An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

In The Name Of Allah

An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

INTRODUCTION
TO
STATISTICIS

PART-I

For: B.S, F.Sc, I.CS, I.Com, C. Com. Classes

Notes on Statistics

Prepared by:
Muhammad nadeem Intizar (Goldmedelist B.Z.U Multan)
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF STATISTICS (BPS. 18)
Govt. Post Graduate College Vehari.
Ph.D Scholar BZU Multan
Cell# 03017497142

Available on Imran Book Centre (Govt. Postgraduate college Vehari)

and Club Road near Govt Islamia School Vehari. Cell#03040751411

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

CHAPTER#1

INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS

HISTORY (BACKGROUND) OF STATISTICS;

Statistics is very old word. The word statistics have been derived from the Latin letter Status
or Italians or French word Statistique each of which means a political state. But nothing is
known about the exact origin of the word. The word Statistics was first time used by a
Germen scholar, G. Achenwall about the middle of the 18th century as the science of
statecraft concerning the collection of data by the state. In the 19th century, the word Statistics
acquired a wide meaning, covering numerical data of almost any subject whatever and also
interpretation of data through appropriate analysis. In the present era of computer, Statistics is
regarded as one of the most important tools for taking decisions in almost every field of life.

MEANING OF STATISTICS;

The word Statistics has three different meanings. (i) Statistics in singular sense (ii) Statistics
in plural sense (iii) Statistics is the plural of the word statistic.

(1); STATISTICS IN SINGULAR SENSE.

The Statistics in singular sense is a body of methods used in the collection, presentation,
analysis and interpretation of data. This meaning of statistics is close to the word statistics as
a subject.

(2); STATISTICS IN PLURAL SENSE.

The Statistics in plural sense are the numerical observations collected for some definite
purpose regarding some field of study.

For example, the observations about the wages of the workers are called the statistics of
wages.

The prices of the commodities taken from the market are called the Statistics of prices.

(3); STATISTICS IS PLUREL OF THE WORD STATISTIC.

Statistic is any measure of the sample. For example is the sample mean is a statistic and
is the sample proportion is also a statistic and these both are called the Statistics. So the
Statistics is the plural of the word Statistic.

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

DEFINITIONS OF STATISTICS;

In the past, in different times, the statistics has been defined in different manners. Some
definitions of the past look very strange today but those definitions had their place in their
own time. Defining a subject has always been a different task .a good definition of today may
be discarded in future. It is difficult to define Statistics in a clear and acceptable manner but
some efforts have been made in the past for defining statistics by the statisticians.

(i) According to A.L Bowley.

“Statistics is the science of counting.

(ii) According to Prof Boddington;

“Science of the estimates and probabilities called statistics.

(iii); Modern definition of Statistics.

“Statistics has been defined as the mathematical science of making decisions and
drawing conclusions from the data in situations of uncertainty”.

Or

“Statistics is that branch of science which consists of collection, presentation, analysis and
interpretation of numerical data”.

BRANCHES OF STATISTICS;

As a subject statistics has four branches (i) Theoretical Statistics.(ii) Applied Statistics(iii)
Descriptive Statistics(iv) Inferential Statistics.

(1); THEORETICAL STATISTICS.

(2); APPLIED STATISTICS.

(3); DESCREPTIVE STATISTICS;

Descriptive statistics is that branch of statistics which consist of collecting, organizing.

Summarizing the data, its graphical representation, average and measures of dispersion.

(4); INFERENTIAL STATISTICS;

Inferential Statistics is a procedure of making the inferences about the population on the
basis of the information contained from the sample.

USES/IMPORTANCE/APPLICATION/SCOPE OF STATISTICS IN DIFFERENT

FIELDS.

Statistics applied in those fields in which data are involved. Data are studies with the help of
Statistical methods. Data analysis required an expert knowledge of Statistics and a common

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

man without the knowledge of statistics cannot analyze the. Application of statistics is very
wide, some important fields in which Statistic commonly used are.

(i); Social sciences. (ii); Plant sciences. (iii); Physical sciences. (iv); Medical sciences.

LIMITARIONS OF STATISTICS.

Some limitations are;

(i); Statistics does not deal with individual items but it deals with the aggregate of facts.

(ii); Statistics deals with quantitative data only but qualitative aspects such as beauty,
honesty, poverty etc. cannot be studies directly.

(iii); Statistical results are true only on the average or in the long run.

(iv); Statistical results may be misleading to ward conclusions in the absence of details.

(v); Statistical results being probability based does not gives exact results as compared to the
natural sciences.

(vi); Science of statistics is the useful servant but only of great value to those who understand
its proper use.

SOME BASIC DEFINITIONS.

POPULTION (STATISTICAL POPULATION OR UNIVERSE);

A statistical population is defined as the aggregate of the whole material under study.

For example, The population of the students of a college, the population of the trees in a city,
the population of the professors in Punjab etc.

SAMPLE;

A small part of the population which represents the whole population is called a sample.

PARAMETER;

A numerical quantity which is computed from the population is called a parameter. It is a

constant quantity. They are denoted by the Greek letters such as

STATISTIC;

A numerical quantity which is computed from the sample is called statistic. It is a variable.
They are denoted by Roman letters such as (Sample mean) (Sample variance) etc.

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

SAMPLING;

The process of taking the sample from the population is called sampling.

SAMPLE SURVEY;

If the information collected from a part of the population then it is called sample survey.

COMPLETE ENOMERATION (SENSUS);

If the information collected from the whole population then it is called the complete
enumeration.

RATIO;

The ratio is a fraction of two numbers A and B. it is denoted by A/B orA:B.

PROPORTION;

A proportion is a special ratio of a part of its total.

PERCENTAGE;

If the proportion multiplied by 100 then it is called percentage.

For example, if total population is 500 and 300 are male 200 are female. Then

Ratio of male female= Ratio of female male=

Proportion of male= Proportion of female=

Percentage of male= Percentage of female=

VARIABLE;

Any characteristic that can vary from individual to individual is called a variable. For
example, price of sugar,weight,height,age, etc. there are two Types of variable (i)Quantitative
variable (ii) qualitative variable.

(1); QUANTITATIVE VARIABLE;

A variable that can be measured numerically is called quantitative variable. For example,
height, age weight, temperature. Etc. there are two types of quantitative variable (i);
Continuous variable (ii); discrete variable.

(i);CONTINUOUS VARIABLE;

A variable that can have each possible value within the given interval is called the
continuous variable. For example, speed of a car, age of a girl, etc.

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

(ii); DISCRETE VARIABLE;

A variable that can have the values with jumps and gaps is called discrete variable. For
example, price of sugar, production of wheat, enrolment of students in college. Etc.

(2); QUALITATIVE/CATEGORICAL VARIABLE (ATTRIBUTE).

A variable that cannot be measured numerically is called qualitative variable. For example,
beauty, honesty, color of eyes.etc

CONSANT;

A quantity that cannot vary from individual to individual is called a constant. For
example, =3.14159, e=2.7183

ORDER STATISTICS (OS);

The order statistic of a data is just the arrangement of data in order of

magnitude. it is denoted by

Where

is the minimum value of the data

is the maximum value of the data

MODEL;

The mathematical statement which is used to study the results of an experiment or predicting
the future repetition of the experiment called model. i.e.

Y=f(X) (mathematical model)

Y=f(X) (statistical model)

is the model error.

RANDOM ERROR;

Random error is the chance variation in an observational process. It can be written as

= -

OBSERVATIONS;

A numerical record obtained by a random experiment called observations.

DATA;

The collection of observations is called Data.

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

Or

The collection of raw facts and figures called data. Data may be discrete, continuous,
quantitative or qualitative.

DATUM:

A single numerical fact is called datum. datum is the singular of the word data.

TYPES OF DATA:

There are two types of data.(i); Primary data.(ii); Secondary data.

PRIMARY DATA;

A data which is collected first time and no statistical treatment has applied on it is called
primary data.

SOURCES OF PRIMARY DATA;

There are following sources of primary data.

(i); Through personal investigation

.(ii);Through investigators.

(iii);Through questionnaire.

(iv);Through local sources.

(v);Through telephone.

(vi); Through internet.

SECONDARY DATA;

A data which is collected second time or which is collected from primary data is called
secondary data.

SOURCES OF SECONDARY DATA;

There are following sources of secondary data.

(i);from government organizations.(ii);from semi government organizations.(iii);From

teaching and research organizations.(iv);from research journals.(v);from
newspapers.(vi);from internet.

SOME NOTATIONS;

= it is a Greek letter used for sum (add) the values.

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

For example,

if can be written as

If =

=it is a Greek letter used for product(multiplication)of the values.

For example,

FACTORIAL );

n read as n factorialand defined as n

For example, 4 =4.3.2.1=24

Note, 0 =1 =1

EXERCISE # 1

Q No 4(i); write the following using a summation sing with appropriate index?

(a); =

(c); =

(b); =

(d); b =b

(ii);

(a); =

(b); ( ( ( +(

(C); =

(d); +

(e); = (f); = ]

(g); =( +

Q No 5; Classify the following as categorical, discrete, or continuous variable.

(i) Sex of insect.(categorical)

(ii) weights of plants. (Discrete)

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

(iii); Major crops of Pakistan (discrete)

(iv); Level of satisfaction.(categorical)

(v); Teaching standard (categorical).

(vi); Temperature measured in Fahrenheit.(continuous)

Q No 6; Explain in detail the main aspects of a statistical problem?

The statistical problem helps us to describe the whole issue of descriptive and
inferential statistics. The main aspects of statistical problems are the population should be
clearly defined and also objectives. Sample design or experimental design should be clearly
explained.

Multiple questions;

(1) The word statistics have been derived from the Latin letter:
(a) Statististique ( b) Status (c ) Statista (d) None of these
(2) A variable that can be measured numerically is called:
(a) Quantitative ( b) Qualitaative (c ) Attribute (d) None of these
(3) A numerical value which is calculated from population is called:
(a) Statistics ( b) Statistic (c ) parameter (d) order statistic
(4) A numerical value computed from sample is called:
(a) Statistics ( b) Status (c ) Parameter (d) Statistic
(5) Any representative part of the population is called:
(a) Sample ( b) parameter (c ) Statistic (d) None of these
(6) Price of sugar is the example of
(a) Discrete variable ( b) Continuous variable (c ) Categorical variable (d) None of
these
(7) Speed of a car is the example of:
(a) Discrete variable ( b) Continuous variable (c ) Categorical variable (d) None of
these
(8) Census is the example of
(a) Primary data ( b) Secondary data (c ) Grouped data (d) None of these
(9) Making decision about the population on the basis of sample is called
(a) Descriptive statistics (b) Inferential statistics (c) order statistics (d) Applied
statistics
(10) The notation used for
(a) Division (b) multiplication (c) minus (d) Sum
(11) The notation Π used for
(a) Sum (b) multiplication (c) minus (d) Division
(12) The notation used for
(a) Permutation (b) combination (c) factorial (d) None of these

Answers:1 (b); 2 (a); 3 (c); 4 (d); 5 (a); 6 (a); 7 (b); 8 (a);9 (b); 10 (d); 11 (b); 12 (c)
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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

CHAPTER # 2

RPRESENTATION OF DATA

Usually the no of observations in the collected data are large. It is difficult to work out on it.
So it is necessary to put the observations into some condensed form so that the statistical
work becomes simple. This is called presentation of data. Presentation of data may be in the
form of (i);Classification. (ii); Tabulation (iii); Diagrams and Graphs.

CLASSIFICATION;

The process of arranging the observations into homogeneous groups or classes is called
classification. The classification of data depends upon the nature, scope and purpose of the
statistical inquiry. Classification maybe one-way, two-way or multi-way.

RAW DATA;

When the data are collected, these are in the form of individual observations. These are called
raw data.

ARRAY OR ARRAYED DATA;

When the raw data are arranged in ascending or descending order of magnitude, it is called
array or arrayed data.

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION (GROUPED DATA);

The frequency distribution is a table which shows the number of observations (called
frequency (f)) in different classes.

The frequency distribution may be for discrete data, for continuous data or for categorical
data.

DISCRETE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION;

When the data is discrete, each observation is a whole number. so while making the
frequency distribution, the possible values are written in a column and tally the values, the
no, and of tally count of each value is it frequency. Hence the obtained distribution is the
discrete frequency distribution. For example; tossing a coin four times Y denotes the no, of

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

heads. HHHH, HHHT, HHTH, HHTT, HTHHH, HTTH, HTTT,THHH, THHT, THTH,
THTT, TTHH, TTHT, TTTH,TTTT.

Y F
0 1
1 3
2 6
3 5
4 1

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION FOR CATEGORICAL DATA;

For categorical data, the categories are placed in a column and tally each category which
gives the frequency to each category.

Example 2.2; The observations about the number of rotten potatoes from twenty equal sized
samples taken from the a store are, 1, 2, 4, 3, 0, 1, 2, 3, 1, 1, 0, 2, 0, 2, 3, 0, 0,1 , 3.make
frequency distribution.

Y Tally F
0 IIII 5
1 IIIII 6
2 IIII 4
3 IIII 4
4 I 1

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION FOR CONTIUOUS DATA;

There are following steps are involves in constructing the frequency distribution.

(i);find the maximum value ( and minimum value( of the data.

(ii); calculate the range;

Range =

(iii); Decide the no, of classes;

Formula of no, of classes = 1+3.33 log (n)

(if the answer in points then round it in whole number)

(iv); Estimate the class interval(h);

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

h=

(v); Make the classes;

Start the classes from at most the minimum value of the data and end the classes at least the
maximum value of the data.

(vi); Tally the values;

(vii);write the frequency against each class from tally. Hence obtained table is called
frequency distribution.

Example2.1;

The height of 30 students measured at the time of registration is given by 91, 89, 88, 87, 89,
91, 87, 92, 90, 98, 95, 97, 96, 100, 101, 96, 98, 99, 98, 100, 102, 99, 101, 105, 103, 107, 105,
106, 107, 112.

Max value=112 min value=87 range=112-87=25

No,of classes=1+3.33 log (30)=5.87

Class interval= h= = =4.167 5

Class limits Tally f

87- 91 IIII I 6
92- 96 IIII 4
97- 101 IIII IIII 10
102-106 IIII I 6
107-111 III 3
112-116 I 1

RELATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION;

If the frequency of a class is divided by the sum of the frequencies then it is relative
frequency (r.f).if calculate the relative frequencies for all the classes we get the relative class
frequency distribution. For example,

Class F r.f
limits
87- 91 6 =0.200
92- 96 4 =0.133
97- 101 10 =0.333

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

102-106 6 =0.200
107-111 3 =0.100
112-116 1 =0.033

PERCENTEGE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION;If the relative frequency is multiplied by

100 we get percentage relative frequency(p.r.f).if all the relative frequencies multiplied by
100.we get the percentage relative frequency distribution.

For example.
Class limits F r.f p.r.f
87- 91 6 =0.200 0.2
92- 96 4 =0.133 0.133
97- 101 10 =0.333 0.333
102-106 6 =0.200 0.2
107-111 3 =0.100 0.1
112-116 1 =0.033 0.033× 03
CUMMULATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION;

For cumulative frequency (c.f) distribution the class limits are converted to class boundaries.
Cumulative frequency obtained by adding the frequencies of all preceding classes including
that class. for example,

Class limits f c.f

87- 91 6 6
92- 96 4 06+04=10
97- 101 10 10+10=20
102-106 6 20+06=26
107-111 3 26+03=29
112-116 1 29+01=30

A cumulative frequency of a class indicates the total no, of values less than or equal to the
upper limit of that class.

CLASS LIMITS;

Every class is described by two numbers, these numbers are called class limits smaller
number is called lower limit and larger number is called upper class limit.

CLASS BOUNDARIES;

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

The class boundariesare the precise numbers which separate `one classfrom other.it is
obtained by taking the average of the upper class limit of one class to the lower class limit of
the next higher class.

CLASS MARKS (MID POINTS);

They are denoted by Y and obtained by taking average of class limits or class boundaries.

CLASS INTEVALR;

It is denoted by h and it is the difference between two successive lower limits or upper limits
or it is the difference between two successive mid points.

TABULATION;

The process of arranging the data into rows and columns is called tabulation. Tabulation may
be simple, double, triple or complex.

Main parts of statistical table;

(i);Title.(ii);column captions and bow head.(iii);Row captions and stub. (iv);body of the
data.(v)Prefatory note and footnote.(vi);Source note.(vii); Spacing and ruling.

GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF DATA;

Statistical table contained data in the form of figures. but numerical figures are usually not
attractive and some people find it difficult to get a clear picture from the numerical data. a
more attractive methods of presenting the data is to make good looking diagrams and graphs.

DIAGRAMS (CHARTS);

There are many types of diagrams. Some of them are as follows.

(i): SIMPLE BAR DIAGRAM;

(ii):MULTIPLE BAR DIAGRAM;

(iii): SUB-DIVIDED BAR DIAGRAM;

(iv): PIE DIAGRAM;

(i):SIMPLE BAR DIAGRAM;

To get an impression of discrete or categorical data, it is useful to represent it by a bar

diagram. To construct a bar diagram ,the values of the variable plotted along X-axis and a bar
with height equal to its frequency is drawn on each category.

X f
0 5

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

Example; 1 6
8
f 2 4
6 3 4
4 Colum 4 1
n1
2
Colum
0 n2
01234

Multiple BAR DIAGRAM;

It is an extension of the simple bar diagram and is used to represent two or more related sets
of data in the form of groups of simple bars.

Example;

Year 1987 1988 1989

Locality1 500 600 800

Locality 2 600 700 700
Locality 3 200 400 500

900
800
700
600
500 1987

400 1988

300 1989

200
100
0
Locality1Locality 2Locality 3

SUB-DIVIDED BAR DIAGRAM;

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

The simple bar diagram represent the totals of the dist and it are possible to divide it further
into different segments. It is called sub-divided bar diagram.

A B C
Female 200 100 200
male 300 200 200
Total 500 300 400

1400
1200
1000
800 C

600 B

400 A

200
0
Female male Total

PIE DIAGRAM;

The pie diagram is a division of a circular region into different sectors. The angle for each
sector is obtained by the relation:

Each sector shaded with different marks so that each sector looks separate from each other.

Categories Productin

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

Wheat 75 135 Example;Draw the pie

chart from the following
Sugarcane 80 144
data;
maize 30 54
Categories Productin
Lentile 15Wheat 75 27
Sugarcane 80
Total 200 360
maize 30

Lentile 15
Sol;
Total 200

Wheat
Sugarcane
maize
Lentile

GRAPHS;

Graphs give the visual representation of the data or the results of statistical analysis to the
reader which are usually understandable and more attrictive.

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

Types of Graphs.

(i);HISTORIGRAM.

(ii); HISTOGRAM.

(iii); FREQUENCY POLYGON.

(iv); FREQUENCY CURVE.

(v); CUMMULATIVEFREQUENCY POLYGON (OGIVE).

HISTORIGRAM.

The graph of the time series is called historigram. The time is taken on X-axis and variable is
taken on Y-axis. Theplotted points are joined together to get the graph called Historigram.

Example;

Year 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983
Production 1076 1754 1546 1569 1641 1804 2041 2172 2245

Chart Title
2000

1500
Axis Title

Column2
1000
Column1

500 production

0
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980

HISTOGRAM;

Histogram is the graph of the frequency distribution which is made by taking the class
boundaries along X-axis and frequencies along Y axis. Rectangles are made against each
frequency. it may be constructed for (i)Continuous grouped data (ii)Discrete grouped data.

HISTOGRAM FOR CONTINUOUS GROUPED DATA;

It may be constructed for (i)For equal class interval data (ii) For unequal class interval data.

FOR EQUAL CLASS INTERVAL DATA;

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

For histogram plot the class boundaries upon X-Axis and Frequencies upon Y-Axis

And make the rectangles against each frequency.

Example;
Classes F
4-8 5
8-12 10
12-16 15
16-20 11
20-24 5
24-28 4

FOR UNEQUAL CLASS INTERVAL DATA;

Example;

Classes f width Adjusted f

2-4 5 2

4-8 10 4

8-12 12 4

12-16 14 4

16-22 6 6

22-30 4 8

HISTOGRAM FOR DISCRETE DATA;

Usually the bar graphs are made for discrete data but sometime we need to draw histogram
for these data. so to construct histogram the following steps are taken.

(i) Plot the values of X on X-Axis and f on Y-Axis.

(ii) Draw the rectangles centered on each value with equal interval.

X F
0 5

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

Example; 1 6
2 4
3 4
4 1

FREQUENCY POLYGON;

A frequency polygon is a closed geometric figure used to display a frequency distribution

graphically. Following steps are taken to make a frequency polygon.

(i) Calculate the points if the class boundaries.

(ii) Plot these mid-points along x-Axis.
(iii) Plot the frequencies upon X-Axis.

(iv) Mark each frequency against each midpoint and draw a curve called frequency
polygon.

C .B f
4-8 5
8-12 2
12-16 15
16-20 10
20-24 5
FREQUENCY CURVE;

A smoothed frequency polygon is called frequency curve. It is useful to check the symmetry
of the data.

Example;

C .B f
4-8 5
8-12 2
12-16 15
16-20 10
20-24 5
CUMMALATIVE FREQUENCY CURVE (OGIVE);

The curve which is made by class boundaries and cumulative frequencies called cumulative
frequency curve or ogive.It is used to locate the Quantiles of the data.

Example;

C .B f c.f
4-8 5 5
8-12 2 7

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

12-16 15 22
16-20 10 32
20-24 5 37
Total 37
SCATTER PLOTS;

Scatter plots are used to check the relationship between the variables. A set of pairs
( plotted on X-axis and on Y-axis and put the points at
intersection of both the values.

Example;

X Y
2 7
4 10
6 5
2 4
5 7

15

10

0
0 2 4 6 8

EXERCISE#2

Q No 2.5 The following table gives the details of budgets of two families. Represent these
figures through a suitable diagram.

Items Family Family B

A
Food 600 800
Clothing 100 100
House rent 400 500
Fuel and Lighting 100 100
Misc 300 500
Total 1500 2000

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

Sol;

Items Family Family B

A

Food 600 800

Clothing 100 100
House rent 400 500
Fuel 100 100
Misc 300 500
Total 1500 2000

Family A Family B
Food Food

Clothing Clothing

House Rent House Rent

Fuel and Fuel and

lighting lighting

Q No 2.6; Represent the following data through pie diagram.

Item of Amount
Expenditure
Food 4000
Clothing 1000
House Rent 2500
Educatoin 1000
Fuel and Light 600
Misc 2000
Sol;

Item of Amount
Expenditure
Food 4000
Clothing 1000
House Rent 2500
Educatoin 1000
Fuel and Light 600
Misc 2000
Total 11100

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

Pie chart
Food
Clothing
House Rent
Educatoin
Fuel and Light
Misc

Q No 2.7 Draw the Histogram for the following frequency distribution giving the steps
involved.

X 32 37 42 47 52 57 62 67
f 3 17 28 47 54 31 14 4

Sol;

Method of making class boundaries subtruct from each

lower class limit and add in each upper class limit.

X f
32 3
37 17
42 28
47 47
52 54
57 31
62 14
67 4
Q No 2.8 (b); In order to estimate the mean length of leaves from a certain tree , a sample of
100 leaves was taken and their lengths are measured in millimeter. A grouped frequency table
was set up and the results were as follows:

Mid value Y 2.2 2.7 3.2 3.7 4.2 4.7 5.2 5.7 6.2
f 3 5 8 12 18 24 20 8 2
(i) Disply the table in the form of a frequency polgon.
(ii) What are the boundaries of the interval whose mid-point is 3.7 cm.

Sol(i)

2.2 3 1.95-2.45 3

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

2.7 5 2.45-2.95 8
3.2 8 2.95-3.45 16
3.7 12 3.45-3.95 28
4.2 18 3.95-4.45 46
4.7 24 4.45-4.95 70
5.2 20 4.95-5.45 90
5.7 8 5.45-5.95 98
6.2 2 5.95-6.45 100

(ii)Boundaries of the interval whose mid-point is 3.7 cm

Q No 2.9; In a locality total area is 500 acres where 250 acres are under sugarcane, 125 acres
are under maize, 60 acres are under wheat and the remaining 65 acres are under other crops.
Make a pie chart to represent the distribution of acreage under different crops.

Sol;

Item Value
Pie chart
Sugarcane 250
Sugarcane
Maize 125 Maize
Wheat
Wheat 60
Other
Other 65 Total

Total 500

Q No 2.12; The following data gives the lifetime in minutes, recorded to the nearest tenth of
a minute of 50 sprayed insects.

1.2 2.2 0.7 3.9 1.7 1.9 1.4 1.8 2.0 4.3
2.5 0.9 3.4 2.8 3.7 3.5 0.4 2.8 1.1 0.2
3.9 6.3 2.5 2.1 1.3 2.1 0.3 0.4 2.4 2.1
3.5 2.9 1.2 5.3 1.7 2.7 1.8 4.8 3.2 1.6
2.6 1.8 2.3 1.3 3.1 1.5 2.6 5.9 2.0 2.3
Using 8 intervals with the lowest starting at 0.1.

(i) Form a frequency distribution and a cumulative frequency distribution.

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

(ii) Also draw Histogram and frequency polygon for the frequency distribution so
fprmed.

Sol;

Know we have to make the 8 classes start with 0.1.

Classes Tally f c.f C.B

0.1-0.8 5 5 0.05-0.85
0.9-1.6 9 14 0.85-1.65
1.7-2.4 15 29 1.65-2.45
2.5-3.2 10 39 2.45-3.25
3.3-4.0 6 45 3.25-4.05
4.1-4.8 2 47 4.05-4.85
4.9-5.6 1 48 4.85-5.65
5.7-6.4 2 50 5.65-6.45
Total 50

Q No 2.14;The following data gives the record of a company’s saving over the years. Draw a
bar diagram to represent it.

Year 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957

Rs(000) 1010 2050 3458 1980 2300 1295 1520 1070

Sol;

Bar chart
4000 1950

3000 1951
1952
2000
1953
1000 1954
1955
0
Rs(000) 1956

25
An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

Q No 2.15; Draw a sub-divided bar diagram to represent the male and female population of
four divisions of Pakistan in 1961.

Division Male Female both

Lahore 35 30 65
Multan 35 31 66
Sargodha 32 28 60
Rawalpindi 21 19 40

Sol; Sub divided bar chart.

70
60
50
40 Column1
30 Female
20 Male
10
0
Lahore Multan Sargoda Rawalpindi

************

26
An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

Chapter#3

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

The presentation of data by classification, tabulation or diagrams gives us some impression

about its distribution. But there is need of a single value which indicate the Centre of the
distribution. This single value is called an average, measures of central tendency or measures
of location because this value indicates where to locale the distribution. Hence

A single value which represents the data (distribution) as a whole is called an average.

PROPERTIES (QUALITIES) OF A GOOD AVERAGE.

(i); It is well defined. (ii); It is easy to calculate. (iii); It is easy to understand.

(iv); It is based on all the values. (v); It is capable for further mathematical treatment.

(vi); It is not affected by extreme values.

TYPES OF AVERAGE;

(1); Arithmetic Mean (A.M). (2); Weighted Mean. (3); Geometric Mean (G.M).

(4)Harmonic Mean (H.M). (5); Median. (6); Mode (7); Quantiles.

ARITHEMATIC MEAN (MEAN);

Arithmetic Mean is defined as the sum of the values divided by the total numbers of values.It
is denoted by for population and for sample data.

ARITHEMATIC MEAN (A.M) FOR UNGROUPED DATA;

27
An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

If are the population values then A.M is defined as

If are the sample values then A.M is defined as

If the mean and no, of values are given then total can be find as

CODING / SHORTCUT METHOD;

(Change of origin);( by adding or subtracting a constant origin will be change);

If are the sample values and A is any arbitrary value (assumed or provisional
mean) and D is the difference (D= –A) then A.M is defined as

D= –A applying sum on both sides

– ,

=nA+ dividing both sides by n.

(change origin and scale); (by multiplying/dividing a constant scale will be change);

If are the sample values with same interval (h) and U then A.M is
defined as

28
An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

Example; Calculate Mean from the following data, 87 91 89 88 89 91 87 92 90

98

Sol;

Y 87 91 89 88 89 91 87 92 90 98 902
D=y-A -3 1 -1 -2 -1 1 -3 2 0 2
8

(by Coding method)

= 90.2 let A=90

Example; Find Mean from the following data. 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Sol;

Y 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 72
16
U= -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 -4
3

=9 let A=10

ARITHMETIC MEAN FOR GROUPED DATA;

If are the values with respective frequencies then A.M is

defined as ,

Codding / shortcut method;

Where D = y-A and A= Arbitrary value

Where U=

Example; From the following frequency distribution find A.M.

C.I f
86- 90 6
91- 95 4

29
An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

96- 100 10
101-105 6
106-110 3
111-115 1
30

Sol;

C.I f y fy D fD U fU
86- 90 6 88 528 -10 -60 -2 -12
91- 95 4 93 372 -5 -20 -1 -4
96- 100 10 98 980 0 0 0 0
101-105 6 103 618 5 30 1 6
106-110 3 108 324 10 30 2 6
111-115 1 113 113 15 15 3 3
30 2935 -5 -1
=97.8

=97.8

PROPERTIES OF ARITHMETIC MEAN;

(i) The sum of the deviation of the values from their mean is zero.i.e.
(ii) The sum of the square deviation of the values from their mean is minimum.
i.e is minimum.
(iii) If sample data with respective means. Then the
combined mean which is denoted by or and defined as

(iv)If a constant is (multiplied/divided /added/subtracted) to each value and calculate

mean .then the mean of original data will be (multiplied/divide /added/subtracted)
by that constant for the same results.
(v) If then = + where a, b are two constants
MERITS OF ARITHMETIC MEAN;

(i) It is rigidly defined.

(ii) It is easy to calculate.
(iii) It is based upon all the values.
(iv) It is stable statistic in repeated sampling.
(v) If mean and no, of values are known then sum can be finding.
DEMERITS OF ARITHMETIC MEAN;

30
An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

(i) It is greatly affected by extreme values.

(ii) It cannot be calculated for open –end classes.
(iii) It is not stable for skewed distribution.
(iv) It cannot average the ratios and percentage properly.

WEIGHTED MEAN;

Arithmetic mean is used to calculate the average when all the values has same importance but
in practice all the things has not the same importance.so when the average is calculated
according to the importance (weights) of the things it is called Weighted mean. It is denoted
by .

If respective weights then the

weighted mean is defined as.

Example; Calculate the weighted mean from the following data.

Y W
88 44
85.7 42
52.1 24
33.3 16
12 6
Sol;
Y W WY
88 44 3872
85.7 42 3599.4
52.1 24 50.4
33.3 16 332.8
12 6 72
132 9326.6

70.65

GEOMETRIC MEAN (G.M);

Geometric mean is defined as the nth root of the product of n positive non- zero values.

It is useful measure to find average of percentage changes, independent ratios, and index
numbers.

31
An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

GEOMETRIC MEAN FOR UNGROUPED DATA;

If .then G.M is defined as

G.M= =

Or

G.M= antilog [ ]

Example; Calculate the G.M from the following data:45, 30, 35, 40, 44, 32, 42, 37.

Sol;

G.M= =37.76

GEOMETRIC MEAN FOR GROUPED DATA;

If with respective frequencies then G.M

is defined as

G.M=

Taking log on both sides

G.M=antilog [

G.M=Anti-log [ ]

Example; Find G.M from the following data.

C.B f
00-04 2
04-08 5
08-12 7
12-16 8
16-20 7
20-24 4
24-28 1
Total 34
Sol;

C.B F Y log Y f logY

00-04 2 2 0.3010 0.6021
04-08 5 6 0.7782 3.8908
32
An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

08-12 7 10 1.0000 7.0000

12-16 8 14 1.1461 9.1690
16-20 7 18 1.2553 8.7869
20-24 4 22 1.344 5.3697
24-28 1 26 1.4150 1.4150
Total 34 36.2334

G.M=antilog [ ]=

Example; A man gets rise of 10% in salary at the end of his first year of service and further
rise of 20% and 25% at the end of second and third years respectively. The rise in each case
being calculated on his salary at the beginning of the year.to what annual percentage increase
is this equivalent.

Sol; Let the initial salary=100

Increase in 1st year=10% 100 =10

Salary at the end of 1styear =100+10=110

Increase in 2nd year =20% 100 =20

Salary at the end of 2nd year =100+20=120

Increase in 3rd year =25% 100 =125

Salary at the end of 3rd year =100+25=125

G.M= =118.16

Annual percentage increase=118.16-100=18.16%

Example;The frequency distribution given below has been derived from the use of working
origin. If D= Y-18. Find the A.M and G.M.

D -12 -8 -4 0 4 8 12 16
F 2 5 8 18 22 13 8 4

Sol;
D F Y=D+18 f logY f
-12 2 6 12 0.7768 1.5563
-8 5 10 50 1.0000 5.0000
-4 8 14 112 1.1461 9.1690

33
An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

0 18 18 324 2.2553 22.5949

4 22 22 484 1.3424 29.5332
8 13 26 338 1.4150 18.9461
12 8 30 240 1.4771 11.8170
16 4 34 136 1.5315 6.1259
Total 80 1696 104.1909
=21.2

G.M=antilog [ ]=antilog [ ]=20.06

PROPERTIES OF GEOMETRIC MEAN;

(i) If sample data with respective Geometric means.

then the combined geometric mean which is denoted by is defined as

(ii) If G.M of a data is and G.M of the other data

1, 2, 3,…, is 2.Then the G.M of the ratio X/Y is G. i.e. G= 1 2
(iii) G.M is less than the A.M.
MERITS OF GEOMETRIC MEAN;

(i) It is rigidly defined.

(ii) It is based on all the values.
(iii) It is capable for further mathematical treatment.
(iv) It is less affected by extreme values as compare to A.M.
DEMARITS OF GEOMETRIC MEAN;

(i) If any value of data is zero it becomes zero.

(ii) It becomes imaginary for negative values.
(iii) It may not coincide with any of the observation.
HARMONIC MEAN (H.M);

Harmonic mean is defined as the reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of the reciprocal of the
non-zero values. It is denoted by H.M.

Harmonic mean is useful average when the data in rates.

HARMUNIC MEAN FOR UNGROUPED DATA;

If .Then H.M is defined as

H.M

HARMUNIC MEAN FOR GROUPED DATA;

34
An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

If with respective frequencies then G.M

is defined as

H.M

Example; A tractor is running at the rate of 10 Km/hr. during the first 60 Km; at 20 Km/hr.
during second 60 Km; 30 Km/hr. During the third 60 Km; 40 Km/hrs during the fourth 60
Km and 50 Km/hr. during the (last) fifth 60 Km. what would be the average speed.

Sol; 10 20 30 40 50

21.89813 Km/hr

Example; Find the H.M from the following data.

C.B F
0-4 2
4-8 5
8-12 7
12-16 8
16-20 7
20-24 4
24-28 1
Total 34
Sol;

C.B f Y 1/Y f
0---4 2 2 0.500 1.0000
4- 8 5 6 0.1667 0.8333
8- 12 7 10 0.100 0.7000
12-16 8 14 0.0714 0.5714
16-20 7 18 0.0556 0.3889
20-24 4 22 0.0454 0.1816
24-28 1 26 0.0385 0.0385
Total 34 3.7137

H.M 9.1553

PROPERTIES OF HARMUNIC MEAN;

35
An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

If sample data with respective Harmonic means. Then

the combined Harmonic mean which is denoted by is defined as

MERITS OF HARMONIC MEAN;

(i) It is defined by a mathematical formula.

(ii) It is based on all the values.
(iii) It is capable for further mathematical development.
DEMERITS OF HARMONIC MEAN;

(i) If any value of data is zero then H.M cannot be calculated.

(ii) It gives less weight to the large values and more weight to small values.
GENERAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN A.M, G.M AND
H.M;If then in general

A.M

If all the values are same then these three means are same. i.e.

A.M=G.M=H.M

Example; Calculate A.M, G.M and H.M from the following data, 5, 6, 8, 7, 4.

Sol;

G.M 5.83

H.M = 5.65

Hence A.M

MODE;

The most frequent value in a data set is called Mode. It is denoted by .

MODE FOR UNGROUPED DATA; (no formula for ungrouped data)

The most frequent value in the data is called Mode.

The data may have more than one mode,

If the distribution has only one mode then it is called unimodel distribution.

e.g. (2, 3, 2, 4, 5, 8, 2 mode=2)

If dist has two modes then it is called bimodal dist.

36
An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

e.g. (2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 5, 6, 1, 9 mode=2, 3)

If it has more than two modes then it is called multimodal.

e.g. (2,2,2,4,4,4,5,5,5,6,6,6,8,1,2,3 mode= 2, 4, 5, 6 )

MODE FOR GROUPED DATA;

If with respective frequencies then

MODE is defined as

MODE L+

Or

MODE L+

Where

L lower class boundary of the model class

maximum frequency.

frequency associated with the class proceeding to the model class.

frequency associated with the class next to the model class.

h class interval.

Example; Calculate mode from the following data.

C.I f
9.3-9.7 2
9.8-10.2 5
10.3-10.7 12
10.8-11.2 17
11.3-11.7 14
11.8-12.2 6
12.3-12.7 3
12.8-13.2 1
Sol;

C.I f C.B
9.3-9.7 2 9.25-9.75
9.8-10.2 5 9.75-10.25
10.3-10.7 12 10.25-10.75
10.8-11.2 17 ……. L=10.75-11.25
11.3-11.7 14 11.25-11.75

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

11.8-12.2 6 11.75-12.25
12.3-12.7 3 12.25-12.75
12.8-13.2 1 12.75-13.25

=L + 10.75 + =11.06

*Method of making class boundaries; [9.8-9.7=0.1 divided by 2 i.e. (0.1/2)=0.05, so 0.05

minus from the lower limits and add to upper limits].

MODE FOR DISCRETE GROUPED DATA;

Example; Calculate mode from the following data.

Y 87 65 34 23 56 78 43 23 49
f 2 3 1 5 2 3 4 2 1
(Maximum frequency is 5 so) Mode 23

PROPERTIES OF MODE;

(i) If the values have mode M and if a constant is added to each

value then then the mode will be +M.
(ii) If the values have mode and if a constant is multipled to
each value then the mode will be .
MERITS OF MODE:

(i) It is quick to find.

(ii) It is not affected by the extreme values.
DEMERITS OF MODE;

(i) It is not rigidly defined.

(ii) It is not capable for further mathematical development.
(iii) It is an unstable measure.
(iv) It may not exist in many cases.
(v) There may be more than one value of mode in a data set.
(vi) It may be misleading in small data sets.
MEDIAN;

A single value which divides the arranged data into two equal parts is called median. It is
denoted by (read as Y childa).

38
An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

MEDIAN FOR UNGROUPED DATA: (for odd no, of values).

If the n values (n is odd).then median is defined as

Obs=observation

(For even no, of values):

If the n values (n is even).then median is defined as

MEDIAN FOR GROUPED DATA;

If with respective frequencies then

MEDIAN is defined as

L+ ( - c)

Where

L=lower class limit of the class containing the median.

h=class interval.

f= frequency of the class containing median.

PROPERTIES OF MEDIAN;

1. The sum of the absolute deviations of the values from median is minimum.
2. For a symmetrical dist.,
3. If the n values have Median M and if a constant is added to each
value then median will be +M.
4. If the n values have Median M and if a constant is multiplied to
each value then median will be .
MERITS OF MEDIAN:

(i) It is quick to find.

(ii) It is not much affected by the extreme values.
(iii) It is suitable for skewed dist.
DEMERITS OF MEDIAN;

(i) It is not rigidly defined.

(ii) It is not suitable for further mathematical development.
(iii) It is not based on all the values.
QUANTIES:

39
An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

Sometimes our interest is to know the position of an observation relative to the others in the
data. The measures used for this purpose are called quantiles or fractiles.

QUARTILES;

Such three values which divide the arranged data into four equal parts are called quartiles.
They are denoted by

QUARTILES FOR UNGROUPED DATA;

If the n values. Then quartiles are defined as

( )th obs , 2( )th obs , 3( )th obs

QUARTILES FOR GROUPED DATA;

If with respective frequencies then QUARTILES

are defined as

l+ ( - c) l+ ( - c) l+ ( - c)

DECILES;

Such nine values which divide the arranged data into ten equal parts are called deciles. They
are denoted by .

DECILES FOR UNGROUPED DATA;

If . Then deciles are defined as

DECILES FOR DECILES FOR GROUPED DATA;

If with respective frequencies then DECILES are

defined as

l+ ( - c)

l+ ( - c) l+ ( - c)

40
An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

l+ ( - c) l+ ( - c)

l+ ( - c) l+ ( - c)

l+ ( - c) l+ ( - c)

PERCENTILES;

Such ninety-nine values which divide the arranged data into hundred equal parts are called
the percentiles. They are denoted by

PERCENTILES FOR UNGROUPED DATA;

If . Then PERCENTILES are defined as

PERCENTILES FOR GROUPED DATA;

If with respective frequencies then

PERCENTILES are defined as

L+ ( - c) , L+ ( - c) , L+ ( - c),… , L+ ( - c)

NOTE: Median

Example; Calculate Median, Quartiles, Deciles and 30th Percentile from the following data

3, 7, 12, 15, 25, 37, 48, 15, 69, 52, 73, 70, 88, 82, 80, 92

Sol; Arranged data

3, 7, 12, 15, 25, 37, 48, 52, 69, 70, 73, 80, 82, 88, 92

= 1stobs+0.6(2ndobs- 1stobs)=3+0.6(7-3)=5.4

41
An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

= 3rd obs+0.2(4th obs-3rdobs)=12+0.2(15-

12)=12.

= 52

Similarly

14th obs+0.4(15th obs- 14th obs)=80+0.4(92-80)=83.2

= 4thobs+0.8(5thobs-
4thobs)=15+0.8(25-15)=23

Example; Calculate from the following data.

Class F
boundaries
85.5-90.5 6
90.5-95.5 4
95.5-100.5 10
100.5-105.5 6
105.5-110.5 3
110.5-115.5 1

Sol;
Class boundaries f cf
85.5-90.5 6 6
90.5-95.5 4 10
95.5-100.5 10 20
100.5-105.5 6 26
105.5-110.5 3 29
110.5-115.5 1 30
30

l+ ( - c)

=22.5

100.5 + ( - 20) =102.58

42
An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

l+ ( - c)

100.5 + ( - 20) =101.33

EMPERICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MEAN, MEDIAN AND MODE;

The empirical relationship depends upon the shape of the distribution.

(1) In a symmetrical distribution mean, median and mode are same. i.e.

Mean=Median=Mode

(2) For +ve skewed distribution;

Mean
(3) For –ve skewed distribution;
Mean
(4) For moderate skewed distribution;
Mode=3Median-2Mean
Example; If Mode=15 Median=12 then find Mean

Sol; Mode=3Median-2 Mean

15 =3 -2Mean
15-36=-2Mean
Mean=10.5

CRITERIA FOR A SUITABLE AVERAGE;

For selecting a suitable average certain factors are taken into account. It includes scale of
measurement, type of variable, type of distribution and purpose of the statistic for which it
would be used.
For measurement scale.

 For ratio and interval scales A.M is usually appropriate.

 For ordinal scale Median is appropriate.
 For nominal scale Mode is appropriate.
For variables.

 For quantitative variable A.M is appropriate.

 For qualitative variable Median or Mode are appropriate. Depending upon
category.

43
An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

For distribution.

 If dist is symmetrical Mean, Median and Mode are equally good.

 If dist is skewed Median is appropriate.
For Statistic.

 H.M is preferred for rates.

 G.M is preferred for ratios.

EXERCISE#3

Q No 1(i); Define the Arithmetic Mean, Geometric Mean and Harmonic Mean. Explain the
situations when each of them is used perfectly?

Sol; we have discussed.

(ii);The relation between A.M, G.M and H.M is A.M under what situation they
are equal?

Sol; If all the values in the data are same then they are equal. i.e. A.M

Q No 2; Find the Geometric mean of

Sol;

G.M= =47.5675

Q No3; A man traveling 100 Km has 5 stages at equal intervals. The speed of the man in the
various stages was observed to be 10, 16, 20, 15 kilometers per hour. Find the average speed
at which the man travels.

Sol;
Y 10 16 20 14 15
1/Y 0.1 0.0625 0.05 0.071 0.067 0.3506

Q No 4; The temperature in murree for 1st 10 days of March was -1, -2, 1, 0, 3, 3, 4, 2, 6.
Find median.

Sol; the arrangement of the data is -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 6, n=10

Median= th obs + = th obs +

44
An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

th obs + = + =2.5

Q No5; Calculate Mean, Median and mode for the following frequency dist.

Marks 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54

No, of studts 1 4 8 11 5 9 2
Sol;

Marks f Y
20-24 1 22 22 195-24.5 1
25-29 4 27 108 24.5-29.5 5
30-34 8 32 256 29.5-34.5 13
35-39 11 37 407 34.5-39.5 24c
40-44 15 42 630 39.5-44.5 39
45-49 9 47 423 44.5-49.5 48
50-54 2 52 104 49.5-54.5 50
50 1950
Mean= =39

Median=l+ – c)= + – c)=39.5+ ( -24)=39.83

Mode=l+ = 39.5+ =41.5

Q No 6; Find the Mean, Median and Mode of the following frequency dist.

No,of persons 2 3 4 5 6
F 8 15 23 20 14
Sol;
Y F fY c.f
2 8 16 8
3 15 45 23
4 23 92 46
5 20 100 66
6 14 84 70
80 337

Mean= =4.2125

Median= th obs +

= th obs +

45
An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

th obs + = + =4

Mode= 4 (maximum frequency is 23 )

Q No7; What do you understand by Weighted Mean? In what circumstances is it preferred to

ordinary mean and Why?

Sol; We have discussed.

Q No 8; Define the Mode of a frequency distribution. How does it compare with other types
of average?

Sol; We have discussed.

Q No9; (i)Write down the empirical relationship between Mean, Median and Mode for
unimodel distribution of moderate asymmetry and show graphically.

Sol; We have discussed.

(ii); For a certain frequency distribution with the Mean and Median45 and 36 respectively.
Find the Mode using the empirical relationship between these three.

Sol; Given that Mean=45 Median=36

We know Mode=3median-2 Mean So Mode=3*36-2*45=28

Q No 10.Bilal gets a rise of 10% in salary at the end of his first year of service and further
rise of 20% and 25% at the end of second and third year respectively. The rise in each case
being calculated on his salary at the beginning of the year.To what annual percentage
increase in this equivalent.

Sol;

Let the initial salary=100

Increase in 1st year=10% 100 =10

Salary at the end of 1styear =100+10=110

Increase in 2nd year =20% 100 =20

Salary at the end of 2nd year =100+20=120

Increase in 3rd year =25% 100 =125

Salary at the end of 3rd year =100+25=125

G.M= =118.16

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

Annual percentage increase=118.16-100=18.16%

Q No 11; Find the Mean for the following distribution.

Classes f
0-10 40
10-40 110
40-90 150
90-100 200
100-105 120
105-120 30
120-140 20
670
Sol;

Classes f Y fY
0-10 40 5 200
10-40 110 25 2750
40-90 150 65 9750
90-100 200 95 19000
100-105 120 102.5 12300
105-120 30 112.5 3375
120-140 20 130 2600
670 49975
Mean = =

Q No 12;The frequency Distribution given below has been drive from the use of working
origin. D=X-18, Find the A.M and Geometric Mean.

Sol; Given that D=X-18

D F X=D+18 fX logX flogX

-12 2 6 12 0.7781 1.5562
-8 5 10 50 1.0000 5.0000
-4 8 14 112 1.1461 9.1688
0 18 18 324 1.2552 22.5936
4 22 22 484 1.3424 29.5328
8 13 26 338 1.4149 18.3937
12 8 30 240 1.4771 11.8168
16 4 34 136 1.5314 6.1256
80 1696 104.1875
A.M=

47
An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

G.M=antilog [ = antilog[ =antilog(1.3023)=20.06

Q No 13;The reciprocal of 11 values of Y are given below.

0.0500 0.0454 0.0400 0.0333 0.0285 0.0232 0.0213 0.02000 0.0182 0.0151 0.0143.
Calculate harmonic Mean and A.M of the data.

Sol;

1/ 0.0500 0.0454 0.0400 0.0333 0.0285 0.0232 0.0213 0.02000 0.0182 0.0151 0.3093
X 0.0143
X 20 22 25 30 35 43.103 46. 948 50 54.948 66.225 463.146
69.93
H.M

A.M

Q No,14; Calculate H.M. from the following data.

0.0267, 0.0235, 0.0211, 0.0191, 0.0174, 0.0160, 0.0148

H.M

Q No15; Three cities A, B and C are equidistant from each other. Fatima travel from A to B
at the speed of 30 miles per hour by car. From B to C at the speed of 50 per hour. Determine
her average speed for the entire trip.

Sol;

X 1/X
30 0.033
50 0.02
0.053
H.M

Q No 16; Harmonic mean and Geometric Mean of two numbers are 3.2 and 4 respectively.
Find their A.M and both numbers as well.

Sol;

Let and are two numbers.

H.M=3.2 G.M=4

=3.2 =4

48
An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

=3.2 ab=16
…………………….(i)

2ab=3.2(a+b) ……………(ii) as we know that

Put (i) in(ii) ………(iv)

2*16=3.2(a+b) put (i) and (iii) in (iv)

10=a+b ……………………(iii) - =4*16

=100-64=36

a-b= ………………………..(v)

now when a-b=6 when a-b=-6

a+b=10 a+b=10

a-b= 06 a=2 b=8

a=8 b=2

Hence the two numbers are 2, 8 or 8, 2

A.M= =5

Q No 17; The Arithmetic Mean and Geometric Mean of three numbers are 34 and 18
respectively. Find all the three numbers, when the Geometric Mean of first two numbers is
19.

Sol;

Let a, b and c are three numbers.

A.M=34 G.M=18

=34 =18

a+b+c =102 ………(i)

abc=5832……………….(ii)

put(iii) in(II) according to the given condition

81c=5832 =9

C=72 ………(iv) ab=81 ……………(iii)

Put(iv)in (i) as we know that

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

a+b+72=102 ………(vi)

put (v)and(iii) in (vi)

a+b=30…………………(v) a-b= 24

when a-b=24 when a-b=-24

a+b=30 a+b=30

a=27, b=3 a=3, b=27

hence the three no, are

27, 3, 72 or 3,27, 72

Q No 18; Find out

(i) the average rate of motion in case of a person who rides the firat mile at the rate f
10 miles per hours the next mile at the rate of 8 mile per hour and third at the rate
of 6 miles per hour
Sol;

X 1/X
10 0.100
8 0.125
6 0.167
0.392
The average rate is H.M= = =7.65 mile/hr

(ii) Increase in population which in the first decade has increased 20%min the next
25% and in the third 4%.
Sol;

Let the initial population is 100

Increase in 1st decate=20% 100* =20

=120

Increase in 2nddecate=25% 100* =25

=125

Increase in 3rddecate =4% 100* =4

=104

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

G.M= =115.98

Hence the average increase=115.98-100=15.98%

Q No 19;The given table shows the distribution of the maximum load is shot tons supported
by certain cables produced by a company. Determine Mean, Median and Mode.

Max Load F
9.3-9.7 2
9.8-10.2 5
10.3-10.7 12
10.8-11.2 17
11.3-11.7 14
11.8-12.2 6
12.3-12.7 3
Sol; 12.8-13.2 1

Max Load
9.3-9.7 2 9.5 19 9.25-9.75 2
9.8-10.2 5 10 50 9.75-10.25 7
10.3-10.7 12 10.5 126 10.25-10.75 19c
10.8-11.2 17 11 187 10.75-11.25 36
11.3-11.7 14 11.5 161 11.25-11.75 50
11.8-12.2 6 12 72 11.75-12.25 56
12.3-12.7 3 12.5 37.5 12.25-12.75 59
12.8-13.2 1 13 13 12.75-13.25 60
60 655.5

A.M=

Median=l+

Mode=l+ 11.06

Q No 20; Compute Mean, Median, Mode, 6thDecile, and 74th percentile for the given data.

Classes F
0.7312-0.7313 10
0.7314-0.7315 15
0.7316-0.7317 20
0.7318-0.7319 25
0.7320-0.7321 30
0.7322-0.7323 08
0.7324-0.7324 2

Classes f Y

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

0.7312-0.7313 10 0.73125 7.3125 0.73115-0.73135 10

0.7314-0.7315 15 0.73145 10.9718 0.73135-0.73155 25
0.7316-0.7317 20 0.73165 14.633 0.73155-0.73175 45c
0.7318-0.7319 25 0.73185 18.2963 0.73175-0.73195 70
0.7320-0.7321 30 0.73205 21.9615 0.73195-0.73215 100
0.7322-0.7323 08 0.73225 5.858 0.73215-0.73235 108
0.7324-0.7324 2 0.73245 1.4649 0.73235-0.73255 110
110 80.4979
Sol,

Mean= =0.7318

Median=L+ ( - c)=0.73175+ ( – 45)=0.73183

Mode=0.73195

Similarly =0.731918

=0.732026

Q No,21; Find the value of and mode from the following data.

Groups f Groups f
0-4.9 3 25-29.9 13
5-9.9 4 30-39.9 13
10-14.9 9 35-39.9 5
15-19.9 11 40-44.9 2
20-24.9 15 45-49.9 1

Sol; same

Q No 22;If for any frequency dist the Mean is 45 and Median is 30 .Find Mode.

Sol; formula Mode= 3Median- 2 Mean

Mode= 3 30-2 45=0

Q No23; A bus traveling 200 miles has ten stages at equal intervals. The speed of the bus in
the various stages was observed to be 10, 15, 20, 75, 20, 30, 40, 50, 30, 40 miles per hours.
Find the average speed at which the bus has traveled.

Sol; 10 15 20 75 20 30 40 50 30 40

H.M = 24.0 Km/h

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

Q No24;The following data has been obtained from a frequency dist of a continuous variable
x after making the substitution u=

U -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
F 2 5 8 18 22 13 8 4
Find Harmonic Mean.

Sol;
U f X=136.5+6U f/X
-4 2 136.5+6(-4)=112.5 0.0178
-3 5 118.5 0.0422
-2 8 124.5 0.0643
-1 18 130.5 0.1379
0 22 136.5 0.1612
1 13 142.5 0.0912
2 8 148.5 0.0539
3 4 154.5 0.0259
80 0.5943

H.M=

Q No 25; Salman obtained the following marks in a certain examination. Find the weighted
mean if weights 4, 4, 4, 2, 2 respectively are allotted to the subjects

English Urdu Math statistics Physics

73 82 80 57 62
Sol;

Y W WY
73 4 292
82 3 246
80 3 240
57 2 114
62 2 124
14 1016
= = =72.57

Q No 26; Calculate the weighted Mean for the following data.

Items Expendi Weight

tures s
Food 200 7.5
Rent 54 2
Clothing 98 1.5

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

Fuel & light 75 1.0

Other items 75 0.5

Sol;
Items Y W WY
Food 200 7.5 2175
Rent 54 2 108
Clothing 98 1.5 147
Fuel & light 75 1.0 75
Other items 75 0.5 37.5
12.5 2542.5

203.4

Q No 27; For a certain distribution if , .

What is the value of A.M and why?

Sol;

A.M=18 because it is the property of A.M the sum of the deviation of the values from
their mean is zero.

Q No28; Arithmetic Mean of 15 valued is 20 and by adding 3 more values the mean remain
20.Find the new three values if ratio is a:b:c :: 3:2:1

Sol;

n=15

By adding three values (n=18)

Difference=360-300=60 given ratio isa:b:c :: 3:2:1

a=60 =30 b=60 =20 c=60 =10

Multiple Questions:

1. A single value which represent the data as a whole is called:

(a) Arithmetic mean (b) Average (c) G.M (d) None of these
2. If mean= 10 and n= 15 then sum is
(a) 100 (b) 200 (c) 150 (d) 50
3.

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

(a) Maximum (b) Minimum (c) Zero (d) All

4. is
(a) Maximum (b) Minimum (c) Zero (d) None of these
5. The data is arranged before the calculation of:
(a) A.M (b) G.M (c) Median (d) Mode
6. Average is affected from the:
(a) Extreme value (b) Middle value (c) Last value (d)First value
7. The mode of letters in the word PAKISTAN is:
(a) A (b) P (c) N (d) S
8. The G.M of 2, 4, 6, 0 is:
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 0
9. The A.M, G.M and H.M of 3, 3, 3, 3, 3,3 is:
(a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 0 (d) 18
10. The H.M of two numbers a and b is:
(a) (b) (c) (d)
11. If , then Mean is:
(a) 10 (b) 27 (c) 12 (d) 15
12. If the distribution is symmetrical then mean… Median...mode:
(a) (b) (c) (d)
13. If the distribution is positively skewed then mean…median…mode:
(a) (b) (c) (d)

14. The suitable average for the percentage increase in wages of the workers is
(a) A.M (b) G.M (c) H.M (d) Mode
15. If mean=5, mode=2 what is the value of median:
(a) 8 (b) 4 (c) 9 (d) 2
16. If mode =4, median=4 what is the value of mean:
(a) 8 (b) 1 (c) 4 (d) 0

17. If mean=2, median=3 what is the value of mode:

(a) 6 (b) 5 (c) 0 (d) 10

18. In symmetrical distribution lower quartile=10, middle quartile=20 then

upperquartile=……
(a) 20 (b) 30 (c) 40 (d) 50
19. If then what mean:
(a) 25 (b) 20 (c) 30 (d) 50
20. The G.M of -4, -2, and 8 is:
(a) 4 (b) 0 (c) -2 (d) impossible
Answers;(1) b, (2) c, (3) c, (4) b, (5) c, (6) a, (7) a, (8) d, (9) a, (10) a, (11) b, (12) a, (13) c, ,
(14) b, (15) b, (16) c, (17) b, (18) b, (19) b, (20) b.

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

CHAPTER#4

MEASURES OF DISPERSION

The measures of central tendency tell us only about the center of the data but do not tell
anything about the variation in the data for example the two data sets

These data sets have same means but differ in their variation.so measures of dispersion is
necessary along with the measures of central tendency to give the sensible description of
data.

Dispersion;

The spreadness (variability) of the values from their mean is called dispersion.

OR

The degree to which numerical data tend to spread about an average value in called
dispersion.

Measures of Dispersion;

For the study of dispersion, we need some measures which show whether the variation is
small or large.

There are two types of measures of dispersion; (1); Absolute Measures of dispersion.(2);
Relative measures of dispersion.

(1); ABSOLUTE MEASURES OF DISPERSION;

These measures give the answer in the same unit as the unit of the original data. These
measures are

(i);Range.(ii); Quartile Deviation(Semi Inter Quartile Range).(iii); Mean

Deviation.(iv);Variance.(v) Standard Deviation.

(2); Relative Measures of dispersion;

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

These measures are free from the units in which the original data is measured.

These measures are used to compare the two or more data sets. These measures are,

(i); Coefficient of Range.(ii) Coefficient of Quartile Deviation.(iii); coefficient of Mean

Deviation.(iv);coefficient of Variance.(v); Coefficient of Standard Deviation.

RANGE; (for ungrouped data)

The range is defined as the difference between the maximum value ( ) and
minimum value ( ) of the data.i.e

Example; Find the Range of the following data.30, 35, 40, 20, 25, 30, 45, 50,

Sol;

RANGE; (for grouped data);

For grouped data the range is the difference between the upper class limit of the largest class
and the lower class limit of the lowest class.0r

It is defined as the difference between the midpoint of the largest class and the midpoint of
the smallest class.

Example; Find the Range of the following Data.

C-I f
4-8 2
8-12 3
12-16 5
16-20 7
20-24 3
24-28 1

Range=28-4=24 or

COEFFICIENT OF RANGE;

It is a relative measures of dispersion.it is defined as

Coefficient of Range

Example: Find the coefficient of Range from the following data.10, 20, 30, 10, 25

Sol: Coefficient of Range =0.43

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

Merits of Range:

I. It is easy to calculate
II. It is useful measure in small samples

Demerits of Range:

I. It does not base on all the values of the data.

II. It gives a general idea about the total spread of the data.
III. It is a poor measure of dispersion.
IV. It gives no weight to the central value of the data.

QUARTILE DEVIATION (Q.D):

The quartile Deviation is defined as the Difference between the upper Quartile ( ) and the
lower Quartile ( ) and divided by 2.i.e

Q.D

Foe ungrouped data

=( ) th obs

=3( ) Th obs

For Grouped Data

Note: =is called inter quartile gange

COEFFICIENT OF QUARTILE DEVIATION:

C.O.Q.D

Example;For the data given below:

1030, 1590, 1070, 1670, 1110, 1710, 1190, 1720, 1230, 1740, 1310, 1745, 1332, 1775, 1870,
1350, 1430, 1870, 1950, 1460

Calculate Q.D and C.O.Q.D.

Sol; First we arrange the data as

1030, 1070, 1110, 1190, 1230, 1310, 1332, 1350, 1430, 1460, 1590, 1670, 1710, 1720, 1740,
1745, 1775, 1870, 1870, 1950.

=( ) th obs =( ) th obs = ( ) th obs =5.25 thobs = 5thobs + 0.25(6thobs -

5thobs)

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

= 1230+0.25(1310 – 1230) = 1250

=3( ) Th obs = ( ) th obs =15.75 thobs = 15thobs + 0.25(16thobs -15thobs)

= 1740+0.75(1745 – 1740) = 1743.75

Q.D

C.O.Q.D

Example; Calculate Q.D from the following data.

Marks 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60

F 3 8 14 7 4
Sol;

Marks f c.f
10-20 3 3
20-30 8 11
30-40 14 25
40-50 7 32
50-60 4 36
36

Q.D

Merits of Quartile Deviation;

(i) It is easy to calculate

(ii) It is not affect by the Extreme values.

Demerits of Quartile Deviation;

(i) It is not based on all the values.

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

(ii) Q.D will be same if the Quartiles are same of all the distributions.

MEAN DEVIATION (M.D):

The mean deviation is defined as the mean of the absolute deviation of the values from their
average (mean, median, and mode).

MEAN DEVIATION FOR UNGROUPED DATA:

If are the values then M.D is defined as

M.D from mean

M.D from median

M.D from mode

Example; Frm the following date given below

2, 5, 6, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13, 16, 23

Calculate the Mean Deviation from Mean Median and from Mode..

Sol;
Y
2 8 6.5 4
5 5 3.5 1
6 4 2.5 0
6 4 2.5 0
8 2 0.5 2
9 1 0.5 3
12 2 3.5 6
13 3 4.5 7
16 6 7.5 10
23 13 14.5 17
48 46 50

Mean Deviation=

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

Mean Deviation=

MEAN DEVIATION FOR GROUPED DATA:

If are the values with then M.D is

defined as

M.D from mean

M.D from median

M.D from mode

Example; For the following data given below, compute Mean deviation from Mean, Median
and Mode.

CLASSES F
86-90 6
91-95 4
96-100 10
101-105 6
106-110 3
111-115 1
Sol;

C.B F Y fY C.B C.f

86-90 6 88 85.5-90.5 6 60
91-95 4 93 90.5-95.5 10 20
96-100 10 98 95.5-100.5 20 0
101-105 6 103 100.5-105.5 26 30
106-110 3 108 105.5-110.5 29 30
111-115 1 113 110.5-115.5 30 15
30 155

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

COEFFICIECT OF MEAN DEVIATION:

C.O.M.D When M.D from mean

C.O.M.D= When M.D from median

C.O.M.D= When M.D from mode

PROPERTIES OF MEAN DEVIATION:

 M.D from median is minimum than from mean or mode.

 M.D always positive. i.e. M.D
 M.D for symmetrical distributions

MERITS OF MEAN DEVIATION:

1. It is easy to calculate.
2. It is based on all the values.

DEMERITS OF MEAN DEVIATION:

1. It is affected by extreme values.

2. It does not take into account the negative signs of the deviations from some average.
3. It is not readily capable of mathematical development.

VARIANCE (VAR):

The variance is defined as the mean of squares of deviations of all the values from their
mean. It is denoted by for population and for sample.

VARIANCE FOR UNGROUPED DATA:

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

If are the values then the variance is defined as

[ - ]

-(

-( where

-( ] where

VARIANCE FOR GROUPED DATA:

If are the values with then

theVARIANCE is defined as

[ - ]

-(

-(

-( ] where

COFFICIENT OF VARIANCE:

C.O.V

MERITS OF VARIANCE:

 It is easy to calculate.
 It is based on all the values.

DEMERITS OF VARIANCE:

 It is affected by extreme values.

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

STANDARD DEVIATION (S.D):

The standard deviation is defined as the positive square of the mean of the squares of
deviations of the values from their mean.

Or

It is the positive square root of variance. It is denoted by for population and S for sample.

STANDRAD DEVIATION FOR UNGROUPED DATA:

If are the values then the S.D is defined as

S= S= S= S=

S=

STANDRAD DEVIATION FOR UNGROUPED DATA:

If are the values with then

VARIANCE is defined as

S = S = S=

S=

COEFFICIENT OF STANDRAD DEVIATION:

C.O.S.D =

PROPERTIES OF VARIANCE AND STANDARD DEVIATION:

1. The var and S.D of any constant is zero. If is any constant then

2. The var and S.D are independent of origin. i.e.

3.
4.
5.

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

6. If are the data sets having ,... respective means and ,

are variances. Then the combined variance which is denoted by is
defined as

Where

COEFFICIENT OF COMBINED VARIANCE:

The coefficient of combined variance is denoted by C. and defined as

C.

MOMENTS:

The moments Are used to check the shape of the distribution. There are three types of
moments.

1) Moments about mean.

2) Moments about a.
3) Moments about zero.

MOMENTS ABOUT MEAN:

The rth moment about mean which is denoted by for population and for sample
defined as

r=1, 2, 3, 4,…….(for population)

r=1, 2, 3, 4,……. (Ungrouped data)

r=1, 2, 3, 4,……. (for grouped data)

By putting the values of r we can get , , ,…..

For ungrouped data:

=0

For grouped data:

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

Usually we calculate 4 moments. Because we can describe the shape of the distribution for 4
moments.

MOMENTS ABOUT A (A IS ARBITRARY VALUE OTHER THAN MEAN):

The moment about a is denoted by and defined as

r=1, 2, 3, 4,…

For ungrouped data:

For grouped data:

Note:

n n n

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MOMENTS ABOUT MEAN AND MOMENTS ABOUT

A:

-3

MOMENTS ABOUT ZERO:

The moment about zero is denoted by and defined as

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

For ungrouped data:

For grouped data:

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MOMENTS ABOUT MEAN AND MOMENTS ABOUT

ZERO:

-3

MOMENTS FOR EQUAL CLASS INTERVAL (FOR GROUPED DATA):

Let where a is arbitrary mean and h is class interval then the moment is

r=1, 2, 3, 4, …

From these moments, Moments about mean can be calculated by the above relations.

SHEPPAD’S CORRECTION FOR GROUPING ERROR:

In case of grouped data, in the calculation of the moments it is assumed that the frequency of
a certain class is concentrated on the Centre or the midpoint of the class. This assumption is
not correct. Because of this the error introduced in the calculation of central moments.

The corrected moments are

(corrected)

(corrected)

(corrected)

MOMENT RATIOS:

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

The moment ratios for population data are denoted by are defined as

The moment ratios for sample data are denoted by are defined as

It is used to check the skewness

= It is used to check the kurtosis.

SYMMETRICAL DIRSTRIBUTION:

If MEAN, MEDIAN, MODE is same then the distribution is symmetrical.

There are many other methods to check the symmetry.

SKEWNESS:

A distribution is called skewed if it is not symmetrical. The skewness may be positive or

negative.

MEASUMENT OF SKEWNESS:

The following methods are

(1); If MEAN Then the distribution is positive skewed.

If MEAN Then the distribution is negative skewed.

(2); the distribution is positive skewed.

(3); Coefficient of skewed;

(a); Karl pearson’s first co-efficient of skewness

(b); Karlpearson’s second co-efficient of skewness

If it is zero then the distribution is symmetrical.

If it is positive then the distribution is +ve skewed.

If it is negative then the distribution is –ve skewed.

(c ); Bowley’s coefficient of skewness:

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

It is lie between -1 and +1

If Then the distribution is symmetrical.

If Then the distribution is +ve skewed.

If Then the distribution is –ve skewed.

(4); The skewness can be checked by histogram of frequency curve.

KURTOSIS:

The Kurtosis is used to indicate the length of the tails and peakedness of symmetrical
distribution. The symmetrical distribution may be (i) Leptokurtic (ii) Mesokurtic (iii)
Platykurtic.

MEASURES OF KURTOSIS:

For the measurement of the Kurtosis usually is used;

If 3 Then the distribution is Mesokurtic (normal)

If Then the distribution is Leptokurtic

If Then the distribution is Platykurtic.

COEFFICIENT OF KURTOSIS:

K k lies between 0 and 0.5

If K=0.363 the distribution is normal

EXERCISE # 4

Q No 4.5 (ii) The following table gives the marks of students:

Marks 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79

f 8 87 190 86 20

Calculate (i) Quartile Deviation (ii) Coefficient of Skewness

Sol;

Marks f C.B c.f

30-39 8 29.5-39.5 8
40-49 87 39.5-49.5 95
50-59 190 49.5-59.5 285
60-69 86 59.5-69.5 371
70-79 20 69.5-79.5 391
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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

391

C.O.Sk

Q No 4.6; Calculate Mean Deviation from Mean, Mean coefficient of dispersion and
variance from the following data given below:

Weights(Kg) No, of students Weights(Kg) No, of students

50-53 23 65-68 66
53-56 24 68-71 49
56-59 39 71-74 38
59-62 46 74-77 21
62-65 54 77-80 12

Also calculate Range, Quartile Deviation and coefficient of Quartile.

Sol;

C.B f │Y-
│
50-53 23 -4 -92 386 13.33 306.59 23
53-56 24 -3 -72 216 10.33 347.92 47
56-59 39 -2 -78 156 7.33 285.87 86
59-62 46 -1 -46 46 4.33 199.18 132
62-65 54 0 0 0 1.33 71.82 186
65-68 66 1 66 66 1.17 77.22 252
68-71 49 2 98 196 4.17 287.73 301
71-74 38 3 114 342 7.17 272.46 339
74-77 21 4 84 336 10.17 213.57 360
77-80 12 5 60 300 13.17 158.-04 372
372 134 2025 2129.9

6.91

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

=0.079

Q No 4.7;Calculate quartile deviation for the data given below:

Groups 25-50 50-75 75-100 100-125 125-150 150-175

f 10 12 16 17 20 18
Sol;

C.B f c.f
25-50 10 10
50-75 12 22
75-100 16 38
100-125 17 55
125-150 20 75
150-175 18 93
93

Q No 4.8;Calculate standard deviation, variance and coefficient of variation from the

following data:

Y 525 500 475 450 425 400 375

f 24 35 46 37 47 34 22

Y F
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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

Sol; 525 24 3 72 216

500 35 2 70 140
475 46 1 46 46
450 37 0 0 0
425 47 -1 -47 47
400 34 -2 -68 136
375 22 -3 -66 198
265 7 783

=44.687

Q No 4.9; The mean of a set of 10 values is 52.2 and its standard deviation is 3.72 for another
set of 15 values mean and standard deviation are 25.2 and 4.05 respectively. Find the
combined standard deviation of the 25 values taken together.

Sol;

=3.9213

Q No 4.10; For a group of 50 boys the mean score and the standard deviation of scores on a
test are 59.5 and 8.38 respectively, for a group of 40 girls the mean and standard deviation are
54 and 8.23 respectively on the same test. Find the mean and standard deviation for the
combined group of 90 children.

Sol;Similar to 4.9

Q No 4.11; By multiplying each number 3, 6, 1, 7, 2, 5, by 2 and then adding 5, we obtained

11, 17, 7, 19, 9, 15. What is the relationship between standard deviation and means for two
sets of numbers?

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

Sol;

3 11 9 121
6 17 36 289
1 7 1 49
7 19 49 361
2 9 4 81
5 15 25 225
24 124 1126

2.16

4.32

Relationship:

4.32=2

Q No 4.12; The scores obtained by 5 students on a set of examination papers were 70, 50, 60,
70, 50. Their scores are changed by

(i) Adding 10 points to scores.

(ii) Increasing all scores by 10%.
(iii) What effect will these changes have on mean and on S.D?

Sol;

Y Z=Y+10 W=Y+10%of Y
70 80 77 100 100 121
50 60 55 100 100 121
60 70 66 0 0 0

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

70 80 77 100 100 121

50 60 55 100 100 121
300 350 330 400 400 484

Relationship

Z=Y+10

70=60+10=70 =8.944

W=Y+10%of Y

66=60+6=66 9.838=1.10

Q No 4.13; Compute the mean wages and coefficient of variation for the employees working
in two factories are given in the following table:

Wages Factory Factory B

A
30-35 12 4
35-40 18 10
40-45 29 31
45-50 32 67
50-55 16 35
55-60 8 15
Sol;

Wages y

30-35 12 32.5 -2 -24 48 4 -8 16

35-40 18 37.5 -1 -18 18 10 -10 10
40-45 29 42.5 0 0 0 31 0 0
45-50 32 47.5 1 32 32 67 67 67
50-55 16 52.2 2 32 64 35 70 140

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

55-60 8 57.5 3 24 72 15 45 135

115 46 234 162 164 368

=6.8465

= 5.59

Q No 4.14; Compute median and mean deviation from median for the data given below:

DailyWages No, of Domestic Servants

Sol; 6 5
8 10
10 18
Y 12
f C.B C.f 20
6 14
5 5-7 5 22 33.5
8 16
10 7-9 15 14 47.5
10 18
18 9-11 33 7 48.5
12 20
20 11-13 53 3 14.5
14 22
22 13-15 75 1 28.6
16 14 15-17 89 46.2
18 7 17-19 96 37.1
20 3 19-21 99 21.9
22 1 21-23 100 9.3
100 286.2

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

Q No 4.15; Calculate mean deviation (about median) for the distribution given below:

Groups F
100-110 56
110-120 59
120-130 61
130-140 68
140-150 77
150-160 59
160-170 51
170-180 42
180-190 36
190-200 25
Sol;Similar to 4.14.

Q No 4.16; Calculate Standard deviation by using Arithmetic mean and also by using any
provisional mean and compare the results for the data given below:3, 5, 7, 13, 15, 17, 23, 27.

Sol;
Y

3 115.56 -7 49
5 72.56 -5 25
7 42.56 -3 9
13 0.56 3 9
15 1.56 5 25
17 10.56 7 49
23 85.56 13 169
27 175.56 17 289
110 511.5 30 624

S.D by provisional mean.

=7.99

These results shows that S.D not effected by changing the origion.

Q No 4.17; A manufacturer of television tubes produces two types A and B of tubes. The
tubes have respective mean life times as hours and hours and

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

standard deviations hours and hours. Which tube has the greatest?(i)
Absolute dispersion (ii) Relative dispersion.

Sol;

, ,

(i)

So tube B has greater absolute dispersion

(ii)

So tube A has greater Relative dispersion.

Q No 4.19; A computer calculated mean and standard deviation from 20 observations as 42

and 5 respectively. It was later discovered at the time of checking that it had copies down two
values as 45 and 38 whereas the correct values were 35 and 58 respectively. Find the correct
value of coefficient of variation.

Sol;

Mean=42 S.D=5

Incorrect values: 45, 38 correct values: 35, 58

=20

Correct

Correct

Correct

Correct

Correct S.D=

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

Correct coefficient of Variance=

Q No 4.20; A distribution consists of 3 components with frequency 100, 120, and 150 having
means: 5.5, 15.8, 10.5 and standard deviations: 2.4, 4.2 and 3.7 respectively. Find the
coefficient of variation for the combined distribution.

Sol;

=5.34

Q No 4.21; Calculate first four moments about mean for the following set of examination
marks: 45, 32, 37, 46, 39, 36, 41, 48, and 36.

Sol;
Y
45 5 25 125 625
32 -8 64 -512 4096
37 -3 9 -27 81
46 6 36 216 1296
39 -1 1 -1 1
36 -4 16 -64 256
41 1 1 1 1
48 8 64 512 4096
36 -4 16 -64 256
360 0 232 186 10708

First four moments about mean are

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

20.667

Q No 4.22; Calculate first four moments for the following distribution of wages about Y= 10.
Also find moments about Mean.

Earning 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
f 1 2 5 10 20 51 22 11 5 3 1

Sol;

Similar to 4.21

Q No 4.23; First three moments of distribution about Y= 4 are 1, 4, and 10 respectively. Find
coefficient of variation. Is the distribution symmetrical or positive skewed or negative
skewed?

Sol;

Hence the distribution is symmetrical.

Q No 4.24; First four moments of a certain distribution about Y= 17.5 are 0.3, 74, 45 and
12125respectively. Find out whether the distribution is Lepto-kurtic or Platy-kurtic.

Sol;

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

Hence the distribution is Platy kurtic.

Q No 4.25; What you say of skewness in each of the following cases.

(i)
(ii) Mean=1403 and Mode = 1487

Sol;

(i)
Hence the distribution is symmetrical.

(ii) Hence the distribution is –ve skewed.

Q No 4.26; Given that

. Find first four moments about mean and test the distribution for symmetry and
kurtosis.

Sol; Moments about zero are

63.79

For symmetry: the distribution is symmetrical

the distribution is Platy-kurtic

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

Q No 4.27;If the Distribution has mean 1403 and mode 1487, what can you say about the
skewness.

Sol; Hence the distribution is –ve skewed.

Q No 4.28; Lower and upper quartiles of a distribution are 142.36 and 167.73 respectively
while median is 15.50. Find co-efficient of skewness.

Sol;

Q No 4.29;The daily income of employees range from Rs.0 to Rs.18. They are grouped in
intervals of Rs.2 and class frequencies from the lowest to the highest are 5, 39, 69, 41, 29, 22,
16, 7 and 5. Find the co-efficient of skewness.

Sol;
C.B f c.f
0-2 5 5
2-4 39 44
4-6 69 113
6-8 41 154
8-10 29 183
10-12 22 205
12-14 16 221
14-16 7 228
16-18 5 233
233

So

Q No 4.30;first four moments of a distribution about are 1, 2.5, 5.5 and 16. Calculate
mean and co-efficient of variation.

Sol;

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

Q No 4.31; Find moments about mean and . Given the first four moments about
are -2, 15, -25 and 80 respectively.

Sol;

Q No 4.32; What is the meant by skewness and kurtosis? What aspects of the frequency
curve are measured by them?

Sol; we have discussed.

Q No 4.33; Second moment about mean of two distributions are 9 and 16 while the fourth
moment about mean are 230 and 780 respectively, which of the distribution is (i) Leptokurtic
(ii) Platykurtic.

Sol;

Dist#1 Dist#2

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

Platy-kurtic Lepto-kurtic

Q No 4.34; What can you say about skewness in each of the following cases?

(i) Median is 26.01 while two quartiles are 13.73 and 28.29.
(ii) Mean is 140 and Mode is 148.7.
(iii) First three moments about 16 are 0.35, 2.9 and 1.93.

Q No 4.35(i);The second moment about mean of two distribution are 13.76 and 63.0 while
fourth moments about the men are 528.06 and 9500 respectivey. Which of the distribution is

(a) Leptokurtic
(b) Mesokurtic

(c) Platy kurtic

Dist#1 Dist#2

Sol; 13.76 63

528.06 9500

The Distribution is Platy kurtic The Distribution is Platy kurtic

Q No 4.35(ii); The fourth central moment of a symmetrical distribution is 243. What would
be the value of standard deviation for which distribution ismesokurtic.

Sol;

The given distribution is mesokurtic so

Taking square on both sides

Q No 4.36; The second moment about mean of a distribution is 25, what would be the value
of fourth moment about mean if the distribution is (i) Leptokurtic (ii) Mesokurtic (iii)
Platykurtic.

Sol;

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

Lept-kurtic Distribution Meso-kurtic Distribution Platy-kurtic Distribution

Q No 4.37; which of the following is correct for a negatively skewed distribution.

(i) A.M is greater than mode

(ii) A.M is less than mode
(iii) A.M is greater than median.

Sol;

(i) A.M is less than Mode is Correct for –ve skewed distribution.

Q No 4.38; what would be the shape and the name of the distribution if

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv) and
(v) and

Sol;

(i) Symmetrical Distribution.

(ii) +ve Skewed Distribution.
(iii) –ve skewed Distribution.
(iv) Symmetrical and meso-kurtic
(v) Symmetrical and Lepto-kurtic.

Prepared by:
Muhammad Nadeem Intizar
Assistant Professor of Statistics
Govt. Post Graduate College Vehari
Cell# 03017497142

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

CHAPTER#5

INDEX NUMBERS

INDEX NUMBER:

An index number is a statistical measure of average change in a variable or a group of

variables with respect to time or space.

or

An index number is a ratio or an average of ratios usually expressed as a percentage.

Examples of index numbers:

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

1. The index number of the wages of the workers in different years.

2. The index numbers of the enrolment of students in college in different years.
3. The index numbers of the production of wheat in last 10 years in Pakistan.

The price index number is usually denoted by and calculated as

=price of current (given) year

= price of base year.

Quantity index number:

= quantity of current (given) year

= quantity of base year.

Example 5.1;The data given below is available about the prices of wheat for the year 1989 to
1994. the interest is to compare the price of wheat in these years taking 1989 as the base year.

year 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994

Price 85 96 112 124 130 160
Sol;

Year Price

1989 85

1990 96

1991 112

1992 124

1993 130

1994 160

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

SIMPLE INDEX NUMBER:

A simple index number measures the relative change in a single variable with respect to a
base. For example; The numbers for the wages of the workers, index numbers of the wheat
prices etc.

COMPOSITE (AGGRIGATE) INDEX NUMBER:

A composite index number measures an average relative change in more than one variable
with respect to a base. For example, the index numbers for comparing two sets of prices from
a wide variety of commodities. There are two types of composite index numbers.(i);
unweight index numbers (ii);weighted index numbers.

USES OF INDEX NUMBERS:

 The index numbers are used to measures the average change in a variable or a group
of variables with respect to time or place.
 The price index numbers are used to measure the buying power of money.
 The consumer price index numbers are used ti cancel out the effect of inflation or
deflation.
 The index numbers are used to measures the changes in the trade of a country.
 The index numbers are helpful for the future polices.
 The whole sale price index numbers are useful for measure the changes in the
producer’s selling prices.

CONSTRUTION OF WHOLE SALE PRICE INDEX NUMBERS:

There are following steps are involved in the construction of the index numbers.

1. Purposes of index numbers

2. Scope
3. Selection of the commodities
4. Selection of price of the commodities
5. Selection of base period
There are two methods of the selection of base period. (i):Fixed base
method.(ii):Chain base method
6. Selection of appropriate weight
7. Selection of appropriate average(mean, median, geometric mean).

FIXED BASE METHOD:

In fixed base method usually a particular year is selected as a base or the average of some or
all the years are taken as a base. For good results the selected base year should be normal.
The fixed base method is used by the government in the calculation of national index
numbers. In fixed base method.

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we calculate the price relatives as

CHAIN BASE METHOD:In this method, there is no fixed base period. The year
immediately preceding the one for which price index has to be calculated is assumed as the
base year. In chain base method ,the Link relative are calculated.i.e

Link Relatives

ADVANTAGES OF CHAIN BASE METHOD OVER THE FIXED BASE METHOD:

 The price relatives of a year can be compared with the price level of immediately
preceding year
 It is possible to include the new items in an index number or to delete old items which
are no important.
 Changes in the Geographical coverage can be accommodated.

UNWEIGHTD INDEX NUMBERS:

When the index numbers are calculated without the weights (importance) of the commodities
then they ate called unweighted index numbers.

There are two methods of constructing the unweighted index numbers.

(1): Simple aggregative price index numbers. (2): Simple average og relative index numbers.

SIMPLE AGGRIGATIVE INDEX NUMBERS:

Simple aggregative index number is defined as the percentage ratio of the sum of the prices
of current (given) year by the sum of prices of the base year.i.e.

SIMPLE AVERAGE OF RELATIVE INDEX NUMBERS:

Simple average of relative index number is defined as the percentage ratio of the mean of
prices of current year by the priced of base year. i.e.

K=the no, of commodities.

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Example 5.3; Calculate the unweighted price index number for 1994 when the
procurement/support prices of agricultural commodities in rupees per 40 kg in 1980 and 1994
are given as follows:

Commodity 1980 1994

Wheat 58 160
Rice 118 360
Potato 27 19
Onion 80 84
Sol;

Commodity 1980 1994

Wheat 58 160 2.7586

Rice 118 360 3.0508
Potato 27 19 0.7037
Onion 80 84 1.05
Σ 283 623 7.5631
Unweighted Index:

(i) Simple Aggregate Price Index number;

(ii) Average Relative Price Index number;

Median as Average;

Arrangement of the values; 0.7037, 1.05, 2.7586, 3.0508

Average price Index number=

Geometric Mean as Average;

Example 5.4; Calculate Index number of price, using 1962 as base. (i) Mean (ii) Median
as Average.

Year Commodities
Firewood Soft cake Kerosene oil Match
1962 3.25 2.50 0.20 0.06
1963 3.44 2.80 0.22 0.06
1964 3.50 2.00 0.25 0.06

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

1965 3.75 2.50 2,50 0.06

Sol

Example 5.5; Compute Link Relatives and Chain Indices for the following data.

Year Wages
1988 46
1989 51
1990 58
1991 71
1992 71
1993 86
Sol; Link Relatives

Year Wages Link Relatives Chain Indices

1988 46 100

1989 51

1990 58

1991 71

1992 71

1993 86

Example 5.6; Find chain index numbers for the prices data given below. The price of the
commodities areRs 40 kg.

Years Commodities
Wheat Rice Potato Onion
1980 58 118 27 80
1981 60 120 30 90
1982 75 130 30 95
1983 90 150 150 100
Sol;

Link Relatives

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

Years Link Relatives

Wheat Rice Potato Onion Mean Chain Indices
1980 100 100 100 100 100 100
1981 103.4 101.7 112.5 112.5 107.2 107.19
1982 125 108.3 105 105.6 109.7 117.61
1983 120 115.4 105.3 105.3 118.5 139.36

WEIGHTED INDEX NUMBERS:

When the index numbers are calculated with their weights (quantities) then they are called
weighted index numbers.

There are two types of weighted index numbers.

(i); weighted aggregative index numbers (ii); weighted average of relative index numbers.

WEIGHTED AGGREGATIVE PRICE INDEX NUMBERS:

The following methods are used to calculate the weighted aggregative index numbers.

(1): LASPEYRE’SPRICE INDEX NUMBER (BASE YEAR WEIGHTING METHOD):

It is defined as the percentage ratio of the sum of prices of current year quantities of base year
by the sum of prices of base year quantities of base year.i.e

LASPEYRE’S QUANTITY INDEXES NUMBER:

(2): PAASCHE’S PRICE INDEX NUMBER (CURRENT YEAR WEIGHTING

METHOD):

It is defined as the percentage ratio of the sum of prices of current year quantities of current
year by the sum of the prices of base year quantities of current year.

PAASCHE’S QUANTITY INDEXES NUMBER:

(3): FISHER IDEAL PRICE INDEX NUMBER:

It is defined as the geometric mean of the laspeyre’s and paasche’s index numbers.

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

FISHER QUANTITY INDEX NUMBER:

FISHER index number is called ideal index number because it lies between LASPEYRE’S(
upward bias) and PAASCHE’S(downward bias) index numbers. It is also satisfy the tests
used for checking the consistency of the index number formulae.

Example 5.7;Compute the index numbers from the following data using 1964 as base.

(i) Laspeyre’s Index (ii) Paasche’s Index (iii) Fisher’s Index

Item 1964 1967

Price Quantity Price Quantity
A 10 12 12 15
B 9 15 5 20
C 5 24 9 20
D 10 5 14 5
Sol;

Item 1964 1967

A 10 12 12 15 144 120 180 150

B 9 15 5 20 75 105 100 140
C 5 24 9 20 216 120 180 100
D 10 5 14 5 70 50 70 80
505 425 530 470
(i) Laspeyre’s Index;

(ii) Paasche’s Index;

(iii) Fisher’sIndex;

CONSUMER PRICE INDEX NUMBERS (CPI):

Consumer price index numbers are designed to measure the aggregate change in the cost of a
fixed basket of goods and services purchased at current prices with its cost at a given period
called the base, which always taken as hundred. It is also called cost of living index number
or retail price index number.

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

CONSTRUCTION OF CONSUMER PRICE INDEX NUMBERS:

There are following steps are involved in the construction of CPI.

1. Deciding the category of the people.

2. Family budget inquiry.
3. Selection of items (commodities).
4. Price quotations.
5.
6. two methods to compute CPI.(i); Aggregative
expenditure method.(ii);Household family budget method.

AGGREGATIVE EXPENDITURE METHOD:

It is defined as the percentage ratio

of the sum of prices of current year quantities of base year by the sum of prices of base
year quantities of base year.i.e

HOUSEHOLD FAMILY BUDGET METHOD:

It is defined as

Where

So

Example5.8; An inquiry the budgets of the middle class families in a city of England gave
the following information. What change in cost of living the figures of 1929 show as
compared in 1928?

Expenses on Food Rent Clothing Fuel Mise

35% 15% 20% 10% 20%
Price(1928) 150 30 75 25 40
Price (1929) 145 30 65 23 45
Sol;

Item W
I
Food 35 150 145 96.67 3383.45
Rent 15 30 30 100 1500

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

Clothing 20 75 65 86.67 1733.4

Fuel 10 25 23 92 920
Mise 20 40 45 112.50 2250
Σ 100 9786.85
The cost of living Index number (House hold family budget method)

This result shows that the prices of goods in 1929 have 2.13% decreased as compared by
1928.

EXERCISE#5

Q No5.7; Find the index number of the prices from the following data taking average price of
all years as the base.

Year 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977

Price 15 19 21 30 37 38 40 48
Sol;

Year Price Index numbers=

1970 15

1971 19

1972 21

1973 30

1974 37

1975 38

1976 40

1977 48

Q N0 5.8;Given the prices of a commodity per mound for the period 1945 to 1960 as:

Year Prices Year Prices Year Prices

1945 12.7 1950 24.85 1955 15.65
1946 18.97 1951 20.90 1956 16.15

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

1947 19.70 1952 19.80 1957 20.20

1948 13.50 1953 23.65 1958 25.25
1949 15.65 1954 24.55 1959 32.40
Construct index numbers correct to 2 decimal places.

(i) 1945 as base.

(ii) Average price of all the year as base prices.
(iii)

Sol;

Year Prices (i);1945 as base (ii);Averageof all years as base.

1945 12.7

1946 18.97 149.37 93.63

1947 19.70 155.12 97.20
1948 13.50 106.30 66.63
1949 15.65 123.23 77.25
1950 24.85 172.05 122.66
1951 20.90 164.57 103.16
1952 19.80 155.91 97.73
1953 23.65 186.22 116.73
1954 24.55 193.31 121.17
1955 15.65 123.23 77.25
1956 16.15 127.17 79.71
1957 20.20 156.06 99.70
1958 25.25 198.82 124.63
1959 32.40 255.12 159.92
Σ 303.92
Q No 5.9; Find Index number using (i) 1977 as base (ii) Average of the price as base.

Years Prices Years Prices Years Prices

1977 22.5 1980 30 1983 37.5
1978 25 1981 35 1984 47.5
1979 27.5 1982 32.5 1985 45
Years Prices (i);1977 asbase (ii);Average of all years as base.

1977 22.5 100 66.96

1978 25 111.11 74.40
1979 27.5 122.22 81.84
1980 30 133.33 89.29
1981 35 155.56 104.17
1982 32.5 144.44 96.73
1983 37.5 16.67 111.61

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

1984 47.5 211.11 141.37

1985 45 200 133.93
Σ 302.4

Q No 5.10; For the following data, find index numbers taking (i) 1930 as base (ii) 1935 as
base.

Years Prices Years Prices Years Prices

1930 4 1933 7 1936 9
1931 5 1934 8 1937 10
Sol; 1932 6 1935 10 1938 11

Years Prices (i);1930as base (i);Averageof first 3 (i);1935 as base

years as base

1930 4 100 80 40
1931 5 125 100 50
1932 6 150 120 60
1933 7 175 140 70
1934 8 200 160 80
1935 10 250 200 100
1936 9 225 180 90
1937 10 250 200 100
1938 11 275 220 110

Q No 5.11;The following figures show the wholesale prices of refined petroleum per gallon
in UK for the year specified. On the basis of 1923=100 construct a series of price relatives.

Years Prices Years Prices

1923 13 1928 11
1924 13 1929 10
1925 13 1930 12
1926 11 1931 10
1927 12 1932 10
Sol;

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

Years Prices 1923 as base

1923 13 100
1924 13 103.85
1925 13 100
1926 11 88.46
1927 12 94.23
1928 11 86.54
1929 10 80.77
1930 12 96.15
1931 10 78.84
1932 10 80.77

Q No 5.12; Construct index number of prices for the following data taking 1960 as base.

Years Prices Years Prices

1960 50 1965 72
1961 52 1966 73
1962 55 1967 75
1963 57 1968 71
1964 62 1969 70
Sol; Similar to above.

Q No 5.13; The prices in Rs. Per mound of coal sold during the year 1953-58 as given below;
compute index number of price for the year 1953 as base.

Years Prices Years Prices

1953 14.95 1956 15.65
1954 14.95 1957 16.28
1955 15.10 1958 16.28
Sol; Similar to above

Q No 5.14;From the following data given below, compute the index numbers of prices,
taking 1962 as base.

Commodities (prices in Rs)

Year Firewood Soft cake Kerosene oil Matchs
1962 3.25 2.50 0.20 0.06
1963 3.44 2.80 0.22 0.06
1964 3.50 2.00 0.25 0.06
1965 3.75 2.50 0.25 0.06
Sol; Price relatives

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

Price Relatives Index no,

Year Firewood Soft cake Kerosene oil Matches Mean
1962 100 100 100 100 100
1963 105.85 112 110 100 106.96
1964 107.70 80 125 100 103.17
1965 115.38 100 125 100 110.095

Q No 5.15; Compute the index numbers of prices from the following data taking 1981 as
base and using median as average.

Year Prices
A B C
1981 18 85 52
1982 22 76 60
1983 28 80 66
1984 31 95 80
Sol; Price relatives

Year Price relatives Index no,

A B C Median
(1) (2) (3) 100
1981 100 100 100
(3) (1) (2)
1982 122.22 89.41 115.38 115.38
(3) (1) (2)
1983 155.56 94.12 126.92 126.92
(3) (1) (2)
1984 172.22 111.76 153.85 153.85

Q No 5.16; Find chain index numbers ( using Geometric Mean to average relatives) for the
following data of prices, taking 1970 as base year.

Commodities Years
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
A 40 43 45 42 50
B 160 162 165 161 168
C 20 29 52 23 27
D 240 245 247 250 255
Sol; First of we arrange the data;

Years A B C D
1070 40 160 20 240

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

1971 43 162 29 245

1972 45 165 52 23
1973 42 161 23 250
1974 50 168 27 255
Link Relatives

Years A B C D G.M ChainIndices

1070 100 100 100 100 100
100)14=100
1971 107.5 101.25 145 102.08

1972 104.65 101.85 179.3 100.81 132.86

1973 93.33 97.57 44.23 101.21 106.12

1974 119.04 104.34 117.39 102 117.06

Q No 5.17;The following table gives the average whole sale prices in rupees per unit of Gold,
Wheat, Cotton during the year 1912-1917. Construct index number with 1912 as base.(i) A.M
(ii) G.M

Commodities Years
1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917
Gold 25.3 30.8 33.4 35.5 35.4 36.0
Wheat 17.3 14.5 4.9 5.7 17.7 11.6
Cotton 7.8 5.4 6.7 5.6 7.2 10.2
Sol; Arrangement of the data.

Years Gold Wheat Cotten

1912 25.3 17.3 7.8
1913 30.8 14.5 5.4
1914 33.4 4.9 6.7
1915 35.5 5.7 5.6
1916 35.4 17.7 7.2
1917 36 11.6 10.2
Price Relatives

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

Index no,s
Years Gold Wheat Cotten A.M G.M
1912 100 100 100 100 100
1913 122 84 69 91.67 89.08
1914 132 28 86 82 68.25
1915 140 33 72 81.67 69.28
1916 140 102 92 111.33 109.52
1917 142 67 131 113.33 107.62

Q No 5.18; Construct Chain Indices for the following year, taking 1940 as base.

Item Years
1940 1941 1942 1943 1944
Wheat 2.80 3.40 3.60 4.00 4.20
Rice 2.95 3.60 2.90 2.75 2.75
Maize 3.10 3.50 3.40 4.50 3.70
Sol; Arrangement of data.

Years Wheat Rice Maize

1940 2.80 2.95 3.10
1941 3.40 3.60 3.50
1942 3.60 2.90 3.40
1943 4.00 2.75 4.50
1944 4.20 2.75 3.70
Link Relatives

Years Wheat Rice Maize Mean Chain Indices

1940 100 100 100 100 100
1941 121.4 122.03 112.90 118.79 118.79
1942 `05.9 80.56 97.14 94.53 112.29
1943 111.1 94.83 132.35 112.76 126.62
1944 105 100 82.22 95.74 121.73

Q No 5.19; Construct index numbers for 1963 assuming 1953 as base period by

(i) Laspeyre’s formula (ii) Paasche’s formula

Commodities 1953 1963

Price Quantity Price Quantity
A 2 50 10 40
B 3 10 8 5
C 4 5 4 5
Sol;

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

Commodities 1953 1963

A 2 50 10 40 100 500 400 80

B 3 10 8 5 30 80 40 15
C 4 5 4 5 20 20 20 20
Σ 150 600 460 115
(i) By Laspeyre’s formula;

(ii) By Paasche’s formula;

Q No 5.20; Compute the weighted index numbers for 1964 from thefollowing data with 1960
as base.

Commodities Price Quantity

1960 1964 1960 1964
Milk 3.95 4.25 97.75 104.36
Cheese 34.80 38.90 78 83
Butter 61.56 59.70 118 116
Sol;

Commodities Price Quantity

1960 1964 1960 1964

Milk 3.95 4.25 97.75 104.36 415.43 412.22

Cheese 34.80 38.90 78 83 3228.7 2888.4
Butter 61.56 59.70 118 116 6925.2 7140.96
Σ 10494.23 10441.58

Weighted index number by Laspeyre’s;

Q No 5.21; Compute Fisher’s index number for the following data.

Commodities Base Year Current Year

Price Quantity Price Quantity
A 7 70 5 49
B 5 27 7 28
C 10 35 9 29
D 9 50 4 42
E 3 16 10 25

Commodi Base Year Current Year

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ties Price Quantity Price Quantity

A 7 70 5 49 350 490 245 343

B 5 27 7 28 189 135 196 140
C 10 35 9 29 315 350 261 290
D 9 50 4 42 200 450 168 378
E 3 16 10 25 160 48 250 75
Σ 1214 1473 1120 1226

Fisher’s Ideal index number formula;

Q No 5.22; Construct the following with the help of data given below. Fisher’s Ideal index
taking 1970 as base.

Commodities Total Production Harvest Price (Rs)

1970 1971 1970 1971
Rice 71 26 3.80 3.50
Barley 107 83 2.90 1.90
Maize 72 48 2.90 1.80
Sol; Similar to Above Q.

Q No 5.23; Calculate Fisher’s Idel index from the following data with 1965 as base year.

Commodities 1965 1970

Price Quantity Price Quantity
A 4.6 102 9.50 96
B 3.7 15 7.36 28
C 10.2 17 8.42 21
D 8.9 19 9.87 13
Sol; Similar to Q 21.

Q No 5.24; Define the un-weighted Index numbers and explain why weighted index are
proffered over un-weighted index numbers.

Sol; We have discussed.

Q No 5.25; Calculate Laspeyre’s, Paasche’s and Fisher’s index for the following data with
1992 as base.

Item Average Price (Rs) Quantity (Units)

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1992 1993 1992 1993

Wheat flour 4.38 4.57 20Kg 16Kg
Rice 14.15 15.58 10Kg 12Kg
Moong Pulse 18.67 17.28 1Kg 1Kg
Gram Pulse 10.41 16.36 1Kg 1Kg
Sol; Similar to Above Q.

Q No 5.26; The following figures give the average annual prices in UK for beef and mutton.

Years Price
Beef Mutton
1935 54 75
1936 54 73
1937 61 73
1938 62 62
1939 61 61
1940 72 72
1941 72 85
1942 76 90
1943 79 90

Construct index number of meat prices giving weights 2 and 1 for beef and mutton
respectively. Taking the year 1935 as the base year.

Q No 5.27;The following table shows the average price in rupees for wheat, rice and barley.

Year Price
Wheat Rice Barley
1980 175.5 480.4 82.4
1981 180.3 509.7 90.6
Taking 1980 as base year, construct price index number by weighted average of relative
method for the year 1981 sing rhe weight 20 for wheat, 12 for rice and 4 for barley.

Sol;

Items 1980 1981

W I

Wheat 175.5 180.3 20 103.7 2054

Rice 480.4 509.7 12 106.1 1273.2
Barley 82.4 90.6 4 129 439.6
Σ 36 3766.8
Weighted Average of Relative Index Number formula;

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Q No 5.28;An inquiry the budgets of the middle class families in a city of England gave the
following information. What change in cost of living the figures of 1929 show as compared
in 1928?

Expenses on Food Rent Clothing Fuel Mise

35% 15% 20% 10% 20%
Price(1928) 150 30 75 25 40
Price (1929) 145 30 65 23 45
Sol;

Item W
I
Food 35 150 145 96.67 3383.45
Rent 15 30 30 100 1500
Clothing 20 75 65 86.67 1733.4
Fuel 10 25 23 92 920
Mise 20 40 45 112.50 2250
Σ 100 9786.85

The cost of living Index number (House hold family budget method)

This result shows that the prices of goods in 1929 have 2.13% decreased as compared by
1928.

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CHAPTER#6

PROBABILITY

INTRODUCTION:

Probability means the chance of occurring in case of uncertainty. The probability cannot
predict the number of times that an occurrence actually happens. Probability plays a vital role
in our practical life. For example, the probability of rain, the probability of pass an
examination, and the probability of winning a match etc. probability are widely used in
statistical decisions. Probability is used in all the areas where the uncertainty is present. To
explain the probability the set theory is very useful.

SET:

A set is defined as the collection of distinct objects. These objects are called elements of the
set. A set is denoted by capital letters, A, B, C… Z.

For example.

TYPES OF SET.

NULL SET (EMPTY SET ORVOID SET):

A set which has no element is called the null set. it is denoted by 0r { }.

SINGLETON SET:

A set which has only one element is called singleton set. For example, A={Punjab} .
B={Pakistan}

FINITE SET:

A set which has limited no, of elements is called finite set. For example, A={1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

INFINITE SET:

A set which has unlimited elements is called infinite set. for example

A={1, 2, 3, 4, …….}

SUB SET:

If A and B are any two sets .then A is the subset of B if all the elements of A are in B. i.e.
A .
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For example A={1,2,3,4} B={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8} all the elements of A are in B so A .

PROPER SUBSET:

If A and B are any two sets then A is the proper subset of B if all the elements of A are in B
and B has at least one element more than A.i.e.A⊂B.for example, A={1,2,3,4}
B={1,2,3,4,5,6}

Note: every set is subset of its own but not proper subset of its own.

UNIVERSAL SET (SAMPLE SPACE):

A set which consist of all the elements of the sets under study is called universal set.it is
denoted by U.

COMPLEMENT OF A SET:

The complement of a set is denoted by , or and defined as

EQUAL (IDENTICAL) SETS:

Two sets A and B are said to be identical if they contain the same elements. i.e. A=B.

for example If A={1,2,3,4} b={2,3,4,1} then A=B.

DISJOINT SETS (NON-OVERLAPPING SETS):

Two sets A and B are said to be disjoint sets if they have no common element. i.e.

For example A={1,2,3,4} b={5,6,7,8} so A and B are disjoint sets.

OVERLAPPING (JIONT) SETS:

Two sets A and B are said to be overlapping if they have at least one element in common .i.e.

For example A={1,2,3,4} b={3,4,5,6,7,8} so A and B are overlapping(joint)

sets.

UNION OF TWO SETS:

The union of two sets is denoted by .and defined as a set which contain those elements
which are belonging to A or B or both. i.e.

INTERSECTION OF TWO SETS:

The intersection of two sets denoted by and defined as a set which contains those
elements which are common to both A and B. i.e.

DIFFERENCE OF TWO SETS:

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The difference of two sets denoted by A-B and defined a set which contain those elements of
A which are not in B. i.e. A-B={x/x

POWAR SET:

If A is a set then power set of A is denoted by P(A) and defined as a set which contain all
possible subsets of A.all possible subsets = ( n is the no, of element of a set).

For example; A={1,2,3}

P(A)={ {}, {1},{2},{3},{1,2},{1,3},{2,3},{1,2,3} }

VEEN DIAGRAM:

The Venn diagram is the diagrammical representation of the sets. In Venn diagram the
universal set presented by a rectangle and the other subsets are presented by the circles.

FACTORIAL:

If n is a positive whole number, then the factorial of n is denoted by n and defined as

for example; 5 4

Note; 0

PERMUTATION:

An arrangement of the number of objects in a definite order is called permutation of the

objects. If there are n total number of objects and r of them are taken at a time then the
permutation which is denoted by nPr and defined as

n n!
Pr = n(n - 1)(n - 2) ... (n - r + 1) =
(n - r)!
For example;

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How many ways can 4 students from a group of 15 be lined

up for a photograph?

Answer: There are 15P4 possible permutations of 4 students from a

group of 15.

COMBINATION:

The selection of the objects without regard their order is called combination. The total
number of combinations of n objects taken r at a time (n is denoted by or

Example; if n=6 r=3 (can be calculate by the calculator

directly)

RANDOM EXPERIMENT:

The random experiment is an experiment whose results can vary from trial to trial if it is
repeated a large number of times under the same condition.

Properties of a random experiment:

1. The experiment can be repeated any number of times.

2. Each trial has at least two possible outcomes.
3. Uncertainty about the outcomes of the experiment.

TRIAL:

A single performance of an experiment is called a trial. For example; tossing a coin one time
is called a trial and tossing a coin more than once is called random experiment.

SAMPLE SPACE:

The collection of all possible outcomes (sample points) of a random experiment is called
sample space.it is denoted by S.

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Tossing one coin; all possible outcomes= =2 ; S={H,T}

Tossing two coins; all possible outcomes= =4 (method)

S={HH , HT , TH , TT}

Tossing three coins; all possible outcomes= =8

S={HHH,HHT, HTH,
HTT,THH,THT,TTH,TTT }

Tossing four coins; all possible outcomes= =16 =4 ,

S={HHHH ,HHHT ,HHTH ,HHTT ,HTHH ,HTHT,HTTH,HTTT,THHH,THHT, THTH,

THTT, TTHH ,TTHT ,TTTH ,TTTT}

Tossing five coins.similarly can be make S.

Rolling a die;all possible outcomes= =6 S={1,2,3,4,5,6}

Rolling two dice; all possible outcomes= =36

(1,1) (1,2) (1,3) (1,4) (1,5) (1,6)

(2,1) (2,2) (2,3) (2,4) (2,5) (2,6)
(3,1) (3,2) (3,3) (3,4) (3,5) (3,6)
(4,1) (4,2) (4,3) (4,4) (4,5) (4,6)
(5,1) (5,2) (5,3) (5,4) (5,5) (5,6)
(6,1) (6,2) (6,3) (6,4) (6,5) (6,6)
Rolling three dice; all possible outcomes= =216 attach 1 with all the 36 pairs
then 2, 3, 4, 5, and then 6. 216 outcomes will be obtained.

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Distribution of playing cards:

Total cards=52

26(red) 26(black)

13(diamond), 13(heart) 13(spade), 13(club)

In every 13 (Ace,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,King,Queen, Jack) faced cards( King,Queen,Jack)=12,

hand of bridge=13cards, poker hand=5 cards

Joker=the spare cards.

OUTCOME (SAMPLE POINT):

The result of a trial is called an outcome. and the results of a random experiment are called
outcomes (sample points).

EVENT:

Any subset of the sample space is called an event. Types of event (i);simple event (ii);
compound event.

SIMPLE EVENT:

An event is said to be simple if it contain only one out come. for example rolling a die
S={1,2,3,4,5,6} A={1} B={3} A and B are simple events.

COMPOUND EVENT:

An event is said to be compound event if it contain more than one outcome. For example if
S={1,2,3,4,5,6} then A={1,2,3} is a compound event.

INDEPENDENT EVENTS:

Two events are said to be independent if the occurrence of one does not affect the occurrence
of other. for example tossing a coin Head and Tail are independent.

DEPENDENT EVENTS:

Two events are said to be dependent if the occurrence of one affect the occurrence of other.
for example

MUTUALLY EXLUSIVE EVENTS:

Two events A and B are said to be mutually exclusive events if they cannot occur together.
I.e. A

For example tossing a coin Head and Tail are mutually exclusive events.

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EQUALLY LIKELY EVENTS:

Two events A and B are said to be equally likely if they have equal chances of occurring. For
example tossing a coin, Head and Tail are equally likely events.

EXHASTIVE EVENTS:

Such mutually exclusive events whose union is equal to sample space called exhaustive
events. for example; rolling a die the sample space is S={1,2,3,4,5,6} and let A={1,2}
B={3,4} C={5,6}are three mutually exclusive events and =S.
HenceA, B and C are exhaustive events.

DEFINATIONS OF PROBABILITY:

CLASSICAL OR PRIORI DEFINATION OF PROBABILITY:

Let a random experiment has n mutually exclusive , exhaustive and equally likely events and
m of them are favorable to occur an event A. then the probability of A which is denoted by
P(A) is defined as

P (A) = =

RELATIVE FREQUENY OR A POSTERIORI DEFINATION OF PROBABILITY:

If an experiment repeated a large number of times say n under the same conditions and if an
event A is observed to occur m times then the probability of the event A is defined as the
limit of the relative frequency as n tends to infinity.i.e.

This definition is also called the statistical or empirical definition of probability.

MATHEMATICAL DEFINITION OF PROBABILITY:

If an event A defined in the sample space S then the probability of A id defined as

P(A)= =

P(A) must satisfy the following properties.

1. P(A)
2. 0 P(A)
3. P(S)=1

LAWS OF PROBABILTY:

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(1) P( =0 Where is an impossible event. And P(S)=1 Where S (sample space) is a

sure event.
(2) P( )=1-P(A) Where is complement of A (
(3) Additional law: (I) if two events are non-mutually exclusive.
P(A
(ii) If two events are mutually exclusive.
(4) Multiplicative law: (i); if two events are not independent.
(5)

(ii);If two events are independent.

CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY:

If two events A and B are defined on the sample space S and if the probability of B not equal
to zero, then the conditional probability of A given that B has occurred is written as
P(B)

If P(B)=0 then the conditional probability is undefined

EXERCISE#6

QNO6.1 (ii); Let

Compute the following:(a)

Sol;

(a)

Q No 6.2; Evaluate the following:

Sol;

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(i) 7! 7.6.5.4.3.2.1 5040

(ii) 518918400

(iii)

(iv) 9P6

Q No 3 ; Let Find

(i) A

Sol; (i) A

Q No 6.8; Find the probability of each of the following:

(i) A head appears in tossing a fair coin.

(ii) A 5 appears in rolling a cubical die.
(iii) An even number appears when a perfect cubical die is rolled.

Sol; (i) When tossing a fair coin all possible outcomes are so

(ii) When rolling a die all possible outcomes are

(iii)

Q No 6.9;What is the probability of selecting a card of diamond from a pack of playing cards
consisting of usual 52 cards.

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Sol; Total cards= 52 Diamond cards= 13 so

Q No 6.10; Show that in a single throw with two dice, the chance of throwing more than 7 is
equal to the less than 7.

Sol; When two dice are rolled all possible outcomes are

1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Hence

Q No 6.11; A bag contain 12 balls of which 3 are marked, if 5 balls are drawn out together,
what is the probability that 3 of the marked balls are among these 5?

Sol;
Total balls Marked balls Unmarked balls Drawn
12 3 9 5

Q No 6.12;What is the probability of throwing either 7 or more than 10 with two dice.

Sol;The Sample Space is

1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
6 7 8 9 10 11 12

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Q No 6.13; A bag containing 2 red, 3 green, 5 blue and 2 yellow balls. Find the probability
that the balls of all colors are represented in a sample if four balls are selected at random.

Sol;

Red Green Blue Yellow Total Select

2 3 5 2 12 4

Q No 6.14;A bag contain 5 white and 7 black balls, if 3 balls are drawn from the bag, what is
the probability that;

(i) All are white

(ii) Two are white and one is black
(iii) All are of the same color?

Sol;

White balls Black balls Total Select

5 7 12 3
(i)

(ii)

(iii)

Q No 6.15; Determine the probability for the following events:

(i) The sum 8 appears in a single toss of a pair of fair dice.

(ii) A sum 7 or 11 comes up in a single toss of a pair of fair dice,
(iii) A ball drawn at random from a bag containing 5red, 6 white, 4 blue and 3 orange
balls is either red or blue.

Sol; Sample Space is

1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
6 7 8 9 10 11 12

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(i) Let A be the event that show the sum of dots is 8.then P(A)
(ii) Let B be the event that show the sum of dots is 7 and Let C denotes the sum of
dots is 11. Then
B and C are mutually exclusive events then
(iii)

(iv)
Draw Red Blue White Orange Total
1 5 4 6 3 18

Q No 6.16; Two cards are drawn at random from a well shuffled pack of 52 cards. Find the
probability that;

(i) One is king and other is queen.

(ii) Both are of same color
(iii) Both are of different colors.

Sol; (i)

(ii)

(iii)

Q No 6.17; A bag contains 9 white and 12 black balls, Find the probability of drawing 5
black balls out of the bag containing 21 balls.

Sol;

White Black Balls Total Balls Drawn Balls

Balls
9 12 21 5
)

Q No 6.18;From a bag containing 5 white and 3 black balls, 2 are drawn at random. Find the
chance that both are of the same color.

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Sol;
White Balls Black Balls Total Drawn Balls
5 3 8 2

Q No 6.19; A set of eight cards contains one joker, A and B are two players Choose 5 cards
at random, B takes the remaining 3 cards, what is the probability that A has a joker?

Sol;
Total Cards Joker Other cards Chosen
8 1 7 5

Q No 6.20; From a pack of 52 cards, two are drawn. What is the probability that one is king
and the other is queen?

Sol;
Total cards King Cards Queen Cards Other Cards Drawn Cards
52 4 4 44 2

Q No 6.21;In a poker hand consisting of 5 cards. What is the probability of holding

(i) 2 Aces and 2 king

(ii) 5 spades.

Sol;

Total Cards Ace Cards King Cards Spade Cards Drawn

Cards
52 4 4 13 5
(i)
(ii)

Q No 6.22; A bag contains 14 identical balls, out of which 4 are red, 5 black and 5 white
balls, if three are drawn from the bag. Find the chance that

(i) 3 are red

(ii) At least two are white

Sol;

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Total Balls Red Balls Black Balls White Balls Drawn Balls
14 4 5 5 3

(i)
(ii)

Q no 6.23; A marble is drawn art random from a box containing 10 red, 30 white, 20
bluenand 15 orange marbles. Find the probability that it is:

(i) Orange or red

(ii) Not red or orange
(iii) Not blue
(iv) Red, white or blue

Sol;

Drawn Red White Blue Orange Total

Marble Marbles Marles Marbles Marbles
1 10 30 20 15 75

(i)
(ii) +
(iii)

Q No 6.26; A and B can solve 60% and 80% of the problems in a book respectively, what is
the probability that either A or B can solve a problem chosen at random.

Sol;

Then

A and B are Non- mutually Exclusive events so

Q No 6.27;A class contain 10 men and 20 women out of which half men and half women
have brown eyes. Find the probability that a person chosen at random is a man or has brown
eyes.

Men Women Total

10 20 30
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Brown Eyes 5 10 15

Sol;

Let A be the event that show the chosen person is man then

Let B be the event that show the chosen person has brown eyes then

and

Since A and B are Non-mutually exclusive events so

Q No 6.28;A box contain 9 tickets numbered 1 to 9. If 3 tickets are drawn from the box one
at a time. Find the probability that they are alternatively either odd even odd or even odd
even.

Sol;
Total numbers Even numbers Odd numbers
9 (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9) 4 (2,4,6,8) 5 (1,3,5,7,9)

Let A be the event that show the even number then

Let B be the number that show the odd numbers the

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CHAPTER # 7

RANDOM VARIABLES
Random variable (r.v); A variable whose values are determined from the outcomes of a
random experiment is called Random variable. It is also called statistical, stochastic, chance
variable or simply variate. It is usually denoted by capital letters X, Y or Z and its values are
usually denoted by small letters x, y, or z.

For example, if the random experiment consist of throwing a pair of dice and the Random
variable Y denotes the sum of the dots then Y will takes the values 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12.

Types of Random variable; There are two types of random variable.(i) Discrete random
variable (ii) Continuous Random variable.

Discrete Random Variable; A variable which has the values with jumps and gaps or whose
values are whole numbers called discrete random variable.

For example, Tossing a coin two times Let Y denotes the number of head then Y is discrete r
v because its values are 0, 1, 2.

Continuous Random Variable. A variable which can has each possible value within the
given interval called continuous random variable. For example, age, height, weight etc.

Random Numbers; The Random numbers are a sequence of the digits from a set {
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} so that, at each position in the sequence, each digit has equal chance ( )
of being selected.

GENERATION OF RANDOM NUMBERS;

The random numbers can be generating by the following ways.

(i) By the chance of games of chance such as die, coins, playing cards, slips drawing
from a basket.
(ii) From random number tables.
(iii) From computer and scientific calculator.

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(iv) By the Pseudo Random technique.

PSEUDO RANDOM TECHNIQUE (FORMULA);

Example; Generate four random numbers if

Sol; Let

Put

Hence the four random numbers are 1, 13, 9, 5

APPLICATION OF RANDOM NUMBERS;

The Random numbers are widely applied in the simulation techniques also called Monte
Carlo Methods. These methods are useful where the direct experimentation is not possible.

Examples of the use of Random numbers.

Example; Count the number of Heads (H)and Tails ( T ) when a single coin is thrown 12
times without throwing a coin.

Sol; Let the digits 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 represent the Head

And 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 represent the Tail

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Now we take 12 random numbers.(from random number table or from calculator)

Ran# 7 6 3 8 9 0 1 7 3 2 9 0
H or T T H T H T H T T T H T H
Number of Heads = 5

Number of Tails = 7

Similarly, when two coins, three coins or more can be thrown. Without throwing the coins we
can get the number of Heads and Tails.

Example; Count the number of Heads (H)and Tails ( T ) when two coins are thrown 20
times without throwing a coin.

Sol; Let the digits 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 represent the Head

And 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 represent the Tail

Now we take 20 random numbers of two digits.(from random number table or from
calculator)

Ran# 27 64 35 48 28 92 40 45 31 11
H, T HT HH TT HH HH HH HH HT TT TT
78 39 29 59 34 59 32 17 61 06

TH TT HT TT TH TT TH TT HT HH

Head f
0 7
1 7
2 6
Total 20

Example; If a coin is tossed three times. Then the number of heads may be 0, 1, 2, 3, and the
corresponding relative frequencies are given as

Number of Heads Probability

0 0.125
1 0.375
2 0.375
3 0.123
Find the sequence of the number of heads 20 times, without throwing coins.

Sol; The 20 random numbers of 3 digits are 234, 543, 456, 654, 876, 786, 234, 654,123, 231,
134, 345, 456, 654, 876, 987, 897,112, 654, 876.

No, of Heads Probability C.P Random# Tally f

0 0.125 0.125 000-124 II 2

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1 0.375 0.500 125-499 IIII II 7

2 0.375 0.875 500-874 IIII II 7
3 0.123 1.000 875-999 IIII 4
20

EXERCISE # 7

Q No 7.2; Generate first 6 random digits using the Pseudo-random number generator with,

Put

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Hence the six random numbers are 17, 64, 51, 78, 45, 52

Q No 7.3 Count the number of heads and Tails when a single coin is tossed 10 times without
throwing a coin.

Sol; Let the digits 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 represent the Head

And 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 represent the Tail

Now we take 10 random numbers.(from random number table or from calculator)

Ran# 9 6 3 4 9 2 1 9 3 6
H or T T H T H T H T T T H

Number of Heads = 4

Number of Tails = 6

Q No 7.4;Two coins are tossed. Let Y denotes the number of heads then the possible number
of heads and their corresponding probabilities are given in the table below. Find the sequence
of the number of heads 10 times without throwing a coin.

Y P(Y)
0 0.25
1 0.50
2 0.25

Sol; 10 pairs of random numbers are 29, 23, 87, 56, 34, 56, 97, 23, 12, 23.

Y P(Y) c.p Random# Tally f

0 0.25 0.25 00-24 IIII 4
1 0.50 0.75 25-74 IIII 4
2 0.25 1.00 75-99 II 2
10

Q No 7.5; Similar to Q 7.3.

Q No 7.6; Two students in a class are asked to take out the two courses Math(M) or Bio(B).
Find the random variable Y as the number of students taking Bio. Write down the possible
outcomes and values assigned by the random variable Y.

Sol; All possible outcomes= S= { MM, MB, BM, BB }

Y denotes the number of students taking Bio. Then Y= 0, 1, 2, 3

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Q No 7.7;Twocions are tossed and let the random variable Y denotes the number of heads,
write down the possible outcomes and the values assigned to the random variable.

Sol; When two coins are tossed all possible outcomes

S= {HH, HT,TH, TT }

Y denotes the number of Heads then Y = 0, 1, 2

Q No 7.8; There arethree children in a family. Let the random variable denotes the number of
boys in a family. Write down the possible outcomes and the values assigned by the random
variable assuming equal chances for boys and girls.

Sol; All possible outcomes =

S = { BBB, BBG, BGB, BGG, GBB, GBG, GGB, GGG }

Y denoted the number of boys then Y = 0, 1, 2, 3.

Q No 7.9; Four balls are drawn from a bag containing 5 white and 3 black balls. If Y denotes
the number of white balls drawn, then write down the possible outcomes of the random
variable Y.

Sol; The possible outcomes of Y= 1, 2, 3, 4.

Prepared by:

Prof. Muhammad Nadeem Intizar

Govt. Post Graduate College Vehari.

Contact# 03017497142

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Chapter # 8

PROBABILTY DISTRIBUTIONS

PROBABILITY MASS FUNTION (pmf):

Let X is a discrete random variable has the values then the probability mass
function of X which is denoted by P(X) is defined as

0 otherwise

Properties of probability mass function;





CUMMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION (CDF):

The cumulative distribution function usually denoted by F(x) and defined as

Gives the probability of the event that X takes a value less than or equal to a specified value
x. the distribution function is non-decreasing function.

Properties of distributed function:

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

 F(-
 F(+
 If then
 F(x) is continuous at least on the right of each x.

PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION:

Let a random variable X has the values with

P( respective probabilities then the tabulated form

X … …
P( P( ) P( ) P( ) … P( ) … P( )
is called probability distribution of X.

Example; A committee of 3 persons is chosen at random from 4 men and 5 women. Find the
probability distribution of the number of women.

Sol;
Women Men Total Select
5 4 9 3
Let X denotes the number of women so X will take the values X= 0,1,2,3

The probability distribution of X

Σ 1

PROBABILTY DENSITY FUNTION (Pdf):

Let X is a continuous random variable. Then the probability density function of X which is
denoted by f(X) is defined as

f(x) =

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f(x) must satisfy the following properties.


 Total area under the curve is one.

Example; A continuous random variable X that can assume the values between 2 and 5 has
a density function given by find (i) p(x (ii) P (3

Sol; (i) p(x

(ii) P (3

Example; A continuous random variable X has a density function when 0

and other wise zero. Find

Sol; Given that 0

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Example; If f(x) has the density function and find the

orobability that

Sol; Given that 0

So 0

Base

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Example; A continuous random variable X which can take the values 2 and 8 inclusive has
the density given by a(x+3) Where a is a constant .find

Sol; Given that

So

(b)

EXPECTATION (EXPECTED VALUE) OF A DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE:

Let X is a discrete random variable has the values with P(

respective probabilities then the expected value of X which is denoted by E(X) and defined
as

The expected value is the mean of the probability distribution.

Similarly

(First moment about origion)

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(Second moment about origion)

(Third moment about origion)

(Forth moment about origion)

And

Variance of the probability distribution:

PROPERTIES OF EXPECTED VALUE:

1. The expected value of any constant is equal to zero. if c is any constant ,then

2. If a and b are constants and X is r.v then

3. If X and Y are random variables then
4. If X and Y are two independent variables then
5.

Example; Calculate the Expected value and variance from the following data. Also find
, by using the properties of expectation.

y 0 1 2 3
P(y) 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.1
Sol;

0 0.3 0 0
1 0.3 0.3 0.3
2 0.2 0.4 0.8
3 0.1 0.4 1.2
Σ 1.4 2.3

1.64

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Example; A bag contain 6 red and 4 white balls.A person draw 2 balls at random without
replacement being 15 rupees for each red ball and 20 rupees for each white ball he draws.
Find his Expectation.

Sol; Red balls White balls Total balls Draw

6 4 10 2

Possibilities of drawing balls.

Red white

2 0

0 2

1 1

Rupees for each red ball=15

Rupees for each white ball=20

Example; Given that a random variable X with and .Find

.

Sol; -

0.2331= -

Exercise # 8

Q No 8.2: Three balls are drawn from a bag containing 5 white and 3 black balls. If X
denotes the number of white balls are drawn from the bag, then find the probability
distribution of X.

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Sol;
Drawn White Balls Black Balls Total
3 5 3 8

X is the number of white balls so

Probability Distribution of X.

Total

Q No 8.3: There are seven candidates for three positions of typists. Four of the candidates
know Urdu typing while the other three do not know it. If three candidates are selected at
random, find the probability distribution of the number of persons knowing Urdu typing
among those selected.

Sol;
Select Know Urdu Not know Total
typing Urdu typing
3 4 3 7

X is the number of know the Urdu typing so

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Probability Distribution of 0 X.

Total

Q No 8.4(ii) A coin is tossed 4 times. If X denotes the number of tails, what is the probability
distribution of X. Draw a probability Histogram.

Sol; When a coin is tossed 4 times all possible outcomes

S {(H,H,H,H)(H,H,H,T)(H,H,T,H)(H,H,T,T)(H,T,H,H)(H,T,H,T)(H,T,T,H)(H,T,T,T)(T,H,
H,H)(T,H,H,T)(T,H,T,H)(T,H,T,T)(T,T,H,H)(T,T,H,T)(T,T,T,H)(T,T,T,T)}

X denoted the number of tails so

Probability distribution of X.

Total

Q No 8.4 (iii): A bag contain 4 red and 6 black balls. A sample of 4 balls is selected from the
bag without replacement. Let X be the number of red balls, find the probability distribution of
X.

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Sol;
Select Red Balls Black Balls Total
4 4 6 10

X is the number of red balls so

Probability distribution of X

0
Q No 8.5(ii): Two dice are thrown and Y
denotes the product of the two scores. Obtain
the probability 1 distribution of Y.

Sol: When two dice are rolled all possible

2
outcomes

Total

Dots 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 2 3 4 5 6
2 2 4 6 8 10 12
3 3 6 9 12 15 18
4 4 8 12 16 20 24
5 5 10 15 20 25 30
6 6 12 18 24 30 36
Let X denotes the product of dots. Then probability distribution of is

X 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10
P(X)
X 12 15 16 18 20 24 25 30 36
P(X)
Q N0 8.9 (i): Given the following probability distribution:

x 0 1 2 3 4
P(x)

Verify that

X
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Sol; 0 3
1 5
2 7
3 9
4 11

Verification:

(ii) Let X be a random variable with probability distribution:

x -1 0 1 2 3
P(x) 0.125 0.500 0.200 0.050 0.125

Find (a) E(X) and Var(X) (b) The probability distribution of Y= 2X+1.

Using the probability distribution of Y Determine E(Y) and Var(Y).

Sol; Similar to above.

Q No 8.10: The following table gives the probability distribution of the random variable Y,
the number of courses taught by a teacher during the spring semester in the University of
Agriculture Faisalabad.

y 1 2 3 4 5
P(y) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.1
Find the probability that;

(i) Teacher taught 2 courses.

(ii) Teacher taught less than 4 courses.
(iii) Teacher taught between 2 and 5 courses.
(iv) Teacher taught at least 3 courses.
(v) Teacher taught at the most 4 courses.

Sol;

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(i) 0.2
(ii) 0.1+0.2+0.3=0.6
(iii) 0.2+0.3+0.3+0.1=0.9
(iv) 0.3+0.3+0.1=0.7
(v) 0.1+0.2+0.3+0.3=0.9

Q No 8.11: A box contain five slips of paper marked 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. Two slips selected
without replacement, list the possible values for each of the following random variables.

(i) The sum of the two numbers on two slips.

(ii) The difference between the first and second number.

Sol; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 N=5 n=2 W.o.R all possible values=

Possible values (i)Sum of numbers (ii)Difference of

numbers
1,2 3 1
1,3 4 2
1,4 5 3
1,5 6 4
2,3 5 1
2,4 6 2
2,5 7 3
3,4 7 1
3,5 8 2
4,5 9 1

Q No 8.12: Four randomly selected students from a class are asked their opinion about the
teaching system as satisfactory (S) or non-satisfactory (NS) .Let Y denotes the number of
students saying satisfactory. Write down the possible outcomes and the possible Y values.

Sol;

All possible outcomes

Outcomes Y Outcomes Y
S,S,S,S 4 NS,S,S,S 3
S,S,S,NS 3 NS,S,S,NS 2
S,S,NS,S 3 NS,S,NS,S 2
S,S,NS,NS 2 NS,S,NS,NS 1
S,NS,S,S 3 NS,NS,S,S 2
S,NS,S,NS 2 NS,NS,S,NS 1
S,NS,NS,S 2 NS,NS,NS,S 1
S,NS,NS,NS 1 NS,NS,NS,NS 0
Possible values of

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Q No 8.13: A point is randomly selected on the surface of a lack that maximum depth of 30
feet. Let y denotes the depth of the lack at randomly selected point. What is the possible
value of Y. Is Y a discrete variable or a continuous variable?

Sol;

Since Y denotes the depth of the Lake in feet. Then Y will take the values between 0 to 30.i.e

So Y is continuous variable.

Q No 8.14: Calculate Mean and variance of the following probability distribution:

y 0 1 2 3 4 5
P(y) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1

Sol;
y
0 0.1 0 0
1 0.2 0.2 0.2
2 0.3 0.6 1.2
3 0.2 0.6 1.8
4 0.1 0.4 1.6
5 0.1 0.5 2.5
2.3 7.3
Q No 8.15: A continuous random variable X
having values only between 0 and 4 has a density function by

is a constant x

Find

(i)
(ii)

Sol; (i) We know that Total area under the curve is one so

……..(A)

Base=4-0=4

So A becomes.

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(ii)

Base=2-1=1

(b) A continuous random variable X has probability density function giving

Find (1) (2) (3)

Sol; Similar.

(c) If has probability density , and find

12.

Sol;

Q No 8.17: Find the probability distribution of the number of boys in families with three
children, assuming equal probabilities for boys and girls.

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

Sol;

Let X denotes the number of boys.

X= 0,1, 2, 3

The probability distribution of X. (X follow the Binomial distribution).

Q No 8.18: From lot containing 12 items, 4 of which are defective, 5 are chosen at random.
If X is the number of defective items found in the sample, write down

(i) The probability distribution of X.

(ii)
(iii)

Sol;

Total items Defective items Non defective items Chosen items

12 4 8 5

X= 0, 1, 2, 3, 4

(i) Probability distribution of X .

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Σ 1

Proved

Q No 8.19(ii): Find the constant k so that the function f(x) defined as following may be a
density function.

0 other wise

Sol; The given function is pdf so

Q No 8.20: Given the following probability distribution

X 0 1 2 3 4 5

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

P(X)

Compute its Mean, Variance, Standard Deviation and coefficient of Variation.

Sol;

0 0 0
1
2
3
4
5
Σ

Mean

=1.43

Q No 8.21: Let X be a random variable with probability distribution as follow.

X 1 2 3 4 5
f(x) 0.125 0.45 0.25 0.05 0.125
Find Mean and Variance.

Sol; similar to above Q.

Q No 8.22: A continuous random variable X has a density function

for

Find

(a) (b) (c)

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(ii) A continuous random variable X has a density function given by

Find

(i)
(ii)

Sol; similar to Q 15.

Q No 8.23: A continuous variable X which can assume the values between X=2 and X=8
inclusive has a density function given that , where a is a constant.

Find

(i)

(iii)
(iv)

Sol;similar to Q15

Q No 8.24: In Summer season, a dealer of desert room cooler can earn Rs 800 per day if the
day is hot and can earn Rs 200 per day if it is fair and loses Rs 50 per day if it is cloudy. Find
his mathematical expectation if the probability of the day being hot is 0.40 and for being
cloudy it is 0.35.

Sol; P(Hot)=0.40 P(Cloudy)=0.35

P(Hot)+ P(Cloudy)+P(Fair)=1 P(Fair)= 1- 0.40-0.35=0.25

X 800 200 -50 Total

f(X) 0.40 0.25 0.35 1
Xf(x) 20 50 -17.5 352.5

Mathematical Expectation Rs

Q No 8.25: A committee of size 5 is to be selected from 3 female and 5 male members. Find
the expectation of female members on the committee.

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Sol;
Female Male Total Selected
3 5 8 5

Let X denotes the no, of female. Then

Total

Expected no, of females on the committee

Q No 8.27; 10 vegetable cans, all of the same size, have lost their labels. It is known that 5
contain tomatoes and 5 contain corns. If 5 cans are selected at random, then find the
probability distribution and distribution function for the number of tomatoes can in the
sample.

Sol;
Tomatoes cans Corn cans Total Cans Selected
5 5 10 5

Let X denotes the no, of Tomatoes cans. Then

The probability distribution of X

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Total 1
Distribution function of X

Q No 8.28(ii): The number of automobile accidents in a city are: 1, 2, 3, 4 with

corresponding probabilities What is the expected number of daily
accidents?

Sol;

X 1 2 3 4 Total
f(X) 1
Xf(X)

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Expected no, of daily accidents

Q No 8.29: A and B throw a die for a prize of Rs. 11 which is to be won by the player who
fist throw a 6. If A has the first throw, what are their respective expectations?

Sol; Probability of winning RS 11

Probability of not winning RS 11

Let X denotes the prize RS 11.

Since A has 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th, 9th ….. Chances of throw

So

Formula a= first term r= common ratio

Expectation of A

Expectation of B

Q No 8.30: A bag contains 2 white and 2 black balls. Three men draw a ball and
don’t replace it. The person who draws the white ball first receives Rs.12. what are their
respective expectations?

Sol;
White Balls Black Balls Total Balls
2 2 4

Let A Draw a Ball.

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

If A fail to draw A white Ball. Then

White Balls Black Balls Total Balls

2 1 3

Now let B draw a Ball

If B also fail to draw a white ball

White Balls Black Balls Total Balls

2 0 2

Now let C draw a Ball

Expectation of

Expectation of

Expectation of

Q No 8.31: Three balls are drawn from a bag containing 5 white and 3 black balls. If X
denotes the no, of white balls drawn from the bag, then find the probability distribution of X.
Also find its mean and variance.

Sol;

White Black balls Total Drawn

balls
5 3 8 3

Since X denotes the no, of White balls. Then

Probability distribution of X

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

Total

Mean

Q No 8.32: A coin is biased such that a head is thrice as likely to occur as a tail. Find the
probability distribution of heads and also find the mean and variance of the distribution when
it is tossed 4 times.

Sol; Since the coin is biased and ratio of Head and Tail is 3:1

n=4

Let X denotes the no, of Head appear. Then

The probability function is

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

Total 1

Mean

Q No 8.33: Approximately 20% of the glass bottles coming from a particular line have
serious defects. If two bottles are selected at random, find the expected number of bottles that
having serious defects.

Sol;

Let X denotes the no, of glass bottles have serious defects. Then

The probability function is

Total 1.00

Expected number of bottles having serious defects

Q No 8.34: A random variable X takes the values -3, -2, 2, 3, and 4 with probabilities P(X)
equal to respectively. Compute E(X) and show that
E(5X+10) 5E(X)+10. Also compute the Variance of X and Var(5X+10).Find the ratio of
two Variances.

Sol;

-3 -2 2 3 4 TOTAL

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-5

Verification

18 =5(1.6) +10=18

=8.28

= 206

Ratio

8.28 : 206

1 : 24.8

Q No 8.35: If for then find the Mean and Variance of the

random variable X.

Sol;

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Total
1

Mean=

=5.83

Q No 8.36: For the following probability distribution. Find

(i) E(X) (ii) (iii)

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x -10 -20 30
P(x)
Sol;

X P(X) XP(X)
-10 -2 20
-20 -6 120
30 15 450
7 590
(I)
(II)
(III)

*******************************

Prepared by:

Prof Muhammad Nadeem Intizar

Govt Post Graduate College Vehari.

Mobile # 03017497142

Chapter # 9

BINOMIAL AND HYPERGEOMETRIC DISTRIBUTIONS

TRIAL: A single performance of an experiment is called a trial. For example, in an

experiment of tossing a coin, tossing one time is called a trial and results of a trial are called

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

outcomes. The interested outcome is called success and other called failure. The probability
of success is denoted by P and probability of failure is denoted by q.

BERNOUNLLI TRIAL:

A trial which has only two possible outcomes such as success and failure is called Bernoulli
trial. For example;

 Tossing a coin, the possible outcomes are head(H) and tail (T).
 Rolling a die. the possible outcomes{1,2,3,4,5,6} may even (2,4,6) or odd (1,3,5).
 When a student takes exam, the possible outcomes are pass and fail.

BINOMIAL EXPRIMENT:

An experiment in which each trial has only two possible outcomes such as success and failure
and the probability of success (P) remain constant and successive trials are independent
throughout the experiment is called binomial Experiment.

Properties of Binomial Experiment;

1. The outcomes of each trial are classified in to two categories such as success and
failure.
2. The probability of success remains constant throughout the experiment.
3. The successive trials are independent.
4. The experiment can be repeated a fixed number of times say n.

Binomial Probability Distribution Function;

Let X is a discrete random variable then X is binomially distributed if it has probability

distribution function as

Where

P= Probability of success

q= Probability of failure

n= number of trials

Properties of Binomial Distribution;

(1) Binomial probability distribution is a discrete distribution.

(2) Its pdf is x = 0, 1, 2, 3, …, n
(3) It has two parameters n and p (q).
(4) Total area under the curve if unity.
(5) Its mean

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

(6) Its Variance

(7) Its
(8) Mean
(9) If then the Binomial distribution is symmetrical
If then the Binomial distribution is +ve skewed
If then the Binomial distribution is –ve skewed

Example; A fair coin is tossed 4 times. Find the probabilities of obtaining various numbers
of Heads.

Sol;

Let X denotes the number of Heads. Then 0, 1, 2, 3, 4

Example; A fair coin is tossed 5 times. What is the probability of getting

(i) Exactly 3 Heads

(ii) At least 3 Heads
(iii) At the most two heads

Sol;

Let x denoted the number of Heads.

(i)
(ii)

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

(III)

Example; If a fair die is rolled 6 times. What is the probability of getting no even number?

Sol;

Let X denotes the even numbers. Then

Binomial frequency Distribution (Expected Frequency of Binomial distribution);

If the Binomial probability distribution is multiplied by N then it becomes Binomial

frequency Distribution that is

This formula also used to calculate the Expected frequencies of the binomial distribution.

Example; Five dice are tossed 96 times. Find the expected frequencies when throwing of a 4,
5 or 6 is regarded as a success.

Sol;

X Expected frequencies

0 96

1 96

2 96

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

3 96

4 96

5 96

Σ 1

Example; In a Binomial distribution Find Mean, Variance and Standard

deviation of the Binomial Distribution.

Sol;

2.19

Example; In Binomial distribution, mean and standard deviation were found to be 38 and 5.6
respectively. Find n and P.

Sol;

Taking square on both sides

Put

Put p=0.17 in (i)

Example; Is it possible to have a Binomial dist with

Sol;

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

Here

But in Binomial Dist

So it is not possible to have binomial dist with mean 5 and S.D 4.

Hyper geometric Experiment;

An experiment in which the successive trials are dependent (without replacement) and the
probability of success change from trial to trial is called hyper geometric Experiment.

Properties of Hypergeometric Experiment;

(i) The outcomes of each trial are classified into two categories such as success and
failure.
(ii) The successive trials are dependent.
(iii) Probability of success change from trial to trial.
(iv) The experiment can be repeated a fixed number of times say n.

Hyper Geometric Probability Distribution;

Let X is Discrete Random variable then X has hyper geometric probability distribution if it
has pdf

Where no, of success in population

size of population

no of trials

Properties of Hypergeometric Probability Distribution;

(1) It is a discrete probability distribution.

(2) Its pdf is

(3) Total probability is one.
(4) It has three parameters N, n and k.
(5) Its mea
(6) Its variance .

Example; Determine the probability Distribution for the number of white beads. Among 5
beads drawn at random from a bowl containing 4 white and 7 black beads. Compute mean,
Variance and check the results by using formula.

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

Sol;

White Beads Black Beads Total Drawn

Let X denotes the White beads so

Probability distribution of the white beads.

P(X)
0

By Formula;

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Example; Ten vegetable cans, all of the same size, have lost their labels. It is known that 5
contain tomatoes and 5 contain corns. If 5 are selected at random, what is the probability that
all contain tomatoes? What is the probability that 3 or more contain tomatoes?

Sol;
Tomatoes Corns Total Select
5 5 10 5

Let X denotes the number of tomatoes cans.

(i) P(All contain tomatoes can)

(ii) P(X

Exercise # 9

Q No 9.3; An event has the probability Find the complete binomial distribution for
n=5 trials.

Sol;

As we know that the pdf of binomial distribution is

so

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Q No 9.4; Find the probability of tossing a coin four times there will appear (i) 4 Heads (ii) 1
tail and 3 Heads (iii) at least 2 Heads (iv) at the most 2 Heads.

Sol:

Let X denotes the number of Heads.

(i)
(ii) (ii)
(iii)

(iv)

Q No 9.5; If 20% of the bolts produced by a machine are defective, determine the probability
that out of 4 bolts chosen at random

(i) Zero (ii) 2 bolts are defective

Sol;

Let X denotes the number of defective bolts

(i)
(ii)

Q No 9.6; Given that the probability of passing an exam is 0.75 .what is the probability of

(i) Passing at least two examinations if you take six?

(ii) Failing at least two examinations if you take four?

Sol;

(i) Let X denotes the no, of passes

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

(ii) Let X denotes the no, of failure then

Q No 9.7; The experience of a house agent indicates that he can provide suitable
accommodation for 75% of the clients who come to him. If ona particular occasion 6 clients
approach him independently, calculate the probability that.

(i) Less than 4 clients will get satisfactory accommodation.

(ii) At least 5 clients will get satisfactory accommodation.

Sol;

(i)

(ii)

Q No 9.8; The incidence of an occupational disease in an industry is such that the workers
have 20% chances of suffering from it. What is the probability that out of 6 workmen.

(i) Not more than 2 will catch the disease

(ii) 4 or more will catch the disease.

Sol;

(i)

(ii)

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Q No 9.9; If 8 coins are tossed what is the probabilitythat there are

(i) Exactly 5 Heads

(ii) 1 to 7 Heads.

Sol;

Let X denotes the no, of Heads

(i)
(ii)

Q No 9.10; If X= binomially distributed with n-10, p=0.4, then find Mean and variance of

Sol;

Q No 9.11; If X is the numbers of successes with probability of success as in each of 5

independent trials. Find (i) (ii) (i)

Sol; similar to Q No 9.8.

Q No 9.12; If 5 true dice are thrown once, determine the probability of getting 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,
5 sixes. Find the mean and variance of the probability distribution so obtained.

Sol;

Let X denotes the no, of sixes.

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Total

Q No 9.13; Five dice are tossed 96 times. Find the expected frequencies when throwing of a
4, 5, or 6 is regarded as success.

Sol;

Binomial frequency distribution

X Expected frequencies=

Total

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

Q No 9.14 similar to 9.13.

Q No 9.15; The Mean and Variance of the binomial distribution are 6 and 2.4 respectively.
Find p and n, the two parameters of binomial distribution.

Sol;

Putting the value of

put in (i)

Hence

Q No 9.16; If the probability of defective bolt is 0.1. Find the mean and standard deviation of
the distribution of defective bolts in a total of 500.

Sol;

Distribution is binomial so

Q No 9.17; If in a binomial distribution, the mean is 3 and the S.D is 1.5 .Find the
Parameters.

Sol;

Taking square on both sides of (ii)

Putting the value of np from (i)

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Putting the value of p in (i)

Hence

Q No 9.18; Is it possible to have a binomial distribution with Mean= 5 and S.D= 3.7.

Sol;

It is not possible because the Mean of Binomial distribution is always greater than the
Variance.

Q No 9.19; In binomial distribution with n=5, what is the value of other parameters of the
binomial distribution. If Find Mean of the distribution.

Sol;

Q No 9.20; Discuss the statement that in a binomial distribution

Sol;

It is not possible because the Mean of the Binomial distribution is always greater than
Variance.

Q No 9.21; Find the binomial distribution whose mean is 12 and S.D is 3.

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

Sol;

Taking square on both sides of (ii)

Putting the value of np from (i)

Putting the value of p in (i)

Hence Binomial distribution is

Q No 9.22; Find the Mean and Variance of the binomial

Sol;

Pdf of Binomial distribution is

0 0 0

3 3 9

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

So -

Questions of hyper geometric distribution.

Pdf of hyper geometric distribution

Q No 9.25; Five balls are drawn from a box containing 4 white and 7 black balls. If X
denotes the number of black balls drawn, then obtain the probability distribution of X. Find
mean and Variance of the distribution and verify the results.

Sol;

Drawn White Black Total

Probability distribution of X.

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

Total

By formula verification.

Q No 9.26; Determine the probability distribution of the number of white beads, among 5
beads are drawn at random from the bowl containing 4 white and 7 black beads. Use this
distribution find Mean and variance of the distribution and verify the results.

Sol; Drawn White beads Black beads Total

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

Total

By formula verification.

Q No 9.27; A committee of size three is selected from 4 mean and 2 women. Find the
probability distribution by hyper geometric experiment for the number of men on the
committee.

Sol;

Select Men Women Total

Let

Probability distribution of X.

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

Total

Q No 9.28;

A committee of size five is selected from 5 men and 3 women. Find the
probability distribution by the Hyper geometric experiment for the number of women on
the committee.

Sol;

Select Men Women Total

Let

Probability distribution of X.

Total

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

Q No 9.29; Ten vegetable cans, all of the same size have lost their labels. It is known that 5
contain tomatoes and 5 contain corn. If 5 cans selecte4d at random what is the probability
that:

(i) All contain tomatoes.

(ii) 3 or more contain tomatoes.

Sol;

Select Tomatoes corns Total

Let X denotes the number of Tomatoes.

(i)
(ii)

*************

Prepared by;
Muhammad Nadeem Intizar
Assistant professor of Statistics
Govt. Post Graduate College Vehari.
Contact # 03017497142

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

Past papers Chapter wise (Annual 2014 toSupply 2018)

FIRST YEAR Statistics BISE Multan
Chapter # 1 (Introduction to Statistics)

Short Questions

(i) Differentiate between a Variable and a Random Variable.

(ii) Expand the following Summation (a) (b)
(iii) Define Inferential Statistics.
(iv) Differentiate between Quantitative and Qualitative Data.
(v) Define Statistics.
(vi) Differentiate between Population and Sample.
(vii) Differentiate between Parameter and Statistic.
(viii) Name the Sources of Secondary Data.
(ix) What is Primary Data?
(x) Explain Discrete and Continuous Data.
(xi) What is the meants by Primary Data?
(xii) What is discrete Variable? Give any Example.
(xiii) Write down the main uses of Statistics.
(xiv) Write down the characteristics of Statistics.
(xv) Define Secondary Data.
(xvi) Differentiate between the Descriptive and Inferential Statistics.
(xvii) Hat is Sample?
(xviii) What are two types of quantitative variables?
(xix) Hat is Descriptive Statistics?
(xx) What is Data?
(xxi) Define Statistics as A discipline of Science.

Objective Part.

Select the correct Answer

(i) The value calculate from population is called

(A) constant (B) Parameter (C) Statistic (D) Variable
(ii) The Process of systematic arrangement of data in ro and column is called
(A) Classification (B) Tabulation (C) Stub (D) box head
(iii) In plural sense statistics means.
(A) Methodology (B) Numerical Data (C) Sample value (D) Population value

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

(iv) A part of population selected for study is called a

(A) Variance (B) Data (C) sample (D) Parameter
(v) In classification Data is arranged according to
(A) Similarities (B) Differences (C) Parameters (D) Ratios
(vi) A part of Population is called
(A) Statistics (B) Parameter (C) Sample (D) Variable
(vii) The number of classes depends upon.
(A) Class Mark (B) Frequency distribution (C) Class Interval (D) Class boundary
(viii) The data which has not undergone any statistical treatment are.
(A) Primary Data (B) Secondary Data (C) Discrete Data (D) Qualitative Data

(XI) A variable that assume s any value within a given range is called.

(A) Discrete variable (B) Continuous Variable (C) Independent variable (D) Dependent
variable

(X) A Quantity computed from from sample is called

(A) Parameter (B) Statistic (C) Constant (D) Population

(xi) Brand of Soap is …….Variable

(A) Quantitative (B) Qualitative (C) Imaginary (D) Continues

(xii) Statistics are.

(A) Aggregate of facts (B) Always true (C) Always Continuous (D) Always
qualitative

Chapter # 2 (Representation of Data)

Short Questions

(i) Explain open end classes.

(ii) What is Tabulation?
(iii) What is Histogram?
(iv) What is Frequency Distribution?
(v) Differentiate between Histogram and Historigram?
(vi) Define Relative Frequency?
(vii) What is Ogive?
(viii) Define pie chart.
(ix) Name the Important parts of a Table.
(x) What is an Array?
(xi) What is simple bar chart?
(xii) Define Classification.

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

(xiii) What is the meant by Frequency polygon?

(xiv) What is class boundary?
(xv) What is one way and two way classification?
(xvi) What is size of class interval?
(xvii) Differentiate between class Limits and class Boundaries?

Chapter # 3 (Measures of Location)

Short Questions

(i) Define Arithmetic Mean.

(ii) Compute Median for the Data 2, 5, 0, 1, 4, 2.
(iii) The Sum of the Deviations of 15 values from 20 is 45. Find A.M.
(iv) In a single peaked symmetrical distribution Mean is 5, Median is 5 Then what
will the value of Mode?
(v) A distribution consists of 3 components with respective size 45, 40 and 65,
along with their Mean 2, 2.5, and 2.compute combined mean.
(vi) What are the characteristics of a good measure of central Tendency?(any
two)
(vii) Define Median.
(viii) Write down the merits of Mode (any two)
(ix) If then show that A.M>G.M>H.M
(x) The Arithmetic Mean of 100 items is15 and the Arithmetic Mean of 150 items
is 4.8. Find combined Mean.
(xi) Write any two major properties of Median.
(xii) Find when where y=20+3x
(xiii) Explain the Empirical relationship between Mean, Median and Mode.
(xiv) Given each mean is based on 6
observations Find combined Mean.
(xv) Given , find A.M.
(xvi) Define the term Median and its formula.
(xvii) Differentiate between Simple Arithmetic Mean And Weighted Arithmetic
Mean.
(xviii) The Average of 5 values is 70. Find the sum of the values.
(xix) Give two properties of Arithmetic Mean.
(xx) Why the Averages are called Measures of central Tendency?
(xxi) What are the types of Average?
(xxii) Define Geometric Mean.
(xxiii) Define Harmonic Mean.

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(xxiv) Given that and . Compute and

(xxv) In a symmetrical distribution Mean is 35. Find the value of Median and Mode.
(xxvi) Discuss the Merits of Median.
(xxvii) Given , find A.M.
(xxviii) Find the Mode Of the letter STATISTICS>
(xxix) Write down the formulas of different Averages.
(xxx) Define the term Mode.
(xxxi) Given and h=10 find Mode.
(xxxii) Write down the Qualities of a good Average.
(xxxiii) Sum of the deviation of 15 values from 20 is 45. Find A.M.
(xxxiv) Calculate Geometric Mean for the values 16, 1, 4.
(xxxv) Sum of deviation of 10 values from x=50 is 500. What will be the value of
Arithmetic mean?
(xxxvi) What are characteristics of a good Average.
(xxxvii) What are the Quartiles? Also state their formulae.
(xxxviii) In a moderate skewed distribution the values of mean and Median are 120
and 110 respectively, find the value of Mode.
(xxxix) What are percentiles?
(xl) The mean of 10 values is 20. If one more value is included, the mean
becomes 22 . Find included value?
(xli) The geometric Mean of 3 values is 7 find the product of the values.
(xlii) Write the merits of Mode (any two) Find Median of 3, 1, 2, 5, 4.
(xliii) If

Chapter # 4 (Measures of Dispersion)

Short Questions

(i) Find the variance of given data 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5.

(ii) If Var(X)=8, find Var(x+3)
(iii) What Is kurtosis?
(iv) Give any two properties of Variance.
(v) If find Bowley’s coefficient of Skewness.
(vi) If Var(x) =8, find Var(2x).
(vii) Define Men Deviation.
(viii) If find coefficient of Quartile deviation.
(ix) If S.D(x)=10 then find S.d(3x+10).
(x) What is the relative measures of dispersion.
(xi) If Discuss the shape of the curve.

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

(xii) Define moments. Define Dispersion.

(xiii) Given find C.V.
(xiv) Define the term Standard deviation.
(xv) Explain the term Symmetry.
(xvi) Given If find coefficient of Quartile deviatio
(xvii) Given find
(xviii) A series comprise of hundred values each equal to 5. What will be the average
and dispersion of the series?
(xix) Describe the properties of variance (any two)
(xx) Define combine variance.
(xxi) Given =800 and Find the coefficient of
Mean deviation.
(xxii) The first moments about x= 15 is 2.5, the second moment about men is 16. Wht
is the value of standard deviation.
(xxiii) Give the formula for calculating the combine standard deviation for three
groups.
(xxiv) Define relative Dispersion.
(xxv) Define Range.
(xxvi) Compute the correct coefficient of variance when
and class interval is 3.
(xxvii) Given Mode=95 and S=10 find the coefficient of Skewness.
(xxviii) The Mean of a distribution is 3 while its second moments about zero is 24 find it
Standard deviation.
(xxix) Define Moment ratios. In which units are they expressed?
(xxx) The S.D of a symmetrical distribution id 5. Find its four moments about mean.
(xxxi) Gine any four methods for calculating dispersion.
(xxxii) If Men= 25, C.v= 64% what will the variance?
(xxxiii) If Find and comment.
(xxxiv) Write down the types of dispersion.
(xxxv) Define the range with formula.
(xxxvi) What do you mean by coefficient of variance? write the formula also.
(xxxvii) Write the formula of Karl Pearson’s coefficient of Skewness.
(xxxviii) Define Skwness.
(xxxix) For a normal distribution that is a percentage of values lying between
(xl) Define Absolute Dispersion.
(xli) Define Quartile Deviation and how it is calculated?
(xlii) Distinguish between positive and negative Skewness.
(xliii) Explain the moment about mean.
(xliv) Given Mean= 50, median= 48 and Coefficient of skewness= 1 Find the value of
Variance?

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(xlv) Given Mean=50, Median= 48 and S.D= 6. Find the Karl Pearson’s coefficient of
Skewness.
(xlvi) Define Semi Inter Quartile.
(xlvii) If Lower Quartile is 20 and Quartile Deviation is 5. Find upper quartile.
(xlviii) If Mean = 25, C.V= 64% what will be the value of variance.
(xlix) Name the distribution if
(l) Write any two advantages of range
(li) If S.D(x) =10 then find the Standard Deviation of 5X.
(lii) What re the values of in a symmetrical distribution.
(liii) Given that n=8, . Find the Variance , where D= x
(liv) First, second and third quartiles of a distribution are 142.36, 153.50, and 167.73
respectively. Find coefficient of Skewness.
(lv) First three moments about 16 are 0.35, 2.9 and 1.93 respectively. Find third
moment about mean. First four moments about are 0, 11, 49 and 192. Find
Moment Ratios.

Chapter # 5 (Index Numbers)

Short Questions

(i) What is the Market Basket?

(ii) Write the two methods of calculating the unweighted Index Numbers.
(iii) Given . Calculate
Fisher’s Index Numbers.
(iv) How many methods are used for selection of base period? Name the methods.
(v) Given . Calculate CPI using aggregate
expenditure method.bb
(vi) Define Index Numbers.
(vii) Distinguish between weighted and unweighted index Numbers.
(viii) What is the meant by Consumer Price Index Numbers?
(ix) Given construct consumer price index
numbers by Family Budget method.
(x) Given find the current year weighted Index.
(xi) Define Composite Index Numbers
(xii) Give two uses of Index Numbers.
(xiii) Write the formula of Paasche’s price Index Numbers.
(xiv) Define Chain base Method.
(xv) Given Fisher’s Ideal Price Index Number 104.3 and Paasche’s Price Index Number
103.2 then find Laspyre’s Price Index Number.
(xvi) What do you understand by base period?
(xvii) Define composite Index Number.

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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

(xviii) If Laspyre’s index number 105.4 and Paasche’s index number = 103.2 then find
Fisher’s index number.
(xix) Define Weighted Index Number.
(xx) Define CPI
(xxi) What are the types of Composite Index Number?
(xxii) Give some uses of Index Numbers. Write down the main steps involved in the
construction of Index Number.
(xxiii) Define Link Relative.
(xxiv) Write the formula for Fisher’s Index Number.
(xxv) Define Quantity Index Number.
(xxvi) Define Price relatives.
(xxvii) Give most suitable average for index numbers, with reason.
(xxviii) Given W= 20, 30, 40, 50. I= 100, 105, 110, 120. Find weighted Index.
(xxix) Write name of base year weighted index numbers. Write down main limitations
of Index Numbers.
(xxx) Write down any two types of Index Numbers.
(xxxi) What is base period and Current period?
(xxxii) Explain fixed be Method.
(xxxiii) Differentiate between Simple and Composite Index Numbers.
(xxxiv) Given 2550 2590. Find price index number using simple aggregative
price index numbers.
(xxxv) Define Paasche’s price Index Numbers.
(xxxvi)
Chapter # 6 (Probability)

Short Questions

(i) Write the sample space when three coins are tossed.
(ii) Define probability.
(iii) A card is drawn from a deck of 52 cards. What is the probability of
pictured card?
(iv) If P(A)=0.2 and P(B)=0.15 then find P(AnB) where A And B are
independent Events.
(v) Define Equally Likely Events.
(vi) If P(A)= 0.7 , P(B)= 0.5 and P(B/A)= 0.5 find P(AnB)?
(vii) Find the probability of Sure and Impossible Events.
(viii) Define Sample Space.
(ix) Differentiate between Permutation and Combination.
(x) State the Additional Law of probability for mutually Exclusive Events.
(xi) Suppose P (A)= 1/3, P(AUB)= ½ and P(AnB)= 1 /10. Find P(B)
(xii) Define Conditional Probability.

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(xiii) Define Mutually Exclusive Events.

(xiv) State the compliment Law of Probability.
(xv) What are the Exhaustive Events?
(xvi) State the Multiplicative Law Of Probability for Dependent Events.
(xvii) Give two examples of Mutually Exclusive Events.
(xviii) Define Independent Events.
(xix) If a coin is tossed what is the probability that head comes up?
(xx) Given that , Find f P(A)
(xxi) State the Additional Law of Probability for Non Mutually Exclusive Events.
(xxii) What is the meant by Random Experiment?
(xxiii) If P(A)= 0.2 , P(B)= 0. And P(A/B)= 0.375, Find P(A and B)
(xxiv) Define an Event.
(xxv) What is Sample Point?
(xxvi) What is Classical Probability?
(xxvii) If P(A)= 1/3, P(AUB)= ½ and P(AnB)= 1/10, find P(B)
(xxviii)What is classical or a priori definition of Probability?
(xxix) What is the probability of both sixes when two Fair dice are thrown
simultaneously?
(xxx) What is the relative Frequency definition of Probability?
(xxxi) What is the Sample Space When a fir coin and a die are rolled together?
(xxxii) If P(AnB)= 13 , P(A)= ½, P(B)= ½ find P(A/B)= and P(B/A)

Chapter # 7(Random Variables)

Short Questions

(i) Define A discrete Random variable?

(ii) Write Down the properties of Continuous random variable?
(iii) What is the difference between Discrete and Continuous Random Variable?
(iv) How can random numbers be generated?
(v) What is the application of random numbers?

Chapter # 8(Probability Distributions)

Short Questions

(i) What is the mathematical Expectation of a random Variable?

(ii) What is the meant by probability Distribution?
(iii) Given , x= 1, 2, 3. Find K.
(iv) If E(X)=0.63, Var(x)=0.2331. Find E( )
(v) If E(5x+10)= 18, E( = 530, find Var(5x+10)

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(vi) Write the properties of discrete probability Distribution.

(vii) Define Probability Density function.
(viii) Given E(x)= 2.5, E( . Find variance and coefficient of variation.
(ix) Make random variable for trials when three coins re tossed.
(x) Given E(x)= 10, E( . Find coefficient of variation.
(xi) State any two Laws of Expectation.
(xii) Given x= 0, 1, 2, P(x)= Find E(x)
(xiii) If E(x)= 5, find E(
(xiv) E(x)= 3 , find E(
(xv) Find Var(3X y) IF x AND y are independent.
(xvi) Write down The properties of expectation (any two).
(xvii) Write down the properties of probability density function.
(xviii) If E( and Var(x)= 144, then find mean of X i.e E(X)
(xix) Can a random variable assume negative values?
(xx) If E(x)= 3 and E(y)= 2.5. find E(x+y)
(xxi) Given x= 1, 2, 3. P(x)= Find E(x)
(xxii) Given E(x)= 2, E( . Find the standard deviation of X.
(xxiii) Given x= 10, 20, 30, and P(x)= 2k, 3k, 5k. Find k.
(xxiv) Given P(x)= c| x and x= 1, 0, 1, 3 Find E(x)
(xxv) What is Distribution function?
(xxvi) Given the probability distribution. Find K
X 0 1 2 3 4
P(x) K

(xxvii) If E(X)= 10, Y= 2X+5, Find E(Y).

(xxviii) If a coin is tossed twice, write the pdf for number of Heads.
(xxix) Make the probability distribution of no, of heads when 1 coin is tossed?
(xxx) Given f(x)= k/x , x= 1, 2, 3, find k.
(xxxi) If E(X)= 1.1, find E(3x+5)
(xxxii) Given that f(x)= x/10 , x= 1, 2, 3, 4, show that f(x) is a probability function
(xxxiii) Given E(X)= 5 and Var(X)= 1, find E(2 3X) and Var(2 3X)
(xxxiv) Given X= 1, 2, 3, 4,5, P(X)= 1/10, 3/10, p, 2/10, 1/10.
(xxxv) Find the value of C for the following probability distribution.
X 0 1 2
P(X) C

(xxxvi) IF E(X)=7 , E( find variance of X

Chapter # 9(Discrete Probability Distributions)

Short Questions
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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

(i) What are the properties of Binomial Experiment? (any Two)

(ii) Write down the parameter, mean and variance of Hypergeometric distribution.
(iii) A random variable X has a Binomial Distribution with n= 3 and p= 0.2 Find Mean
and variance.
(iv) Given N= 40, n= 5 and k= 8. Find mean and Variance of X.
(v) If a fair coin is tossed 5 times, find the probability of getting at the most 2 Heads.
(vi) Define Hypergeometric Experiment.
(vii) Define Bernoulli Trials.
(viii) State the properties of Binomial distribution.
(ix) N= 10, n= 2 and K= 3, Find P(X=0)
(x) Give any two properties of Hypergeometric Experiment which are different from
Binomial Experiment.
(xi) What is Mean and Variance of Binomial Distribution?
(xii) If n= 8, p= 0.4, then find Variance of Binomial Distribution.
(xiii) If N= 10, n= 5, k= 4, find variance of Hypergeometric Distribution.
(xiv) What is Binomial Experiment?
(xv) If men= 20 p= 0.2 in Binomial Distribution, then find n?
(xvi) In Binomial distribution, men= 6 and variance = 4. Find its parameters.
(xvii) In a Binomial distribution n= 5 and p= 0.5. Find coefficient of variance.
(xviii) Write down the characteristics of Binomial distribution any two.
(xix) Criticize the statement that in a Binomial Distribution Mean= 6 nd S.D= 2.5
(xx) Find the Mean and Variance of the following binomial distribution
(xxi) Define the Hyper geometric Distribution.
(xxii) If n= 5 , p= 0.25, Find P(x .
(xxiii) Define Binomial Probability Distribution.
(xxiv) Given N= 10, k= 3 and n= 3 . Find P(x<1).
(xxv) Given N= 10, k= 3 and n=2, find E(x).
(xxvi) A Coin is tossed 5 times. What is the probability of getting exactly 3 heads.
(xxvii) Is it possible to have binomial distribution with men= 12 and S.D=4?
(xxviii) Write the formula of Hypergeometric Distribution.
(xxix) If N= 11, n= 5, k= 7 , find variance of Hypergeometic distribution.
(xxx) How many and what are the parameters of Hypergeometric distribution.
(xxxi) Write down the formulas of mean and variance of Hypergeometric distribution.

Objective of 2018 Supply paper

(1) Statistics are:

(A) Aggregate of facts (B) Always true (C) Always Continuous (D) Always qualitative
(2) A frequency distribution can be:

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(A) Qualitative (B) Discrete (C) Continuous (D) All of these

(3) Histogram is the graph of
(A) Continuous frequency distribution (B) Time series (C)Qualitative (D) Ogive
(4) The sum of the deviations taken from Mean is:
(A) Alays equal to zero (B) Some time equal to zero (C) Never equal to zero
(D) Less than zero
(5) Harmonic Mean gives less weight to:
(A) Small vlue (B) Large value (C) Positive value (D)Negative value
(6) If a= 5 and b= 5, then Harmonic Mean is:
(A) 5 (B) 5 (C) 0 (D) Infinity
(7) The Range of scores 29, 3, 143, 27, 99 is:
(A) 140 (B) 143 (C) 146 (D)70
(8) If there are ten values each equal to 10. Then standard deviation of these values is:
(A) 100 (B) 20 (C) 10 (D) 0
(9) The degree of peakedness or flatness of auni model distribution is called:
(A) skewness (B) Symmetry (C) Dispersion (D) KUrtosis
(10) In Index is called a simple index when it is computed from:
(A) Single Value (B) Bi variable (C) Multi variable (D) None of these
(11) Fisher price Index formula is:

(A) (B) (C) (D) none of

these
(12) Probability lies between:
(A) to +1 (B) 0 to 1 (C) 0 to n (D) 0 to
(13) If two dice are rolled ,the possible outcomes are:
(A) 6 (B) 36 (C) 1 (D) None of these
(14) A variable that cn assume any possible value between two points is called:
(A) Discrete random variable (B) Continuous random variable
(C) Discrete sample space (D) Random variable
(15) A random variable is also called:
(A) Chance variable (B) Stochastic variable (C) Constant (D) Both A and B
(16) The mean and variance of the Binomial distribution are respectively:
(A) np and npq (B) np and (C) np and nq (D) n and p
(17) The Hypergeometic distribution has:
(A) One parameter (B) Two parameters (C) Three parameters (D) four
parameters

2018(Annual)
(1) If X and Y are two random variables then E(X –Y)=:
(A) E(X)+E(Y) (B) E(X) E(Y) (C) E(X)E(Y) (D) XE(Y)

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(2) If = 0, the distribution is:

(A) Positive skewed (B) Symmetrical (C) Negative Skewed (D) Leptokurtic
(3) In qualitative data, the most suitable value average is:
(A) Arithmetic Mean (B) Geometric Mean (C) Harmonic Mean (D) Mode
(4) Laspyre’s index Number is also called:
(A) Current yet Weighted (B) Base year weighted (C) Ideal Index Number (D) Simple
Index Number
(5) If < 3then the distribution is:
(A) Meso kurtic (B) Lepto kurtic (C) Playty Kurtic (D) Symmetrical
(6) A graph of cumulative frequency distribution is:
(A) Histogram(B) Pie chart (C) Bar chart (D) Ogive
(7) In Hyper geometric distribution , trial are:
(A) Independent (B) Dependent (C) Mutually Exclusive (D) Not Fixed
(8) In a symmetrical distribution:
(A) Mean Median Mode (B) Mean> Median> Mode (C) Mean< Median< Mode (D)
Mean> Median. Mode
(9) If A and B are mutually exclusive events then P(AUB)equal to:
P(A)+P(B) (B) P(A)+P(B)+P(AnB) (C) P(A)+P(B) P(AnB)(D) P(A

(10) Brand of a sop is………variable:

(A) Quantitative (B) Qualitative (C) Imaginary (D) Continuous

(11) In Index Numbers the base er should be:

(A) First year (B) Second Year (C) Last Year (D) Normal Year
(12) Headings for different columns in a table are called:
(A) Stub (B) Title (C) Column captions (D) Prefatory note
(13) A random variable is also named as:
(A) Chance variable (B) Qualitative variable (C) Attribute (D) Discrete variable
(14) Probability of an event cannot be:
(A) 0 (B) Negative (C) 1 (D) positive
(15) If p=q=1/2, the distribution is a:
(A) Skewed (B) Asymmetrical(C) Symmetrical (D) Positive skewed
(16) S.D(Y+=a) =………:
(A) S.D(y)+a (B) | a|S.D(y) (C) S.D(y) (D) S.D (y)
(17) =:
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) Lest (D) Minimum

Annual 2017
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An Easy Way to Understand Statistics

i For symmetrical distribution the moment ratio:

(A) (B) (C) (D)

ii The variance of 5, 5, 5, 5, is:

(A) 5 (B) 25 (C) Zero (D) one

iii Which of the following is a measure of dispersion:

(A) Mean (B) Mean Deviation (C) Median (D) Quartile

iv Harmonic Men of any two numbers a and b is:

(A) (B) ( (C) (D)

V For a certain frequency distribution then the Mean

is:

(A) 18 (B) 25 (C) 20 (D) Zero

Vi The cumulative frequency distribution is graphically represented by:

(A) Frequency curve (B) Frequency polygon (C) pie diagram (D) Ogive

vii The process of arranging the observations into different classes is called:

(A) Classification (B) Tabulation (C) Sampling (D) Frequency Distribution

viii A quantity computed from sample is called:

(A) Parameter (B) Statistic (C) Constant (D) Population

ix The Index Number constructed for price of more than one commodity is called:

(A) Simple Index Number (B) Volume Price Index (C) Composite price Index D) mixed

x Which price relative is used in chain Relatives:

(A) (B) (C) (D)

xi Hypergeometric probability distribution has parameters:

(A) N, N,K (B) n, k (C) N, k (D) N. n

Xii The Variance of binomial distribution is :

(A) (B) 3pq (C) pq (D) 3p

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xiii The binomial probability distribution is positively skewed when:

(A) p (B) p (C) p (D) p

xiv a and b are any two constants and X is a variable then E(ax is:

(A) aE(x) (B) aE(x) (C) E(x) (D)

xv Let p(x) is probability mass function of discrete random variable X, then is:

(A) Zero (B) Less than one (C) one (D) greater than
one

xvi Two events A nd B are said to be mutually exclusive if :

(A) P(AnB) (B) P(AnB) (C) P(AUB) (D) P(AUB)

Xvii Which of the following cannot be the probability of an event?

(A) 1.75 (B) zero (C) 0.36 (D) 0.8

2018(Annual) Multan
(1) A variable that can assume any value within the given interval is called:
(A) Discrete variable (B) Continuous (C)Independent (D) Dependent
variable variable variable
(2) The average of lower and upper limit is:
(A) Class boundary (B) Class frequency ( C) Class Marks (D) Class Limits
(3) A pie diagram represented by:
A)Rectangle (C) Circle ( C) Triangle (E) Square
(4) The middle value of an ordered series is called:
(D) Median (E) 5th decile ( C) 50th percentile (F) All these
(5) If the value of Mean Median and Mode coincide in a uni Model distribution, then the
distribution will be:
(F) Skewed to the Left (G) Skewed to the ( C) Multi model (G) Symmetrical
right
(6) The Geometric Men for x1 and x2 is:
(H) (I) ( C) (H)
(7) …………….is expressed in the same units as the units of observation.
(J) Variance (K) S.D ( C) coefficient of of (I) Coefficient of
variance Range
(8) The first three moments of a distribution about the mean are 0, 4, and 0. The distribution
is
(L) Symmetrical (M)Skewed to the ( C) Skewed to the (J) Lepto kurtic

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right left
(9) In Meso kurtic Distribution:
(N) (O) (C) (K)

(10) In chain base Method base period:

(P) Fixed (Q) Not fixed ( C) Constant (L) Zero
(11) Index Number for the base period is always taken as:
(R) 100 (S) one ( C) 200 (M) zero
(12) The probability of an event cannot be:
(T) Equl to zero (U) Between zero to ( C) Equal to one (N) Less than one
one
(13) An arrangement of the objects without regarding their order is called:
(V) Permutation (W) Combination (C)Random (O) Sample Point
Experiment
(14) E is
(X) E(x) (Y) E( ) ( C) var(x) (P) S.D(x)
(15) A discrete probability function f(x) is always non negative and alwys lies between:
(Z) 0 to infinity (AA) 0 to 1 ( C) to 1 (Q)
(16) The parameters of binomial distribution are:
(BB) N and p (CC) P and q ( C) np and nq (R) Np and npq
(17) The Mean of the Hypergeometri distribution is:
(DD) (EE) ( C) (S)

Long Questions Chapter # 4 (Measures Of Dispersion)

Q No. 1. Calculate the Mean Deviation from Mean and Coefficient of Mean Deviation from
the following data.
Marks 30 39 40 49 50 59 60 69 70 79
f 18 87 190 80 20

Q No. 2. Given that

42580. Find first four moments about Mean.

Q No. 3. The first three moments about the value 2 of a variable X are 1, 16, and 40. Show
that the Mean is 3 variance is 15 and third moment about Mean is .For the following
frequency distribution , find the quartile Deviation.

Marks 10 20 20 30 30 40 40 50 50 60
f 3 8 14 7 4
Q No. 4. Calculate Standard Deviation and Coefficient of of Variance from the following
data.

Y 375 400 425 450 475 500

f 22 34 47 37 46 14

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Q No. 5. First four moments about 20 are given as 2, 15, 25 and 80 respectively. Find
moments about Mean also find Moments Ratios.

Q No. 6. First four moments about 3 are given as 2, 10, 25 and 50 respectively. Find
moments about Mean also find Moments Ratios.

Q No. 7. Lower and Upper quartiles of a distribution are 142.36 and 167.73 respectively
while median is 153.50. Find coefficient of Skewness.

Q No. 7. From the following data find the combined mean and combined Standard Deviation.

Q No. 8. Calculate C.V for the data given: 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95.

Q No. 9. Find first moment about Mean and Second moment about mean of the following
data.

X 12 14 16 18 20
f 1 4 6 10 7
Q No. 10. Compute the variance from the following data.

Classes 10 19 20 29 30 39 40 49 50 59
f 5 25 40 20 10
Q No. 11. Find first four moments about mean for the following frequency distribution.

X 12 14 16 18 20 22
f 1 4 6 10 7 2
Q No. 12. Calculate the first four moments about X from the following data.

10, 12, 16 and 18.

Q No. 13. Calculate Mean Deviation from Median from the following data.

Groups 15 24 25 34 35 44 45 54 55 64
f 2 5 10 8 5
Q No. 14. First four moments about Mean of a Distribution are 0.3, 74, 45 and 121. Find out
whether the distribution is Leptokurtic or Platykurtic.

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