DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE – 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

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UNIT CONTENT

1 PHP BASICS

2 CONTROL STRUCTURE AND LOOPS

3 FUNCTIONS, OBJECTS AND ERRORS

4 WORKING WITH FORMS

5 MORE WITH FORMS

6 STORING AND PROTECTING DATA

7 MYSQL DATABASE OVERVIEW

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 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE – 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

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UNIT - 1
PHP Basics
PHP is a server-side scripting language. It is used to develop Static
websites or Dynamic websites or Web applications.
PHP stands for Hypertext Pre-processor, that earlier stood for Personal Home
Pages.
PHP scripts can only be interpreted on a server that has PHP installed.
The client computers accessing the PHP scripts require a web browser only.
A PHP file contains PHP tags and ends with the extension ".php".

Commonusesof PHP
 PHP performs system functions, i.e. from files on a system it can
create, open, read, write, and close them.
 PHP can handle forms, i.e. gather data from files, save data to a file,
through email you can send data, return data to the user.
 We can add, delete and modify elements within our database through PHP.
 Access cookies variables and set cookies.
 Using PHP, you can restrict users to access some pages of your website.
 It can encrypt data.

History of PHP

 The first version of PHP is PHP/FI (Form Interpreter) developed by

Ramous Lerdorf, monitoring page view for his online resume.
 This version supports some basic function, capable to handle form data and
mSql db.
 PHP/FI 1.0 followed by PHP/FI 2.0 and quickly supplanted in1997 by

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 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE – 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

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PHP3.0.
 PHP3.0 developed by Anti Gutmus and Zee Surakshi, complete rewrite of
PHP/FI.
 It supports a wide range of database such as MySQL and Oracle.
 In 2003 PHP4.0 was released with better performance, greater
reliability, support for web server other than Apache. Support OOPs
concept.
 PHP 5.0 support message passing, abstract classes, destructor, better
memory management.
 PHP is used on over 15 million website.

Characteristics of PHP
There are many features given by PHP. All Features discussed below one by one.
Familiarity
Simplicity
Efficiency
Security
Flexibility
Open source
Object Oriented

Familiarity:
If you are in programming background then you can easily understand
the PHP syntax. And you can write PHP script because of most of PHP
syntax inherited from other languages like C or Pascal.
Simplicity:
PHP provides a lot of pre-define functions to secure your data. It is also

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 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE – 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

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compatible with many third-party applications, and PHP can easily integrate
with other.
In PHP script there is no need to include libraries like c, special
compilation directives like Java, PHP engine starts execution from (<?)
escape sequence and end with a closing escape sequence (<?). In PHP script,
there is no need to write main function. And also you can work with PHP
without creating a class.

Efficiency:
PHP 4.0 introduced resource allocation mechanisms and more
pronounced support for object-oriented programming, in addition to session
management features. Eliminating unnecessary memory allocation.

Security:
Several trusted data encryption options are supported in PHP’s predefined
function set.
You can use a lot of third-party applications to secure data, allowing for securing
application.

Flexibility: -
PHP is a very flexible language because PHP is an embedded language
you can embed PHP scripts with HTML, JAVA SCRIPT, WML, XML, and
many others. You can run your PHP script on any device like mobile Phone,
tabs, laptops, PC and others because of PHP script execute on the server then
after sending to the browser of your device.

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 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE – 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

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Free:
PHP is an open source programming language so you can download freely
there is no
need to buy a licence or anything.
Object Oriented
PHP has added some object-oriented programming features, and Object
Oriented programming became possible with PHP 4. With the introduction of
PHP 5, the PHP developers have really beefed up the object-oriented features
of PHP, resulting in both more speed and added features.

Creating (Declaring) PHP Variables

In PHP, a variable starts with the $ sign, followed by the name of the variable:

<?php
$txt = "Hello world!";
$x = 5;
$y = 10.5;
?>

The variable $txt will hold the value Hello world! the variable $x
will hold the value 5, and the variable $y will hold the value 10.5.

PHP Variables
A variable can have a short name (like x and y) or a more descriptive
name (age, car name, total volume).

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 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE – 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

Rules for PHP variables:

 A variable starts with the $ sign, followed by the name of the variable
 A variable name must start with a letter or the underscore character
 A variable name cannot start with a number
 A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and
underscores (A-z, 0-9, and _ )
 Variable names are case-sensitive ($age and $AGE are two different variables)

PHP variable names are case-sensitive.

Output Variables

 The PHP echo statement is often used to output data to the screen.
 The following example will show how to output text and a variable:
Example:
<?php
$txt = "Hello
World!"; echo
"Welcome To $txt!";
?>
Output:
Welcome To Hello World!

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 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE – 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

The following example will produce the same output as the example above:
<?php
$txt = "Hello World";
echo "Welcome To " . $txt. "!";
?>
Output: Welcome To Hello World!

PHP is a Loosely Typed Language

In the example above, notice that we did not have to tell PHP which
data type the variable is.PHP automatically converts the variable to the
correct data type, depending on its value.
In other languages such as C, C++, and Java, the programmer must
declare the name and type of the variable before using it.

PHP Variables Scope

In PHP, variables can be declared anywhere in the script.

The scope of a variable is the part of the script where the variable can be referenced
/ used.
PHP has three different variable scopes:
 Local
 Global
 Static

Global and Local Scope

A variable declared outside a function has a GLOBAL SCOPE and
can only be accessed outside a function:

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

Example:
<?php
$x = 5; // global scope
function myTest() {
// using x inside this function will generate an error
echo"<p>Variable x inside function is: $x</p>";
}
myTest();

echo"<p>Variable x outside function is: $x</p>";

?>

Output:
Variable x inside function is:
Variable x outside function is: 5
A variable declared within a function has a LOCAL SCOPE and
can only be accessed within that function:

Example:
<?php
function myTest() {
$x = 5; // local scope
echo"<p>Variable x inside function is: $x</p>";
}
myTest();

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 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE – 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

// using x outside the function will generate an error

echo"<p>Variable x outside function is: $x</p>";
?>
Output:
Variable x inside
function is: 5 Variable x
outside function is:
You can have local variables with the same name in different
functions, because local variables are only recognized by the function in
which they are declared.

Global Keyword
The global keyword is used to access a global variable from
within a function. To do this, use the global keyword before the
variables (inside the function):

Example:
<?php
$x = 5;
$y = 10;

functionmyTe
st(){ global
$x, $y;
$y = $x + $y;
}
myTest();

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 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE – 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

echo $y; // outputs 15

?>
Static Keyword
Normally, when a function is completed / executed, all of its variables
are deleted. However, sometimes we want a local variable NOT to be deleted.
We need it for a further job. To do this, use the static keyword when you first
declare the variable:

Example:
<?php
function
myTest() {
static $x = 0;
echo $x;
$x++;
}
myTest();
myTest();
myTest();
?>

Output: 0 1 2
Then, each time the function is called, that variable will still have the
information it contained from the last time the function was called.

Note: The variable is still local to the function.

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

PHP Data Types

Variables can store data of different types, and different data types can do
different
things.
PHP supports the following data types:
 String
 Integer
 Float (floating point numbers - also called double)
 Boolean
 Array
 Object
 NULL
 Resource

PHP String
A string is a sequence of characters, like "Hello world!". A string can
be any text inside quotes. You can use single or double quotes:
Example
<?php
$x = "Hello world!";
$y = 'Hello
world!'; echo
$x;
echo"<br>";
echo $y; ?>

Output:

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 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE – 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

Hello World
Hello World

PHP Float
A float (floating point number) is a number with a decimal point or a
number in exponential form.
In the following example $x is a float. The PHP var_dump () function
returns the data type and value:
Example

<?php
$x = 10.365;
var_dump($x);
?>

Output:

float (10.365)

PHP Boolean

A Boolean represents two possible states: TRUE or FALSE.

$x=true;
$y = false;

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

Booleans are often used in conditional testing

PHP Array
An array stores multiple values in one single variable.
In the following example $cars is an array. The PHP var_dump ()
function returns the data type and value:

<?php
$cars =
array("Volvo","BMW","Toyo
ta"); var_dump($cars);
?>

Output
array(3) { [0]=> string(5) "Volvo" [1]=> string(3) "BMW" [2]=> string(6) "Toyota"
}

PHP Object
An object is a data type which stores data and information on how to
process that data. In PHP, an object must be explicitly declared. First we
must declare a class of object. For this, we use the class keyword.

A class is a structure that can contain properties and methods:

<? php
class
Car {

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

function Car () {
$this->model = "VW";
}
}

// create an object
$herbie = new Car();

// show object
properties echo
$herbie->model;
?>

Output: VW

PHP NULL Value

Null is a special data type which can have only one value: NULL.
A variable of data type NULL is a variable that has no value assigned to it.
Tip: If a variable is created without a value, it is automatically assigned a
value of NULL. Variables can also be emptied by setting the value to
NULL:
<?php
$x = "Hello world!";
$x = null;

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 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE – 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

var_dump(
$x);
?>

Output: NULL

PHP Resource
The special resource type is not an actual data type. It is the storing of a
reference to functions and resources external to PHP. A common example of
using the resource data type is a database call.

PHP Operators
Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values.

PHP divides the operators in the following groups:

 Arithmetic operators
 Assignment operators
 Comparison operators
 Increment/Decrement operators
 Logical operators
 String operators
 Array operators

PHP Arithmetic Operators

The PHP arithmetic operators are used with numeric values to

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 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE – 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

perform common arithmetical operations, such as addition, subtraction,

multiplication etc.

Operator Name Example Result

+ Addition $x + $y Sum of $x and $y

- Subtraction $x - $y Difference of $x and $y

* Multiplication $x * $y Product of $x and $y

/ Division $x / $y Quotient of $x and $y

% Modulus $x % $y Remainder of $x divided by

$y

Result of raising $x to the

** Exponentiation $x ** $y
$y'th power (Introduced in
PHP

PHP Assignment Operators

The PHP assignment operators are used with numeric values to
write a value to a variable.
The basic assignment operator in PHP is "=". It means that the left
operand gets set to the value of the assignment expression on the right.
Assignment Same as... Description

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 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE – 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

x=y x=y The left operand gets set to the value of the
expression on the right
x += y x=x+y Addition
x -= y x=x–y Subtraction

x *= y x=x*y Multiplication

x /= y x=x/y Division

x %= y x=x%y Modulus

Comparison Operators
The PHP comparison operators are used to compare two values (number or
string):

Operator Name Example Result

== Equal $x == $y Returns true if $x is equal to $y
Returns true if $x is equal to $y,
=== Identical $x === $y
and they are of the same type

!= Not equal $x != $y Returns true if $x is not equal to $y

< Not equal $x <> $y Returns true if $x is not equal to $y
>
Returns true if $x is not equal to $y,
!= Not identical $x !== $y
or they are not of the same type
=
> Greater than $x > $y Returns true if $x is greater than $y
< Less than $x < $y Returns true if $x is less than $y

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

Greater than or Returns true if $x is greater than

>= $x >= $y
equal to or equal to $y
Returns true if $x is less than or
<= Less than or $x <= $y
equal to $y
equal to

Increment / Decrement Operators

The PHP increment operators are used to increment a
variable's value. The PHP decrement operators are
used to decrement a variable's value.

Operator Name Description

++$x Pre-increment Increments $x by one, then returns $x

$x++ Post-increment Returns $x, then increments $x by

one
--$x Pre-decrement Decrements $x by one, then returns
$x
$x-- Post-decrement Returns $x, then decrements $x by
one

PHP Logical Operators

The PHP logical operators are used to combine conditional statements.

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

Operator Name Example Result

and And $x and y True if both $x and
$y are true

or Or $x or $y True if either $x or
$y is true

True if either $x or
xor Xor $x xor
$y is true, but not
$y
both

&& And $x && True if both $x and

$y $y are true

|| Or $x || $y True if either $x or
$y is true

! Not !$x True if $x is not true

PHP String Operators

PHP has two operators that are specially designed for strings.

Operator Name Example Result

Concatenation of
. Concatenation $txt1 . $txt2
$txt1 and $txt2

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

Concatenati
$txt1 .= $txt2 Appends $txt2 to
on
.= $txt1
assignment
PHP Array Operators
The PHP array operators are used to compare arrays.
Conditional statements are used to perform different actions based on different
conditions

Operator Name Example Result

. + Union $x + $y Union of $x and $y
Returns true if $x and $y
== Equality $x == $y
have the same key/value
pairs
Returns true if $x and $y
=== Identity $x === $y have the same key/value
pairs in the same order and
of the same types
!= Inequality $x != $y Returns true if $x is not equal
to $y
<> Inequality $x <> $y Returns true if $x is not equal
to $y
Returns true if $x is not
!== Non-identity $x !== $y identical to $y

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 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE – 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

UNIT 2
CONTROL STRUCTURE AND LOOPS

PHP Conditional Statements

Very often when you write code, you want to perform different actions
for different conditions. You can use conditional statements in your code to
do this. In PHP we have the following conditional statements:

 if statement - executes some code if one condition is true

 if...else statement - executes some code if a condition is true and
another code if that condition is false
 if...else if else statement - executes different codes for more than two
conditions
 switch statement - selects one of many blocks of code to be executed

PHP - The if Statement

The if statement executes some code if one condition is true.

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 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE – 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

Syntax

if (condition)

{
code to be executed if condition is true;
}

The example below will output "Have a good day!" if the current time (HOUR) is
less than 20:

Example

<?php
$t = date("H");

if ($t <"20") {
echo"Have a good day!";
}
?>

Output: Have a good day!

PHP - The if...else Statement

The if else statement executes some code if a condition is true and another code if

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 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE – 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

that
condition is false.
Syntax
if (condition)

{
code to be executed if condition is true;
} else {
code to be executed if condition is false;
}

The example below will output "Have a good day!" if the current time
is less than 20, and "Have a good night!" otherwise:

PHP - The if...elseif else Statement

The if....else if else statement executes different codes for more than two
conditions.
Syntax
if (condition)

{
code to be executed if this condition is true;
} elseif (condition) {
code to be executed if this condition is true;
} else {

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

code to be executed if all conditions are false;

}

The example below will output "Have a good morning!" if the current
time is less than 10, and "Have a good day!" if the current time is less than
20. Otherwise it will output "Have a good night!":

Example

<?php
$t = date("H");

if ($t <"10") {
echo"Have a good morning!";
} elseif ($t <"20") {
echo"Have a good
day!";
} else {
echo"Have a good night!";
}
?>

The PHP switch Statement

Use the switch statement to select one of the many blocks of code to be

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

executed.

Syntax
switch (n)

{
caselabel1:
code to be executed if n=label1;
break;
case
label2:

code to be executed
if n=label2;
break;
case label3:
code to be executed if n=label3;
break;
default:
code execute when n is different from all label

This is how it works: First we have a single expression n (most often a variable),
that is evaluated once. The value of the expression is then compared with the
values for each case in the structure. If there is a match, the block of code

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

associated with that case is executed. Use break to prevent the code from
running into the next case automatically. The default statement is used if no
match is found.

Example
<?php
$favcolor =
"red"; switch
($favcolor){
case “red":
echo “Your
favoritecolor is red!";

break;
case"blue":
echo"Your favoritecolor
is blue!"; break;
case"green":
echo"Your favoritecolor
is green!"; break;
default:
echo"Your favoritecolor is neither red, blue, nor green!";
}
?>

Output: Your favourite color is red!

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

PHP Loops
Often when you write code, you want the same block of code to run over
and over again in a row. Instead of adding several almost equal code-lines in a
script, we can use loops to perform a task like this.

In PHP, we have the following looping statements:

 while - loops through a block of code as long as the specified condition is true
 do...while - loops through a block of code once, and then repeats the
loop as long as the specified condition is true
 for - loops through a block of code a specified number of times
 for each - loops through a block of code for each element in an array
The PHP while Loop
The while loop executes a block of code as long as the specified condition is
true.

Syntax
while (condition is true)

{
code to be executed;
}

The example below first sets a variable $x to 1 ($x = 1). Then, the
while loop will continue to run as long as $x is less than, or equal to 5 ($x <=
5). $x will increase by 1 each time the loop runs ($x++):

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

Example

<?php
$x = 1;
while($x <=
5) {
echo"The number is: $x <br>";
$x++;
}
?>
Output :

PHP do...while Loop

The do...while loop will always execute the block of code once, it
will then check the condition, and repeat the loop while the specified
condition is true.

Syntax
do

{
code to be executed;
} while (condition is true);

The example below first sets a variable $x to 1 ($x = 1). Then, the
do while loop will write some output, and then increment the variable $x with

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

1. Then the condition is checked (is

$x less than, or equal to 5?), and the loop will continue to run as long as $x is
less than, or equal to 5:
Example
<?php
$x =
1; do
{
echo"The number is: $x <br>";
$x++;
} while ($x <= 5);
?>

Output:
The number is: 1 The number is: 2 The number is: 3 The number is: 4 The number
is: 5
Array
An array stores multiple values in one single variable:

<?php
$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota");
echo "I like " . $cars[0] . ", " . $cars[1] . " and " . $cars[2] . ".";
?>
An array is a special variable, which can hold more than one value at a time.

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

If you have a list of items (a list of car names, for example), storing
the cars in single variables could look like this:

$cars1 = "Volvo";
$cars2 = "BMW";
$cars3 = "Toyota";
Create an Array in
PHP

In PHP, the array() function is used to create an array:

array();

In PHP, there are three types of arrays:

 Indexed arrays - Arrays with a numeric index

 Associative arrays - Arrays with named keys
 Multidimensional arrays - Arrays containing one or more arrays

PHP Indexed Arrays

There are two ways to create indexed arrays:

The index can be assigned automatically (index always starts at 0), like this:
$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW",
"Toyota"); or the index can be
assigned manually:
$cars[0] = "Volvo";

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

$cars[1] = "BMW";
$cars[2] = "Toyota";

The following example creates an indexed array named $cars, assigns

three elements to it, and then prints a text containing the array values:

Example

<?php
$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota");
echo "I like " . $cars[0] . ", " . $cars[1] . " and " . $cars[2] . ".";
?>

PHP Associative Arrays

Associative arrays are arrays that use named keys that you
assign to them. There are two ways to create an associative
array:
$age = array("Peter"=>"35", "Ben"=>"37",

"Joe"=>"43"); or:
$age['Peter'] = "35";
$age['Ben'] = "37";
$age['Joe'] = "43";

The named keys can then be used in a script:

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

Example

<?php
$age = array("Peter"=>"35", "Ben"=>"37",
"Joe"=>"43"); echo "Peter is " . $age['Peter'] .
" years old.";
?>

Sort Functions For Arrays

we will go through the following PHP array sort functions:

 sort() - sort arrays in ascending order

 rsort() - sort arrays in descending order
 asort() - sort associative arrays in ascending order, according to the
value
 ksort() - sort associative arrays in ascending order, according to the key
 arsort()- sort associative arrays in descending order, according to the
value
 krsort()- sort associative arrays in descending order, according to the key

Sort Array in Ascending Order - sort()

The following example sorts the elements of the $cars array in ascending
alphabetical order:

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

Example

<?php
$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW",
"Toyota"); sort($cars);
?>
The following example sorts the elements of the $numbers array in ascending
numerical
order:
Example
<?php
$numbers = array(4, 6, 2,
22, 11); sort($numbers);
?>
Sort Array in Descending Order - rsort()
The following example sorts the elements of the $cars array in descending
alphabetical
order:

Example
<?php
$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW",
"Toyota"); rsort($cars);
?>

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

The following example sorts the elements of the $numbers array in

descending numerical order:

Example
<?php
$numbers = array(4, 6, 2,
22, 11); rsort($numbers);
?>

Sort Array (Ascending Order), According to Value - asort()

The following example sorts an associative array in ascending order,
according to the
value:

Example

<?php
$age = array("Peter"=>"35", "Ben"=>"37",
"Joe"=>"43"); asort($age);
?>

Sort Array (Ascending Order), According to Key - ksort()

The following example sorts an associative array in ascending order,
according to the
key:
Example

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

<?php
$age = array("Peter"=>"35", "Ben"=>"37",
"Joe"=>"43"); ksort($age);
?>

Sort Array (Descending Order), According to Value - arsort()

The following example sorts an associative array in descending order,
according to the
value:

Example
<?php
$age = array("Peter"=>"35", "Ben"=>"37",
"Joe"=>"43"); arsort($age);
?>

Sort Array (Descending Order), According to Key - krsort ()

The following example sorts an associative array in descending order,
according to the
key:

Example
<?php
$age = array("Peter"=>"35", "Ben"=>"37",
"Joe"=>"43"); krsort($age);

?>

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

UNIT-III
PHP – FUNCTIONS, OBJECTS AND ERRORS

PHP functions are similar to other programming languages. A function is a piece of

code which takes one more input in the form of parameter and does some processing
and returns a value.

You already have seen many functions like fopen() and fread() etc. They are built-in
functions but PHP gives you option to create your own functions as well.

There are two parts which should be clear to you −

 Creating a PHP Function

 Calling a PHP Function

In fact you hardly need to create your own PHP function because there are already
more than 1000 of built-in library functions created for different area and you just need
to call them according to your requirement.

Please refer to PHP Function Reference for a complete set of useful functions.

Creating PHP Function

Its very easy to create your own PHP function. Suppose you want to create a PHP
function which will simply write a simple message on your browser when you will call
it. Following example creates a function called writeMessage() and then calls it just
after creating it.

Note that while creating a function its name should start with keyword function and all
the PHP code should be put inside { and } braces as shown in the following example
below –

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

<html>

<head>
<title>Writing PHP Function</title>
</head>

<body>

<?php
/* Defining a PHP Function */
function writeMessage() {
echo "You are really a nice person, Have a nice time!";
}

/* Calling a PHP Function */

writeMessage();
?>

</body>
</html>

This will display following result −

You are really a nice person, Have a nice time!

PHP Functions with Parameters

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PHP gives you option to pass your parameters inside a function. You can pass as many
as parameters your like. These parameters work like variables inside your function.
Following example takes two integer parameters and add them together and then print
them.

<html>

<head>

<title>Writing PHP Function with Parameters</title>

</head>

<body>

<?php

function addFunction($num1, $num2) {

$sum = $num1 + $num2;

echo "Sum of the two numbers is : $sum";

addFunction(10, 20);

?>

</body>

</html>

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

This will display following result −

Sum of the two numbers is : 30

Passing Arguments by Reference

It is possible to pass arguments to functions by reference. This means that a reference

to the variable is manipulated by the function rather than a copy of the variable's value.

Any changes made to an argument in these cases will change the value of the original
variable. You can pass an argument by reference by adding an ampersand to the
variable name in either the function call or the function definition.

Following example depicts both the cases.

<html>

<head>

<title>Passing Argument by Reference</title>

</head>

<body>

<?php

function addFive($num) {

$num += 5;

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

function addSix(&$num) {

$num += 6;

$orignum = 10;

addFive( $orignum );

echo "Original Value is $orignum<br />";

addSix( $orignum );

echo "Original Value is $orignum<br />";

?>

</body>

</html>

This will display following result −

Original Value is 10
Original Value is 16
PHP Functions returning value

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

A function can return a value using the return statement in conjunction with a value or
object. return stops the execution of the function and sends the value back to the calling
code.

You can return more than one value from a function using return array(1,2,3,4).

Following example takes two integer parameters and add them together and then
returns their sum to the calling program. Note that return keyword is used to return a
value from a function.

<html>

<head>

<title>Writing PHP Function which returns value</title>

</head>

<body>

<?php

function addFunction($num1, $num2) {

$sum = $num1 + $num2;

return $sum;

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

$return_value = addFunction(10, 20);

echo "Returned value from the function : $return_value";

?>

</body>

</html>

This will display following result −

Returned value from the function : 30

Setting Default Values for Function Parameters

You can set a parameter to have a default value if the function's caller doesn't pass it.

Following function prints NULL in case use does not pass any value to this function.

<html>

<head>

<title>Writing PHP Function which returns value</title>

</head>

<body>

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

<?php

function printMe($param = NULL) {

print $param;

printMe("This is test");

printMe();

?>

</body>

</html>

This will produce following result −

This is test

Types of errors in PHP

Basically, an error is a mistake in a program that may be caused by writing incorrect

syntax or incorrect code. An error message is displayed on your browser containing the
filename along with location, a message describing the error, and the line number in
which error has occurred.

There are usually different types of error. In PHP, mainly four types of errors are
considered:

1. Syntax Error or Parse Error

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

2. Fatal Error
3. Warning Error
4. Notice Error

We will discuss all these errors in detail with examples:

Syntax Error or Parse Error

A syntax error is a mistake in the syntax of source code, which can be done by
programmers due to their lack of concern or knowledge. It is also known as Parse
error. Compiler is used to catch the syntax error at compile time.

Fatal Error

A fatal error is another type of error, which is occurred due to the use of undefined
function. The PHP compiler understands the PHP code but also recognizes the
undefined function. This means that when a function is called without providing its
definition, the PHP compiler generates a fatal error.

Warning Error

A warning is generated when the programmer tries to include a missing file. The PHP
function calls that missing file which does not exist. The warning error does not
stop/prevent the execution of the program.

The main reason behind generating a warning error is to pass an incorrect number of
parameters to a function or to include a missing file

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

Notice Error

Notice error is same as warning error. When program contains something wrong, the
notice error occurs. But it allows/continue the execution of the program with a notice
error. Notice error does not prevent the execution of the code. For example - access to
undefined variable.

Objects in php

A class is defined by using the class keyword, followed by the name of the class and a
pair of curly braces ({}). All its properties and methods go inside the braces

<?php
class Fruit {
// code goes here...
}
?>

Classes are nothing without objects! We can create multiple objects from a class. Each
object has all the properties and methods defined in the class, but they will have
different property values.

Objects of a class are created using the new keyword.

In the example below, $apple and $banana are instances of the class Fruit:

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

Example

<?php
class Fruit {
// Properties
public $name;
public $color;

// Methods
function set_name($name) {
$this->name = $name;
}
function get_name() {
return $this->name;
}
}

$apple = new Fruit();

$banana = new Fruit();
$apple->set_name('Apple');
$banana->set_name('Banana');

echo $apple->get_name();
echo "<br>";
echo $banana->get_name();
?>

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

UNIT 4
WORKING WITH FORMS

HTML forms are used to send the user information to the server and returns the result
back to the browser. For example, if you want to get the details of visitors to your
website, and send them good thoughts, you can collect the user information by means
of form processing. Then, the information can be validated either at the client-side or
on the server-side. The final result is sent to the client through the respective web
browser. To create a HTML form, form tag should be used.

Attributes of Form Tag:

Attribute Description

It specifies the name of the form and is used to identify individual

name or id forms.

It specifies the location to which the form data has to be sent when
action the form is submitted.

It specifies the HTTP method that is to be used when the form is

submitted. The possible values are get and post. If get method is
used, the form data are visible to the users in the url. Default HTTP
method method is get.

It specifies the encryption type for the form data when the form is
encType submitted.

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

It implies the server not to verify the form data when the form is
novalidate submitted.

Creating a simple HTML Form: All the form controls given above is designed by
using the input tag based on the type attribute of the tag. In the below script, when
the form is submitted, no event handling mechanism is done. Event handling refers to
the process done while the form is submitted. These event handling mechanisms can
be done by using javaScript or PHP. However, JavaScript provides only client-side
validation. Hence, we can use PHP for form processing.

Form Validation: Form validation is done to ensure that the user has provided the
relevant information. Basic validation can be done using HTML elements. For
example, in the above script, the email address text box is having a type value as
“email”, which prevents the user from entering the incorrect value for an email. Every
form field in the above script is followed by a required attribute, which will intimate
the user not to leave any field empty before submitting the form. PHP methods and
arrays used in form processing are:
 isset(): This function is used to determine whether the variable or a form control is
having a value or not.
 $_GET[]: It is used the retrieve the information from the form control through the
parameters sent in the URL. It takes the attribute given in the url as the parameter.
 $_POST[]: It is used the retrieve the information from the form control through
the HTTP POST method. IT takes name attribute of corresponding form control as
the parameter.
 $_REQUEST[]: It is used to retrieve an information while using a database.
When and why we are using forms?

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

 Forms come in handy when developing flexible and dynamic applications that
accept user input.
 Forms can be used to edit already existing data from the database

Create a form

We will use HTML tags to create a form. Below is the minimal list of things you need
to create a form.

 Opening and closing form tags <form>…</form>

 Form submission type POST or GET
 Submission URL that will process the submitted data
 Input fields such as input boxes, text areas, buttons,checkboxes etc.

We can create and use forms in PHP. To get form data, we need to use PHP
superglobals $_GET and $_POST.

The form request may be get or post. To retrieve data from get request, we need to use
$_GET, for post request $_POST.

PHP Get Form

Get request is the default form request. The data passed through get request is visible
on the URL browser so it is not secured. You can send limited amount of data through
get request.

Let's see a simple example

<form action="welcome.php" method="get">

Name: <input type="text" name="name"/>

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

<input type="submit" value="visit"/>

</form>
File: welcome.php
<?php
$name=$_GET["name"];//receiving name field value in $name variable

echo "Welcome, $name";

?>

PHP Post Form

Post request is widely used to submit form that have large amount of data such as file
upload, image upload, login form, registration form etc.

The data passed through post request is not visible on the URL browser so it is secured.
You can send large amount of data through post request.

Let's see a simple example to receive data from post request in PHP.

File: form1.html
<form action="login.php" method="post">
<table>
<tr><td>Name:</td><td> <input type="text" name="name"/></td></tr>
<tr><td>Password:</td><td> <input type="password" name="password"/></td></tr>

<tr><td colspan="2"><input type="submit" value="login"/> </td></tr>

</table>
</form>

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

File: login.php
<?php
$name=$_POST["name"];//receiving name field value in $name variable
$password=$_POST["password"];//receiving password field value in $password
variable

echo "Welcome: $name, your password is: $password";

?>
Output:

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

Controls used in forms: Form processing contains a set of controls through which
the client and server can communicate and share information. The controls used in
forms are:
 Textbox: Textbox allows the user to provide single-line input, which can be used
for getting values such as names, search menu and etc.
 Textarea: Textarea allows the user to provide multi-line input, which can be used
for getting values such as an address, message etc.

 DropDown: Dropdown or combobox allows the user to provide select a value

from a list of values.
 Radio Buttons: Radio buttons allow the user to select only one option from the
given set of options.
 CheckBox: Checkbox allows the user to select multiple options from the set of
given options.
 Buttons: Buttons are the clickable controls that can be used to submit the form.
The code below creates a simple registration form
<html>
<head>
<title>Registration Form</title>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
</head>
<body>

<h2>Registration Form</h2>

<form action="registration_form.php" method="POST"> First name:

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

<input type="text" name="firstname"> <br> Last name:

<input type="text" name="lastname">

<input type="hidden" name="form_submitted" value="1" />

<input type="submit" value="Submit">

</form>
</body>
</html>

HERE,

 <form…>…</form> are the opening and closing form tags

 action=”registration_form.php” method=”POST”> specifies the destination URL
and the submission type.
 First/Last name: are labels for the input boxes
 <input type=”text”…> are input box tags
 <br> is the new line tag
 <input type=”hidden” name=”form_submitted” value=”1″/> is a hidden value
that is used to check whether the form has been submitted or not

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

 <input type=”submit” value=”Submit”> is the button that when clicked submits

the form to the server for processing

Submitting the form data to the server

The action attribute of the form specifies the submission URL that processes the data.
The method attribute specifies the submission type.

PHP POST method

 This is the built in PHP super global array variable that is used to get values
submitted via HTTP POST method.
 The array variable can be accessed from any script in the program; it has a global
scope.
 This method is ideal when you do not want to display the form post values in the
URL.
 A good example of using post method is when submitting login details to the
server.

It has the following syntax.

<?php
$_POST['variable_name'];
?>
HERE,

 “$_POST[…]” is the PHP array

 “’variable_name’” is the URL variable name.

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

PHP GET method

 This is the built in PHP super global array variable that is used to get values
submitted via HTTP GET method.
 The array variable can be accessed from any script in the program; it has a global
scope.
 This method displays the form values in the URL.
 It’s ideal for search engine forms as it allows the users to book mark the results.

It has the following syntax.

<?php
$_GET['variable_name'];
?>
HERE,

 “$_GET[…]” is the PHP array

 “’variable_name’” is the URL variable name.

GET vs POST Methods

POST GET
Values not visible in the URL Values visible in the URL
Has not limitation of the length Has limitation on the length of the
of the values since they are values usually 255 characters. This is
submitted via the body of HTTP because the values are displayed in the
URL. Note the upper limit of the
characters is dependent on the browser.

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

Has lower performance Has high performance compared to

compared to Php_GET method POST method dues to the simple nature
due to time spent encapsulation of appending the values in the URL.
the Php_POST values in the
HTTP body
Supports many different data Supports only string data types because
types such as string, numeric, the values are displayed in the URL
binary etc.
Results cannot be book marked Results can be book marked due to the
visibility of the values in the URL

Processing the registration form data

The registration form submits data to itself as specified in the action attribute of the
form.

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 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE – 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

When a form has been submitted, the values are populated in the $_POST super global
array.

We will use the PHP isset function to check if the form values have been filled in the
$_POST array and process the data.

We will modify the registration form to include the PHP code that processes the data.
Below is the modified code

<html>
<head>
<title>Registration Form</title>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">

</head>
<body>

<?php if (isset($_POST['form_submitted'])): ?> //this code is executed when the

form is submitted

<h2>Thank You <?php echo $_POST['firstname']; ?> </h2>

<p>You have been registered as

<?php echo $_POST['firstname'] . ' ' . $_POST['lastname']; ?>
</p>

<p>Go <a href="/registration_form.php">back</a> to the form</p>

<?php else: ?>

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 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE – 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

<h2>Registration Form</h2>

<form action="registration_form.php" method="POST">

First name:
<input type="text" name="firstname">

<br> Last name:

<input type="text" name="lastname">

<input type="hidden" name="form_submitted" value="1" />

<input type="submit" value="Submit">

</form>

<?php endif; ? >

</body>
</html>
HERE,

 <?php if (isset($_POST[‘form_submitted’])): ?> checks if the form_submitted

hidden field has been filled in the $_POST[] array and display a thank you and
first name message.

If the form_fobmitted field hasn’t been filled in the $_POST[] array, the form is
displayed.

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

UNIT 5
MORE WITH FORMS

Working with CHECKBOX

The checked attribute is a boolean attribute.

When present, it specifies that an <input> element should be pre-selected (checked)

when the page loads.

The checked attribute can be used with <input type="checkbox"> and <input
type="radio">.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<h1>The input checked attribute</h1>

<form action="/action_page.php"
method="get">
<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle1"
value="Bike">
<label for="vehicle1"> I have a
bike</label><br>
<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle2"

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

value="Car">
<label for="vehicle2"> I have a
car</label><br>
<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle3"
value="Boat" checked>
<label for="vehicle3"> I have a
boat</label><br><br>
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>

</body>
</html>

OUT PUT
The input checked attribute
I have a bike
I have a car
I have a boat

Asst. Prof: Mrs. Manjari N. Patharkar www.dacc.edu.in

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

isset() Function

The isset() function checks whether a variable is set, which means thet it has to be
declared and is not NULL. This function returns true if the variable exists and is not
NULL,otherwise it returns false.

Example

Check whether a variable is empty. Also check whether the variable is set/declared:

<?php
$a = 0;
// True because $a is set
if (isset($a)) {
echo "Variable 'a' is set.<br>";
}

$b = null;
// False because $b is NULL
if (isset($b)) {
echo "Variable 'b' is set.";
}
?>

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

OUTPUT
Variable 'a' is set.

Working with Radio Buttons

The <input type="radio"> defines a radio button.

Radio buttons are normally presented in radio groups (a collection of radio buttons
describing a set of related options). Only one radio button in a group can be selected at
the same time.

Note: The radio group must have share the same name (the value of the name attribute)
to be treated as a group. Once the radio group is created, selecting any radio button in
that group automatically deselects any other selected radio button in the same group.
You can have as many radio groups on a page as you want, as long as each group has
its own name.

Note: The value attribute defines the unique value associated with each radio button.
The value is not shown to the user, but is the value that is sent to the server on "submit"
to identify which radio button that was selected.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<h1>Display Radio Buttons</h1>

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

<form action="/action_page.php">
<p>Please select your favorite Web
language:</p>
<input type="radio" id="html"
name="fav_language" value="HTML">
<label for="html">HTML</label><br>
<input type="radio" id="css"
name="fav_language" value="CSS">
<label for="css">CSS</label><br>
<input type="radio" id="javascript"
name="fav_language" value="JavaScript">
<label for="javascript">JavaScript</label>

<br>

<p>Please select your age:</p>

<input type="radio" id="age1" name="age"
value="30">
<label for="age1">0 - 30</label><br>
<input type="radio" id="age2" name="age"
value="60">
<label for="age2">31 - 60</label><br>
<input type="radio" id="age3" name="age"
value="100">

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

<label for="age3">61 -
100</label><br><br>
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>

</body>
</html>

OUTPUT
Display Radio Buttons

Please select your favorite Web language:

HTML
CSS
JavaScript

Please select your age:

0 - 30
31 - 60
61 - 100

Submit

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 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE – 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

Form Validation in PHP

An HTML form contains various input fields such as text box, checkbox, radio buttons,
submit button, and checklist, etc. These input fields need to be validated, which ensures
that the user has entered information in all the required fields and also validates that the
information provided by the user is valid and correct.

There is no guarantee that the information provided by the user is always correct. PHP

validates the data at the server-side, which is submitted by HTML form

. You need to validate a few things:
1. Empty String
2. Validate String
3. Validate Numbers
4. Validate Email
5. Validate URL
6. Input length

Empty String

The code below checks that the field is not empty. If the user leaves the required field
empty, it will show an error message. Put these lines of code to validate the required
field.

if (emptyempty ($_POST["name"])) {
$errMsg = "Error! You didn't enter the Name.";
echo $errMsg;

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 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE – 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

} else {
$name = $_POST["name"];
}
Validate String

The code below checks that the field will contain only alphabets and whitespace, for
example - name. If the name field does not receive valid input from the user, then it
will show an error message:

$name = $_POST ["Name"];

if (!preg_match ("/^[a-zA-z]*$/", $name) ) {
$ErrMsg = "Only alphabets and whitespace are allowed.";
echo $ErrMsg;
} else {
echo $name;
}
Validate Number

The below code validates that the field will only contain a numeric value. For example
- Mobile no. If the Mobile no field does not receive numeric data from the user, the
code will display an error message:

$mobileno = $_POST ["Mobile_no"];

if (!preg_match ("/^[0-9]*$/", $mobileno) ){
$ErrMsg = "Only numeric value is allowed.";
echo $ErrMsg;
} else {
echo $mobileno;

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 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE – 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

}
Validate Email

A valid email must contain @ and . symbols. PHP provides various methods to validate
the email address. Here, we will use regular expressions to validate the email address.

The below code validates the email address provided by the user through HTML form.
If the field does not contain a valid email address, then the code will display an error
message:

$email = $_POST ["Email"];

$pattern = "^[_a-z0-9-]+(\.[_a-z0-9-]+)*@[a-z0-9-]+(\.[a-z0-9-]+)*(\.[a-z]{2,3})$^";
if (!preg_match ($pattern, $email) ){
$ErrMsg = "Email is not valid.";
echo $ErrMsg;
} else {
echo "Your valid email address is: " .$email;
}
Input Length Validation

The input length validation restricts the user to provide the value between the specified
range, for Example - Mobile Number. A valid mobile number must have 10 digits.

The given code will help you to apply the length validation on user input:

$mobileno = strlen ($_POST ["Mobile"]);

$length = strlen ($mobileno);

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 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE – 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

if ( $length < 10 && $length > 10) {

$ErrMsg = "Mobile must have 10 digits.";
echo $ErrMsg;
} else {
echo "Your Mobile number is: " .$mobileno;
}
Validate URL

The below code validates the URL

of website provided by the user via HTML form. If the field does not contain a valid
URL, the code will display an error message, i.e., "URL is not valid".
$websiteURL = $_POST["website"];
if (!preg_match("/\b(?:(?:https?|ftp):\/\/|www\.)[-a-z0-9+&@#\/%?=~_|!:,.;]*[-a-z0-
9+&@#\/%=~_|]/i",$website)) {
$websiteErr = "URL is not valid";
echo $websiteErr;
} else {
echo "Website URL is: " .$websiteURL;
}

Asst. Prof: Mrs. Manjari N. Patharkar www.dacc.edu.in

 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE – 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

UNIT – 6
STORING AND ROTECTING DATA

File handling is an important part of any web application. You often

need to open and process a file for different tasks.
PHP Manipulating Files
PHP has several functions for creating, reading, uploading, and editing files.
PHP readfile() Function
The readfile() function reads a file and writes it to the output buffer.
Assume we have a text file called "webdictionary.txt", stored on the server,
that looks like this: AJAX = Asynchronous JavaScript and XML
CSS = Cascading Style Sheets
HTML = Hyper Text Markup
Language PHP = PHP
Hypertext Pre-processor SQL
= Structured Query Language
SVG = Scalable Vector
Graphics
XML = EXtensibleMarkup Language

The PHP code to read the file and write it to the output buffer is as
follows (the readfile () function returns the number of bytes read on success)

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

Example
<?php
echo readfile("webdictionary.txt")
?>

PHP Open File - fopen ()

A better method to open files is with the fopen () function. This
function gives you more options than the readfile () function.
We will use the text file, "webdictionary.txt", during the lessons:
The first parameter of fopen () contains the name of the file to be
opened and the second parameter specifies in which mode the file should be
opened. The following example also generates a message if the fopen ()
function is unable to open the specified file:
Example
<?php
$myfile = fopen("webdictionary.txt", "r") or
die("Unable to open file!"); echo
fread($myfile,filesize("webdictionary.txt"));
fclose($myfile);
?>
The file may be opened in one of the following modes:

Mode Description
s

R Open a file for read only. File pointer starts at the beginning of the
file

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

W Open a file for write only. Erases the contents of the file or creates a
new file if it doesn't exist. File pointer starts at the beginning of the
file

A Open a file for write only. The existing data in file is preserved. File
pointer starts at the end of the file. Creates a new file if the file doesn't
exist

X Creates a new file for write only. Returns FALSE and an error if file
already exists

r+ Open a file for read/write. File pointer starts at the beginning of the
file

w+ Open a file for read/write. Erases the contents of the file or creates a
new file if it doesn't exist. File pointer starts at the beginning of the
file

a+ Open a file for read/write. The existing data in file is preserved. File
pointer starts at the end of the file. Creates a new file if the file doesn't
exist

x+ Creates a new file for read/write. Returns FALSE and an error if file
already exists

PHP Read File - fread ()

The fread() function reads from an open file.

The first parameter of fread() contains the name of the file to read from and
the second parameter specifies the maximum number of bytes to read.

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

The following PHP code reads the "webdictionary.txt"

file to the end: fread($myfile,filesize("webdictionary.txt"));

PHP Close File - fclose ()

The fclose () function is used to close an open file.

The fclose () requires the name of the file (or a variable that holds the
filename) we want to close:<?php
$myfile = fopen ("webdictionary.txt", "r");
// some code to be executed....
fclose($myfile);
?>

PHP Read Single Line - fgets ()

The fgets() function is used to read a single line

from a file.

The example below outputs the first line of the "webdictionary.txt" file:
Example
<?php
$myfile = fopen ("webdictionary.txt", "r") or die ("Unable
to open file!"); echo fgets($myfile);
fclose($myfile);
?>

Asst. Prof: Mrs. Manjari N. Patharkar www.dacc.edu.in

 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE – 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

PHP Create File - fopen ()

The fopen() function is also used to create a file. Maybe a little

confusing, but in PHP, a file is created using the same function used to open
files.

If you use fopen () on a file that does not exist, it will create it, given
that the file is opened for writing (w) or appending (a).

The example below creates a new file called "testfile.txt". The file will
be created in the same directory where the PHP code resides:

Example

$myfile = fopen ("testfile.txt", "w")

PHP File Permissions

If you are having errors when trying to get this code to run, check that
you have granted your PHP file access to write information to the hard drive.

PHP Write to File - fwrite ()

The fwrite () function is used to write to a file.

The first parameter of fwrite () contains the name of the file to write to
and the second parameter is the string to be written.

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 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE – 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

The example below writes a couple of names into a new file called
"newfile.txt":
Example

<?php
$myfile = fopen("newfile.txt", "w") or die("Unable to open file!");
$txt = "John
Doe\n";
fwrite($myfile,
$txt);
$txt = "Jane
Doe\n";
fwrite($myfile,
$txt);
fclose($myfile)
;
?>

Notice that we wrote to the file "newfile.txt" twice. Each time we wrote
to the file we sent the string $txt that first contained "John Doe" and second
contained "Jane Doe". After we finished writing, we closed the file using the
fclose () function.

Asst. Prof: Mrs. Manjari N. Patharkar www.dacc.edu.in

 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE – 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

If we open the "newfile.txt" file it would look like this:

John
Doe
Jane
Doe

Cookie
A cookie is often used to identify a user. A cookie is a small file that the
server embeds on the
user's computer. Each time the same computer requests a page with a
browser, it will send the cookie too. With PHP, you can both create and
retrieve cookie values.

Create Cookies With PHP

A cookie is created with the set cookie () function.

Syn
tax setcookie (name, value, expire, path, domain, secure, httponly);
Only the name parameter is required. All other parameters are optional.

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 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE – 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

PHP Create/Retrieve a Cookie

The following example creates a cookie named "user" with the value
"John Doe". The cookie will expire after 30 days (86400 * 30). The "/" means
that the cookie is available in entire website (otherwise, select the directory
you prefer).

We then retrieve the value of the cookie "user" (using the global
variable $_COOKIE). We also use the isset()function to find out if the cookie
is set:

Example
<?php
$cookie_name = "user";
$cookie_value = "John Doe";
setcookie($cookie_name, $cookie_value, time() + (86400 * 30), "/"); // 86400
= 1 day
?>
<html>
<body>
<?php
if(!isset($_COOKIE[$cookie
_name])) {
echo "Cookie named '" . $cookie_name. "' is not set!";
} else {
echo "Cookie '" . $cookie_name. "'
is set!<br>"; echo "Value is: " .
$_COOKIE[$cookie_name];

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

}
?>
</body>
</html>

Note: The setcookie () function must appear BEFORE the <html> tag.

Note: The value of the cookie is automatically URL encoded when sending
the cookie, and automatically decoded when received (to prevent URL
encoding, use setrawcookie () instead).

Modify a Cookie Value

To modify a cookie, just set (again) the cookie using the setcookie() function:
Example

<?php
$cookie_name = "user";
$cookie_value = "Alex Porter";
setcookie($cookie_name, $cookie_value, time() + (86400 * 30), "/");
?>
<html>
<body>
<?php

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

if(!isset($_COOKIE[$cookie
_name])) {
echo "Cookie named '" . $cookie_name. "' is not set!";
} else {
echo "Cookie '“. $cookie_name. "'
is set! <br>"; echo "Value is: “.
$_COOKIE[$cookie_name];
}
?>
</body>
</html>

Delete a Cookie
To delete a cookie, use the setcookie () function with an expiration date in the
past:
Example

<?php
// set the expiration date to one
hour ago setcookie("user", "",
time() - 3600);
?>
<html>
<body>

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 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE – 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

<?php
echo "Cookie 'user' is deleted.";
?>
</body>
</html>

Check if Cookies are Enabled

The following example creates a small script that checks whether
cookies are enabled. First, try to create a test cookie with the setcookie ()
function, then count the $_COOKIE array variable:

Example
<?php
setcookie("test_cookie", "test", time() + 3600, '/');
?>
<html>
<body>
<?php

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 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE – 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

if(count($_COOKIE) > 0) {
echo "Cookies are enabled.";
} else {
echo "Cookies are disabled.";
}
?>
</body>
</html>

Session
A session is a way to store information (in variables) to be used across
multiple pages.
Unlike a cookie, the information is not stored on the user’s computer.

What is a PHP Session?

When you work with an application, you open it, do some changes,
and then you close it. This is much like a Session. The computer knows who
you are. It knows when you start the application and when you end. But on
the internet there is one problem: the web server does not know who you are
or what you do, because the HTTP address doesn't maintain state.

Session variables solve this problem by storing user information to be

used across multiple pages (e.g. username, favoritecolor, etc). By default,
session variables last until the user closes the browser.

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

So; Session variables hold information about one single user, and
are available to all pages in one application.

Tip: If you need a permanent storage, you may want to store the data in a database.

Start a PHP Session

A session is started with the session_start () function.
Session variables are set with the PHP global variable: $_SESSION.

Now, let's create a new page called "demo_session1.php". In this page, we

start a new PHP session and set some session variables:

Example

<?php
// Start the
session
session_start(
);
?>

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 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE – 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<?php
// Set session variables
$_SESSION["favcolor"] = "green";
$_SESSION["favanimal"] = "cat";
echo "Session variables are set.";
?>
</body>
</html>

Note: The session_start () function must be the very first thing in your document.
Before any HTML tags.

Get PHP Session Variable Values

Next, we create another page called "demo_session2.php". From this
page, we will access the session information we set on the first page
("demo_session1.php").
Notice that session variables are not passed individually to each new
page, instead they are retrieved from the session we open at the beginning of
each page (session_start ()).
Also notice that all session variable values are stored in the global
$_SESSION variable:

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 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE – 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

Example
<?php
session_sta
rt ();
?>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<?php
// Echo session variables that were set on
previous page echo "Favoritecolor is “.
$_SESSION["favcolor"]. ”. <br>"; echo
"Favorite animal is “.
$_SESSION["favanimal"]. ".";
?>
</body>
</html>

Another way to show all the session variable values for a user session is to
run the following code:

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 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE – 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

Example
<?php
session_sta
rt ();
?>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<?php
print_r($_SES
SION);
?>
</body>
</html>

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 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE – 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

UNIT – 7
MYSQL DATABASE OVERVIEW

Database
A database is a separate application that stores a collection of data.
Each database has one or more distinct APIs for creating, accessing,
managing, searching and replicating the data it holds.

Other kinds of data stores can also be used, such as files on the file
system or large hash tables in memory but data fetching and writing would
not be so fast and easy with those type of systems.

Nowadays, we use relational database management systems (RDBMS)

to store and manage huge volume of data. This is called relational database
because all the data is stored into different tables and relations are
established using primary keys or other keys known as Foreign Keys.

A Relational DataBase Management System (RDBMS) is a software that −

 Enables you to implement a database with tables, columns and indexes.

 Guarantees the Referential Integrity between rows of various tables.
 Updates the indexes automatically.
 Interprets an SQL query and combines information from various tables.

RDBMS Terminology

Before we proceed to explain the MySQL database system, let us revise

a few definitions related to the database.
Database

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 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE – 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

Table − A table is a matrix with data. A table in a database looks like a simple
spreadsheet.

Column − One column (data element) contains data of one and the same
kind, for example the column postcode.

Row − A row (= tuple, entry or record) is a group of related data, for example the
data of one subscription.

Redundancy − Storing data twice, redundantly to make the system faster.

Primary Key − A primary key is unique. A key value can not occur twice in
one table. With a key, you can only find one row.

Foreign Key − A foreign key is the linking pin between two tables.

Compound Key

because one column is not sufficiently unique.

Index − An index in a database resembles an index at the back of a book.

Referential Integrity

an existing row.

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 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE – 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

MySQL Database

MySQL is a fast, easy-to-use RDBMS being used for many small and big
businesses. MySQL is developed, marketed and supported by MySQL AB,
which is a Swedish company. MySQL is becoming so popular because of
many good reasons −

 MySQL is released under an open-source license. So you have nothing to pay

to use it.

 MySQL is a very powerful program in its own right. It handles a large

subset of the functionality of the most expensive and powerful
database packages.

 MySQL uses a standard form of the well-known SQL data language.

 MySQL works on many operating systems and with many languages

including PHP, PERL, C, C++, JAVA, etc.

 MySQL works very quickly and works well even with large data sets.

 MySQL is very friendly to PHP, the most appreciated language for web
development.

 MySQL supports large databases, up to 50 million rows or more in a

table. The default file size limit for a table is 4GB, but you can
increase this (if your operating system can handle it) to a theoretical
limit of 8 million terabytes (TB).

 MySQL is customizable. The open-source GPL license allows

programmers to modify the MySQL software to fit their own specific
environments.

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 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE – 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

MySQL uses many different data types broken into three categories −

 Numeric
 Date and Time
 String Types.

Numeric Data Types

MySQL uses all the standard ANSI SQL numeric data types, so if
you're coming to MySQL from a different database system, these definitions
will look familiar to you.

The following list shows the common numeric data types and their descriptions −

INT
A normal-sized integer that can be signed or unsigned. If signed, the
allowable range is from -2147483648 to 2147483647. If unsigned, the
allowable range is from 0 to 4294967295. You can specify a width of up to
11 digits.
TINYINT
A very small integer that can be signed or unsigned. If signed, the
allowable range is from -128 to 127. If unsigned, the allowable range is from
0 to 255. You can specify a width of up to 4 digits.

SMALLINT
A small integer that can be signed or unsigned. If signed, the allowable
range is from - 32768 to 32767. If unsigned, the allowable range is from 0 to
65535. You can specify a width of up to 5 digits.

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

MEDIUMINT
A medium-sized integer that can be signed or unsigned. If signed, the
allowable range is from -8388608 to 8388607. If unsigned, the allowable
range is from 0 to 16777215. You can specify a width of up to 9 digits.

BIGINT
A large integer that can be signed or unsigned. If signed, the allowable range
is from -
9223372036854775808 to 9223372036854775807. If unsigned, the allowable
range is from 0 to 18446744073709551615. You can specify a width of up to
20 digits.

FLOAT(M,D)
A floating-point number that cannot be unsigned. You can define the
display length (M) and the number of decimals (D). This is not required and
will default to 10,2, where 2 is the number of decimals and 10 is the total
number of digits (including decimals). Decimal precision can go to 24 places
for a FLOAT.

DOUBLE(M,D)
A double precision floating-point number that cannot be unsigned. You
can define the display length (M) and the number of decimals (D). This is not
required and will default to 16,4, where 4 is the number of decimals. Decimal
precision can go to 53 places for a DOUBLE. REAL is a synonym for
DOUBLE.

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DECIMAL(M,D)
An unpacked floating-point number that cannot be unsigned. In the
unpacked decimals, each decimal corresponds to one byte. Defining the
display length (M) and the number of decimals (D) is required. NUMERIC is
a synonym for DECIMAL.

Date and Time Types

The MySQL date and time data types are as follows −

DATE
A date in YYYY-MM-DD format, between 1000-01-01 and 9999-
12-31. For example, December 30th, 1973 would be stored as 1973-12-30.
DATE TIME
A date and time combination in YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS format,
between 1000-01-01 00:00:00 and 9999-12-31 23:59:59. For example, 3:30
in the afternoon on December 30th, 1973
would be stored as 1973-12-30 15:30:00.

TIME STAMP
A timestamp between midnight, January 1st, 1970 and sometime in
2037. This looks like the previous DATETIME format, only without the
hyphens between numbers; 3:30 in the afternoon on December 30th, 1973
would be stored as 19731230153000 (YYYYMMDDHHMMSS).

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TIME
Stores the time in a HH:MM:SS format.

YEAR(M)
Stores a year in a 2-digit or a 4-digit format. If the length is specified as
2 (for example YEAR(2)), YEAR can be between 1970 to 2069 (70 to 69).
If the length is specified as 4, then YEAR can be 1901 to 2155. The default
length is 4.

String Types
Although the numeric and date types are fun, most data you'll store will
be in a string format. This list describes the common string datatypes in
MySQL.

CHAR(M)
A fixed-length string between 1 and 255 characters in length (for
example CHAR(5)), right-padded with spaces to the specified length when
stored. Defining a length is not required, but the default is 1.

VARCHAR(M)
A variable-length string between 1 and 255 characters in length. For
example, VARCHAR(25). You must define a length when creating a
VARCHAR field.

Asst. Prof: Mrs. Manjari N. Patharkar www.dacc.edu.in

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

BLOB or TEXT
A field with a maximum length of 65535 characters. BLOBs are
"Binary Large Objects" and are used to store large amounts of binary data,
such as images or other types of files. Fields defined as TEXT also hold large
amounts of data. The difference between the two is that the sorts and
comparisons on the stored data are case sensitive on BLOBs and are not case
sensitive in TEXT fields. You do not specify a length with BLOB or TEXT.

TINYBLOB or TINYTEXT
A BLOB or TEXT column with a maximum length of 255 characters.
You do not specify a length with TINYBLOB or TINYTEXT.

MEDIUMBLOB or MEDIUMTEXT
A BLOB or TEXT column with a maximum length of 16777215
characters. You do not specify a length with MEDIUMBLOB or
MEDIUMTEXT.
LONGBLOB or LONGTEXT
A BLOB or TEXT column with a maximum length of 4294967295
characters. You do not specify a length with LONGBLOB or LONGTEXT.

ENUM
An enumeration, which is a fancy term for list. When defining an

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

ENUM, you are

creating a list of items from which the value must be selected (or it can be
NULL). For example, if you wanted your field to contain "A" or "B" or "C",
you would define your ENUM as ENUM ('A', 'B', 'C') and only those values
(or NULL) could ever populate that field.
To begin with, the table creation command requires the following details −

 Name of the table

 Name of the fields
 Definitions for each field

Syntax

Here is a generic SQL syntax to create a MySQL table −

CREATE TABLE table_name (column_namecolumn_type);

Now, we will create the following table in the TUTORIALS database.

create table tutorials_tbl (

tutorial_id INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,

tutorial_title VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,

tutorial_author VARCHAR (40) NOT NULL,

submission_date DATE,

PRIMARY KEY (tutorial_id)

);

Here, a few items need explanation −

 Field Attribute NOT NULL is being used because we do not want

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

this field to be NULL. So, if a user will try to create a record with a
NULL value, then MySQL will raise an error.

 Field Attribute AUTO_INCREMENT tells MySQL to go ahead and

add the next available number to the id field.
 Keyword PRIMARY KEY is used to define a column as a primary
key. You can use multiple columns separated by a comma to define a
primary key.
Open a Connection to MySQL
Before we can access data in the MySQL database, we need to be able to connect to
the server:
Close the Connection
The connection will be closed automatically when the script ends. To close the
connection before, use the following

Create a MySQL Database Using MySQLi

The CREATE DATABASE statement is used to create a database in MySQL.

Create a MySQL Table Using MySQLi

The CREATE TABLE statement is used to create a table in MySQL.

We will create a table named "MyGuests", with five columns: "id",

"firstname", "lastname", "email" and "reg_date":

After the data type, you can specify other optional attributes for each column:

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

 NOT NULL - Each row must contain a value for that column, null values are
not allowed
 DEFAULT value - Set a default value that is added when no other value is
passed
 UNSIGNED - Used for number types, limits the stored data to positive
numbers and zero
 AUTO INCREMENT - MySQL automatically increases the value of
the field by 1 each time a new record is added
 PRIMARY KEY - Used to uniquely identify the rows in a table. The
column with PRIMARY KEY setting is often an ID number, and is
often used with AUTO_INCREMENT

Each table should have a primary key column (in this case: the "id"
column). Its value must be unique for each record in the table.

Insert Data into MySQL Using MySQLi

After a database and a table have been created, we can start adding data in
them.
Here are some syntax rules to follow:

 The SQL query must be quoted in PHP

 String values inside the SQL query must be quoted
 Numeric values must not be quoted
 The word NULL must not be quoted
The INSERT INTO statement is used to add new records to

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

a MySQL table: INSERT INTO table_name (column1,

column2, column3,...)
VALUES (value1, value2, value3,...)
Now, let us fill the table with data.

Note: If a column is AUTO_INCREMENT (like the "id" column) or

TIMESTAMP (like the "reg_date" column), it is no need to be specified in
the SQL query; MySQL will automatically add the value.

The following examples add a new record to the "MyGuests" table:

Example (MySQLi Procedural)

The SELECT statement is used to select data from one or more tables:
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name
or we can use the * character to select ALL
columns from a table: SELECT * FROM
table_name

Select Data WithMySQLi

The following example selects the id, firstname and lastname columns
from the MyGuests table and displays it on the page:
Example (MySQLi Object-oriented)

<?php
$servername = "localhost";
$username = "username";

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

$password = "password";
$dbname = "myDB";
// Create connection
$conn = new mysqli($servername, $username, $password, $dbname);
// Check connection
if ($conn->connect_error) {
die("Connection failed: " . $conn->connect_error);
}
$sql = "SELECT id, firstname, lastname FROM MyGuests";
$result = $conn-
>query($sql); if
($result->num_rows>
0) {
// output data of each row
while($row = $result-
>fetch_assoc()) {
echo "id: " . $row["id"]. " - Name: " . $row["firstname"]. " " . $row["lastname"].
"<br>";
}
} else {
echo "0 results";
}
$conn->close();
?>
Output:
id: 1 - Name: John

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Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

Doe id: 2 - Name:

Mary Moe id: 3 -
Name: Julie
Dooley

Delete Data From a MySQL Table Using MySQLi

The DELETE statement is used to delete records from a table:

DELETE FROM table_name

WHERE some_column = some_value

Notice the WHERE clause in the DELETE syntax:

The WHERE clause specifies which record or records that should
be deleted. If you omit the WHERE clause, all records will be deleted!

id firstname lastname email reg_date

1 John Doe john@example.com 2014-10-22 14:26:15

2 Mary Moe mary@example.com 2014-10-23 10:22:30

3 Julie Dooley julie@example.com 2014-10-26 10:48:23

The following examples delete the record with id=3 in the "MyGuests" table:

Example (MySQLi)

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 DNYANSAGAR ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE, BALEWADI, PUNE – 45

Subject : PHP Class:SYBBA(CA)

<?php
$servername = "localhost";
$username = "username";
$password = "password";
$dbname = "myDB";
// Create connection
$conn = new mysqli ($servername, $username, $password, $dbname);
// Check connection
if ($conn->connect_error) {
die("Connection failed: " . $conn->connect_error);
}
// sql to delete a record
$sql = "DELETE FROM MyGuests
WHERE id=3"; if ($conn-
>query($sql) === TRUE) {
echo "Record deleted successfully";
} else {
echo "Error deleting record: " . $conn->error;
}
$conn->close();
?>

Asst. Prof: Mrs. Manjari N. Patharkar www.dacc.edu.in