Class X

Subject: Social Science

Eeonomics
CH 1Development
Notes

What Development Promises - Different People, Different Goals

Development promises a real growth by enhancing total income and standard of living
person.
> Different people have different development goals. The
development goals are varying
from people to people depending on their life situations.
> For example: a girl fronm a rich urban family gets a much freedom as her brother and is
able to decide what she wants to do in life. She is atble to pursue her studies abroad.

Income and Other Goals

> People prefer to carm more income for fulfilling their daily requirements of life.
Companies provide material thing like money. But people also want non-material thing
like freedom, security and respect of others.
Some companies provide less salary but offer regular employment which enhances sense
of securities.
> Inother case, some companies provide high salary but offer no job securities. They
reduce sense of securities.
u

National Development
National development refers to ability of anation to improve standard of living of its
citizens.
Standards of living of citizens depend upon per capita income, Gross Domestic Product,
of
literacy rate and availability of health etc. These factors also consider as measure
improvement.
How to compare different countries or states?
of per capita income.
We can compare different countries or states on the basis has
> We can't take national income to compare different countries because each country
different population rate.
of a country to total population
> Per capita income is calculated by dividing total income
of that country. of that
shows the standard of living of the citizens
> Per capita income of a country
particular company.
higher per capita income is more developed than others with ess per
A country with
capita income.
Income and other Criteria
of the people, people are not only want better income,
> For achieving development goal like freedom, Security and respect of otherS.
they also want non-material thing
 > For development of a nation average income or per capita income is needed.
State Per Capita Income
(in Rs) 2018-19
Haryana 1,80,174
Kerala 1,63.475
Bihar 34,409

As per table, Haryana had top position with 1,80,174 per capita income. Whereas, Bihar
was in bottom positionwith 34,409 per capita income. It means a person in Haryana
earned Rs. 1,80,174 in one year. Whercas., a person in Bihar earned only Rs 34,409 in one
year. So, Haryana is more developed country than Bihar with 1,80,174 per capita income.

Developmentof a nation is also depended upon literacy rate.

State Infant Mortality Rate Literacy Rate Net Attendance Ratio (per
per 1000 live births % 100 persons) secondary
(2017) 2011(P) stage (age 14 and 15 years)
20013-14
Haryana 30 82 61
Kerala 10 94 83
Bihar 35 62 43
In this table, the first columns shows that in Kerala, out of 1000 children born, 10 died
before completing one year of age but in Haryana, out of 1000 children born, 30 died
before completing one year of age and in Bihar, out of 1000 children born, 35 died before
completing one year of age.The last columns shows that in Kerala ,83 children out of
100 aged 14-15 are not attending school beyond Class 8, which is greater than
Maharashtra and Bihar.

PublicFacilities
> Facilities which are provided by the government considered as public facilities like
schools, hospitals, community halls, transport, electricity etc.
As we know that Punjab has more income than the average person in Kerala but Kerala
has a low Infant Mortality Rate because of better public facilities like Public Distribution
System which provide Human and nutritional status of the state.
> Weneed public facilities because we are not able to purchase all things by money. We
can't able to buy a pollution free environment with the help of money.
Sustainability of Development
Sustainable Development refers to a development without damaging the environment.
> It is helpful to fulfills the needs of the human being without harming the ability of the
future generation.
> For sustainable development, we have to use non-renewable resources like carbon based
originally designed fuel for the quality how much we needed.
> Some renewable resources like groundwater will take long time for replenished. So we
should use that resource is finite quality.
 CLASS X
CHAPTER-I DEVELOPMENT

01. What is the meaning of development? Explain the two aspects of development?
Ans.(i) Development means change for the better/ progress over a period of time.
(ii) It comprises of social, political, economic, cultural elements or issues.
(ii) Alleconomies whether developed or developing aim at development i.e. quality education, medical care, nutritive
food and better living conditions so as to improve the quality of life of people.
Two aspects of development are:
Different persons can have different developmental goals.
What may be development for one may not be development for the other. It might be destructive for others.
o2. Why do different persons have different notions of development? Explain with examples.
Ans. (i) People have different developmental goals because life situations of people are
(ii) They seek things that are most important for them i.e. which can fulfill their different.
aspirations
(iii) For eg: Developmental goal of alandless rural labourer may be to get more days of work,
or desires.
better
prosperous farmer would aspire for a high family income through higher support prices for his crops,wages
etc whereas
cheap labourers etc. hardworking and

Q3. People have conflicting developmental goals.' Justify the

Ans. (i)Two persons, or group of persons, at times may seek things
statement with suitable examples.
which are
(ü) What may be development for one may not be development for the other.conflicting.
It may even be destructive for the other.
(iiü) For e.g.:
> A girl expects as much freedom and opportunity as her brother and that he also
Her brother may not like this. shares in the household work.
Similarly, to get more electricity, industrialists may want more dams. But, this may submerge the land and
the lives of people who are displaced such as tribals. They might resent this and disrup
prefer smallcheck dams to
irrigate their land.
Q4. Give some examples where factors other than income are
important aspects of our lives.
OR
Mention the factors on which the quality of life depends.
Ans. Besides seeking more income, people also seek things like equal
treatment, freedom, security respect of others,
affectionate behavior of family and friends, clean environment, good health and education facilities.
Q5. 'For development, people look at a mix of goals.' Support the statement giving
suitable examples.
Ans. The developmental goals that people have are not only about better income but also about other
important things
in life like respect of others, equal treatment, freedom, security, affectionate behavior etc.
For eg(i) Women who are engaged in paid work gets more respect in the household and society. As a result, there would
be more sharing of housework and a greater acceptance of women working outside. Asafe and secure environment, as
desired by women, may encourage more women to take up a variety of jobs or run a business.
(i) Before accepting ajob, people may consider many factors, apart from income, such as facilities for family, working
atmosphere, job security, opportunity to learn, scope for promotion, work timings etc.
Q6. Mention the economicindicators to assess the development of a country.
Ans. (i)National Income/ Total ncome: It is the sum total of incomes earned by the residents of a country during a
particular year.
(ii) Per capita Income:lt is the average income of people of a country during a particular year. It is obtained by dividing
total income of a country by its population.
Per capita income= Total income
Population
 of Iiving to the peonla .
Asound economy with higher national and per capita income can provide better standard
country.
Q7.Why is total income not a useful measure for comparing development of various countries?
Ans.(i)Since countries have different populations comparing total income does not tell what an average person is likel,
earn.

(ii) It therefore can't be used to judge precisely whether people in one country are better off than others in adifferery
country.
(iii) It only focuses on the monetary aspect i.e. income and does not tell about the availatbility of educational, medical
facilities, quality of environment, and other services that tooinfluence the quality of life.
Q8. Why is per capita income a better measure for comparing development of various countries?
OR
What is the significance of per capita income?
Ans.(i) Different countries have different populations. So, total income doesn't tellwhat an average person is likely to
earn. Therefore, average income is more useful for making comparisons.
(1) It determines the amount of goods and services that citizens are able to use. Hence, it can be used to judge the
general standard of living enjoyed by the average citizen.
(ii) lt is an important indicator for catégorizing countries into developed, developing and under developed.
Q9. Discuss the limitations of average incomne as a measure of development.
OR
Why is per capita not a reliable indicator of economic development?
Ans. (i) Per capita income can't be used solely as a measure of development because it hides disparities.
(i) It doesn't tell us how the income is distributed among people. There may be avery large number of poor people in a
society but only a handful of very rich persons. Per capita income will not reflect these differences.
(i) it doesn't tell about the educational, medical facilities, quality of environment and other services that influence the
quality of life.

Q10. What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries?
Ans. (i) In World Development Reports, brought out by the World Bank, per capita income is used in classifying countries.
(ii)Countries with per capita income of US$ 12236 per annum and above in 2016, are called rich countries.
(ii)Countries with per capita income of US$ 1005 per annum or less, are called low income countries.
(iv)lndia was recognized as low middle income country because its per capita income in 2016 was just US$ 1840per
annum.

Q11. Explain the basis of comparison of economic development of different states or countries.
Ans.() Per capita Income:lt is the average income of people of acountry during a particular year. Higher per capita
income means more availability of goods and services per head and higher standard of living.
(ü) Infant Morality Rate:lt indicates the number of children that die before the age of one year as a proportion of 1000
live children born in that particular year.
Lower IMR indicates better medical and child care facilities, better availability of food, clean environment etc.
(tiü) Literacy Rate:lt measures the proportionof literate population in the 7 and above age group. Higher
literacy rate
implies people can undertake better job opportunities.
(iv) Net Attendance Ratio (NAR): It is the total number of children of age group 14 and 15 years attending school as a
percentage of total number of children in the same age group. Higher NAR shows provision of better education facilities.

Q12. What is BMI? How is it calculated?

Ans. BMIstands for Body Mass Index. It is calculated to assess the nutritional status of adults.
Its Calculation:
Take the weight of the person in kg.
Then take the height in metres.
Divide weight by the square of height.
If this figure is less than 18.5, then the person would be considered undernourished.
 If BMI is more than 25, then a
person is
13.' Moneynyourpocket can't buy all goots andoverweignt.
ns. Income by itself is
souires that vou may need to live well" Justiny
citizens are able to use.
not a completely services that
For eg: money cant buy us a adequate indicator of material goods and
Money can't ensure that we particular free environment.
get unadulterated medicines unless we can afford to shift to a community that
already has these things.
Money may also be able to protect us from injectious diseases unless the whole of our community takes
preventive steps.
Hence, there must be an adequate provision of public facilities for the development of a country.

014.Describe the public facilities needed for the development of acountry.

Ans. Public facilities are provided by the government for the welfare of the
people.
i) Adequate provision of health and education facilities for all.
(i)Provision of safe drinking water, electricity atreasonable rates.
i) Availability of unadulterated medicines, eatables.
liv)Good infrastructure such as road, transport, irrigation
facilities etc.
(v) An effective Public Distribution System.

015. Distinguish between human and economic development.

Ans.
Economic Development Human Development
1.lt refers to quantitative growth 1. Human Development Report
taking olace in an economy measured published by UNDP compares
through an increase in the production countries based on educational levl of
of goods and services during a year. people,their health status and per
capita income.
2. It is measured on the basis of 2.It is measured as a cumulative index
nationaland per capita income. of :
(0) life expectancy
(iü) adult literacy rate and grpss
enrollment ratio.
(ii) Standard of living judged by per
capita income.
3. It is narrow in scope. 3. It is broader in scope.

Q16. Explain the indicators used by UNDP for measuring development.

OR
Explain the components of Human Development Index.
and
Ans. (i) Per capita income-It is used to indicate the purchasing power of the people or their ability to buy goods
services.
above age group.
(ti) Adult Literacy Rate - It means the proportion of literate population in the 15 and
higher education
(ii)Gross Enrollment Rate-This means enrollment ratio for primary school, secondary school and
beyond secondary school.
person at the time of birth.
(iv) Life Expectancy at Birth -It denotes average expected length of life of a
lower per capita income?
Q17. Why Kerala has a better human development ranking than Haryana, inspite of
Haryana.
Ans. (i) Kerala has lower infant morality rate than
attendance ratio than Haryana.
(ii) Kerala has higher literacy rate and net of clean environment. a
(i) It shows Kerala has adequate provision of basic health and education facilities, availability
strong Public Distribution System.
Kerala compared to Haryana.
It therefore indicates high level of human development in
 Q18. In what respects is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development different from the one
World Bank? used by the
Ans.
World Bank UNDP
1. In World Development Reports 1. Human Development Report
brought out by the World Bank, per published by UNDP compares
capita income is used for measuring countries based on educational level of
development. people, their health status and per
capita income.
2. It focuses only on
of development.
quatitative aspect 2. It focuses on qualitative and
quantitative aspect of development.
3. It is narrow in scope. 3. It is broader in scope.

Q19. What is Sustainable Development? Why is the issue of

Ans. Sustainable Development means development should take sustainability important for development?
in the present should not place without damaging the environment. Development
compromise with the needs of future generations.
IMPORTANCE:
1 Limited resources: The stock of natural resources is limited. Thus, the
future is likely to be endangered if the limited resources are growth of all countries of the world in
crude oil at present rate, then the future completely exhausted. For e.g. if we continue using
generations will have no oil reserves after 53 years.
2 Concern for environment: The process of development has led to
adversely affecting the quality of life in present and future environmental degradation and pollution
generations.
Hence, sustainable development aims at raising the quality of life of both
threatening natural resources and environment. present and future generations without

Q20. What are renewable resources and

Ans. Renewable resources are those whichnon-renewable resources? Give examples.
can be used without the possibility of resource
exhausted. These resources are replenished by nature. For example: becoming depleted or
groundwater, plants
Non-Renewable resources are those which get exhausted with extraction and use. There is a etc.
resources which can't be replenished. For example: fossil fuels like fixed stock of such
coal, minerals etc.
Q21. State some of the
measures/strategies to achieve sustainable development.
Ans. (i) Lesser use of fossil fuels and reliance on
wind power and solar energy. non-conventional and environment friendly sources of energy such as
(ii) Shift to organic farming.
(ii) Use of cleaner fuels such as CNG and in rural
areas LPG and gobar gas should be promote.
(iv) Conserve water through rainwater harvesting.
(v) Use of energy efficient appliances and LED bulbs.

022. The earth has enough resources to meet the

needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of
person.' How is this statement relevant to to the discussion of even one
Ans. (i) Resources are important for the development activities ofdevelopment?
a nation.
(ii) Unreasonable consumptions and
problems.
over-utilization of resources may lead to socio-economic and environmental
(iii) The exploitative nature of modern
technology and the greed of selfish individuals are the root cause of
depletion. resource
Gandhiji has rightly said 'There is enough for everybody's needs but not for
anyone's greed.
Q23.Is crude oil essential for the development of a country? Discuss.
Ans. Yes, itis
essentialIfor the of the following reasons: for manufacturing avariet
development of a country becausechemicals,petrochemicals
used as a raw material in a number of industries such as and
( tis
productssuch as plastics,detergents etc.
of
tis used as a source of energy for running industrial machines.
Detroleum derivates are used in cosmetic industry. For eg: Vaselline jely
liv)By products of refined crude oil are petrol, diesel and kerosene.
Petrol and diesel are tuels for running automobiles, ships and tractors etc.
without its overuse?
024. Why is groundwater overused? Can there be development
Ans.(i) Groundwater is overused due to:
Urbanisation - large and growing population of cities. oftubewells
thus resulting inincreased use
Agricultural advancement- rising demand of food and cash crops ,
and wells for irrigation.
(i) Development can be brought without overuse of groundwaterby taking following steps:
canals need to be developed.
Alternative sources of irrigation such as
By harvesting rain water through rain water harvesting. run off and alloW more
helps in increasing groundwater as plants reduce surface
Increasing the vegetation cover
water to seep into the ground.
would be possibilities 50 years
from now?
by people in India. What
of energy used
Q25. Find out the present sources
used by people in India are: of time. Such sources are
Ans. The present sources of energy refer to such sources which are in use since a Ing perid
of energy:
> Conventional sources coal,petroleum,natural gas etc.
recent times. For
non-renewable. For eg:
energy: refer to such sources which have come into use only in
sources of energy.
> Non- Conventional These are renewable sources of
bio-gas and tidal power.
eg: solar energy, wind energy,

Possibilties after 50 years: regenerated.Theirconsumption at

limited and once exhausted can't
petroleum are used to increase
> Resources like coal and production and reserves. If these resources are recklessly
present is too high incomparison to
production, India will faceenergy
crises. after 50 years.
rate,then future generations will have no oil reserves
at present articles will
> For eg: if use continue
using oil
producting countries. The rising prices of oiland its related
imports from oil
> Indiadepends on oil etc as the
increase financial burden on everyone. energy like solar energy,wind energy
non-conventional sources of
Thus. India willhave to use more of activities.
exhausted in future by human
are not likely to get