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    plagiarism bisma zahoor

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    plagiarism bisma zahoor

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    plagiarism bisma zahoor

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    Laiba

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    of 10

    Abstract

    This study aims to find out the relationship between parenting style, bullying and self-esteem
    among school students. This study looks at how parenting style influences children's self-
    esteem and bullying behavior. Authoritarian parenting leads to more positive self-esteem, and
    authoritarian and neglectful parenting leads to bullying and low self-worth. Bullying does
    contribute to lower self-esteem but is not one of these cases of a bully or victim. The outcomes
    of these findings indicate the need for positive parenting as well as anti-bullying programs to
    promote good emotional growth. The sample of two hundred participants will be selected
    using connivence sampling between the age ranges from 14 to 18 year. Self-report measure of
    Parenting styles Scale (Kurukkan, A. et al., 2016), Bullying Scale (Olweus & Limber et al.,
    2016) and Self Esteem Scale (Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale et al,.2019) will be used for data
    collection.

    Keywords: parenting styles, bullying and self-esteem


    Introduction
    Adolescence is a time of physical, psychological, and mental growth that follows
    maturity. Parents and others needed to pay attention during this crucial period. (Saleh et al.,
    2021)

    The term "parenting style" describes the general method and technique that parents use to
    raise and discipline their kids. It is defined by behavioral patterns that include the degree of
    responsiveness (warmth and support) and demandingness (expectations and control). This idea
    sums up how these actions affect kids' behavioral, social, and emotional growth. (Georgiou et
    al., 2017)

    Bullying is defined as repeated acts of aggression by one or more people targeted at a


    weaker person, with a power disparity that makes it challenging for the victim to protect
    oneself. It can happen verbally, physically, socially, or online (cyberbullying), and it negatively
    impacts the victim's self-esteem and academic achievement. (Obregon-Cuesta et al., 2022)

    Self-esteem refers to an individual's thoughts and feelings regarding their own value and
    significance. The degree to which an individual regards themselves is reflected in their sense
    of self-worth and self-respect. (Peng et al., 2021)

    Literature Review
    Parenting style has effects on children's social, emotional, and academic competencies.
    Authoritative parenting has been found positively linked to high social competencies, good
    emotional competencies, and psychological adjustment, whereas authoritarian parenting was
    related to lower well-being (Steinberg et al., 1994); (Grusec et al., 1994); (Pomerantz et al.,
    2005). Indulgent parenting results in high well-being but poor achievement, and the neglectful
    parenting has the lowest competence. In the case of bullying, positive parenting protects against
    involvement, with negative parenting, such as authoritarian or neglectful styles, increasing in
    bullying behaviors (Turkish study, 2020); (Dutch study, 2019). Research studies also show that
    nurturing parenting improves self-esteem, indulgent parents showing the greatest self-esteem and
    authoritarian parent the lowest self-esteem showed (Hosogi et al., 2012); (Yang & Liang, 2008);
    (García & Gracia, 2009). Parents' emotional warmth and support are fundamental to self-esteem,
    but negative parenting deteriorates it (Yang & Zhou, 2008). Longitudinal research must be
    performed to understand the long-term outcomes of these parenting orientations better.

    Theoretical Framework

    Baumrind divides parenting styles into four primary categories: permissive, authoritarian,
    authoritative, and neglectful. Each method has a distinct effect on children's conduct, sense of
    self, and bullying experiences. These parenting philosophies relate to the connection between
    bullying, self-esteem, and parenting.

    Authoritarian parenting improves social skills and self-esteem, which reduces the
    likelihood of bullying (Hong et al., 2020); (Erlin He et al., 2023). Authoritarian parenting
    results in anxious, insecure children, whereas permissive parenting produces fragile youngsters
    who rely on peer validation. Neglectful parenting raises the risk of bullying and reduces self-
    esteem (Baumrind, 1991).

    Cultural values determine parenting styles, which influence child development (Harwood
    et al., 2017). Parenting in collectivist societies prioritizes conformity and group cohesion,
    which may limit autonomy while promoting social harmony (Leung et al., 2016). Parenting in
    individualistic Western cultures encourages independence and self-expression, which fosters
    autonomy but can also lead to a lack of clear boundaries, affecting emotional control and
    socialization.
    Parenting
    styles

    Bullying Selfesteem

    Rationale

    This study will investigate the relationship between parenting style, bullying and self-
    esteem. Parenting styles impact adolescent self-esteem and bullying. Authoritative parenting
    boosts self-esteem and resilience, while authoritarian or neglectful styles increase vulnerability
    to bullying (Driscoll et al., 2013); ICPsyche P et al., 2023) ; (Smith & Jone et al., 2020).
    Cultural factors, like conformity pressures, can also influence bullying and aggression (Lee &
    Nguyen et al., 2019). Therefore, both parenting and culture shape adolescents' self-view and
    social behavior (Brown & Taylor et al., 2021).

    Previous literature done on parenting styles and bullying. (ICPsyche P et al., 2023), also
    there are literature that are done on parenting styles and self esteem (Driscoll et al., 2013). But
    there are limited research done on theses three variables parenting style, bullying and self-
    esteem collectively.

    Objectives

    1. Relationship between parenting style, bullying and self esteem


    Hypothesis

    H1: Significant relationship between parenting styles and bullying in adolescence.

    H2: Relationship between bullying and self-esteem in adolescence..


    H3: Relationship between parenting styles and self-esteem in adolescence.
    H4: Relationship between parenting styles, bullying and self-esteem in adolescence.
    Method

    Research Design:

    Quantitative correlational research design.

    Ethical Considerations:

     According to APA ethical guidelines, informed consent will be obtained.


     Participant's confidentiality will be maintained, the final result will be discussed and
    participants are given the choice to withdraw from the research whenever they want.

    Sample:

    A total 200 participants will be selected from Colleges of Twin cities (Rawalpindi and
    Islamabad). (Sale., A et al., 2021), ( Driscoll, L et al., 2013)

    Sampling Technique

    In sample selection process, convenience sampling method will be used.

    Inclusion Criteria

     School Students (Adolescents)


     Private and public sector
     Age range: 14 to18 years old

    Exclusion Criteria

     Participant with any mental health disorder


     Below 14 years and Above 18 years
     Single parents

    Procedure

    Permission for this research will be taken from Department of Psychology (Capital
    University of Science and Technology), and approval is required from Colleges of Twin cities
    (Rawalpindi and Islamabad. Self-report measure of Parenting style Scale, Bullying Scale and
    Self Esteem Scale would be used for data collection. Results would be computed by SPSS.
    Instruments

    Parenting style Scale-Adolescent

    Gafoor and Kurukkan were the developers of the scale titled Scale of Parenting Style
    (SPS), using a 40-item tool that is self-report on four parenting styles: authoritarian,
    authoritative, permissive, and neglectful, with a 5-point Likert scale. On a reliability of
    0.86 ,and Test re test 0.82 the cut-off scores of the scales will be as follows: (for authoritative,
    36 to 50; for authoritarian 26 to 35, for permissive 16 to 25, while for neglectful 0 to 15
    (Kurukkan, A. et al., 2016).

    Bullying Scale

    The Olweus Bullying Scale is a 16-item self-reporting measure with subscales on


    bullying and victimization. Each subscale comprises 8 items. Its reliability is good, at
    Cronbach's alpha 0.85 for victimization and 0.83 for bullying. Scores based on a 5-point Likert
    scale, 0-4 have cutoff scores for bullying and victimization categorized as low, moderate, and
    high: 0-1 for low, 2-3 for moderate, and 4+ for high. This scale is part of the Olweus Bullying
    Prevention Program (Olweus & Limber et al., 2016).

    Self Esteem Scale

    The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale has10 items and good reliability, with Cronbach's
    alpha at 0.77-0.88, and test-retest reliability of 0.82. Cutoff scores are low self-esteem at 15-
    25; moderate self-esteem, 26-35; and high self-esteem, 36-40. These values can be general
    guidelines and may vary depending on population and context. Items are rated on 4-point
    Likert scale (Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale et al,.2019).
    Limitations

    1. The sample study includes only school students.


    2. Correlational research design only focuses on relationship not on cause.
    Implications

    1. This study will help adolescents identify key well-being resources for school and home
    setting
    2. It will link parenting styles, bullying, and self-esteem.

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