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Introductory Raman Spectroscopy
(Second edition)
Elsevier, 2003
Acknowledgments
The authors would Hke to express their thanks to Prof. Robert A. Condrate
of Alfred University, Prof. Roman S. Czernuszewicz of the University of
Houston, Dr. Victor A. Maroni of Argonne National Laboratory, and Prof.
Masamichi Tsuboi of Iwaki-Meisei University of Japan who made many
valuable suggestions. Special thanks are given to Roman S. Czernuszewicz
for making drawings for Chapters 1 and 2. Our thanks and appreciation
also go to Prof. Hiro-o Hamaguchi of Kanagawa Academy of Science and
Technology of Japan and Prof. Akiko Hirakawa of the University of the Air
of Japan who gave us permission to reproduce Raman spectra of typical
solvents (Appendix 8). Professor Kazuo Nakamoto also extends thanks to
Professor Yukihiro Ozaki of Kwansei-Gakuin University in Japan and
to Professor Kasem Nithipatikom of the Medical College of Wisconsin for
help in writing sections 3.7 and 6.2.4 of the second edition respectively.
Professor Chris W. Brown would hke to thank Su-Chin Lo of Merck Pharma-
ceutical Co. for aid in sections dealing with pharmaceuticals and Scott
W. Huffman of the National Institute of Health for measuring Raman
spectra of peptides. All three authors thank Mrs. Carla Kinney, editor for
Academic Press, for her encouragement in the development of the second
edition.
John R. Ferraro
Kazuo Nakamoto
2002 Chris W. Brown
Preface to the First Edition
Xll
Preface to the First Edition xiii
Acknowledgments
The authors would Uke to express their thanks to Prof. Robert A. Condrate of
Alfred University, Prof. Roman S. Czernuszewicz of the University of
Houston, Dr. Victor A. Maroni of Argonne National Laboratory, and
Prof. Masamichi Tsuboi of Iwaki-Meisei University of Japan who made
many valuable suggestions. Special thanks are given to Roman S. Czernus-
zewicz for making drawings for Chapters 1 and 2. Our thanks and appreci-
ation also go to Prof. Hiro-o Hamaguchi of Kanagawa Academy of Science
and Technology of Japan and Prof. Akiko Hirakawa of the University of the
Air of Japan who gave us permission to reproduce Raman spectra of typical
solvents (Appendix 8). We would also like to thank Ms. Jane EUis, Acquisi-
tion Editor for Academic Press, Inc., who invited us to write this book and for
her encouragement and help throughout the project. Finally, this book could
not have been written without the help of many colleagues who allowed us to
reproduce figures for publication.
John R. Ferraro
1994 Kazuo Nakamoto
Chapter 1
Basic Theory
Introductory Raman Spectroscopy, Second Edition 1 Copyright © 2003, 1994 Elsevier Science (USA)
All rights of reproduction in any form reserved.
ISBN 0-12-254105-7
2 Chapter 1. Basic Theory
Ham and Walsh (7), who described the use of microwave-powered hehum,
mercury, sodium, rubidium and potassium lamps. Stammreich (8-12) also
examined the practicaHty of using helium, argon, rubidium and cesium lamps
for colored materials. In 1962 laser sources were developed for use with
Raman spectroscopy (13). Eventually, the Ar^ (351.l-514.5nm) and the
Kr^ (337.4-676.4 nm) lasers became available, and more recently the Nd-
YAG laser (1,064 nm) has been used for Raman spectroscopy (see Chapter 2,
Section 2.2).
Progress occurred in the detection systems for Raman measurements.
Whereas original measurements were made using photographic plates with
the cumbersome development of photographic plates, photoelectric Raman
instrumentation was developed after World War II. The first photoelectric
Raman instrument was reported in 1942 by Rank and Wiegand (14), who
used a cooled cascade type RCA IP21 detector. The Heigl instrument
appeared in 1950 and used a cooled RCA C-7073B photomultiplier. In 1953
Stamm and Salzman (15) reported the development of photoelectric Raman
instrumentation using a cooled RCA IP21 photomultiplier tube. The Hilger
E612 instrument (16) was also produced at this time, which could be used as a
photographic or photoelectric instrument. In the photoelectric mode a photo-
multiplier was used as the detector. This was followed by the introduction of
the Cary Model 81 Raman spectrometer (17). The source used was the 3 kW
helical Hg arc of the Toronto type. The instrument employed a twin-grating,
twin-slit double monochromator.
Developments in the optical train of Raman instrumentation took place in
the early 1960s. It was discovered that a double monochromator removed
stray light more efficiently than a single monochromator. Later, a triple
monochromator was introduced, which was even more efficient in removing
stray hght. Holographic gratings appeared in 1968 (17), which added to the
efficiency of the collection of Raman scattering in commercial Raman instru-
ments.
These developments in Raman instrumentation brought commercial
Raman instruments to the present state of the art of Raman measurements.
Now, Raman spectra can also be obtained by Fourier transform (FT) spec-
troscopy. FT-Raman instruments are being sold by all Fourier transform
infrared (FT-IR) instrument makers, either as interfaced units to the FT-IR
spectrometer or as dedicated FT-Raman instruments.
Hereafter, we will consider only the former since topics discussed in this book
do not involve magnetic phenomena. The electric field strength (£) at a given
time (t) is expressed by
E = EQ cos 2nvt, (1-1)
where EQ is the amplitude and v is the frequency of radiation as defined
later.
The distance between two points of the same phase in successive waves is
called the "wavelength," A, which is measured in units such as A (angstrom),
nm (nanometer), m/i (millimicron), and cm (centimeter). The relationships
between these units are:
V = (1-3)
r
where c is the velocity of light (3 x 10^^ cm/s). IfX is in the unit of centimeters,
its dimension is (cm/s)/(cm) = 1/s. This "reciprocal second" unit is also
called the "hertz" (Hz).
The third parameter, which is most common to vibrational spectroscopy, is
the "wavenumber," v, defined by
V
(1-4)
c
The difference between v and v is obvious. It has the dimension of
(l/s)/(cm/s) = 1/cm. By combining (1-3) and (1-4) we have
. V 1
(cm-i). (1-5)
Chapter 1. Basic Theory
Table 1-1 lists units frequently used in spectroscopy. By combining (1-3) and
(1-4), we obtain
c
v = - = cv. (1-6)
As shown earlier, the wavenumber (v) and frequency (v) are different para-
meters, yet these two terms are often used interchangeably. Thus, an ex-
pression such as "frequency shift of 30cm~^" is used conventionally by IR
and Raman spectroscopists and we will follow this convention through this
book.
If a molecule interacts with an electromagnetic field, a transfer of energy
from the field to the molecule can occur only when Bohr's frequency condi-
tion is satisfied. Namely,
AE = hv = h^ = hcv. (1-7)
A
Here AE is the difference in energy between two quantized states, h is Planck's
constant (6.62 x 10~^^ erg s) and c is the velocity of Hght. Thus, v is directly
proportional to the energy of transition.
1.2 Energy Units and Molecular Spectra 5
Suppose that
AE = ^ 2 - ^ i , (1-8)
where E2 and E\ are the energies of the excited and ground states, respect-
ively. Then, the molecule "absorbs" LE when it is excited from E\ to E2, and
"emits" ^E when it reverts from E2 to £"1*.
-£2 r-^-El
AE \ absorption AE 1 emission
^ El ! El
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
10" 102 1 10-2 10-4 10-^ 10-8 10-
A, (cm)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3x10^ 3X10^ 3x10^° 3x10^2 3x10^" 3X10^^ 3x10^^ 3X10^°
v(Hz)
Figure 1-2 Energy units for various portions of electromagnetic spectrum.
*In solution, rotational fine structures are not observed because molecular collisions (lO'^^s)
occur before one rotation is completed (10-^ ^s) and the levels of individual molecules are
perturbed differently. In the solid state, molecular rotation does not occur because of intermo-
lecular interactions.
1.3 Vibration of a Diatomic Molecule
'0 = 0 Electronic
excited state
Zero point energy
Pure el ectronic
trani>ition
A
H
6
4
J = 0 ^^^^^^^^ ^ — 1
Figure 1-3 Energy levels of a diatomic molecule. (The actual spacings of electronic
levels are much larger, and those of rotational levels much smaller, than those shown in the figure.)
know the relationship between vibrational and rotational states. Figure 1-3
illustrates the three types of transitions for a diatomic molecule.
W2
C.G.
r^
xi X2
Here, m\ and m2 are the masses of atom 1 and 2, respectively, and r\ and r2 are
the distances from the center of gravity (C.G.) to the atoms designated. Thus,
r\ + ri is the equihbrium distance, and xi and X2 are the displacements of
atoms 1 and 2, respectively, from their equilibrium positions. Then, the
conservation of the center of gravity requires the relationships:
(1-14)
m2
Newton's equation of motion ( / = ma; m = mass; a = acceleration) is written
for each atom as
(1-15)
d^X2 j^fmx-^m2\
(1-16)
By adding
Introducing the reduced mass (/x) and the displacement {q), (1-17) is written as
. g = - ^ . . (1-18)
y=\^ci^ (1-21)
^ 1 {dxiVl (dxiV
1 /j^y
(1-23)
= 27r^v^/i^^ == constant
Figure 1-4 shows the plot of F a s a function of ^. This is a parabolic potential,
V = \Kq^, with £" = T at ^ = 0 and E = F at ^ = ±qo. Such a vibrator is
called a harmonic oscillator.
10 Chapter 1. Basic Theory
1 E
I
\ w /
A T
/
V
: Vy V
- Qo 0 + Qo
(1-24)
If (1-24) is solved with the condition that ij/ must be single-valued, finite and
continuous, the eigenvalues are
1 [K 1 K
V = —~AI— or v = -—W—. (1-26)
2n y ft 2nc y //
Here, v is the vibrational quantum number, and it can have the values 0, 1,2,
3, — The corresponding eigenfunctions are
/ / N1/4
(1-27)
V2^f!
where
One should note that the quantum-mechanical frequency (1-26) is exactly the
same as the classical frequency (1-20). However, several marked differences
must be noted between the two treatments. First, classically, E is zero when q
is zero. Quantum-mechanically, the lowest energy state {v = 0) has the energy
of ^/iv (zero point energy) (see Fig. 1-3) which results from Heisenberg's
uncertainty principle. Secondly, the energy of a such a vibrator can change
continuously in classical mechanics. In quantum mechanics, the energy can
change only in units of hv. Thirdly, the vibration is confined within the
parabola in classical mechanics since T becomes negative if \q\ > \qo\ (see
Fig. 1-4). In quantum mechanics, the probability of finding q outside the
parabola is not zero (tunnel effect) (Fig. 1-5).
In the case of a harmonic oscillator, the separation between the two
successive vibrational levels is always the same (hv). This is not the case of
an actual molecule whose potential is approximated by the Morse potential
function shown by the sohd curve in Fig. 1-6.
V = De{\-e-^^y. (1-29)
Here, De is the dissociation energy and j8 is a measure of the curvature at the
bottom of the potential well. If the Schrodinger equation is solved with this
potential, the eigenvalues are (18,19)
^3
^2
N'l
-0 = 0
Figure 1-5 Wave functions (left) and probability distributions (right) of the harmonic oscillator.
12 Chapter 1. Basic Theory
1
1 Continuum
h3 ;1
'10 '. ^ ^
1
1 9
I 8
z
> 7 /
lel ^
1 —V Do
\5\
A r- De
A V
\"\ //
\\ '/
\i\ /
\\ / jlT^o 1 '
D- U \ / ''
1 1 .___ ^__. 1
Intemuclear Distance
Figure 1-6 Potential energy curve for a diatomic molecule. Solid line indicates a Morse potential
that approximates the actual potential. Broken line is a parabolic potential for a harmonic
oscillator. De and Do are the theoretical and spectroscopic dissociation energies, respectively.
corrections have been made mostly on diatomic molecules (see Table 1-3),
because of the complexity of calculations for large molecules.
According to quantum mechanics, only those transitions involving
Au = ±1 are allowed for a harmonic oscillator. If the vibration is anhar-
monic, however, transitions involving Au = ±2, ± 3 , . . . (overtones) are
also weakly allowed by selection rules. Among many At) = ±1 transitions,
that of D = 0 <e^ 1 (fundamental) appears most strongly both in IR and
Raman spectra. This is expected from the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution
law, which states that the population ratio of the D = 1 and v = 0 states is
given by
t^=l _ ^-^E/kT
(1-31)
1.4 Origin of Raman Spectra 13
Table 1-3 Relationships among Vibrational Frequency, Reduced Mass and Force Constant
where ^.E is the energy difference between the two states, k is Boltzmann's
constant (1.3807 x 10~^^ erg/degree), and T is the absolute temperature.
Since AE" = hcv, the ratio becomes smaller as v becomes larger. At room
temperature,
kT = 1.38 X 10"^ (erg/degree) 300 (degree)
= 4.14x lO-^'^(erg)
= [4.14 X 10-^4 (erg)]/[1.99 x 10"^^ (erg/cm"^)]
= 208 (cm-^).
Thus, if V = 4,160cm-i (H2 molecule), P{v = \)/P{v = 0) = 2.19 x 10"^
Therefore, almost all of the molecules are at D = 0. On the other hand, if
V = 213 cm~^ {h molecule), this ratio becomes 0.36. Thus, about 27% of the h
molecules are at u = 1 state. In this case, the transition u = 1 —» 2 should be
observed on the low-frequency side of the fundamental with much less
intensity. Such a transition is called a "hot band" since it tends to appear at
higher temperatures.
IR
lo(v) l(v)
Sample
Raman
vo
Sample
(laser)
Vo±Vm(Raman scattering)
Vo(Rayleigh scattering)
/ = he -8cd (1-32)
Here, IQ and / denote the intensities of the incident and transmitted beams,
respectively, s is the molecular absorption coefficient,* and c and d are the
concentration of the sample and the cell length, respectively (Fig. 1-7). In IR
spectroscopy, it is customary to plot the percentage transmission (7) versus
wave number (v):
= - X 100. (1-33)
A)
It should be noted that T (%) is not proportional to c. For quantitative
analysis, the absorbance (A) defined here should be used:
*e has the dimension of 1/moles cm when c and d are expressed in units of moles/Hter and
centimeters, respectively.
1.4 Origin of Raman Spectra 15
Section 2.3). The scattered light consists of two types: one, called Rayleigh
scattering, is strong and has the same frequency as the incident beam (VQ), and
the other, called Raman scattering, is very weak (~ 10"^ of the incident beam)
and has frequencies VQ ± v^, where Vm is a vibrational frequency of a mol-
ecule. The vo — Vm and VQ + Vm lines are called the Stokes and anti-Stokes lines,
respectively. Thus, in Raman spectroscopy, we measure the vibrational fre-
quency (v^) as a shift from the incident beam frequency (vo).* In contrast to
IR spectra, Raman spectra are measured in the UV-visible region where the
excitation as well as Raman lines appear.
According to classical theory, Raman scattering can be explained as
follows: The electric field strength (E). of the electromagnetic wave (laser
beanf) fluctuates with time (0 as shown by Eq. (1-1):
E = EQ cos Invot, (1-35)
where EQ is the vibrational amplitude and VQ is the frequency of the laser. If a
diatomic molecule is irradiated by this fight, an electric dipole moment P is
induced:
p = (xE = oiEocoslnvot. (1-36)
Here, a is a proportionality constant and is called polarizability. If tfie mol-
ecule is vibrating with a frequency v^, the nuclear displacement q is written
q ~ qocoslnvmt, (1-37)
where qo is the vibrational ampfitude. For a small ampfitude of vibration, a is
a linear function of q. Thus, we can write
a = a o + (-^j ^o + . . . (1-38)
*Although Raman spectra are normally observed for vibrational and rotational transitions, it
is possible to observe Raman spectra of electronic transitions between ground states and low-
energy excited states.
16 Chapter 1. Basic Theory
r""
^0
t 1 IvJ
1 11
IR R S A R S A "="
Normal Resonance Fluorescence
Raman Raman
Figure 1-8 Comparison of energy levels for the normal Raman, resonance Raman, and fluores-
cence spectra.
ao£'ocos27rvo/
1 rdoc
H-- ^0^0[COS {27C(V0 + Vm)t} + COS {27r(vo - Vm)t}l (1-39)
2\dq
According to classical theory, the first term represents an oscillating dipole
that radiates light of frequency VQ (Rayleigh scattering), while the second term
corresponds to the Raman scattering of frequency vo -h v^ (anti-Stokes) and
vo — Vm (Stokes). If (doc/dq)Q is zero, the vibration is not Raman-active.
Namely, to be Raman-active, the rate of change of polarizabiHty (a) with
the vibration must not be zero.
Figure 1-8 illustrates Raman scattering in terms of a simple diatomic
energy level. In IR spectroscopy, we observe that D = 0 ^ 1 transition at
the electronic ground state. In normal Raman spectroscopy, the exciting line
(vo) is chosen so that its energy is far below the first electronic excited state.
The dotted line indicates a "virtual state" to distinguish it from the real
excited state. As stated in Section 1.2, the population of molecules at ?; = 0
is much larger than that at u = 1 (Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution law).
Thus, the Stokes (S) lines are stronger than the anti-Stokes (A) lines under
normal conditions. Since both give the same information, it is customary to
measure only the Stokes side of the spectrum. Figure 1-9 shows the Raman
spectrum of CCI4*.
*A Raman spectrum is expressed as a plot, intensity vs. Raman shift (Av = vo ± v). However,
Av is often written as v for brevity.
1.4 Origin of Raman Spectra 17
Rayleigh
anti-Stokes
Resonance Raman (RR) scattering occurs when the exciting Hne is chosen
so that its energy intercepts the manifold of an electronic excited state. In the
Hquid and sohd states, vibrational levels are broadened to produce a con-
tinuum. In the gaseous state, a continuum exists above a series of discrete
levels. Excitation of these continua produces RR spectra that show extremely
strong enhancement of Raman bands originating in this particular electronic
transition. Because of its importance, RR spectroscopy will be discussed in
detail in Section 1.15. The term "pre-resonance" is used when the exciting line
is close in energy to the electronic excited state. Resonance fluorescence (RF)
occurs when the molecule is excited to a discrete level of the electronic excited
state (20). This has been observed for gaseous molecules such as h, Br2.
Finally, fluorescence spectra are observed when the excited state molecule
decays to the lowest vibrational level via radiationless transitions and then
emits radiation, as shown in Fig. 1-8. The lifetime of the excited state in RR is
very short (~ 10"^"* s), while those in RF and fluorescence are much longer
(-10-^tolO-^s).
18 Chapter 1. Basic Theory
(1-40)
where A^is the force constant and jn is the reduced mass. This equation shows
that V is proportional to \/K (force constant effect), but inversely propor-
tional to y/Jl (mass effect). To calculate the force constant, it is convenient to
rewrite the preceding equations as
K = 4K^c^colfi. (1-41)
Here, the vibrational frequency (observed) has been replaced by coe (Eq-
(1-30)) in order to obtain a more accurate force constant. Using the unit of
milhdynes/A (mdyn/A) or 10^ (dynes/cm) for K, and the atomic weight unit
(awu) for fi, Eq. (1-41) can be written as
dq^Ja^o
1.6 Vibrations of Polyatomic Molecules 19
HF HCl HBr HI
i^(mdyn/A) 9.65 > 5.16 > 4.12 > 3.12
/ ) , (kcal/mole) 134.6 > 103.2 > 87.5 > 71.4
However,
F2 CI2 Br2 I2
i^(mdyn/A) 4.45 > 3.19 > 2.46 > 1.76
De (kcal/mole) 37.8 < 58.0 > 46.1 > 36.1
In diatomic molecules, the vibration occurs only along the chemical bond
connecting the nuclei. In polyatomic molecules, the situation is comphcated
because all the nuclei perform their own harmonic oscillations. However, we
can show that any of these comphcated vibrations of a molecule can be
expressed as a superposition of a number of "normal vibrations" that are
completely independent of each other.
In order to visualize normal vibrations, let us consider a mechanical model
of the CO2 molecule shown in Fig. 1-10. Here, the C and O atoms are
represented by three balls, weighing in proportion to their atomic
weights, that are connected by springs of a proper strength in proportion to
their force constants. Suppose that the C—O bonds are stretched and released
(y-^UUW-^^-^^WWPT-O ^1
c O ^ • ^ O V,
Figure 1-10 Atomic motions in normal modes of vibrations in CO2.
20 Chapter 1. Basic Theory
simultaneously as shown in Fig. 1-lOA. Then, the balls move back and
forth along the bond direction. This is one of the normal vibrations of this
model and is called the symmetric (in-phase) stretching vibration. In the real
CO2 molecule, its frequency (vi) is ca. l,340cm~^. Next, we stretch one
C—O bond and shrink the other, and release all the balls simultaneously
(Fig. 1-lOB). This is another normal vibration and is called the antisymmetric
(out-of-phase) stretching vibration. In the CO2 molecule, its frequency
(V3) is ca. 2,350 cm~^ Finally, we consider the case where the three balls
are moved in the perpendicular direction and released simultaneously
(Fig. 1-lOC). This is the third type of normal vibration called the (sym-
metric) bending vibration. In the CO2 molecule, its frequency (vi) is
ca. 667 cm~^
Suppose that we strike this mechanical model with a hammer. Then, this
model would perform an extremely complicated motion that has no similarity
to the normal vibrations just mentioned. However, if this complicated motion
is photographed with a stroboscopic camera with its frequency adjusted to
that of the normal vibration, we would see that each normal vibration shown
in Fig. 1-10 is performed faithfully. In real cases, the stroboscopic camera is
replaced by an IR or Raman instrument that detects only the normal vibra-
tions.
Since each atom can move in three directions (x,y,z), an TV-atom molecule has
3A^ degrees of freedom of motion. However, the 3A^ includes six degrees of
freedom originating from translational motions of the whole molecule in the
three directions and rotational motions of the whole molecule about the three
principal axes of rotation, which go through the center of gravity. Thus, the net
vibrational degrees of freedom (number of normal vibrations) is 3N - 6. In the
case of linear molecules, it becomes 3N — 5 since the rotation about the
molecular axis does not exist. In the case of the CO2 molecule, we have
3 x 3 - 5 = 4 normal vibrations shown in Fig. 1-11. It should be noted that
V2a and V2b have the same frequency and are different only in the direction of
vibration by 90°. Such a pair is called a set of doubly degenerate vibrations.
Only two such vibrations are regarded as unique since similar vibrations in
any other directions can be expressed as a linear combination of V2a and V2b'
Figure 1-12 illustrates the three normal vibrations ( 3 x 3 — 6 = 3) of the
H2O molecule.
Theoretical treatments of normal vibrations will be described in
Section 1.20. Here, it is sufficient to say that we designate "normal co-
ordinates" Qi,Q2 and Q3 for the normal vibrations such as the vi,V2
and V3, respectively, of Fig. 1-12, and that the relationship between a
set of normal coordinates and a set of Cartesian coordinates (^1,^2, • •)
is given by
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vinrent doi homme d’armes appert durement, Rabigos
de Duri et Robin l’Escot, prendre par eskiellement
15 le bonne ville de Velli, dont il fisent une très
bonne garnison, et le remparèrent et fortefiièrent
durement. Cil doy compagnon avoient desous yaus
et à leurs gages bien quatre cens compagnons, et
retenoient toutes manières d’autres gens, Alemans,
20 Haynuiers, Flamens, Braibençons et Hesbegnons, et
leur donnoient certains saulz, et paioient de mois en
mois. Si couroient cil de Velli, cil de Mauconseil,
cil de Cray et cil de le Herielle partout où il
voloient, ne nulz ne leur contredisoit; car li chevalier
25 et li escuier estoient tout ensonniiet de
garder leurs forterèces et leurs maisons. Et aloient
cil Navarois et cil Englès et chevauçoient ensi qu’il
voloient, une fois armé, l’aultre desarmé, et s’esbatoient
de fort en fort, tout ensi comme li pays fust
30 bien en pais.
[127] Li jones sires de Couci faisoit bien ses chastiaus
garder et songneusement. Et en estoit, ensi que souverains
et gouvrenères de toute le terre de Couci,
uns appers chevaliers durement qui s’appelloit li
5 Chanonnes de Robertsart: cesti ressongnoient plus
li Englès et li Navarois que nul des aultres, car il en
rua par pluiseurs fois tamaint jus; et ossi fist li sires
de Roie.
§ 425. Or avint ensi que messires Jehans de Pinkegni,
10 qui estoit de le partie dou roy de Navare et li
plus grans de son conseil, et par quel aye et pourcach
il avoit estet delivrés, et qui pour le temps se
tenoit en le Herelle, à trois liewes priès de le cité
d’Amiens, pourcaça tant par son soubtil langage
15 envers aucuns bourgois d’Amiens et des plus grans de
le cité, que il les eut de son acord, et devoient mettre
les Navarois dedens le ville. Et emplirent couvertement
cil bourgois, trahitte envers chiaus de le cité,
leurs cambres et leurs celiers de Navarois qui devoient
20 aidier à destruire le ville.
Et vinrent un soir messires Jehans de Pinkegni et
messires Guillaumes de Gauville et messires Frikes
de Frikans et messires Lus de Bekisi et messires
Fourdrigais et yaus bien sept cens, tout bon combatans,
25 sus le confort de leurs amis que il avoient
laiens, as portes de Amiens au lés devers le Herielle,
et le trouvèrent ouverte, ensi que ordonné estoit.
Adonc sallirent hors cil qui repus estoient ens ès
celiers et ens ès cambres, et commencièrent à escriier:
30 «Navare!» Cil de le cité d’Amiens, qui furent en
grant effroy, se resvillièrent soudainnement et escriièrent:
[128] «Trahi! trahi!» et se recueillièrent entre yaus
de grant corage, et se traisent devers le porte là où
li plus grans tumultes estoit, entre le bourch et le
cité. Si gardèrent cil qui premiers y vinrent, assés
5 bien le porte et de grant volenté; et en y eut, d’un
lés et de l’autre, grant fuison d’occis. Et vous di que,
se li Navarois se fuissent hasté d’entrer en le cité,
sitost que il y vinrent, il l’euissent gaegnie; mès il
entendirent ou bourch et fisent lor emprise assés
10 cowardement.
Ossi celle propre nuit inspira Diex monsigneur
Moriel de Fiennes, connestable de France pour le
temps, et le jone conte de Saint Pol son neveu, qui
estoient à Corbie à tout grant fuison de gent d’armes:
15 si chevaucièrent vers Amiens vighereusement, et y
vinrent si à point que li Navarois avoient jà conquis
tout le bourch et mettoient grant painne à conquerre
le cité, et l’euissent eu sans faute, se li dessus dit ne
fuissent venu si à point. Si tretost que cil doy signeur
20 et leurs gens furent entré en le cité d’Amiens par
une aultre porte, il se traisent caudement là où li
perilz et la meslée estoient, et fisent desvoleper leurs
banières et se rengièrent moult ordeneement sus le
rue, sans passer le porte, car il tenoient le bourch
25 pour tout conquis et perdu, ensi qu’il fu. Cilz secours
rafreschi et rencoraga durement chiaus d’Amiens, et
aluma on sus le rue grant fuison de feus et de fallos.
Quant messires Jehans de Pinkegni et cil qui estoient
30 par [delà[323]], entendirent que li connestables et li
[129] contes de Saint Pol estoient d’autre part à tout grant
fuison de gens d’armes, si senti tantost que il avoient
falli à leur entente et que il pooient plus perdre que
gaegnier; si retray ses gens, au plus courtoisement
5 qu’il peut, et donna conseil de retourner. Dont se
recueillièrent li Navarois et cil de lor costé tout ensamble
et sonnèrent le retrette; mais il pillièrent ançois
et coururent tout le bourch. Dont ce fu grans damages
de ce que il l’ardirent, car il y avoit plus de trois
10 mil maisons et des bons hostelz grant fuison et de
belles eglises ossi perrociaulz et aultres qui tout furent
arses; ne riens n’i eut de deport, mès li feulz n’entra
point dedens le cité. Ensi retournèrent li Navarois
qui enmenèrent grant avoir, que il avoient trouvé ou
15 grant bourch de Amiens, et fuison de prisonniers; et
s’en ralèrent arrière en leurs garnisons.
§ 426. Quant li Navarois furent tout retrait, li
connestables [de Franche[324]] et li contes de Saint Pol
departirent leurs gens et les envoiièrent par toutes les
20 portes; et leur commandèrent, sus le hart, que il ne
laiassent nul homme vuidier hors de le ville: ensi fu
fait qu’il fu devisé. L’endemain, au matin, li connestables
de France, li contes de Saint Pol et aucun
bourgois d’Amiens, qui cognissoient le maniement
25 de le ville et qui soupeçonnoient aucuns bourgois et
bourgoises de ceste trahison, s’en alèrent ens ès maisons
de chiaus et de celles où il les pensoient à trouver;
si en prisent jusques à dix sept, liquel furent
decolet tantost et sans delay publikement enmi le
[130] marchiet, et meismement li abbes dou Gart qui consenti
avoit ceste trahison et logiés une partie des Navarois
en se maison. Ossi assés tost après, par cas
sannable, en furent trahinet et justiciet en le bonne
5 cité de Laon six des plus grans bourgois de le
ville. Et, se li evesques dou lieu euist esté tenus,
mal pour lui, car il en fu accusés, et depuis ne
s’en peut il escuser; mès il se parti adonc secretement,
car il eut amis en voie qui li noncièrent
10 ceste avenue: si se trest tantost par devers le roy
de Navare à Melun sus Sainne, qui le reçut liement.
Telz avenues et tèles amises avenoient adonc ou
royaume de France. Pour ce se tenoient li signeur, li
baron et li chevalier et ossi les cités et les bonnes
15 villes, cescuns sus se garde; car on ne se savoit de
qui garder. Et au voir dire, li rois de Navare avoit
pluiseurs amis semés et acquis parmi le royaume de
France; et, se on ne s’en fust perceu si à point, il
euissent plus de contraires fais assés que il ne fesissent,
20 comment que il en fesissent assés.
En ce temps que li dus de Normendie et si frère
se tenoient à Paris, n’osoient nulz marchans ne aultres
issir hors de Paris, ne chevaucier en ses besongnes,
que il ne fust tantost rués jus, de quel costé
25 que il volsist aler; car li royaumes estoit si raemplis
à tous lés des Navarois qu’il estoient mestre et
signeur dou plat pays et des rivières, et ossi des
cités et des bonnes villes: dont uns si chiers temps
en vint en France que on vendoit un tonelet de
30 herens trente escus, et toutes aultres coses à l’avenant.
Et moroient les petites gens de fain, dont
c’estoit grans pités. Et dura ceste durtés et cilz chiers
[131] temps plus de quatre [ans[325]]. Et par especial, ens ès
bonnes villes de France, ne pooit nulz ne nulle recouvrer
de sel, se ce n’estoit par les menistres dou
duc de Normendie. Et le faisoient cil as gens achater
5 à leur ordenance, pour estordre plus grant argent,
pour paiier les saudoiiers, car les rentes et les revenues
dou dit duc en aultres conditions estoient toutes
perdues.