sites, cf. .dlchesterI928, pl. xvu,
2; Richborough III, pl. xrn, 42 (top soil); Lydney, pl. xxxu, 18 1; Woodyates, pl. cLxxxu, 2.
A fragment of a similar comb came from disturbed levels.

-II 0-13 0-li 4

-e 2
8

:·cj-
5

•-tt!e 6
7 ......... a ____ .... 9
Frn. 93. Bead types (i)

4. Bone toggle, both ends decorated with incised dot and circle pattern. Stray find after the
end of the excavations.
5. Carved bone, possibly pin-head. There are traces of an iron shaft at the base. From disturbed
levels.
6. Spoon, bowl projecting above handle. From North Road, beneath last but one surface pre-
Forum.
7. Spoon, similar, but bowl projecting slightly less. From disturbed levels.
8. Bone key. From disturbed levels.
Fig. 93
BEAD TYPES
1. Type A. 1. Flat glass circle, pale-blue glass. From disturbed levels. Similar bead from III.
2. Type A. 2. Similar, large, dark-blue glass with yellow streaks. From VI.
3. Type A. 3. Similar, dark-blue variegated glass. From II. Cf. Newstead, pl. xc1, 23; Rich-
borough III, pl. x1, 25, c. A.D. 400.
4. Type B. Cylindrical bead with 2 fiat knobs, variegated. From disturbed levels.
5. Type C. Spherical bead, dark-blue glass. From disturbed levels. 1 similar example from
SE. IV (small) and IX, and 3 from disturbed levels.
270 SMALL FINDS
6. Type D. Long thin bead, with series of swellings. From disturbed levels.
7 and 8. ·Type E. I. 2 melon beads, light-blue paste, both from disturbed levels. r similar
example from SE. IV, 2 II. r each VII and X, r disturbed levels. Cf. Caerhun, fig. 49, 2 3,
A.D. 80 (with others of same period); Newstead, pl. xcr, r 5; Brecon, fig. 6 3; Wroxeter I923-'J,
pl. 62B, pre-Flavian; Caerleon I9J9, fig. 7, 23, A.D. 75-roo; Caerleon I927-9, fig. 40, 6,
A.D. 7 5-roo.

9. Type E. 2. Melon bead, light-blue glass. From VII. Cf. Caerleon, fig. 49, 25, probably
Hadrian-Antonine, some fragments probably Trajanic or earlier; Newstead, pl. xc1, 15 (some
from early fort); Caerleon I9J9, fig. 7, 32, A.D. 75-roo; Caerleon I927-<J, fig. 40, 1-4,
A.D. 7 5-IOO.

Fig. 94

~
I I II

[!l
4

@
2 3 6
7

-Q
~ - --~ - ---=- -- --

:, Jll'1l lllllh'l:·::i;,iiiiiili{?J-!l1l'li.,;,1'1il ·
- - ---=-=----==----- -- --~------ -----

8 9 10

FIG. 94. Objects of jet, shale, and amber (t)

OBJECTS OF ]ET
Jet Bead Types
1. Type A. 1. Flat and broad, pierced by 2 holes, for bracelet. From disturbed levels, with 1
other example. Cf. Verulamium, fig. 4 7, 68, end third century; Verulamium Theatre, fig.
12, 1 r, late fourth century; Lydney, fig. 18, 76, late third to fourth century.
2. Type A. 2. Similar, segmented. From disturbed levels. 1 fragment at York has similar
grooved finish, but is larger.
Also flat disc bead, semicircular in outline, scalloped edge, pierced by 2 holes, from dis-
turbed levels.
3. Type B. Long narrow bead, decorated with encircling grooves. From disturbed levels,
1 example X and 2 disturbed levels. Quite a common York type, forming the terminal unit
at the clasp.
4. Type C. Long 4-sided bead. From disturbed levels.
 SMALL FINDS 271

Other Jet Objects

5. Ring, ridged obliquely. From IX.
6. Pin, bulbous head. From disturbed levels. Very common at York.
7. Pin, faceted head. Probably trimmed out of a broken stem once longer. From disturbed
levels with 1 other similar example. Cf. Wroxeter II, pl. x, 2; Lydney, fig. 1 8, 7 I. Very
common indeed at York, where similarly trimmed stems are common.
The jet objects at Leicester thus have a number of parallels with those found at York, which was
an important centre of the jet industry. I am indebted to Dr. I. A. Richmond for this information.
SHALE BRACELETS
8. Decorated outside with incised dots and circles. From disturbed levels.
9. Decorated with raised central rib, and on it and on edges incised wedges. From disturbed
levels.
Plain examples from III and IX, 2 from X, and
1 from disturbed levels.

AMBER
10. Amber ear-ring. Possibly from II, but found
in dump.

Fig. 95 and Pl. xx111 c

GoLD RING WITH SARD INTAGLIO (Report by
D. E. L. Haynes)
The gold hoop increases in width (and to a
small extent in thickness) from back to front; and
sides, shoulders, and bezel are formed by faceting
on the outside. The back may have been similarly Fw. 95. Gold ring with sard intaglio(¥)
' treated in three facets, making the whole hoop an
irregular octagon; but it has been bent by wear or damage .. The hoop measures about 1 9 mm.
from side to side, and 1 6 mm. from front to back; and its width varies from 2 mm. at the back
to 8 mm. at the bezel. It was made for a small finger, certainly not a ma~'s, possibly a child's;
or it may have been intended for the top joint of a finger.I The ring weighs 73·9 grains
(4·79 grammes), including the gem.
In the bezel, and flush with it, is set a flat oval sard carved with a device ill'intaglio. This device
consists of an amalgam of three heads, two in profile to I. and r. and one full-face. One pair of
eyes serves for all three. Their common hair is rendered in small oval blobs which, as the twisted
stalk above clearly indicates, are intended to represent the top of a bunch of grapes, the lower
part of which is formed by the heads.
Rings with similar devices are known :
1. British Museum Cat. of Finger Rings, no. 450, pl. xrn. Two heads set in a bunch of
grapes. Found at Lingfield Mark Camp, Surrey. Nicolo.
u. Copenhagen, Thorvaldsen Museum Cat. of Antique Gems and Cameos, no. 1271, p. 185.
Three heads in bunch of grapes with rabbit above. No provenance. Red jasper.
111. Ibid., no. 12 72. Five masks in bunch of grapes; two Sileni in upper row, amalgam of three
female masks in lower. No provenance. Red jasper.
1 Daremberg.and Saglio, Dictionnaire des Antiquitls, 1, i, p. 295 f., s.v. 'Anulus'.
272 SMALL FINDS
1v. New York, Metropolitan Museum Cat. of Gems, no. 267. Similar to no. iii. No provenance.
Red jasper. (Formerly in King Collection: King, Antique Gem's, p. 328.)
From iii and iv it is clear that the heads are in all four cases intended for Dionysiac masks.
Such masks were considered to possess apotropaic qualities 1 and they appear fairly frequently on
gems. 2 Usually they are represented singly or in contrasted pairs or as components of grylloi.
Their representation in the present form defines a small but definite class within the same group.
All five examples show a freshness and finish of
execution which suggest a date in the first or early
second century A.D.

Fig. 96
THREE-HORNED BuLL IN BRONZE
From SE. IV. The bull is of the three-horned
Celtic type, called as Tauras Tregaranus on reliefs at
Trier and Paris. The horns survived to a slightly
greater extent before cleaning. This type has been
recently studied by Dr. F. Heichelheim (Pauly-
Wissowa, Real-Encyclopiidie, iv a, 2453) and Dr.
R. E. M. Wheeler (Maiden Castle, pp. 7 5-6). The
Fm. 96. Three-horned bull in bronze distribution of find-spots associates it with the Belgic
tribes, and Dr. Heichelheim suggests that these
figures represent a Belgic variation of a widespread bull-god cult associated with water. The
level from which it comes at Leicester is one in which Belgic types of pottery and other objects
are largely romanized, but it may well be an heirloom.
SPINDLE-WHORLS (pl. XXII b)
r. Type A. r .. Stone, spherical. From disturbed levels, with r other similar example.
2. Type A. 2. Stone, spherical, with flat base. From disturbed levels.
3. Type B. Stone, flat, unworked flake of limestone. From disturbed levels. Cf. Newstead,
pl. Lxvrn, r4; Brecon, fig. 63.
4. Type C. Potsherd. From disturbed levels, with 2 other similar. Cf. Newstead, pl. Lxvrn,
8-r r.
5. Type D. Bone, cut from head of a long-bone. From X, with 2 others from disturbed levels.
Cf. Newstead, pl. Lxvrn, r 2; Woodcuts, pl. un, 2.
6. Type .E. Shale, biconical, ends truncated and flat. From disturbed levels. Cf. Woodcuts,
pl. xux, 5.
7. Type F. Lead, flat. From disturbed levels, with r similar from X. Cf. Brecon, fig. 62.
STONE BRACELET
8. From II.
1 Roscher, Myth. Lex. iv, s.v. 'Satyros', 494 (Kuhnert); Wrede, AM. liii, 1928, 66 ff.
z PW. xiv 2, s.v. 'Maske', 2 II 3 (Bieber).
 MISCELLANEOUS FINDS
HoNE-STONES (pl. xxn c) (Report by Dr. K. C. Dunham of the Geological Survey and Museum)
1. From IV. A sandy mudstone, greyish-brown, definitely banded or bedded. Some layers are
composed of quartzo-micaceous material of grain-size wholly less than 0·01 mm., others
contain angular quartz grains and micas over o· o 1 mm., enclosed in a matrix of finer-grained
material.
2. From second floor of West Block, probably contemporary with V. A grey fine-grained sandy
limestone, composed of calcite enclosing shell fragments and angular or sub-angular quartz
and quartzite grains (average diameter o· 1 mm.). Chamosite pellets are scattered through
the rock, and some white mica is present.
3. From VI. A sandy limestone composed of calcite plates of o· 5-2·0 mm. diameter enclosing
angular and subangular quartz grains of average diameter o· 1 mm. Some quartzite and
feldspar grains are present. Organic debris includes fragments of brachiopods. The quartz-
content of the rock is of the order of 15 per cent.
+ From VI. A silty sandstone, brownish-grey, with the bedding running parallel to the length
of the hone. Composed of angular quartz, orthoclase and oligoclase grains, averaging o· 1
mn:., and shreds of white mica, with fine-grained sericitic and chloritic material between the
grams.
5. From VII. A sandy shell-fragment limestone, greyish-brown, the bedding running parallel
to the length of the hone. Made up of brachiopod shells preserved in calcite, lying along the
bedding of the rock, and echinoderm debris, cemented by calcite. Angular quartz grains
averaging o· 2 mm. are abundant. Chamosite, partly oxidized, is present and the rock is
stained with limonite.
6. From robber trench. A phyllitic mudstone composed of tiny sericitic micas lying parallel or
subparallel, with abundant grains of an opaque mineral, averaging 0·01 mm.
7. U nstratified. A sandy siltstone, blue-grey, very fine-grained, composed of subangular grains
of quartz, averaging 0·02 mm. diameter, muscovite, green pleochroic chlorite of low bire-
fringence, and ( ?) magnetite in a groundmass of sericitic mudstone.
Drawings of 2 further hone-stones, together with Dr. Dunham's report, are included in the
Medieval section (seep. 230).

Notes
The collection contains 3 sandy limestones ( 2, 3, and 5) of similar or related type. These
rocks may be identified with reasonable certainty as Jurassic Limestones, and the presence of
chamosite points to the Liassic Marlstone, which outcrops east of Leicester on 1-in. sheet 156,
as the probable source of the hones. The Marlstone is a sandy chamositic limestone, e.g., in the
neighbourhood of Pickwell (E. 2 1 170).
The phyllitic mudstone (6) resembles a rock worked in comparatively recent times for hone-
stones at Whittle Hill, Charley Forest, Charnwood (Leicester) (E. 18960). Though not identical,
the 2 specimens might well belong to the same formation.
The unmetamorphosed siltstones (4, 7) are probably not local. The Lower Palaeozoic rocks of
the Welsh border and Wales are possible sources; the nearest match in our collection is a silty
mudstone (ECON 5861; ENQ 353) formerly worked for hones near Conway, Denbighshire.
The silty sandstone (IV) and the 2 metamorphic granulites (see p. 230) are also probably
Nll
274 MISCELLANEOUS FINDS
non-local rocks, but I am at the moment unable to match either. The granulites may resemble
some of the medieval schist-hones noted by H. F. Poole and G. C. Dunning (Proc. Isle of Wight
Nat. Hist. and Archaeological Soc., ii, 1938, pp. 683-95), and I suggest that they should be com-
pared with these if possible.
BRONZE BucKLE AND TERRET-RING TYPES (pl. xxm a)
1. Buckle with double circle, central iron tongue. From disturbed levels, with 2 other examples.
2. Buckle or terret ring, curved with flat base, surface of curve rpunded and grooved. From
disturbed levels, with 2 other similar examples.
3. 4-sided buckle. From disturbed levels with 2 other examples.
4. Buckle or terret ring, double curve and straight base. From disturbed levels.
5. Attachment with double eyes on central shaft. From disturbed levels.
6. Small rounded buckle, and strap-end. Traces of iron tongue. From disturbed levels, with
2 other examples. Cf. Richborough II, pl. xxv, unstratified. Wroxeter Ill, pl. xx1, fig. 2, 4.
Pl. XXIII b. Head from side of Castor-ware jug. Thick white ware, decorated with brown paint.
From disturbed levels.
Pl. XXIII d. Miscellaneous iron objects
i and 2. 2 iron wedges, from one of the Forum walls. Presumably relic of medieval robbers .
.3· Small knife blade. From disturbed levels. Cf. Richborough II, pl. xx1v, 74.
Pl. XXIII e. Iron arrow-head
Pl. XXJ b. Glazed medieval tile. (Notes by Mr. Reginald W. Cooper, A.R.I.B.A., and the late
Duke of Rutland, F.S.A.)
This pattern is found at several places between York and Worcester. The wooden stamp for
making this tile is supposed to have been made for Beauvale Charter House, near Nottingham,
which was a Carthusian establishment, and is on a bend, three hedgehogs.
The arms were those of Paschall of Eastwood, who was a benefactor of Beauvale. Hundreds
of the same tile were found at Beauvale while the place was being excavated in 1908. They are
supposed to have been made in Nottingham by Hugh Le Tyler, who witnessed a lease dated
11 November 1377.
The tiles have also been found at Burton Lazar, Leicestershire. There is an illustration in the
Thoroton Society's Transactions, xii (1909).
Pl. XXIV a and b. Architectural fragments. (Report by Dr. I. A. Richmond, F.S.A.)
1. From disturbed levels. Fragment apparently from a string-course, probably modelled upon
a cornice. It is a small-scale piece, such as might have come from ornamental panelling on
a wall or in a niche or the like.
2. From disturbed levels. Part of a base mould, probably from a composite order, though the
moulds are as reminiscent of Ionic as anything.
Both fragments are debased, but not more so than most provincial architectural fragments of
the kind. It is impossible to say what kind of structure they adorned; but their small scale suggests
minor background work on walls or in niches.
These were the only two architectural fragments found on the site.
Pl. xxv c. Slate roof tile. From SE. angle, level X.
Pl. XXIV c. Tile with child's footprints. Tile from the Jewry Wall, removed during repairs by the
Office of Works. The tile also shows the paw-marks of a dog going in the opposite direction
to the child.
 RELIEF-PATTERNED FLUE-TILES FROM THE
FORUM SITE
By A. W. G. LOWTHER, F.S.A.

R UB BIN GS and photographs of the pieces of flue-tiles with relief-patterns on them (in
place of the more usual 'combed' type) found in the excavations were submitted to
the writer 1 and have enabled the production of the present report.
These pieces of tile are seven in number, but four other pieces previously found in the
same vicinity are from tiles bearing the same patterns and are included in this description.

7
FIG. 97. Relief-patterned flue-tile type 7

The Leicester tiles represent four different designs, all of them formed by the use of
cylindrical, roller-shaped dies, applied to the tiles when they were moulded, prior to
being fired in a kiln. These four dies, of which three were employed at Roman sites in
other parts of England, have been allotted the following numbers-7, 9, I 3, and 30-in
the writer's schedule of Roman relief-patterned tiles found in England. 2
No. 7. Recut'Wolfand Stag' design (fig. 97 and pl. xxvb)
This design consists of the figures of a wolf3 and stag, facing one another, the background being
filled with an arrangement of triangular shapes which were added later to the die. In its original
form (Die no. 6) this die had a plain background to the animals, with merely the letters G. I. S. at
the top and I. V. F E. (upside down) at the bottom. When the additional features were cut, most of
the lettering appears to have been obliterated.
Die no. 6 was impressed on tiles which have been found at four sites, viz.:
I. Chelmsford, Essex (? Bath Building).4
1 By Mr. F. Cottrill, M.A., of Leicester Museum, where hunting-dogs, inclined to· the opinion that this animal is, in
these tiles have been deposited. reality, a dog and not a wolf as here stated.
2 To be published (J.R.S., forthcoming vol.). More 4 Essex Arch. Soc. Trans. i (I 88 5), p. 60. Description.
than forty different dies are known at present. Fragmentary building shown on. the plan resembles that of
3 The writer is, in view of the very similar animals the Flavian Bath Building found at the Ashtead Common site.
depicted on wall frescoes at Pompeii and representing
276 RELIEF-PATTERNED FLUE-TILES FROM THE FORUM SITE
2. Ashtead, Surrey (villa and brickworks on Ashtead Common). 1
3. Ashtead, Surrey (remains of a Roman building near parish church).2
4. London (during building of Midland Bank, Poultry).3
At no. 2 of the above, some of these tiles had been employed in structures of Flavian date.
Die no. 7 (the recut die) was impressed on a tile (incomplete) found in the debris of a Bath
Building of c. A.D. 320, at 'Chatley Farm', Cobham, Surrey.4 However, the late date of this build-
ing clearly has no bearing on the date of this tile, since it was
clear that tiles gathered from earlier structures had been brought.
together and used for this building. Flue-tiles bearing eight
different patterns, some of them known to be of late-first-century
date, 'were found in the hypocaust debris of this one small building.
(Apart from London, where some twenty different patterns have
been found, this is the greatest number of different designs found
at any of the forty sites known to the writer at which relief-
patterned tiles have been found.)
The small piece bearing part of this same pattern, found on the
Forum site at Leicester, measures 4 in. x r!in. and shows the lower
part of the forelegs of the stag, the letter E, and several of the
added triangles (one of which obliterates all but a small part of
the letter F of the original die).
It is from a flue-tile which originally had a large opening cut
(during manufacture) in the broad (patterned) face of the tile,
showing that, as with some found in situ at Ashtead,s it was for
use below floor-level.6
[A drawing of a complete tile, showing the entire pattern
(no. 7) and apparently found in Leicester during the last century,
was seen by the writer (in a publication of that date) when in
Leicester in I 94 r, but he regrets that he is no longer able to
locate this ref~rence.J
No. 9 (fig. 98 and pl. xxv a). Pattern, of the writer's Florid Group,
consisting of alternate rosettes and diamonds; with tendrils,
chevrons, triangles, pellets, &c., filling the whole of the back-
9 ground.
Fw. 98. Relief-patterned Four fragments of tiles stamped with this design were found
flue-tile type 9 at the Leicester Forum site.
Identical tiles have been found at three other places, viz.:
r. London. (a) Baltic House site (1903). Now in Guildhall Museum. Unpublished.
(b) Various (unspecified) sites (c. r 8 50). Roach Smith Collection in the British Museum.
2. 'Chatley Farm', Cobham, Surrey. Several pieces found.4
3. Richborough, Kent. One piece in Richborough Museum. Unpublished ..
1 Surrey Arch. Coll. xxxvii and xxxviii. 6 The fact that, with this make of tile, a large part of the
2 Ibid. xlii, p. 8 3. . pattern was cut away in forming the front aperture provides
3 Unpublished. Recovered, d\lring building operations at an aqditional argument in support of the contention that the
this site, by the late Q. Waddington, Esq., F.S.A., and given pattern had no decorative intention but served as a form of
to the writer. 'trademark', to identify tiles made by an individual craftsman.
4 Excavated, 1943, by S. S. Frere, Esq., F.S.A. Publi- At the same time, it produced the necessary uneven surface to
cation forthcoming. Plan and note in J.R.S. xxxv, p. 88. which the mortar would adhere, or 'key on', as with the more
s Surrey Arch. Coll. xxxvii, pl. m. usual 'combed' makes.
 RELIEF-PATTE RNED FLUE-TILES FROM THE FORUM SITE 277
No. IJ (fig. 99 and pl. xxv b and d). Pattern, of the writer's 'Diamond and Lattice <:;;roup',
consisting of four continuous diamond shapes, with the letters I, V 6, and a triangular stop, worked
into the design in the centres of the diamonds. ·
Of the four Leicester fragments bearing this pattern (none complete), one 1 has had the pattern
rolled out, in the form of the letter x, so that the design overlaps, providing additional evidence of
carelessness of application.z

13 30
Fw. 99. Relief-patterned Frc. I oo. Relief-patterned flue-tile type 30
flue-tile type I 3

Tiles stamped with the same die have been found at three other places, viz.:
r. London. Various sites (18 50 and 1937). Now in the Guildhall and British Museums.
2. 'Chatley Farm', Cobham, Surrey (1943).3
3. Beckley, Oxon,4
No. 30 (fig. 100 and pl. xxv b and d). Elaborate 'double-unit' pattern, the left, and narrower,
half being composed of continuous diamonds; the right half formed, as a linear pattern, of
chevrons and vertical lines, with a sub-divided square central motif. The latter, possibly
fortuitously, but the illusion is helped by a thick central line, resembles a doorway with window
openings on either side, set in the gable-end of a building, and with an arched opening over the
1 Probably part of a 'double' flue-tile, originally measuring 3 See note 4 on previous page.
about i 2 X I 2 in. on the broad face. 4 Roman villa site. Tiles in Ashmolean Museum. Ox.
2 See note 6 on previous page. Arch. f.5 Hist. Soc. Proc. i, p. 186 (fig.).
278 RELIEF-PA TTERNED FLUE-TILE S FROM THE FORUM SITE
doorway. It is possible that this representation is intentional and not merely a piece of meaning-
less pattern. ·
No other examples from this die are known to the writer, and it appears to have been used only .
at this one site.
Distribution and Date
As regards distribution, it will be seen that three of the four dies used at Leicester were also
used for tiles found at Cobham, Surrey, in a fourth-centur y bath-building at 'Chatley Farm' (nos.
7, 9, and 13), while two of these (nos. 9 and 13) have also been found in London at several sites.
In addition, no. 1 3 has been found at Beckley in Oxfordshire.
The evidence of the whole group of these relief-pattern dies suggests that London was the main
centre of production, but that, for work at distant sites, the craftsmen migrated to these areas,
taking with them their dies for use at the local brickworks to which they were attached as long as
their services were required in that particular district. ·
As regards date, the second-centur y date which Miss Kenyon informs me can be assigned to
the Public Baths underlying the Forum (and in which building these flue-tiles appear to have been
employed) appears likely to be the date to be ascribed to all four dies. Die no. 7, however, before it
was recut (i.e. no. 6), is known to have been in use in the latter part of the first century. Its long
use may be accounted for by the fact that, unlike most of this series, the die was clearly not made
of wood, 1 nor, either, were the other three dies of the Leicester group, so that it is possible that all
four were in use for a similarly long period.
1 Probably of a soft, fine-grain stone, as
no sign of wood-grain appears on the tiles, nor does the fine and accurate
cutting of the design suggest that wood was employed.
 COINS
Report by B. w. PEARCE, M.A., F.S.A.

These coins were being identified, &c., by Mr. J. S. Kirkman at the outbreak of the
war and the task of completing the survey was then handed over to me. This list is,
therefore, an amalgamation of our several efforts.
The most interesting coins were fully discussed by him in Num. Chron. 1940, Part I,
pp. 24 ff., where there is an illustration of the most interesting of all, the PACAT ORBIS of
Carausius of which most numismatists have already heard. Mr. Kirkman's descriptions
have been freely used in compiling this list.
The finding of a number of British, &c., coins suggests an occupation of the site before
the invasion of A.D. 43. On the other hand, the small number of the Theodosian coins
points to a practical abandonment in the very late fourth or early fifth century or the use
of local currency instead of the usual VICTORIA AUGGG and SAL VS REIPVBLICAE coins of
Theodosius and his family. The type used may have been a small and barbarous copy of
the Constantian FEL. TEMP. REPARATIO, legionary spearing fallen horseman, a large number
of which have been found on many sites, whether the Theodosian coins are plentiful
there or not.
The percentage does not call for detailed criticism. The coins are referred to Mattingly
and Sydenham's Roman Imperial Coinage (M. & S.) and Cohen's Medailles Imperiales
(Coh.).
BRITISH, ETC.
Gallic. AR I
Gallo-Roman. temp. Augustus I

British
Epillus. Evans, pl. xrn, 6
(Report by Mr. D. Allen.) Mid-first century. Gold-plated bronze, forgery of a gold stater
of the tribe of the Brigantes. Does not agree precisely with any known original. Obverse
reads VO/LI/SI/OS in two lines, divided by the remnant of a laurel wreath. This type
occurs on a number of coins which read on the other side D V M N O V E L AV N O Sor
D V M N o C o VE R o s. This present example has a bhindered legend D V M/VW\ N o VE.
Apparently the engraver started .D V M in the wrong place, put N .o VE in the right
place, and filled in the gap with a wavy line. The obverse die may be the same as that of a
genuine coin in the British Museum. The genuine coin with which this example should
be compared is Evans, pl. xxrn, 13 or xvu, 2. This group of coins was struck probably
towards the middle of the first century somewhere in Yorkshire. They continued in use
well into the Roman period, and are found in hoards associated with coins of Vespasian
(Num. Chron. 1897, p. 297).
Uncertain.
Silver. Brigantes; cf. Derek Allen. Archaeologia, vol. xciv; Belgic Dynasties of Britain and
their Coins, pl. 1v, ~o. 38 4
280 COINS

ROMAN
Republican. C. N. Lentulus, c. 86 B.c., Gruber 2440 l

Imperial
Tiberius (A.D. 14-37) M. & S. ·12/13 I
Claudius I (41-54) M. & S. 66 (3), 68 (2) 5
Nero (54-68) M. & S. 253, 304 (2), 329 (8), 364, type SECVRITAS 13
Vespasian (69-79) M. & S. 50, 90, l 3 l, 4 73 butobv. IMP. CAES. VESPASIANVS
AVG. COS. 111, 4 7 5, 497 (no globe), 500 (2), 527 but obv.
IMP. CAESAR VESPASIAN. AVG. COS. 1111, 740, 746, 752,
77 5b, 798, indet. (6) 20
Titus (79-81) M. & S. 97/8 l
Domitian (8 l-96) M. & S. 247, 262, 325 (2), 333, 335, 349, 350, 353a (2),
354, 356 12
Nerva (96-8) Type of FORTVNA. lndet. 2
Trajan (98-117) M. & S. 2 (rev. no altar), 32, 38, l 16, 252, 3J,1, 392, 417,
486, 492, 543, 545, 560 (2), 629, 6 53, 672, indet. (1 l) 28
Hadrian (117-38) M. & S. 80, 81, 256, 6rn, 636, 647, 673, 760, 779,
indet. (5) 14
Antoninus Pius ( l 3 8-6 l) M. & S. 908, 932, 934 (5). Types SAL VS, MARS. lndet. lO
Faustina I (died l 4 l) M. & S. (A.P.) 358, 384, rn90, l rn2, l l 54 5
Marcus Aurelius (161-80) M. & S. 929, l 232, indet. 3
Faustina II (died 17 5) M. & S. (M.A.) 517, 1395, 1620, 1643, 1713, indet. (3) 8
Commodus (180-92) M. & S. 1500 l
Septimius Severus ( l 9 3-2 1 1) M. & S. 87, 99 or l 12, cf. 140, 167, 288, 364 ff. (plated) 6
Cara calla ( 2 l 2-17) M. & S. 83
Elegabalus (218-22) M. & S. rn8 I
Julia Paula M. & S. (Eleg.) 2 l l l
Alexander Severus (222-35) M. & S. 2, 32, 64, 70 but no female figure, 250 5-
Julia M amaea M. & S. (Se. Sev.) 360 l
Philip I (244-9) Coh. 205 but obv. IMP. M. IVL. PHILLIPUS AVG. l
Gallien us (2 53-6 8) M. & S. (sole reign) l 53, l 57, l 63, 179, l 81, l 82 (2), 207,
233, 244 (2), 249, 282, 287 (M.M. ~) 330, 4 71, 480,
508 (A), 572, 574; typesofMART. PAC., NEP. C.A., ORIENS,
LIBERALITAS, JUP., indet. (3) 28
Salonina M. & S. (Gall. S.R.) 8 but with Venus holding uncertain
object, l l, 29 3
Postumus (259-68) M. & S. 135 but obv. IMP. C. POSTVMVS P.F. AVG, 179,
311,376 4
Victorin us ( 2 6 8-70) M. & s. 42 (2), 46, 51, 57, 61, 64, 67 (2), 78 (2), l 12, l 14
(2), obv. ]INVC s[., re'7J. SALVS. S. st. r. with branch and
cornucopiae. Type of PAX. indet. ( 2) l 8
Claudius II (268-70) M. & s. IO/II, 14/15, 18/19, 31, 33 (2), 34, 36, 38 (M.M.
__1€), 46, 54, 56 butrudderinsteadofanchor, 61, 61/3, 66,
66/ 7, 98 but cornucopia_e instead of sceptre, 149, l 57, l 68,
181 (3), 256, 261 (2), 266 (3), 261/6 (6). Type of
FORTVNA (2), GEN. EX., PIETAS (barb.). Rev. GENl[G.
 COINS 28I
st. 1., with snake, SALVS type). Type GENIUS AUG,
perhaps a new type of consecration coin. lndet. (5) 46
Quintillus (270) M. & S. 59
Tetricus I (270-3) M. & S. 56 (3), 68, 7 5, 79, 79/8 I, 85/6, 86/7, IOO (3), IOI
(3), 106,_I26/7, I28, I35 (2), I36, I45, I48 (2), 266 with
bearded head. Types of COMES, HILARITAS, INVICTVS
PAX (7), SPES (3) indet. (6) 44
Tetricus II M. & S. 224/ 5, 248, 254, 260, 26I, 270 (5), 272 (2), 272/4.
Types of FIDES, PAX, SPES (5), one head r. and indet. (3) 23
Tetricus 1-11 A rouleau of coins, one PI ET AS. 7
Victorinus or Tetricus. Types of FOBTVNA, LAETITIA, LIBERITAS, MARS, PAX (6),
SAL VS, SPES, VICTORIA. lndet. (3) I 6
Tacitus (27 5-6) M. & s. 33 I
Probus (276-82) M. & S. 84, I29, I86, 220, 22I, 490, indet. 7
Carausius (287-93) Obv. VIRTVS CARAVSI AVG. Bust 1., helm. with crest and
rad. crown, shield ornamented with studs, and eagle
sceptre. Rev. P [AC] AT ORBIS. Emp. helm., cuir. I.,
in I. hand trans. sceptre, in r. a globe; on both sides two
small figures, one kneeling, one standing with raised hands.
In ex. OXXVC. Cnf. Probus M. & S. I 36.
Obv. IMP. c[ Head r. rad. Rev. ]L VS AV[G ? FORTVNA
st. I. with cornucopiae and rudder. Not in M. & S.
Badly struck but bust and lettering bold. Irregular. ·
Obv. IMP. CARAVSIVS. P.F. AVG. Bust r. rad. dr.,
cuirassed. Rev. Traces of letters, fig. st. I. with spear.
Type? SAEC. FEL.
Obv. ]s AV. Rev. ]L[ Fig. st. I. holding? caduceus and
cornucopiae. Possibly FELICl.T AS. Irregular.
Irregular, Lion r. M. & S. 68/9. In ex.----:;;-
M. & s. IOI (5), II8, 306, 308, 4I5, 823, 880, 898,
982, 988, I02I. Type of PAX (2) 22
Allectus (293-7) M. & S. 35. M.M. ~I~ not in M. & S., M. & S. 28, 34, ?15 4
Diocletian (2 84-30 5) M. & S. 4 7, Coh. IOI (Siscia) 2
Maximian Here .. (286-305) Not in M. & S. but rev. as for Diocletian M. & S. 27;
issued by Carausius. Coh. I 7 I - 2
Constantius Chlorus (30 5-6) Coh. 56 (2) Mints, Tic. and Tr. 2
Licinius I (307-2 3) Coh. 49 (3), Mints, Lon., Tr. (2); 53 (Tr.) 4
Constantine I (307-37) Coh. 20, 2I, 245 (2), 250, 25I (4), 254 (2), 255, 256 (8),
330 (6), 330 but obv. pearl diadem, 343, 454 (4), 487,
525 (2), 530, 536, 546, 548, 636, 645, 760 (2). Type
BEAT. TRAN., VICT. L. P.P. (3), indet. 48
Constantinopolis including 5 barbarous I8
Urbs Roma including 3 barbarous 20
Pop. Romanus I
Helena (d. 328) Coh.4 3
Theodora Coh. 3/4 2
Crisp us (d. 3 2 6) Coh. 22, 29, 4I, I69, 326, type VIRTVS, VICT. L. P.P. 7
00
282 COINS
Constantine II (337-40) Coh. 12, 23, 38, 113/114 (4), 122/4 (8), 259, types BEAT.
TRAN., GL. EX. 1st. as Emperor 18
Constantiµs II (3 3 7-6 1) Coh. 47 (2), 57, 93, 99/100 (2), 104, 167, 293 (2), type
GL. EX. I St (3), FEL TEMP. REP:- Emp. on galley (2).
Legionary s.f.h. (10). Mints Ar. (2), Lug. (3), Tr. (8) 25
Constans (337-50) Coh. 10 (2), 18/19 (2), 22 (2), 52, 54, 65 (2), 75 (2), 179
(11), type GL. EX., I St. (7). Mints R., Ar. (2), Lug.,
Tr. (11) 30
House of Constantine Type FEL. TEMP. REP. legionary s.f.h. (15), do. Emp. on
vessel, VIC AVGG, two victories (15), GLORIA EX. (9) 41
Magnentius (350-3) Coh. 5 (2); types FELICITAS, FEL. TEMP. REP., 2 Vic-
tories (2) 6
Decentius Type 2 Victories I
Julian (361-3) Coh. 159. AR I
Valentinian I (364-7 5) Coh. 12 (9), 37 (8) 17
Valens (364-78) Coh. 1 1 ( 12), 4 7 ( 19) 31
Gratian (367-83) Coh. 13 (7), 16 (5), 34 (2), 75 (3) I7
House of Valentinian Types GLOR. ROM. (9), SECVRITAS (13) 22
Maximus or Victor Coh. 9 I
House of Theodosius GL. ROM., GL. REIP., SAL VS (4), VIC. AUGGG. I Vic. 7
Indeterminate First or second century ( 12), third ( 2 1), fourth (40) 73

Totals and Percentages

Total Percentage
British, &c. . 6 0·9
Roman:
Pre-Claudian 2 0·3
Claudius I and Nero 18 2·5
Flavian 33 4·7
Nerva-Commodus 71 lo·o
Severns-Philip • 16 2·3
Third-century radiates 198 28·0
Carausius and Allectus 36 5·1
Diocletian, &c., with· Licinius 10 1•4
House of Constantine 221 31·3
House ofValentinian 88 12·5
House of Theodosius 7 1°0
Total • 706 lOO·O
Indetermina tes 73
779
 REPORT ON A CRANIUM FROM THE FORUM SITE,
LEICESTER
By DR. A. J· E. CAVE
(Royal College of Surgeons of England)
The cranium was found incorporated in the :filling of the foundation trench of the Forum period
wall dividing the north outer portico from the north steps. No other human remains were with it.
The specimen is dated on archaeological evidence to the Roman period. It is the rather heavy,
thick-walled cranium of a male subject, aged some 60 years or more at the time of death: the
mandible is wanting, as are all the maxillary teeth save the 2nd right premolar.
The major cranial sutures are all closed; the sagittal suture is completely obliterated, whilst
obliteration is proceeding in the middle portion of the coronal suture and in the superior part of
the lambdoid. Male characters comprise: pronounced and confluent supra-orbital eminences, the
strong malar bones and zygomatic arches, the stout and heavy mastoid processes, and the great
emphasis of the secondary (i.e. muscular and ligamentous) markings upon the p1anum occipitale.
The slanting brow region presents well-marked frontal eminences together with some suspicion
of an attempted median keeling: the midline of the vault in the posterior parietal region is some-
what thrown into relief by a very distinct flattening of each parietal bone (between the superior
temporal line and the median plane) so that in norma occipitalis the cranial outline tends to the
pentagonal.
In norma verticalis the dolicocephalic cranium is ovate, the lateral cranial walls diverging evenly
from the narrower frontal region (98 mm. broad) to a maximal transverse width (of 143 mm.)
at the bi parietal diameter: thereafter the walls converge fairly rapidly into the faintly protuberant
and evenly contoured occiput. In norma lateralis the post-obelionic portion of the vault is seen
to exhibit a distinct and even flattening. The auricular height is 12 2 mm. and the basion-breg-
matic height '145 mm.-the skull being therefore orthocephalic.
The facial skeleton has suffered post-mortem damage in the external nasal and the palatine
regions. The medial corners of the orbits q,nd the root of the nose are overhung by the prominent,
confluent, supraciliary eminences; the bony nose is narrow, straight, and moderately prominent,
the nasal bones themsdves being apparently rather narrow. The anterior narial aperture is relatively
narrow (leptorhine) with well-developed anterior nasal spine. The orbits are capacious and of
somewhat rectangular outline; the malar .bones are large and strongly built, as are the entire
zygomatic arches. The canine fossae are not very concave-indeed the infra-orbital segment
of the facial skeleton is distinctly flattish; the infra-orbital foramina are large. The (damaged)
palate appears roomy and well arched; its alveolar borders reveal no sign of any parodontal disease.
The following teeth had been shed long before death: right side: lateral incisor, 1st molar
(? 3rd molar); left side: 1stand 2nd molars (and possibly others). The right upper canine has been
the site of an apical abscess which has burst through to the surface in the floor of the canine fossa:
a similar pathological condition has affected the right 2nd molar, which was probably loosened
and lost as a result of the infective process. The single tooth available for examination-the right
2nd maxillary premolar-is extremely crown-worn and stunted, but is otherwise healthy enough.
The non-metrical (morphological) features of the basis cranii require no special notice: they are
typically those of a robustly built male skull. Beyond the dental condition mentioned, there is no
evidence of ante-mortem trauma or disease in this specimen. Anthropologically this cranium may
be considered as exhibiting a mixture of 'Alpine' and 'Mediterranean' racial characters.
002
284 REPORT ON A CRANIUM FROM THE FORUM SITE, LEICESTER
Leicester cranium. Osteometric data
mm.
Max. length 196
Biparietal breadth 143
Minimum frontal breadth 98
Auricular height 122
Basion-bregmatic height 145
Facial height 71·0
Bimaxillary width 93·5
Bizygomatic width 139
Length, nasion-basion I05
Nasal height
Nasal breadth .. 55·o
23·5
Nasal bridge I l•O
Orbital height 34·8
Orbital width 45·5
Indexes
Cephalic 72· 9 (dolicocephalic)
Cephalic height 74·0 (orthocephalic)
Superior facial 75·5
Gnathic •. 8 8· 8 (orthognathous)
Orbital 77· 5 (microseme)
Nasal 42· 7 (leptorhine)
 ANIMAL BONES
Report by DR. J· WILFRID JACKSON, F.S.A.
From Roman Levels
Celtic Ox
Pit 5. Right mandible with milk-teeth.
SE. II. Left mandible with four teeth, viz. PM 3, M l, 2, 3, and sockets for two others.
Length of tooth-row = l 24 mm.
II. Left horn-core, fluted on one side. Larger than in typical Celtic ox.
V. Small horn-core, typical of Bos longifrons.
Sheep
Pit 5. Left mandible with teeth (young).
Horse
W. block, third floor. One hoof-core, rather wide type.
Cat
II. Imperfect skull.

From Medieval Robber Trenches

Celtic Ox
Pair of loose horn-cores: the right is attached to part of the frontal. The cores are fairly large
and cylindrical. The length along outer curve is 20 5 mm., basal diameter 55 X 6 5 mm.,
basal circumference l 96 mm. The frontal is indented as in the Celtic ox, but the horn-
cores are larger; they curve forward and slightly upwards. The occiput is notched.
Pair of adult lower jaws with teeth.
Right ramus of lower jaw with milk and permanent teeth = calf.
Sheep
Imperfect skull and right maxilla with teeth. Horn-cores broken off.
Dog
Skull, pair of mandibles, pair of tibiae, left femur, pair of humeri, pair of radii, vertebrae,
ribs, &c. The skull has a full length of l 90 mm., and a full width (malar) of I08 mm.
The tooth-row measures 64 mm. (not including canine). The mandibles have a full length
of 138 mm., and the tooth-row is 73 mm. The overall lengths of the limb bones are:
tibiae 168 mm., femur 160 mm., humeri 147 mm., radii 152 mm.
Cat
Imperfect skull.
Red Deer
Fragment of frontal with basal part of antler, beam and first tine sawn off. Eight tines of
antler, all sawn off at base, also part of the crown of the antler sawn off.
One tine, well worked. The surface has been rubbed smooth and the base perforated. It has
evidently been made for a handle of some sort.
286 ANIMAL BONES
Fallow Deer
Small fragment of frontal with length of antler attached; first tine present and shows signs of
saw-cuts; second tine sawn off.
Shed antler with short first tine; saw-cut at end of beam.
Basal part of left antler with two tines, attached to fragment of skull.
Roebuck"
Slender antler shaped by cuts at the base for insertion in socket.

Unstratified
Celtic Ox
Two small horn-cores, typical of Bos longifrons.
Right horn-core, basal diameter 52 X 37 mm., basal circumference 143 mm. Larger than
typical Celtic ox.
Sheep
Loose horn-core.
Pig
Ulna
Single canine tooth (not worked; worn on top).
Roebuck
Left antler, attached to fragment of skull.
 GENERAL INDEX
Aequum (Dalmatia), plan of forum, 21, 25-6. Constantius II, coins of, 282.
Alexander Severns, coins of, 280. Cooper, Reginald W., and the late Duke of Rutland, note
Allectus, coins of, 2 8 1. on medieval tile, 2 74.
Amber ear-ring, 2 7 1. Counters, bone, 266.
Animal bones, 285-6. Coventry, medieval decorated jugs from, 239-43.
Antoninus Pius, coins of, 3 1, 34, 3 5, 16 3, 177, 182, 187, 280. Cranium, from forum site, 283-4.
Architectural fragments, 27 4. Crispus, coins of, 36, 204, 281.
Arretine ware, see Pottery Index.
Arrow-head, iron, 274. Dark Ages, strap-end dating from, 37, 2 5 5.
Augusta Bagiennorum (Liguria), Basilica, 26. Decentius, coin of, 282.
Diocletian, coins of, 2 8 1.
Basilica: arched entrances to forum, 15-17; building-stones, Domitian, coins of, 11, 12, 13, 24, 141, 280.
14; comparison with other examples, 24-8; construction Dunham, Dr. K. C., report on hone-stones, 273.
of west wall, 14-1 5; description of, 14-18; later use Dunning, G. C., report on medieval pottery by, 222-48.
of, 3 2; plan and elevation, 1 5-1 8; position of, 1, 7, 14.
Bath (Somerset), Fosse Way at, 39. Ear-rings: amber, 271; bronze, 254.
Bath Building: construction, 28-9; dating evidence, 3 I; Elagabalus, coin of, 280.
history of site, 6-8; hypocaust, 29; plan, 28-30, 31-2; Epillus, coin of, 9, 279.
position of, 6; pottery from, 57; (see also Level II
below); storage jars, 7, 34, 112-16; room B, 29; room Fairs, as a factor in distribution of pottery, 243-4.
II, 3 2; room III, J2; room VII, 32; room VIII, 32; -Faustina I, coins of, 280.
room IX, 29, 32; room X, 32; room XI, 32; water- Faustina II, coins of, 31, 34, 163 (?), 177, 280.
channel, 29. Fire-places, 9, 37.
Beads: glass and paste, 269-70; jet, 270. Forum: Aqueduct, 21; arched entrances from Basilica, 1 5-17,
Belgic: occupation of site, 9-10; pottery, see separate Index. 18; comparison with other examples, 24-8; dating
Bell, bronze, 260. evidence, 24; drains, 19, 20, 21; history of site, 5-8;
Birley, E., note on mortarium stamps by, 214-15. latrine and drain, 19, 20; plan, 18-26; position of, 2;
Bosses, knobs, &c., bronze, 2 59, 260, 262. possible site of later building, 6; rooms flanking steps
Bracelets: bronze, 2 53; shale, 271 ; stone, 27 2. from Basilica, 18-19; room I, 19, 20; room II, 19;
Brooches, 249-52. room III, 20; room VI, 19, 21; room VII, 19; room
Buckles, bronze, 274. VIII, 22; shops, 19, 20, 21; sinkage in floor, 5-6, 22-3.
Bull, bronze, 272. Fosse Way, The, 38-40.

Caracalla, coin of, 280. Gallic silver coin, 24, 279.

Carausias, coins of, 2 8 1. Gallienus, coins of, 36, 280.
Castor ware, see separate Index. Gates, 23, 38.
Cave, Dr. A. J.E., report on cranium by, 283-4. Gratian, coins of, 282.
Chronological table, 42.
Cirencester: Basilica, 28; forum, 2 5; Fosse Way at, 39. Hadrian, coins of, 34, 35, 36, 182, 187, 280.
Claudius I, coins of, 34, I 77, 280. Haynes, D. E. L., report on gold ring by, 271-2.
Claudius II, coins of, 280. Helena, coins of, 2 8 I.
Coins: High Cross Street, columns found in, 6.
British, 279; (Epillus), 9, i19. Hone-stones, 27 3 ; medieval, 2 30-2.
Gallic, 24, 279. Jackson, Dr. J. Wilfrid, report on animal bones by, 285-6.
Gallo-Roman, 279. Jet objects, 270-1. ·
Roman, 280-2; list of, from disturbed levels, 36. (See also Jewry Wall, origin of name, 8; for other references see Basilica.
under Republican and Individual Emperors.) Julia Mamaea, coin of, 280.
Colchester, forum, 2 5. Julia Paula, coin of, 280.
Combs, bone, 269. Julian, coin of, 282.
Commodus, coins of, 35, 193, 280.
Constans, coins of, 282. Kendrick, T. D., report on bronze strap-end, 2 5 5.
Constantine I, coins of, 35, 36, 195, 281. Keys: bone, 269; bronze, 258.
Constantine II, coins of, 36, 282. Klagenfurt (Austria), Basilica, 26.
Constantine, coins of, house of, 282. Knife-blade, iron, 274.
Constan tius Chlorus, coins of, 2 8 I. Knife-handle, bone, 269.
288 . INDEX
Ladenburg (Germany), Basilica, 26. Needles: bone, 266; bronze, 262.
Legion, the VIIIth, site of camp of, 3; tile with stamp Nero, coins of, 12, 24, 31, 150, 163, 280.
of, 3. Nerva, coins of, 1 3, 24, 280.
Leicester Museum, medieval pottery in, 228.
Lentulus, C. N., coin of, 280. Ornaments, bronze, 255 (medieval), 257.
Levels: 42, 72. Oswald, Dr. Felix, report on Samian pottery, 43-72.
I (Forum), see Forum above; pottery, 44-9• 59, 61-2, Oyster-shells, 1 2.
6J, l 5l-63.
II (Bath Building), see Bath Building above; pottery, 50, Paschall of Eastwood, arms of, on medieval tile, 274.
57, 59, 62, 6j-6, 67-8, 163-70. Pearce, B. W., report on the coins by, 279-82.
III: description of, 33; pottery, 50-2, 68-9, 170-6. Pendants, bronze, 2 55.
IV: description of, 3 3; pottery, 69, l 77; water-channel, Philip I, coin of, 280.
33; water-tank, 7, 33-4. Pins: bone, 264; bronze, 262; jet, 27 I; miscellaneous,
V: dating evidence, 34; pottery, 52-4, 69, 71, 177-82. 264.
VI: dating evidence, H-5; pottery, 54-6, 62, 66-7, 69, Postumus, coins of, 280.
182-7; SW. Building II (probably Level VI), pottery, Pottery: see separate Index. General summaries in relation
58, 187. to levels, l 1-14, 24, 31, 33, 34, 3 5, 72.
VII: dating evidence, 35; pottery, 56, 62, 69, 71, Probus, coins of, 28r.
187-93.
VIII: dating evidence, 35; pottery, 67, 193-4. Quern-stone (Roman), 37.
IX: dating evidence, 35; pottery, 56-7, I95-2or. Quintillus, coins of, 36, 204, 28r.
X: dating evidence, 35-6; room VI, pottery, 201-4;
SE. angle, pottery, 204-7. Ratae Coritanorum: history of, 3-8; plan of, 38-40; relation
N. I: description of, l 2; pottery, I 46-7. to medieval town-plan, 38.
N. la: post~holes, 13. Ratby earthworks, 3, 4 (plan).
N. II: description of, I3; pottery, I47· Raw Dykes, 34; excavation of, 40-1; purpose of, 4r.
N. Ila: pottery, 147-9. Republican (Roman) coin, 280.
N. III: description of, I 3; pottery, I 49· Richmond, Dr. I. A., note on architectural fragments,
N. IV: description of, 13; pottery, I 49-50. 274.
N. V: description of, I 3; pottery, l 50-r. Rings: bronze, 253; gold with sard intaglio, 271-2; gold
SE. I: .description of, IO-Il; pottery, I37-8. (wire), 2 54; inset from, only, .2 54; jet, 27 I.
SE. II: description of, II; pottery, I38-9. Roads: 23; Fosse Way, 38-40; on N. side of site, 7, 10;
SE. Ila: description of, I I; pottery, l 39· pottery from, 59, 132.
SE. III: description of, Il-12; pottery, I40-r. Rutland, the late Duke of, see Cooper, R. W.
SE. IV: description of, 12; pottery, I41-6.
House J .W. I: description of, 12; pottery, I 3 5-7. St. Albans, forum, 2 5.
House J.W. II: pottery, 44. St. Nicholas Church, W. wall of Basilica probably incor-
Pits: evidence of Belgic occupation of site, 9, 12; pottery, porated in Saxon church, 8, 37.
9-II, 43-4; Pit I, 43, I 30-2; Pit 2, I 29; Pit 3, I 2~-9; Salonina, coins of, 280.
Pit 4, 133-5; Pit 5, 125-7; Pit 6, 43, 129-30; Pit 7, Samian pottery, see separate Index.
43, 132; Pit 8, 127; Pit IO, 128; Pit II, 128. Septimius Severns, coins of, 3 5, 36, 193, 204, 280.
Post-Roman: pottery, 207-9. Silchester, forum, 26. ·
Licinius I, coins of, 2 8 r. Spindle-whorls, 272. ·
Lincoln, Fosse Way at, 39· Spoons: bone, 269; bronze (portions only), 259.
Lock, bronze, 259. Steelyard, bronze, 2 59.
London: Fenchurch Street, sleeper-wall construction, 3 3; Stone, varieties used in Basilica, 14.
forum, 25. .
Stone building, earliest on site, 12.
Lowther, A. W. G., note on relief-patterned flue-tiles,
Strap-end, bronze, 37, 255.
275-8. Studs and nails, 260.
Magnentius, coins of, 282. Stylus, bronze, 2 59.
Marcus Aurelius, coins of, 280.
Margidunum, Fosse Way at, 39. Tacitus, coin of, 28 r.
Maximian Herculeus, coins of, 2 8 r. Tank, sleeper walls probably the base of, 7, 33-4.
Maximus or Victor, coin of, 282. Terret-rings, 274.
Medieval: occupation of site, 37; ornaments, 2 57; ovens, 37; Tessellated floor, 30.
pottery, see separate Index; gates and walls, 38. Tetricus I, coins of, 36, 28r.
Mortarium stamps, 2 14-1 5. Tetricus II, coins of, 36, 28 r.
Mould, stone, 2 54· Theodora, coins of, 28r.
 INDEX
Theodosius, coins of, 282. V alens, coins of, 2 8 2.
Tiberius, coin of, 280. Valentinian I, coins of, 282.
Tiles: with VIIIth Legion stamp, 3; with child's foot- Valentinian, coins of House of, 282.
prints, 27 4; relief-patterned flue-tiles, 27 5-8; medieval, Vespasian, coins of, r3, 24, 3r, 34, r46, r63, r77, r82, 280.
heraldic, 274; slate, 274. Victor or Maximus, coin of, 282.
Titus, coin of, 280. Victorin us, coins of, 204, 2 80; coins perhaps of, 36, 28 r.
Toilet and surgical implements, bronze, 2 57-8.
Trajan, coiris of, 13, 24, 34, 35, r 50, r82, r87, r93, r95, Wedges, iron, 274.
280. Whetstones, medieval, 2 30-2.
Trier (Germany) Kaiserthermen, 29, 32. Wroxeter (Viroconium), forum, 25.
 INDEX TO POTTERY
Arretine, 9, 124-5, 133. Beakers, 121, 193, 201.
Bowls, 12 r, 204, 208, 2 r 1.
Belgic, 9-11, 124-35, 137; summary, 124. Dishes, 120-r, 194, 201, 207, 208, 211.
Imported: Flagons, r 2 3.
Bases: Pit 6, I 29. Jars, r 21.
Beakers, Butt: 132; Pit 1, 131; Pit 2, 129; Pit 3, Jugs, 123, 193, 201, 274.
128; Pit+, 133; Pit 5, 125; Pit 7, 132; Pit 8, Pots, 121, 193, 201.
127; House J.W. I, 137. Coarse pottery: abbreviations, 7 3; references, 73-5.
Cups: Pit+, 133; Pit 5, 125. Amphorae, r,23; Pit+, r 3 5; Level I, 163; Level II, 170;
Flagons: Pit r r (rim only), r 28. Level III, 176; Level V, 182; Level VI, 187;
Jugs: Pit 3, r 28. Level X (room VI), 204.
Pedestal vase (base), r 3 2. Beakers, poppy-head, 103-4; House SE. IV, 144; Level I,
Plates, 132; Pit r, 130, r3r; Pit 3, 128; Pit f, 133; 158; Level II, 167; Level IX, 199.
Pit 6, 129, 130; Pit 7, 132; Pit rr, 128; House Bowls, Pit 5, 127.
J.W. I, 137; House J.W. la, r 37; House SE. I, I 37; Carinated, 86; Level I, 155; Level II, 165; Level III,
House SE. II, r 38; House SE. Ila, r 39; House 173; Level IV, 177; Level V, 179; Level VI, 183,
SE. III, 140. 187 (SW. Buildings II); Level VII, 189; Level IX,
Terra Nigra: Pit r, 131; Pit 2, 129; Pit 3, 128; Pit+, 196; post-Roman level (imitation Samian), 208,
133; Pit 6, 129; Pit rr, 128; Bouse J.W. I, 137; 209; unstratified, 21 r, 2 r 3.
House J.W. la, 137; House SE. I, 137; House Cylindrical: Level V, 179; Level VI, r?3.
SE. II, 138; House SE. Ila, 139; House SE. III, Flanged: 89; House SE. IV, 143; Level I, 155;
140. Level II, 166; Level III, 173; Level V, 179;
Terra Rubra: Pit r, 130; Pit4, 133; Pit 5, 125; Pit ro, Level VI, 183-4; Level VII, 189; Level VIII, 194;
128. Level :Q(, 196; Level X (SE. angle), 205.
Native ware: Necked: 92-5; House SE. IV, 143; House N. I, 146;
Beakers: Pit 5, 125; Pit 8, 127; House J.W. I, 135. House N. II, 147; House N. III, 149; N. V, 150;
Beakers, Butt: Pit r, r3r; Pit 3, 129; Pit f, 133; Pit 5, Level I, 157; Level II, r66; Level III, 173-4;
125; Pit rr, 128; HouseJ.W. la, 137; House SE. I, Level IV, 177; Level V, 179; Level VI, 184-5;
137; House SE. Ila, 139; House SE. III, 140. Level VII, 189; Level IX, 197; Level X (room VI),
Bowls: Pit 1, r3r; Pit 5, 127. 202; Level X (SE. angle), 205; unstratified, 2rr;
Carinated: House J.W. la, 137. post-Roman level, 208-9.
Cordoned, Pit f, r 3 5. Reeded-rimmed: 87; House SE. III, r +o; House SE.
Necked, Pit 7, 132. IV, 143; House N. IV, 149; Level I, 155, 157;
Jars, necked, Pit 7, 132. Level II, 165-6; Level III, 173; Level IV, 177;
Jars, storage: Pit r, r3r; Pit 3, 129; Pit f, 135; Pit 5, Level VI, 183; Level VII, 189.
127; Pit 6, 130; Pit 7, 132; Pit 8, 127; Pit ro, Miscellaneous, 92, 127; House SE. II, 138; House
128; Pit rr, 128; House J.W. I, 137; House SE. I, SE. IV, 143; House N. I (imitation Samian), 146;
138. House N. II, 147; N. V, 150; Level II, r66;
Miscellaneous: Pit 3, 129; Pit f, 135. Level III, 173; Level IV, 177; Level VI, 184;
Mortar-like vessels: 132; Pit r, r 3 r; Pit 3, r 29; Pit f, Level VII, 189; post-Rom~n level, 208.
r 33, r 3 5; Pit 8, r 27; from beneath road surface, r 32; Candlesticks:
House J.W. I, 137; House SE. Ila, 139. Unstratified: 212.
Plates: Pit 5, 125; Pit 10, 128; House SE. I, 137; Disc:
House SE. II, 138; House SE. Ila, 139; House Unstratified (in shape of face), 212.
SE. III, 140; House SE. IV, 141. Dishes:
Pots, coarse: Pit 2, 129; Pit f, 135; Pit rr, 128. Bead-rimmed, 86; Level I, r 55; Level III, r 73;
Pots, cooking: Pit r, 131; Pit+, 135; Pit 8, 127; Level V, 178; Level VI, 183; Level VII, r88;
House SE. I, 138; House SE. II, 138. Level IX, 196.
Rims, everted: Pit 7, r 3 2. Flanged, 84; Level IX, 196; Level X (room VI), 202;
Imitation: Pit 7, 132; House SE. Ila, 139; House SE. III, Level X (SE. angle), 205.
140; House SE. IV, 141; House N. IV, r 50. Pie, 80-4; House SE. III, 140; House SE. IV, r4r;
House N. III, 149; N. V, 150; Level I, 153;
Castor ware, rr9-23, 170, 176, 177, 182, 187, 193, 194, Level II, 165; Level III, 171; Level V, 178;
195, 201, 204, 207, 208, 2II, 274. Level VI, 183; Level VII, 188; Level IX, 195-6;
 INDEX
Level X (room VI), 202; Level X (SE. angle), Mortaria: 75-80; House J.W. I, 137; House SE. II, 138;
205. House SE. Ila, 139; House SE. IV, 141; N. V, 150;
Straight-sided: 8 5; Level I, I 55; Level VI, I 83; Level I, 152-3; Level II, 163, 165; Level III, 171;
Level VII, 188; Level IX, 196; Level X (room VI), Level V, 178; Level VI, 182; Level VII, 188;
202. Level IX, 195; Level X (room VI), 202; Level X
Miscellaneous: Level I, I 55; Level II, I 6 5; Level X (SE. angle), 205; post-Roman level, 208; unstrati-
(SE. angle), 205. fied, 2II, 212; note on stamps, 214-15.
Flagons, III; Pit 1, 131; House SE. IV, 145; Level I, Mugs, Level III, 173·
162; Level II, 168; Level V, 181; Level VI, 186; Plates: unstratified, 212.
Level VII, 192; Level IX, 200; post-Roman level Pots:
(imitation Samian), 208. Bead-rimmed, Level I, 158.
Jars: Cooking, I 16; House SE. Ila, l 39; House SE. IV,
Bead-rimmed, 102; House SE. IV, 144; Level II, 145-6; House N. Ila, 149; House N. III, 149;
167; Level III, 174; Level V, 180; Level VI, 185; Level I, 162; Level II, 170; Level III, 176; Level IV,
Level VII, 191; Level IX, 199. 177; Level V, 182; Level VI, 186; Level VII, 193;
Cavetto-rimmed, 98: House SE. IV, 144;.House N. IV, Level VIII, 194; Level IX, 200; Level X (room VI),
150; N. V, 150; Level II, 167; Level III, 174; 204.
Level V, 180; Level VI, 185; Level VII, 191; Rims:
Level IX, 197, 199; Level X (room VI), 204; Cavetto, 98; Level I, I 58.
Level X (SE. angle), 207. Everted, 104-9; House SE. IV, 144; House N. I,
Curled-over rim: post-Roman level, 209. 146-7; House N. II, 147; House N. Ila, 149;
Everted-rimmed, 104-<): House SE. II, 138; House House N. III, 149; N. V, l 50-1; Level I, I 59, 161.
SE. Ila, 139; House SE. III, 140; House N. II, Sherds only: Pit 8, 127; Level IX (imitation Samian), 201.
147; House N. IV, 1 50; Level II, 167-8; Level III, Tazzas: Level I, l 55; Level IX, l 96.
175; Level V, 181; Level VI, 185-6; Level VII,
191-2; Level IX, 199; Level X (SE. angle), 207. Roughcast Ware: House SE. II, 138.
Necked, 95-8; House SE. Ila, l 39; House SE. III, Rusticated Ware: House SE. II, I 38; House SE. Ila, I 39.
140; House SE. IV, 143; House N. II, 147; House
N. IV, 149; N. V, 150; Level I, 157-8; Level II, Samian: report by Dr. Felix Oswald, 43-72; abbreviations,
166; Level III, 174; Level IV, 177; Level V,
43; table of levels, 72.
179-80; Level VI, 185; Level VII, 189, 191; From the following sites:
Level VIII, 194; Level IX, 197; Level X (room VI),
Pits, II, 43-4; Pit 1, 131; Pit 6, 130; Pit 7, 132;
202-3; Level X (SE. angle), 206-7; unstratified,
House J.W. 2, 44; House SE. II, 138; House SE.
211-12, 213.
Ila, I 39; House SE. III, I 40; House SE. IV,
Oblique-rimmed: 103; Level II, 167; Level V, 180;
141; House N. II, 147; House N. Ila, i47;
Level VI, 185; Level VII, 191; Level IX, 199.
House N. IV, 149; N. V, 150; Level I (Forum), 59,
Ring-necked: House SE. IV, 145; Level VI, I 86.
61-2, 63, 151-52; Level II (Baths), 57, 59-61,
Storage: 7, 34, II2-16; House SE. II, 139; House
62, 63-6, 67-8, 163; Level III, 50-2, 68-<J, 170;
SE. Ila, 139; House SE. III, 141; House SE. IV,
Level IV, 69, 177; Level V, 52-4, 69, 71, 177;
145; House N. III, 149; House N. IV, 150; Level I,
Level VI, 54-6, 62, 66, 69, 182; SW. building
162; Level II, 168-70; Level III, 176; Level IV,
(Level VI), 58; Level VII, 56, 62, 69, 71, 187;
lJ7; Level V, 181-2; Level VI, 186; Level VII,
Level VIII, 67; Level IX, 56-7, 195; deposits
192-3; Level VIII, 194; Level IX, 200; Level X
contemporary with Bath Building, 50; deposits con-
(room VI), 204; post-Roman level, 299.
temporary with forum, 44-9; road surface, 59;
Wide-mouthed, 92. disturbed levels, 61, 67, 69, 71. ·
Miscellaneous: House SE. IV, 144; Level ,JI, 168; Of the following dates: .
Level X (room. VI), 203; post-Roman le.Jel, 209; Tiberian, 59; Claudian, 43, 44, 59, l 3 l, l 32; Claudius-
unstratified, 202: Nero, 43, 61, 62, 131; Neronic, 62, 139; Nero-
Jugs, unstratified (in form of woman's head), 213. Vespasian,63; Vespasianic, 45,63-7, 138, 140, 141,
Ring-necked, IO<J-II; Pit 4, 135; House SE. II, 139; l 49; Vespasian-Domitian, I 39; Domitianic, 44, 4 5-7,
House N. II, 147; N. V, l 51; Level I, 161; Level II, 67-9, 147, 187; Domitian-Trajan, 47; Trajanic, 47,
168; Level III, 175; Level IV, 177; Level V, 181; 48, 50, 69-71, 141, 149• I 50, 163; Trajan-Hadrian,
Level VII, 192; Level IX, 199. 48, 50, 51, 71; Hadrianic, 48, 50, 51, 52, 54, 56,
Fragments, Pit 3, 129. 58, 151, 152, 163; Hadrian-Antonine, 48, 50, 52,
Lids, u8-19; House SE. IV, 146; House N. I, 147; 54, 56, 57, 58, 71, I 51, I 52, 163, 195; Antonine, 50,
Level I, 163; Level II, 170; Level IV, 177; Level V, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 71, 163, 170, 177, 182,
182; Level VI, 187; Level VII, 193; Level IX, 200; 187, 195; third century, 56, 57, 187, 195; fourth
Level X (SE. angle), 207. century, 195.
292 INDEX
Medieval: Cauldrons, thirteenth-century, 2 3 2, 2 3 5.
Twelfth century: 222-32. Jars, storage, thirteenth-century, 23 5-6.
Thirteenth century, 232-4+ Jars: twelfth-century, 223, 226.
Fourteenth century, 244-6. Jugs: twelfth-century, 223, 226; thirteenth-century, 232,
Fifteenth century, 246-8. 233, 234, 236-9 (decorated); fourteenth-century,
Pit Med. I, 222 n., 224-6. 244-6 (decorated); fifteenth-century, 246-8.
Pit Med. II, 222 n., 233-5. Lamps, twelfth-century, 223, 228.
Pit Med. III, 222 n., 235-6. Pipkins, thirteenth-century, 233.
U nstratified, 2 z.6-8, 246, 247. Pitchers, twelfth-century, 223, 227.
Bowls, flanged: twelfth-century, 223, 224, 226; thirteenth- Pots, cooking: twelfth-century, 223, 224, 226; thirteenth-
century, 233. century, 232, 233.
 PLATE II

a. G eneral view of the south half of the site from the west

h. The J ewry W all from the west, before the removal of modern brickwork
 "'O
r
~
>-j
Lrj
I-<
I-<
I-<

a. The J ewry W all from the south, with part of the roo ms in the b. Th e J ewry W all from the south
south-east angle of the F orum
 a. Ea rli est occupati on: pits and fi re-pl ace (p. 9) b. Pi er in House SE. I II (p. I 2)

'"O'
c. Traces of timber posts and planking in H ouse J.W. I (p. 12) d. Su ccessive floor and occupati on levels of N orth Group of ea rly r
~
buildings, cut by foundati on trench of Forum W all (p. 12) ~
trJ
........
~:
 ""O
'·
r
~
~
l:T1
-<!

a. N orth wall of Basilica and north pier of western aisle (p. l 4) b. North wall of Basilica, and matrix of herring-bone paving (p. l 4)

c. Fourth pier of western aisle of Basilica (p. 14) d. North wall of Basilica, north pier of western aisle, and matrix of
herring-bone floor (p. 14)
 PLATE VI

a. Southernmost re ~ess on east side of J ewry Wall b. Niche in south ernmost recess, in east side of
(p. I 5) J ewry Wall (p. 17)

c. Central niche in east side of J ewry W all d. Southern entrance from Basili ca to F o rum
(pp. I 5, I 7) from the east (p. I 6)
 "'O
~
,..,
t'rj

~
.......
.......

a. Ni che on north side of southernmost recess in east side of

J ewry W all (p. 17)

c. L atrine in Room III (p. 19)

b. Rooms in north-eastern angle of the F orum (pp. 18-19, 37)
 PLATE VIII

a. Northern road and North Outer Portico from the east (p. 19)

b. North range of Forum, with disturbed soil removed (p. 19)

 >-rj
t"-1
:;...

-
~
t'Ij

;><1

a. Subsidence adjoining drain in south-east angle (p. 21 )

b. In centre, fragment of o riginal (F orum) drain, on right c. In centre, fragment of original (Forum) drain, with line of
rebuilt (Bath period) drain (p. 22) subsidence dipping away from it; on left rebuilt (Bath period)
drain (p. 22)
 PLATE X

a. Subsidence on south side of Forum from the east (p. 22)

h. E dge of subsidence on south side of Forum from the south (p. 22)
 ""O
~
>-
~
t'rj

~
.......

a. N orthern apse of Baths from the west (p. 28) b. Northern apse of Baths from the east (p. 28)

c. Southernmost of western apses of Baths (p. 28) d. Southern apse of Baths (p. 28)
 PLATE XII

a. Basis of hypocaust in R oom IX (p. 29)

b. Bath period drain runn ing from so uth-east to c. F allen fragment of hypocaust pil a (p. 29)
north-east rooms (p. 29)
PLATE XIII

a. Bath period drain in south-east angle (p. 30)

b. Northern apse of Baths impinging on north range of F orum, from the east (p. 29)
 a. F oundation trench of southe rn apse of Baths (right), cutting
through Forum floor (p. 3 1)

r-o
t-i
~
c. Robber trench of southern wall of Bath courtyard, with
>-l
b. W all of Period IV building overriding Bath period wall trJ
(p. 33) successive levels of courtyard (p. 33)
?<
.........
<;
PLATE XV

a. Period IV building (water-tank ?) from the west (p. 33)

b. Period IV building (water-tank ?) from the east (p. 33)

 a. R ebuild of south wall of Period IV (water-tank?) building h. Drain in south-west corner of site (p. 33)

hj
r
~
c. Base of pi er in Period IV (water-tank?) building (p. 33) d. Base of pi er in Period IV (water-tank?) building (p. 33) >-1
trJ
x
~
>-<
PLATE XVII

a. Northern road from east, showing ruts and

medieval wells (pp. 36, 37)

b. Northern road from west, showing ruts and repair (p. 36)
 b. Medieval walls in North Outer Portico (p. 37 )

a. Medieval furnace (p. 37 )

"'O
r'
>-
....,
c. Medieval furnace, with top of adjacent wall of F orum reddened tTJ
(p. 37) ~
-<
........
........
........
PLATE XIX
 PLATE XX

a. b.

c.

d.
a. and h. Two views of thirteenth-centu ry decorated jug (t) (p. 238)
c. and d. Two views of thirteenth-centu ry decorated jug(!) (p. 239)
PLATE XXI

a. b.

c.
d.
a . and b. Two views of fourteenth-c entury decorated jug (i) (p. 246)
c. Twelfth-cen tury jug from South Bond Street, L eicester (!) (p. 228)
d. Thirteenth-c entury pottery cauldron (i) (p. 235)
 PLAT E XXII

b. Glazed medi eval til e(!) (p. 27 4)

a. Spindle-whorl s ( 1-3 stone, 4 potsherd, 5 bone,
m
6 shale, 7 lead) and stone bracelet (8) (p. 2 7 2 )

5
7
9

6
8

10 11

c. Hone stones (p. 273) (approx. U

PLATE XXIII

b. H ead from side of castor-ware j ug

(p. 274) m
3

c. G old ring (p. 27 I ) m

6
5

a. Bronze buckle and terret ring types (p. 274) (!)

4
2
e. I ron arrow-head
3 (p. 274) m
d. Iron wedges and knife-blade (p. 274) (approx. i)
 PLATE XXIV

Cf ""
CHES

b. Architectural fragment (p. 274) (t)

a. Architectural fragment (p. 274) (U

c. Brick with child's footprints (p. 274) (t)

PLATE XXV

b.

a.
a. and b. Relief-patterned flu e-tiles (p. 2 75)

c. Slate roof tile (p. 274)

d. Relief-patterned flu e-tiles (p. 27j)
 PLATE XXYI

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SCALE 10 5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 BO 90 100 : SUBSIDENCE 1
OF FEET s· 1•R
SCALE 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
OF METRES ~~~!i!E~~~~~~!i!E~~§:3~~~~~~§:3~~~
 PLATE XXVII

ST NICHOLA S CHURC H
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OF FEET ~
PERIOD SCALE OF 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
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 PLATE XXVIII

L [ I c [ s T [ R

+ REMAINS Of ROMA N BUILDINGS

400 SfO
:SCALE OF n...,... 100
y,aa"~ la I
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aA•ILICA

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....-.........~;;;:.:::-:··· c. Silchester
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a. Wroxeter

TOWf:R
ITRUT·------------------------j
THE AVENUE Oft CORIN STREET
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 PLATE XXX

t
I
I
I

AQUAE
SULIS THE FOSSE WAY
z IN RELATION TO
0
>
<
ri. ROMAN TO'w'NS
ON ITS ROUTE

CORI NI UM ROMAN ROADS & STREETS

======== MODERN ROADS &STREETS
CONJ'"ECTURAL LINES OF ROMAN ROADS
PROBABLE LINES OF ROMAN TOWN WALLS

IOOO OOO 0

SCALE IN FEET
- .... 3000 4000 .sooo

IMILE
 PLATE XXXI

SECTION S SHOWING FORUM LEVELS ONLY

20rT. WEST OF BASILICA
•o•• PORTICO SHOPS CORltlOOI\
__
ROOM I
,..,.. ....,
. ' .'
'
ROOMD ENTRANCE TO BASILICA ROOMJZII ROOM TI

A~ i~~~~Woo .1::1.:1:111:::1::11!;!:1:1:.fi~,
'

NORTH SOUTH
ROAD .PORTICO SHOPS PORTICO CENTRAL AREA
DftAIM

. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .
··~mmdn
9 2 n. W EST 0 F BA S I LI CA
~NATURAL § PRE .FORUM
10 5 0
lillilli!lllljl'
10
I
IO
I
10
I
.0
'
9C:t
I
10
I
! i i
100
I
SCALE IN FEET
fIIIIIJ FORUM

MODERN DISTURBANCE TO THIS LEVEL

SECTIONS THROUGH SIDES OF FORUM APSE OF BATHS SOUTH

NORTH ROAD ROBBER B

ROBBER
A

NATURAL CLAY . NATURAL CLAY

E NATURAL CLAY ·~-------

F
MODERN DISTURBANCE TO THIS LEVEL
SOUTH

NORTH APSE OF BATHS

R.OBB:ER
H
5 4 3 2 I 0 10 I$ 20 25

G NATURAL CLAY
SCALE IN FEET
 PLATE XXXII

SECTION THROUGH NORTH-EAST ROOMS

SHOPS
ROOM :I CORRIDOR
POR.nco ROAD
ENTRANCE ROOMir
TO
I i I' It! I II
i ! fl~1:llM1 ,M1tfi-,ur,t I 1111 ROB~
I I I
ROBBER.
BASILICA
I ,: ·""
, 1 , .• 1 1,,,l',\. ~K
ROBBER

NORTH
UULi 5 10 15 20
SCALE IN· FEET

SECTION THROUGH SOUTH-EAST ROOMS

:BNTRANCB TO BASIL

L ROBBER.

SOUTH
I 4 I ·~ I O 10 15 20 M
SCALE IN FEBT NORTH

SECTION THROUGH SO·UTH-EAST ROOMS SHOWING PRE-FORUM LEVELS

MODERN BASaMENT FLOOR
ROBBER

IQ 1p . NORTH
SCALE IN FEET
 PLATE XXXIII

SECTION NORTH OF
NORTHERN ARCH·WAY AND THROUGH HYPOCAUST
LINE
OF
WALL
OF
HALL
OF
BAH
NOT EXCAYATED

p WEST
EA$!' U-ULJ ~ 10
I
Q
SCALE JN FE-ET

SECTION THROUGH SUBSIDENCE IN COURTYARD SECTION AGAINST SOUTH-EAST DRAIN

SOUTH NORTH
' MEDIAEVAL PIT
R.t'.

R
CENTRE OF PIT
NOT
EXCAVA1'ED

SECTION THROUGH THE RAW DYKES. LEICESTER

EAST

WEST
UNEXCAVA TED

NATURAL CLAY

NATURAL CLAY
SCALE IN FEET