UO-1 by S Dinda L-10

BITS Pilani presentation
Srikanta Dinda
BITS Pilani Dept. of Chemical Engineering
Pilani Campus
BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus
Unit Operation-1
(Code: PE ZC319)
Lecture No. 10
Mass Transfer
Calculate the diffusion coefficient (m2/s) of acetone (CH3COCH3) in
water at 25 oC from the given information. (viscosity of water at 25
°C is 0.8937×10-3 Pa.s, molecular weight of water is 18 kg/kmol,
association parameter is 2.6, molar volumes of carbon, oxygen, and
hydrogen are 0.0148, 0.0074, and 0.0037 m3/kmol, respectively).
Using the Wilke − Chang equation

T ( φMB )
0.5
D0AB =1.173×10-16 m2 / s
μν0.6
A
A = 3* 0.0148 +6*0.0037+0.0074=0.074 m3/kmol

298 ( 2.6 18 )
0.5
D0AB =1.173×10-16 = 1.28  10 −9

m2
/s
0.8937  10  (0.074)
-3 0.6
UO-1 by S. Dinda; BITS PILANI, Hyderabad

10/12/2024 3
Campus
Diffusion in Porous Solids
➢ For binary molecular diffusion of solutes in porous
materials (where diffun is considered to occur only in fluid inside
pores), diffusivity term in Fick’s law is expressed as
effective diffusivity (DAB,eff)
DAB
DAB,eff =

➢ Fick's law is valid when Kn =(λ/d) <0.05
➢ When Kn >5, molecules bounce from wall to wall rather than

colliding with other molecules & this mode of transport is known
as Knudsen diffusion.
d 8 RT
DK,i =
3 M i

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Campus
Mass Transfer
What is the value of Knudsen diffusivity of C2H4 within a

10 nm of pore diameter of a catalyst at 27°C?
d 8 RT
DK,i =
3 M i
Ans: 1.59x10-6 m2/s

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Campus
Mass Transfer Coefficient
• When fluid flows past a solid surface/phase boundary
➢ Turbulent region and laminar sublayer are formed
➢ Eddies move rapidly from one place to another & MT is rapid
➢ Molecular diffusion is dominant in laminar sublayers
➢ A number of theories proposed to visualize the MT

mechanism & to develop meaningful expressions for
calculating the MT coefficient.
➢ Most well-known theories are:

✓ Film theory (Whiteman, 1923)
✓ Penetration theory (Higbie, 1935)
✓ Surface renewal theory (Danckwert,1951)

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Campus
Film Theory
➢ Fluid flows turbulently past a solid surface
➢ MT occurs at phase boundary
➢ Diffusional MT dominates
near BL & convective MT
dominates away from BL.
Assumptions:
i) MT occurs by mol diffun through stagnant fluid layer
ii) Steady state MT, iii) bulk flow term is zero

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Campus
Let area normal to the z direction is 'a'
Rate of input of solute at z = aN A z
Rate of input of solute at z+  z = aN A z+  z

dc A
= -( c Ai − c Ab )
1
At steady state, aN A z − aN A =0
dz 
z+  z
dc A
d(aN A )  N A = − DAB
or - =0 dz
dz
1
dc A =DAB ( c Ai − c Ab )
again, aN A = − aDAB 
dz
again N A = k L ( c Ai − c Ab )
d 2 dc A
or =0
dz 2
integrating using the BC,  k L = DAB / 
when z=0, c A = c Ai & z= , c A = c Ab so k L is linearly depends on DAB
z
then c A = c Ai − ( c Ai − c Ab )


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Campus
• Most of the industrial processes of mass transfer are
unsteady-state processes.
• Contact time between phases is too short to achieve a
stationary state.
• This non-stationary phenomenon is not generally
taken into account by the film model.
• More realistic models of the process have been
proposed by Higbie (penetration model) and by
Danckwerts (surface renewal model).
✓ Penetration theory Surface renewal theory

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Campus
➢ Concept of mass transfer co-efficient was introduced as a
simple & practical approach to solve complex situations
molar flux (N A )
Mass transfer coefficient (k c ) =
conc. difference(c A )
➢ Various types of MT coefficients are defined depending upon

i)phases of MT (liq/gas) ii)choice of driving force, iii)diffun of A
through stagnant B or counter diffusion
for gas phase, N A = k G (p A1 − p A 2 ) = k y (y A1 − y A 2 ) = k c (c A1 − c A 2 )

for liq. phase, N A = k L (c A1 − c A 2 ) =k x (x A1 − x A 2 )
kc ~ 10-2 m/s & δ~ 1mm ; kL ~ 10-5 m/s & δ~ 0.1mm

10/12/2024 10
UO-1 by S. Dinda; BITS PILANI, Hyderabad Campus
Dimensionless Group in MT
convective heat flux h T hl
Nusselt No (Nu) = = =
conductive heat flux (k / l)T k
convective mass flux k cl
Sherwood No (Sh) = =
diffusional mass flux D AB
Momentum Diffusivity C P  Momentum Diffusivity (  /  )

Pr = = Sc = =
thermal Diffusivity k Mass Diffusivity DAB
10/12/2024 11
Gas Absorption
Applications:
• Gas Processing, Refineries, petrochemical industries
• Gas dehydration
• Removal of CO2 and H2S
• Hydrocarbon absorbers for lean oil
• Sour water strippers
• Synthesis gas processing
• Ethylene oxide absorption
• Gas is dispersed in liquid: tray/plate tower
• Liquid is dispersed in gas: packed & spray tower,

venturi scrubber
10/12/2024 12
Tray or Plate Column
10/12/2024 13
Tray
Functions of Tray
• It allows gas to flow through holes
• It separates the column into no. of compartments,
each of which constitutes a stage. MT occurs on trays
Types of Tray
• Bubble –Cap tray
• Sieve tray
• Valve tray
• Bubble-cap dia: 1-6 inch

• Slot size: 0.5-1.5 inch length, 0.25-inch width
• Cap pitch: cap dia + 2inch
10/12/2024 14
Sieve Tray & Valve Tray
Sieve Tray
• Hole dia: ⅛ - ½ inch
• Holes are arranged on a triangular

/square pitch
• Pitch: 2.5-5 dHole
Valve Tray
• It provides variable area for gas flow depending on gas flow rates
• Good choice for fouling fluids
• Offers low ∆P
• Dis. adv.: mechanical wear & corrosion
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Features of Tray Column
Hydraulic Gradient:
• Diff bet the clear liq height at inlet & outlet on a tray
• Objective to overcome resistance of liq flow on a tray
• Normally it kept <½ inch
• Excessive gradient can
cause vapor channeling,
or liq dumping
• Hydraulic gradient for
sieve < valve < bubble
cap tray
10/12/2024 16
Features of Tray Column
Weeping/Dumping:
• Small leaking of liq through perforations from an
upper tray to a lower tray is called weeping
• Excessive weeping will lead to dumping.
• This is caused by low vap flow and when vap ΔP is
insufficient to hold up the liquid on the tray
Entrainment/ flooding:
• Entrainment refers to the liquid carried by vapor up
• Can caused by high vapor flow & small-size droplets.
• Excessive entrainment can lead to flooding.
max. flow rates design vap T / P

Turndown Ratio = =
min. flow rates min. operable T / P
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Packed Towers
• used for continuous contact bet liq &

gas in both counter & co-current flow
• vertical column filled with packing

material which should provide a large
interfacial surface bet liq & gas per
unit volume of packed space
• liquid is distributed over & trickles

down through bed
• Packing materials should be

chemically inert & should possess
enough strength to permit easy
handling.
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Packed Towers
• Packings are of 3 major types: random, regular & grid
• Random packings are simply dumped into the tower during
installation and allowed to fall at random
• MOC of packing materials: Ceramic, metal, or plastic
• 1st-generation packing: raschig ring, Lessing ring, berl saddle &
spiral ring
• 2nd-generatn packing: Pall rings, Hy-Pak, intalox saddle
• 3rd-generatn packing: fleximax & flexisaddle
Hy-Pak pall ring
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Plate vs. Packed Towers
Plate tower Packed tower
ΔP More (area for gas flow is Less (area for gas flow is >50 %
<15% of col dia) of col dia)
Liquid holdup More (~10% of tower vol) Less (~5% of tower vol)
Liq residence time More (less suitable for heat Less (more suitable for heat
sensitive material) sensitive material)
For handling of Less preferred due to more More preferred due to less
corrosive compd metallic components metallic components
For handling of Less preferred due to high More preferred

foaming compd chances of entrainment
For handling More preferred Less preferred to avoid chocking

suspended solid
Heat removal Comparatively easier Comparatively difficult
10/12/2024 20

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BITS Pilani presentation

Using the Wilke − Chang equation

A = 3* 0.0148 +6*0.0037+0.0074=0.074 m3/kmol

D0AB =1.173×10-16 = 1.28  10 −9

UO-1 by S. Dinda; BITS PILANI, Hyderabad

➢ When Kn >5, molecules bounce from wall to wall rather than

UO-1 by S. Dinda; BITS PILANI, Hyderabad

What is the value of Knudsen diffusivity of C2H4 within a

Ans: 1.59x10-6 m2/s

UO-1 by S. Dinda; BITS PILANI, Hyderabad

➢ A number of theories proposed to visualize the MT

➢ Most well-known theories are:

UO-1 by S. Dinda; BITS PILANI, Hyderabad

UO-1 by S. Dinda; BITS PILANI, Hyderabad

Rate of input of solute at z+  z = aN A z+  z

UO-1 by S. Dinda; BITS PILANI, Hyderabad

✓ Penetration theory Surface renewal theory

UO-1 by S. Dinda; BITS PILANI, Hyderabad

➢ Various types of MT coefficients are defined depending upon

for gas phase, N A = k G (p A1 − p A 2 ) = k y (y A1 − y A 2 ) = k c (c A1 − c A 2 )

kc ~ 10-2 m/s & δ~ 1mm ; kL ~ 10-5 m/s & δ~ 0.1mm

Momentum Diffusivity C P  Momentum Diffusivity (  /  )

• Gas is dispersed in liquid: tray/plate tower

• Liquid is dispersed in gas: packed & spray tower,

• Bubble-cap dia: 1-6 inch

• Holes are arranged on a triangular

• Pitch: 2.5-5 dHole

• Dis. adv.: mechanical wear & corrosion

max. flow rates design vap T / P

• used for continuous contact bet liq &

• vertical column filled with packing

• liquid is distributed over & trickles

• Packing materials should be

Hy-Pak pall ring

For handling of Less preferred due to high More preferred

For handling More preferred Less preferred to avoid chocking

Heat removal Comparatively easier Comparatively difficult

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