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PHP 7 Tutorial Master the Concepts of PHP a Step by Step Process ( PDFDrive )

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akkas.khan
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37 views

PHP 7 Tutorial Master the Concepts of PHP a Step by Step Process ( PDFDrive )

Uploaded by

akkas.khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PHP 7 Tutorial PHP 7 is the most awaited and is a major

feature release of PHP programming language. PHP 7 was released on 3rd Dec
2015. This tutorial will teach you the new features of PHP 7 and their usage in a
simple and intuitive way.

Audience
This tutorial has been prepared for PHP developers from a beginner’s point of
view. After completing this tutorial, you will find yourself at a moderate level of
expertise in the knowledge of PHP from where you can take yourself to next
levels.

Prerequisites We assume that you already know about the older


versions of PHP and now you can start learning the new features of PHP 7.

Execute PHP-7 Online For most of the examples given


in this tutorial, you will find an option Try it. Just use this option to execute
your PHP-7 programs at the spot and enjoy your learning.
Try the following example using Try it option available at the top right corner of
the below sample code box −
<html>
<head>
<title>Online PHP-7 Script Execution</title> </head>

<body>

<?php
echo "<h1>Hello, PHP-7!</h1>"; ?>

</body>
</html>
PHP 7 - Introduction
What is PHP 7?
PHP 7 is a major release of PHP programming language and is touted to be a
revolution in the way web applications can be developed and delivered for
mobile to enterprises and the cloud. This release is considered to be the most
important change for PHP after the release of PHP 5 in 2004.
New Features
There are dozens of features added to PHP 7, the most significant ones are
mentioned below −
Improved performance − Having PHPNG code merged in PHP7, it is
twice as fast as PHP 5.
Lower Memory Consumption − Optimized PHP 7 utilizes lesser
resource.
Scalar type declarations − Now parameter and return types can be
enforced.
Consistent 64-bit support − Consistent support for 64-bit architecture
machines.
Improved Exception hierarchy − Exception hierarchy is improved.
Many fatal errors converted to Exceptions − Range of exceptions is
increased covering many fatal error converted as exceptions.
Secure random number generator − Addition of new secure random
number generator API.
Deprecated SAPIs and extensions removed − Various old and
unsupported SAPIs and extensions are removed from the latest version.
The null coalescing operator (??) − New null coalescing operator added.
Return and Scalar Type Declarations − Support for return type and
parameter type added.
Anonymous Classes − Support for anonymous added.
Zero cost asserts − Support for zero cost assert added.
PHP 7 uses new Zend Engine 3.0 to improve application performance almost
twice and 50% better memory consumption than PHP 5.6. It allows to serve
more concurrent users without requiring any additional hardware. PHP 7 is
designed and refactored considering today's workloads.
PHP 7 - Performance
As per the Zend team, following illustrations show the performance comparison
of PHP 7 vs PHP 5.6 and HHVM 3.7 on popular PHP based applications.
Magento 1.9
PHP 7 proves itself more than twice as faster, as compared to PHP 5.6 while
executing Magento transactions.
Drupal 7
PHP 7 proves itself more than twice as faster, as compared to PHP 5.6 while
executing Drupal transactions.
Wordpress 3.6
PHP 7 proves itself more than twice as faster as compared to PHP 5.6 while
executing Wordpress transactions.
Comparison of Dynamic Languages
PHP 7 - Environment Setup
Try it Option Online
We have set up the PHP Programming environment on-line, so that you can
compile and execute all the available examples online. It gives you confidence in
what you are reading and enables you to verify the programs with different
options. Feel free to modify any example and execute it online.
<html>
<head>
<title>Online PHP Script Execution</title> </head>
<body>
<?php
echo "<h1>Hello, PHP!</h1>"; ?>
</body>
</html>
For most of the examples given in this tutorial, you will find a Try it option in
our website code sections at the top right corner that will take you to the online
compiler. So just use of and enjoy your learning.
In order to develop and run PHP Web pages, three vital components need to be
installed on your computer system.
Web Server − PHP works with virtually all Web Server software,
including Microsoft's Internet Information Server (IIS) but most often
used is Apache Server. Download Apache for free here −
http://httpd.apache.org/download.cgi
Database − PHP PHP works with virtually all database software,
including Oracle and Sybase but most commonly used is MySQL
database. Download MySQL for free here −
http://www.mysql.com/downloads/
PHP Parser − In order to process PHP script instructions, a parser must
be installed to generate HTML output that can be sent to the Web
Browser. This tutorial will guide you how to install PHP parser on your
computer.
PHP Parser Installation
Before you proceed, it is important to make sure that you have proper
environment setup on your machine to develop your web programs using PHP.
Store the following php file in Apache's htdocs folder.
phpinfo.php
<?php
phpinfo();
?>
Type the following address into your browser's address box.
http://127.0.0.1/phpinfo.php
If this displays a page showing your PHP installation related information, then it
means you have PHP and Webserver installed properly. Otherwise, you have to
follow the given procedure to install PHP on your computer.
This section will guide you to install and configure PHP over the following four
platforms −
PHP Installation on Linux or Unix with Apache
PHP 7 - Installation on Linux/Unix

If you plan to install PHP on Linux or any other variant of Unix, then here is the
list of prerequisites −
The PHP source distribution http://www.php.net/downloads.php
The latest Apache source distribution http://httpd.apache.org/download.cgi
A working PHP-supported database, if you plan to use one ( For example
MySQL, Oracle etc. )
Any other supported software to which PHP must connect (mail server,
BCMath package, JDK, and so forth)
An ANSI C compiler
Gnu make utility − you can freely download it at
http://www.gnu.org/software/make
Now, here are the steps to install Apache and PHP5 on your Linux or Unix
machine. If your PHP or Apache versions are different then please take care
accordingly.
Step 1
If you have not already done so, unzip and untar your Apache source
distribution. Unless you have a reason to do otherwise, usrlocal is the standard
place.
gunzip -c apache_2.4.x.tar.gz
tar -xvf apache_2.4.x.tar
Step 2
Build the apache Server as follows cd apache_2.4.x
./configure --prefix=usrlocal/apache --enable-so make
make install
Step 3
Unzip and untar your PHP source distribution. Unless you have a reason to do
otherwise, usrlocal is the standard place.
gunzip -c php-7.x.tar.gz
tar -xvf php-7.x.tar
cd php-7.x
Step 4
Configure and Build your PHP, assuming you are using MySQL database.
./configure --with-apxs=usrsbin/apxs \
--with-mysql=usrbin/mysql make
make install
Step 5
Install the php.ini file. Edit this file to get configuration directives −
cd ../../php-7.x
cp php.ini-development usrlocal/lib/php.ini
Step 6
Tell your Apache server where you want to serve files from, and what
extension(s) you want to identify PHP files A .php extension is standard,
but you can use .html, .phtml, or whatever you want.
Go to your HTTP configuration files (usrlocal/apache/conf or
whatever your path is)
Open httpd.conf with a text editor.
Search for the word DocumentRoot (which should appear twice),
and change both the paths to the directory you want to serve files out
of (in our case, homehttpd). We recommend a home directory rather
than the default /usr/local/apache/htdocs because it is more secure,
but it does not have to be in a home directory. You will keep all your
PHP files in this directory.
Add at least one PHP extension directive, as shown in the first line of the
code that follows. In the second line, we have also added a second handler
to have all HTML files parsed as PHP.
AddType application/x-httpd-php .php AddType application/x-httpd-php .html
Step 7
Restart your server. Every time you change your HTTP configuration or php.ini
files, you must stop and start your server again.
cd ../bin
./apachectl start
Step 8
Set the document root directory permissions to world-executable. The actual
PHP files in the directory need only be world-readable (644). If necessary,
replace homehttpd with your document root below −
chmod 755 homehttpd/html/php
Step 9
Open a text editor. Type: <?php phpinfo(); ?>. Save this file in your Web
server's document root as info.php. Start any Web browser and browse the file.
You must always use an HTTP request (http://www.testdomain.com/info.php or
http://localhost/info.php or http://127.0.0.1/info.php) rather than a filename
(homehttpd/info.php) for the file to be parsed correctly.
You will see a long table of information about your new PHP installation
message Congratulations!

PHP Installation on Mac OS X with Apache


PHP 7 - Installation on Mac OS X
Mac users have a choice of either a binary or a source installation. In fact, your
OS X probably came with Apache and PHP preinstalled. This is likely to be
quite an old build, and it probably lacks many of the less common extensions.
However, if all you want is a quick Apache + PHP + MySQL/PostgreSQL setup
on your laptop, this is certainly the easiest way to fly. All you need to do is edit
your Apache configuration file and turn on the Web server.
Just follow the steps given below −
Step 1
Open the Apache config file in a text editor as root.
sudo open -a TextEdit etchttpd/httpd.conf
Step 2
Edit the file. Uncomment the following lines −
Load Module php7_module
AddModule mod_php7.c
AddType application/x-httpd-php .php
Step 3
You may also want to uncomment the <Directory home*/Sites> block or
otherwise tell Apache which directory to serve. Restart the Web server.
sudo apachectl graceful
Step 4
Open a text editor. Type: <?php phpinfo(); ?>. Save this file in your Web
server's document root as info.php. Start any Web browser and browse the file.
You must always use an HTTP request (http://www.testdomain.com/info.php or
http://localhost/info.php or http://127.0.0.1/info.php) rather than a filename
(homehttpd/info.php) for the file to be parsed correctly You will see a long table
of information about your new PHP installation message Congratulations!

PHP Installation on Windows NT/2000/XP with IIS


PHP 7 - Installation on Windows with
IIS
The Windows server installation of PHP running IIS is much simpler than on
Unix, since it involves a precompiled binary rather than a source build.
If you plan to install PHP over Windows, then here is the list of prerequisites −
A working PHP-supported Web server. Under previous versions of PHP,
IIS/PWS was the easiest choice because a module version of PHP was
available for it; but PHP now has added a much wider selection of
modules for Windows.
A correctly installed PHP-supported database like MySQL or Oracle etc.
(if you plan to use one)
The PHP Windows binary distribution (download it at
www.php.net/downloads.php)
A utility to unzip files (search http://download.cnet.com for PC file
compression utilities)
Now here are the steps to install Apache and PHP5 on your Windows machine.
If your PHP version is different then please take care accordingly.
Extract the binary archive using your unzip utility; C:\PHP is a common
location.
Copy some .dll files from your PHP directory to your systems directory
(usually C:\Winnt\System32). You need php5ts.dll for every case. You
will also probably need to copy the file corresponding to your Web server
module - C:\PHP\Sapi\php7isapi.dll. It is possible you will also need other
files from the dlls subfolder, but start with the two files mentioned above
and add more if you need them.
Copy either the php.ini-development or php.ini-recommended (preferably
the latter) to your Windows directory (C:\Winnt or C:\Winnt40), and
rename it php.ini. Open this file in a text editor (for example, Notepad).
Edit this file to get the configuration directives. We highly recommend the
new users to set error-reporting to E_ALL on their development machines
at this point. For now, the most important thing is the doc_root directive
under the Paths and Directories section. Make sure this matches the IIS
Inetpub folder (or wherever you plan to serve out of).
Stop and restart the WWW service. Go to the Start menu → Settings →
Control Panel → Services. Scroll down the list to IIS Admin Service.
Select it and click Stop. After it stops, select the World Wide Web
Publishing Service and click Start. Stopping and restarting the service
from within the Internet Service Manager will not suffice. Since this is
Windows, you may also wish to reboot.
Open a text editor. Type: <?php phpinfo(); ?>. Save this file in your Web
server's document root as info.php.
Start any Web browser and browse the file. You must always use an
HTTP request (http://www.testdomain.com/info.php or
http://localhost/info.php or http://127.0.0.1/info.php) rather than a
filename (homehttpd/info.php) for the file to be parsed correctly.
You will see a long table of information about your new PHP installation
message Congratulations!

PHP Installation on Windows NT/2000/XP with Apache


PHP 7 - Installation on Windows with
Apache
To install Apache with PHP 5 on Windows follow the given steps. If your PHP
and Apache versions are different then please take care accordingly.
Step 1
Download Apache server from www.apache.org/dist/httpd/binaries/win32.
You want the current stable release version with the no_src.msi extension.
Double-click the installer file to install; C:\Program Files is a common
location. The installer will also ask you whether you want to run Apache
as a service or from the command line or DOS prompt. We recommend
you do not install as a service, as this may cause problems with startup.
Extract the PHP binary archive using your unzip utility; C:\php7 is a
common location.
Rename php.ini-development to php.ini. Open this file in a text editor (for
example, Notepad). Edit this file to get the configuration directives; At this
point, we highly recommend that the new users set error reporting to
E_ALL on their development machines.
Tell your Apache server where you want to serve files from and what
extension(s) you want to identify the PHP files (.php is the standard, but
you can use .html, .phtml, or whatever you want). Go to your HTTP
configuration files (C:\Program Files\Apache Group\Apache\conf or
whatever your path is), and open httpd.conf with a text editor. Search for
the word DocumentRoot (which should appear twice) and change both the
paths to the directory you want to serve files out of. (The default is
C:\Program Files\Apache Group\Apache\htdocs.). Add at least one PHP
extension directive as shown in the first line of the following code −
AddHandler application/x-httpd-php .php AddType application/x-httpd-php .php .html LoadModule
php7_module "C:/php7/php7apache2_4.dll"
PHPiniDir "c:/php7"
Step 2
Open a text editor. Type: <?php phpinfo(); ?>. Save this file in your Web
server's document root as info.php. Start any Web browser and browse the file.
You must always use an HTTP request (http://www.testdomain.com/info.php or
http://localhost/info.php or http://127.0.0.1/info.php) rather than a filename
(homehttpd/info.php) for the file to be parsed correctly You will see a long table
of information about your new PHP installation message Congratulations!
Apache Configuration
If you are using Apache as a Web Server, then this section will guide you to edit
Apache Configuration Files.
Check here − PHP Configuration in Apache Server
PHP 7 - Apache Configuration
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Apache uses httpd.conf file for global settings, and the .htaccess file for per-
directory access settings. Older versions of Apache split up httpd.conf into three
files (access.conf, httpd.conf, and srm.conf), and some users still prefer this
arrangement.
Apache server has a very powerful, but slightly complex, configuration system
of its own. Learn more about it at the Apache Web site − www.apache.org
The following section describes the settings in httpd.conf that affect PHP
directly and cannot be set elsewhere. If you have standard installation then
httpd.conf will be found at etchttpd/conf:
Timeout
This value sets the default number of seconds before any HTTP request will time
out. If you set PHP's max_execution_time to longer than this value, PHP will
keep grinding away but the user may see a 404 error. In safe mode, this value
will be ignored; instead, you must use the timeout value in php.ini.
DocumentRoot
DocumentRoot designates the root directory for all HTTP processes on that
server. It looks something like this on Unix −
DocumentRoot .usrlocal/apache_2.4.0/htdocs.
You can choose any directory as the document root.
AddType
The PHP MIME type needs to be set here for PHP files to be parsed. Remember
that you can associate any file extension with PHP like .php3, .php5 or .htm.
AddType application/x-httpd-php .php AddType application/x-httpd-phps .phps AddType application/x-
httpd-php3 .php3 .phtml AddType application/x-httpd-php .html
Action
You must uncomment this line for the Windows apxs module version of Apache
with shared object support −
LoadModule php7_module modules/php7apache2_4.dll on Unix flavors −
LoadModule php7_module modules/mod_php.so
AddModule
You must uncomment this line for the static module version of Apache.
AddModule mod_php7.c
PHP.INI File Configuration
The PHP configuration file, php.ini, is the final and immediate way to affect
PHP's functionality.
Check here − PHP.INI File Configuration
PHP 7 - PHP.INI File Configuration
The PHP configuration file, php.ini, is the final and immediate way to affect
PHP's functionality. The php.ini file is read each time PHP is initialized. In other
words, httpd is restarted for the module version or with each script execution for
the CGI version. If your change is not showing up, remember to stop and restart
httpd. If it is still not showing up, use phpinfo() to check the path to php.ini.
The configuration file is well commented and thorough. Keys are case sensitive,
keyword values are not; whitespace, and lines beginning with semicolons are
ignored. Booleans can be represented by 1/0, Yes/No, On/Off, or True/False.
The default values in php.ini-dist will result in a reasonable PHP installation that
can be tweaked later.
Here we are explaining the important settings in php.ini which you may need for
your PHP Parser.
short_open_tag = Off
Short open tags look like this: <? ?>. This option must be set to Off if you want
to use the XML functions.
safe_mode = Off
If this is set to ON, you probably compiled PHP with the --enable-safe-mode
flag. The Safe mode is most relevant to CGI use. See the explanation in the
section "CGI compile-time options" given earlier in this chapter.
safe_mode_exec_dir = [DIR]
This option is relevant only if the safe mode is ON; it can also be set with the --
with-exec-dir flag during the Unix build process. PHP in safe mode only
executes external binaries out of this directory. The default is usrlocal/bin. This
has nothing to do with serving up a normal PHP/HTML Web page.
safe_mode_allowed_env_vars = [PHP_]
This option sets which environment variables the users can change in safe mode.
The default is only those variables prepended with "PHP_". If this directive is
empty, most variables are alterable.
safe_mode_protected_env_vars = [LD_LIBRARY_PATH]
This option sets which environment variables the users cannot change in safe
mode, even if safe_mode_allowed_env_vars is set permissively.
disable_functions = [function1, function2...]
A welcome addition to the PHP4 configuration and one perpetuated in PHP5 is
the ability to disable the selected functions for security reasons. Previously, this
necessitated hand-editing the C code from which PHP was made. Filesystem,
system, and network functions should probably be the first to go because
allowing the capability to write files and alter the system over HTTP is never
such a safe idea.
max_execution_time = 30
The function set_time_limit() will not work in safe mode. Therefore, this is the
main way to make a script timeout in safe mode. In Windows, you have to abort
based on maximum memory consumed rather than the time. You can also use
the Apache timeout setting to timeout but that will apply to non-PHP files on the
site too.
error_reporting = E_ALL & ~E_NOTICE
The default value is E_ALL & ~E_NOTICE, all errors except notices. The
development servers should be set to at least the default; only the production
servers should consider a lesser value.
error_prepend_string = [""]
With its bookend, error_append_string, this setting allows you to make error
messages a different color than the other text.
warn_plus_overloading = Off
This setting issues a warning if the + operator is used with strings, as in a form
value.
variables_order = EGPCS
This configuration setting supersedes gpc_order. Both are now deprecated along
with register_globals. It sets the order of the different variables: Environment,
GET, POST, COOKIE, and SERVER (aka Built-in). You can change this order
around. The variables will be overwritten successively in the left-to-right order,
with the rightmost one winning the hand every time. This means, if you left the
default setting and happened to use the same name for an environment variable,
a POST variable, and a COOKIE variable, the COOKIE variable would own that
name at the end of the process. In real life, this does not happen much.
register_globals = Off
This setting allows you to decide whether you wish to register the EGPCS
variables as global. This is now deprecated, and as of PHP4.2, this flag is set to
Off, by default. Use the superglobal arrays instead. All the major code listings in
this book use superglobal arrays.
gpc_order = GPC
This setting has been Deprecated.
magic_quotes_gpc = On
This setting escapes the quotes in incoming GET/POST/COOKIE data. If you
use a lot of forms which possibly submit to themselves or other forms and
display form values, you may need to set this directive to On or prepare to use
addslashes() on string-type data.
magic_quotes_runtime = Off
This setting escapes quotes in incoming database and text strings. Remember
that SQL adds slashes to single quotes and apostrophes when storing strings and
does not strip them off when returning them. If this setting is Off, you will need
to use stripslashes() when outputting any type of string data from a SQL
database. If magic_quotes_sybase is set to On, this must be Off.
magic_quotes_sybase = Off
This setting escapes single quotes in incoming database and text strings with
Sybase-style single quotes rather than backslashes. If magic_quotes_runtime is
set to On, this must be Off.
auto-prepend-file = [path/to/file]
If a path is specified here, PHP must automatically include() it at the beginning
of every PHP file. Include path-restrictions do apply.
auto-append-file = [path/to/file]
If a path is specified here, PHP must automatically include() at the end of every
PHP file, unless you escape by using the exit() function. Include path-restrictions
do apply.
include_path = [DIR]
If you set this value, you will only be allowed to include or require files from
these directories. The include directory is generally under your document root.
This is mandatory if you are running in safe mode. Set this to .in, in order to
include the files from the same directory your script is in. Multiple directories
are separated by colons: .:usrlocal/apache/htdocs:usrlocal/lib.
doc_root = [DIR]
If you are using Apache, you have already set a document root for this server or
virtual host in httpd.conf. Set this value here if you are using safe mode or if you
want to enable PHP only on a portion of your site (for example, only in one
subdirectory of your Web root).
file_uploads = [on/off]
Turn on this flag if you will upload files using PHP script.
upload_tmp_dir = [DIR]
Do not uncomment this line unless you understand the implications of HTTP
uploads!
session.save-handler = files
Except in rare circumstances, you will not want to change this setting. So do not
touch it.
ignore_user_abort = [On/Off]
This setting controls what happens if a site visitor clicks the browser’s Stop
button. The default is On, which means that the script continues to run till
completion or timeout. If the setting is changed to Off, the script will abort. This
setting only works in module mode, not CGI.
mysql.default_host = hostname
The default server host to use when connecting to the database server if no other
host is specified.
mysql.default_user = username
The default user name to use when connecting to the database server if no other
name is specified.
mysql.default_password = password
The default password to use when connecting to the database server if no other
password is specified.
Windows IIS Configuration
To configure IIS on your Windows machine, you can refer your IIS Reference
Manual shipped along with IIS.
PHP 7 - Scalar Type Declarations

In PHP 7, a new feature, Scalar type declarations, has been introduced. Scalar
type declaration has two options −
coercive - coercive is default mode and need not to be specified.
strict - strict mode has to explicitly hinted.
Following types for function parameters can be enforced using the above modes
−
int
float
bool
string
interfaces
array
callable
Example - Coercive Mode
<?php
// Coercive mode
function sum(int ...$ints) {
return array_sum($ints); }
print(sum(2, '3', 4.1));
?>
It produces the following browser output −
9
Example - Strict Mode
<?php
// Strict mode
declare(strict_types=1);
function sum(int ...$ints) {
return array_sum($ints); }
print(sum(2, '3', 4.1));
?>
It produces the following browser output −
Fatal error: Uncaught TypeError: Argument 2 passed to sum() must be of the type integer, string given, ...
PHP 7 - Return Type Declarations
In PHP 7, a new feature, Return type declarations has been introduced. Return
type declaration specifies the type of value that a function should return.
Following types for return types can be declared.
int
float
bool
string
interfaces
array
callable
Example - Valid Return Type
<?php
declare(strict_types = 1);
function returnIntValue(int $value): int {
return $value;

}
print(returnIntValue(5));
?>
It produces the following browser output −
5
Example - Invalid Return Type
<?php
declare(strict_types = 1);
function returnIntValue(int $value): int {
return $value + 1.0;

}
print(returnIntValue(5));
?>
It produces the following browser output −
Fatal error: Uncaught TypeError: Return value of returnIntValue() must be of the type integer, float
returned...
PHP 7 - Null Coalescing Operator

In PHP 7, a new feature, null coalescing operator (??) has been introduced. It is
used to replace the ternary operation in conjunction with isset() function. The
Null coalescing operator returns its first operand if it exists and is not NULL;
otherwise it returns its second operand.
Example
<?php
// fetch the value of $_GET['user'] and returns 'not passed'
// if username is not passed $username = $_GET['username'] ?? 'not passed'; print($username);
print("<br/>"); // Equivalent code using ternary operator $username = isset($_GET['username']) ?
$_GET['username'] : 'not passed'; print($username);
print("<br/>"); // Chaining ?? operation
$username = $_GET['username'] ?? $_POST['username'] ?? 'not passed'; print($username);
?>
It produces the following browser output −
not passed
not passed
not passed
PHP 7 - Spaceship Operator

In PHP 7, a new feature, spaceship operator has been introduced. It is used to


compare two expressions. It returns -1, 0 or 1 when first expression is
respectively less than, equal to, or greater than second expression.
Example
<?php
//integer comparison
print( 1 <=> 1);print("<br/>"); print( 1 <=> 2);print("<br/>"); print( 2 <=> 1);print("<br/>"); print("
<br/>"); //float comparison
print( 1.5 <=> 1.5);print("<br/>"); print( 1.5 <=> 2.5);print("<br/>"); print( 2.5 <=> 1.5);print("<br/>");
print("<br/>"); //string comparison
print( "a" <=> "a");print("<br/>"); print( "a" <=> "b");print("<br/>"); print( "b" <=> "a");print("<br/>"); ?
>
It produces the following browser output −
0
-1
1

0
-1
1

0
-1
1
PHP 7 - Constant Arrays
Array constants can now be defined using the define() function. In PHP 5.6, they
could only be defined using const keyword.
Example
<?php
//define a array using define function define('animals', [
'dog',
'cat',
'bird'

]);
print(animals[1]);
?>
It produces the following browser output −
cat
PHP 7 - Anonymous Classes
Anonymous classes can now be defined using new class. Anonymous class can
be used in place of a full class definition.
Example
<?php
interface Logger {
public function log(string $msg); }

class Application {
private $logger;

public function getLogger(): Logger {


return $this->logger; }

public function setLogger(Logger $logger) {


$this->logger = $logger; }

$app = new Application;


$app->setLogger(new class implements Logger {
public function log(string $msg) {
print($msg);

});

$app->getLogger()->log("My first Log Message"); ?>


It produces the following browser output −
My first Log Message
PHP 7 - Closure::call()
Closure::call() method is added as a shorthand way to temporarily bind an
object scope to a closure and invoke it. It is much faster in performance as
compared to bindTo of PHP 5.6.
Example - Pre PHP 7
<?php
class A {
private $x = 1;

// Define a closure Pre PHP 7 code $getValue = function() {


return $this->x;

};

// Bind a clousure
$value = $getValue->bindTo(new A, 'A'); print($value());
?>
It produces the following browser output −
1
Example - PHP 7+
<?php
class A {
private $x = 1;

// PHP 7+ code, Define


$value = function() {
return $this->x;

};

print($value->call(new A)); ?>


It produces the following browser output −
1
PHP 7 - Filtered unserialize()
PHP 7 introduces Filtered unserialize() function to provide better security when
unserializing objects on untrusted data. It prevents possible code injections and
enables the developer to whitelist classes that can be unserialized.
Example
<?php
class MyClass1 {
public $obj1prop;

}
class MyClass2 {
public $obj2prop;

$obj1 = new MyClass1();


$obj1->obj1prop = 1;
$obj2 = new MyClass2();
$obj2->obj2prop = 2;

$serializedObj1 = serialize($obj1); $serializedObj2 = serialize($obj2); // default behaviour that accepts all


classes // second argument can be ommited.
// if allowed_classes is passed as false, unserialize converts all objects into __PHP_Incomplete_Class
object $data = unserialize($serializedObj1 , ["allowed_classes" => true]); // converts all objects into
__PHP_Incomplete_Class object except those of MyClass1 and MyClass2
$data2 = unserialize($serializedObj2 , ["allowed_classes" => ["MyClass1", "MyClass2"]]); print($data-
>obj1prop);
print("<br/>"); print($data2->obj2prop); ?>
It produces the following browser output −
1
2
PHP 7 - IntlChar
In PHP7, a new IntlChar class is added, which seeks to expose additional ICU
functionality. This class defines a number of static methods and constants, which
can be used to manipulate unicode characters. You need to have Intl extension
installed prior to using this class.
Example
<?php
printf('%x', IntlChar::CODEPOINT_MAX); print (IntlChar::charName('@')); print(IntlChar::ispunct('!'));
?>
It produces the following browser output −
10ffff
COMMERCIAL AT
true
PHP 7 - CSPRNG
In PHP 7, following two new functions are introduced to generate
cryptographically secure integers and strings in a cross platform way.
random_bytes() − Generates cryptographically secure pseudo-random
bytes.
random_int() − Generates cryptographically secure pseudo-random
integers.
random_bytes()
random_bytes() generates an arbitrary-length string of cryptographic random
bytes that are suitable for cryptographic use, such as when generating salts, keys
or initialization vectors.
Syntax
string random_bytes ( int $length )
Parameters
length − The length of the random string that should be returned in bytes.
Return Values
Returns a string containing the requested number of cryptographically
secure random bytes.
Errors/Exceptions
If an appropriate source of randomness cannot be found, an Exception will
be thrown.
If invalid parameters are given, a TypeError will be thrown.
If an invalid length of bytes is given, an Error will be thrown.
Example
<?php
$bytes = random_bytes(5);
print(bin2hex($bytes));
?>
It produces the following browser output −
54cc305593
random_int()
random_int() generates cryptographic random integers that are suitable for use
where unbiased results are critical.
Syntax
int random_int ( int $min , int $max )
Parameters
min − The lowest value to be returned, which must be PHP_INT_MIN or
higher.
max - The highest value to be returned, which must be less than or equal
to PHP_INT_MAX.
Return Values
Returns a cryptographically secure random integer in the range min to
max, inclusive.
Errors/Exceptions
If an appropriate source of randomness cannot be found, an Exception
will be thrown.
If invalid parameters are given, a TypeError will be thrown.
If max is less than min, an Error will be thrown.
Example
<?php
print(random_int(100, 999)); print("");
print(random_int(-1000, 0)); ?>
It produces the following browser output −
614
-882
PHP 7 - Expectations
Expectations are a backwards compatible enhancement to the older assert()
function. Expectation allows for zero-cost assertions in production code, and
provides the ability to throw custom exceptions when the assertion fails. assert()
is now a language construct, where the first parameter is an expression as
compared to being a string or Boolean to be tested.
Configuration directives for assert()
Default Possible values
Directive
value

1 − generate and execute code (development mode) 0 −


zend.assertions 1 generate code but jump around it at runtime -1 − do not
generate code (production mode)
1 − throw, when the assertion fails, either by throwing the
object provided as the exception or by throwing a new
AssertionError object if exception was not provided.
assert.exception 0
0 − use or generate a Throwable as described above, but
only generates a warning based on that object rather than
throwing it (compatible with PHP 5 behaviour)
Parameters
assertion − The assertion. In PHP 5, this must be either a string to be
evaluated or a Boolean to be tested. In PHP 7, this may also be any
expression that returns a value, which will be executed and the result is
used to indicate whether the assertion succeeded or failed.
description − An optional description that will be included in the failure
message, if the assertion fails.
exception − In PHP 7, the second parameter can be a Throwable object
instead of a descriptive string, in which case this is the object that will be
thrown, if the assertion fails and the assert.exception configuration
directive is enabled.
Return Values
FALSE if the assertion is false, TRUE otherwise.
Example
<?php
ini_set('assert.exception', 1); class CustomError extends AssertionError {}

assert(false, new CustomError('Custom Error Message!')); ?>


It produces the following browser output −
Fatal error: Uncaught CustomError: Custom Error Message! in...
PHP 7 - use Statement
From PHP7 onwards, a single use statement can be used to import Classes,
functions and constants from same namespace instead of multiple use
statements.
Example
<?php
// Before PHP 7
use com\tutorialspoint\ClassA; use com\tutorialspoint\ClassB; use com\tutorialspoint\ClassC as C; use
function com\tutorialspoint\fn_a; use function com\tutorialspoint\fn_b; use function
com\tutorialspoint\fn_c; use const com\tutorialspoint\ConstA; use const com\tutorialspoint\ConstB; use
const com\tutorialspoint\ConstC; // PHP 7+ code
use com\tutorialspoint\{ClassA, ClassB, ClassC as C}; use function com\tutorialspoint\{fn_a, fn_b,
fn_c}; use const com\tutorialspoint\{ConstA, ConstB, ConstC}; ?>
PHP 7 - Error Handling

From PHP 7, error handling and reporting has been changed. Instead of reporting
errors through the traditional error reporting mechanism used by PHP 5, now
most errors are handled by throwing Error exceptions. Similar to exceptions,
these Error exceptions bubble up until they reach the first matching catch block.
If there are no matching blocks, then a default exception handler installed with
set_exception_handler() will be called. In case there is no default exception
handler, then the exception will be converted to a fatal error and will be handled
like a traditional error.
As the Error hierarchy is not extended from Exception, code that uses catch
(Exception $e) { ... } blocks to handle uncaught exceptions in PHP 5 will not
handle such errors. A catch (Error $e) { ... } block or a set_exception_handler()
handler is required to handle fatal errors.
Example
<?php
class MathOperations {
protected $n = 10;

// Try to get the Division by Zero error object and display as Exception public function doOperation():
string {
try {
$value = $this->n % 0; return $value;
} catch (DivisionByZeroError $e) {
return $e->getMessage(); }

$mathOperationsObj = new MathOperations(); print($mathOperationsObj->doOperation()); ?>


It produces the following browser output −
Modulo by zero
PHP 7 - Integer Division

PHP 7 introduces a new function intdiv(), which performs integer division of its
operands and return the division as int.
Example
<?php
$value = intdiv(10,3);
var_dump($value);
print(" ");
print($value);
?>
It produces the following browser output −
int(3)
3
PHP 7 - Session Options

From PHP7+, session_start() function accepts an array of options to override


the session configuration directives set in php.ini. These options supports
session.lazy_write, which is by default on and causes PHP to overwrite any
session file if the session data has changed.
Another option added is read_and_close, which indicates that the session data
should be read and then the session should immediately be closed unchanged.
For example, Set session.cache_limiter to private and set the flag to close the
session immediately after reading it, using the following code snippet.
<?php
session_start([
'cache_limiter' => 'private', 'read_and_close' => true, ]);
?>
PHP 7 - Deprecated Features

Following features are deprecated and may be removed from future releases of
PHP.
PHP 4 style constructors
PHP 4 style Constructors are methods having same name as the class they are
defined in, are now deprecated, and will be removed in the future. PHP 7 will
emit E_DEPRECATED if a PHP 4 constructor is the only constructor defined
within a class. Classes implementing a __construct() method are unaffected.
Example
<?php
class A {
function A() {
print('Style Constructor'); }

}
?>
It produces the following browser output −
Deprecated: Methods with the same name as their class will not be constructors in a future version of PHP;
A has a deprecated constructor in...
Static calls to non-static methods
Static calls to non-static methods are deprecated, and may be removed in the
future.
Example
<?php
class A {
function b() {
print('Non-static call'); }

}
A::b();
?>
It produces the following browser output −
Deprecated: Non-static method A::b() should not be called statically in...
Non-static call
password_hash() salt option
The salt option for the password_hash() function has been deprecated so that
the developers do not generate their own (usually insecure) salts. The function
itself generates a cryptographically secure salt, when no salt is provided by the
developer - thus custom salt generation is not required any more.
capture_session_meta SSL context option
The capture_session_meta SSL context option has been deprecated. SSL
metadata is now used through the stream_get_meta_data() function.

PHP 7 - Removed Extensions &


SAPIs

Following Extensions have been removed from PHP 7 onwards −


ereg
mssql
mysql
sybase_ct
Following SAPIs have been removed from PHP 7 onwards −
aolserver
apache
apache_hooks
apache2filter
caudium
continuity
isapi
milter
nsapi
phttpd
pi3web
roxen
thttpd
tux
webjames
PHP 7 - Quick Guide

PHP 7 - Introduction
What is PHP 7?
PHP 7 is a major release of PHP programming language and is touted to be a
revolution in the way web applications can be developed and delivered for
mobile to enterprises and the cloud. This release is considered to be the most
important change for PHP after the release of PHP 5 in 2004.
New Features
There are dozens of features added to PHP 7, the most significant ones are
mentioned below −
Improved performance − Having PHPNG code merged in PHP7, it is
twice as fast as PHP 5.
Lower Memory Consumption − Optimized PHP 7 utilizes lesser
resource.
Scalar type declarations − Now parameter and return types can be
enforced.
Consistent 64-bit support − Consistent support for 64-bit architecture
machines.
Improved Exception hierarchy − Exception hierarchy is improved.
Many fatal errors converted to Exceptions − Range of exceptions is
increased covering many fatal error converted as exceptions.
Secure random number generator − Addition of new secure random
number generator API.
Deprecated SAPIs and extensions removed − Various old and
unsupported SAPIs and extensions are removed from the latest version.
The null coalescing operator (??) − New null coalescing operator added.
Return and Scalar Type Declarations − Support for return type and
parameter type added.
Anonymous Classes − Support for anonymous added.
Zero cost asserts − Support for zero cost assert added.
PHP 7 uses new Zend Engine 3.0 to improve application performance almost
twice and 50% better memory consumption than PHP 5.6. It allows to serve
more concurrent users without requiring any additional hardware. PHP 7 is
designed and refactored considering today's workloads.
PHP 7 - Performance
As per the Zend team, following illustrations show the performance comparison
of PHP 7 vs PHP 5.6 and HHVM 3.7 on popular PHP based applications.
Magento 1.9
PHP 7 proves itself more than twice as faster, as compared to PHP 5.6 while
executing Magento transactions.
Drupal 7
PHP 7 proves itself more than twice as faster, as compared to PHP 5.6 while
executing Drupal transactions.
Wordpress 3.6
PHP 7 proves itself more than twice as faster as compared to PHP 5.6 while
executing Wordpress transactions.
Comparison of Dynamic Languages

PHP 7 - Environment Setup


Try it Option Online
We have set up the PHP Programming environment on-line, so that you can
compile and execute all the available examples online. It gives you confidence in
what you are reading and enables you to verify the programs with different
options. Feel free to modify any example and execute it online.
<html>
<head>
<title>Online PHP Script Execution</title> </head>
<body>
<?php
echo "<h1>Hello, PHP!</h1>"; ?>
</body>
</html>
For most of the examples given in this tutorial, you will find a Try it option in
our website code sections at the top right corner that will take you to the online
compiler. So just use of and enjoy your learning.
In order to develop and run PHP Web pages, three vital components need to be
installed on your computer system.
Web Server − PHP works with virtually all Web Server software,
including Microsoft's Internet Information Server (IIS) but most often
used is Apache Server. Download Apache for free here −
http://httpd.apache.org/download.cgi
Database − PHP PHP works with virtually all database software,
including Oracle and Sybase but most commonly used is MySQL
database. Download MySQL for free here −
http://www.mysql.com/downloads/
PHP Parser − In order to process PHP script instructions, a parser must
be installed to generate HTML output that can be sent to the Web
Browser. This tutorial will guide you how to install PHP parser on your
computer.
PHP Parser Installation
Before you proceed, it is important to make sure that you have proper
environment setup on your machine to develop your web programs using PHP.
Store the following php file in Apache's htdocs folder.
phpinfo.php
<?php
phpinfo();
?>
Type the following address into your browser's address box.
http://127.0.0.1/phpinfo.php
If this displays a page showing your PHP installation related information, then it
means you have PHP and Webserver installed properly. Otherwise, you have to
follow the given procedure to install PHP on your computer.
This section will guide you to install and configure PHP over the following four
platforms −
PHP Installation on Linux or Unix with Apache
PHP Installation on Mac OS X with Apache
PHP Installation on Windows NT/2000/XP with IIS
PHP Installation on Windows NT/2000/XP with Apache
Apache Configuration
If you are using Apache as a Web Server, then this section will guide you to edit
Apache Configuration Files.
PHP.INI File Configuration
The PHP configuration file, php.ini, is the final and immediate way to affect
PHP's functionality.
Windows IIS Configuration
To configure IIS on your Windows machine, you can refer your IIS Reference
Manual shipped along with IIS.
PHP 7 - Scalar Type Declarations
In PHP 7, a new feature, Scalar type declarations, has been introduced. Scalar
type declaration has two options −
coercive - coercive is default mode and need not to be specified.
strict - strict mode has to explicitly hinted.
Following types for function parameters can be enforced using the above modes
−
int
float
bool
string
interfaces
array
callable
Example - Coercive Mode
<?php
// Coercive mode
function sum(int ...$ints) {
return array_sum($ints); }
print(sum(2, '3', 4.1));
?>
It produces the following browser output −
9
Example - Strict Mode
<?php
// Strict mode
declare(strict_types=1);
function sum(int ...$ints) {
return array_sum($ints); }
print(sum(2, '3', 4.1));
?>
It produces the following browser output −
Fatal error: Uncaught TypeError: Argument 2 passed to sum() must be of the type integer, string given, ...
PHP 7 - Return Type Declarations
In PHP 7, a new feature, Return type declarations has been introduced. Return
type declaration specifies the type of value that a function should return.
Following types for return types can be declared.
int
float
bool
string
interfaces
array
callable
Example - Valid Return Type
<?php
declare(strict_types = 1);
function returnIntValue(int $value): int {
return $value;

}
print(returnIntValue(5));
?>
It produces the following browser output −
5
Example - Invalid Return Type
<?php
declare(strict_types = 1);
function returnIntValue(int $value): int {
return $value + 1.0;

}
print(returnIntValue(5));
?>
It produces the following browser output −
Fatal error: Uncaught TypeError: Return value of returnIntValue() must be of the type integer, float
returned...
PHP 7 - Null Coalescing Operator
In PHP 7, a new feature, null coalescing operator (??) has been introduced. It is
used to replace the ternary operation in conjunction with isset() function. The
Null coalescing operator returns its first operand if it exists and is not NULL;
otherwise it returns its second operand.
Example
<?php
// fetch the value of $_GET['user'] and returns 'not passed'
// if username is not passed $username = $_GET['username'] ?? 'not passed'; print($username);
print("<br/>"); // Equivalent code using ternary operator $username = isset($_GET['username']) ?
$_GET['username'] : 'not passed'; print($username);
print("<br/>"); // Chaining ?? operation
$username = $_GET['username'] ?? $_POST['username'] ?? 'not passed'; print($username);
?>
It produces the following browser output −
not passed
not passed
not passed
PHP 7 - Spaceship Operator
In PHP 7, a new feature, spaceship operator has been introduced. It is used to
compare two expressions. It returns -1, 0 or 1 when first expression is
respectively less than, equal to, or greater than second expression.
Example
<?php
//integer comparison
print( 1 <=> 1);print("<br/>"); print( 1 <=> 2);print("<br/>"); print( 2 <=> 1);print("<br/>"); print("
<br/>"); //float comparison
print( 1.5 <=> 1.5);print("<br/>"); print( 1.5 <=> 2.5);print("<br/>"); print( 2.5 <=> 1.5);print("<br/>");
print("<br/>"); //string comparison
print( "a" <=> "a");print("<br/>"); print( "a" <=> "b");print("<br/>"); print( "b" <=> "a");print("<br/>"); ?
>
It produces the following browser output −
0
-1
1

0
-1
1

0
-1
1
PHP 7 - Constant Arrays
Array constants can now be defined using the define() function. In PHP 5.6, they
could only be defined using const keyword.
Example
<?php
//define a array using define function define('animals', [
'dog',
'cat',
'bird'

]);
print(animals[1]);
?>
It produces the following browser output −
cat
PHP 7 - Anonymous Classes
Anonymous classes can now be defined using new class. Anonymous class can
be used in place of a full class definition.
Example
<?php
interface Logger {
public function log(string $msg); }

class Application {
private $logger;

public function getLogger(): Logger {


return $this->logger; }

public function setLogger(Logger $logger) {


$this->logger = $logger; }

$app = new Application;


$app->setLogger(new class implements Logger {
public function log(string $msg) {
print($msg);

});

$app->getLogger()->log("My first Log Message"); ?>


It produces the following browser output −
My first Log Message
PHP 7 - Closure::call()
Closure::call() method is added as a shorthand way to temporarily bind an
object scope to a closure and invoke it. It is much faster in performance as
compared to bindTo of PHP 5.6.
Example - Pre PHP 7
<?php
class A {
private $x = 1;

// Define a closure Pre PHP 7 code $getValue = function() {


return $this->x;

};

// Bind a clousure
$value = $getValue->bindTo(new A, 'A'); print($value());
?>
It produces the following browser output −
1
Example - PHP 7+
<?php
class A {
private $x = 1;

// PHP 7+ code, Define


$value = function() {
return $this->x;

};

print($value->call(new A)); ?>


It produces the following browser output −
1
PHP 7 - Filtered unserialize()
PHP 7 introduces Filtered unserialize() function to provide better security when
unserializing objects on untrusted data. It prevents possible code injections and
enables the developer to whitelist classes that can be unserialized.
Example
<?php
class MyClass1 {
public $obj1prop;

}
class MyClass2 {
public $obj2prop;

$obj1 = new MyClass1();


$obj1->obj1prop = 1;
$obj2 = new MyClass2();
$obj2->obj2prop = 2;

$serializedObj1 = serialize($obj1); $serializedObj2 = serialize($obj2); // default behaviour that accepts all


classes // second argument can be ommited.
// if allowed_classes is passed as false, unserialize converts all objects into __PHP_Incomplete_Class
object $data = unserialize($serializedObj1 , ["allowed_classes" => true]); // converts all objects into
__PHP_Incomplete_Class object except those of MyClass1 and MyClass2
$data2 = unserialize($serializedObj2 , ["allowed_classes" => ["MyClass1", "MyClass2"]]); print($data-
>obj1prop);
print("<br/>"); print($data2->obj2prop); ?>
It produces the following browser output −
1
2
PHP 7 - IntlChar
In PHP7, a new IntlChar class is added, which seeks to expose additional ICU
functionality. This class defines a number of static methods and constants, which
can be used to manipulate unicode characters. You need to have Intl extension
installed prior to using this class.
Example
<?php
printf('%x', IntlChar::CODEPOINT_MAX); print (IntlChar::charName('@')); print(IntlChar::ispunct('!'));
?>
It produces the following browser output −
10ffff
COMMERCIAL AT
true
PHP 7 - CSPRNG
In PHP 7, following two new functions are introduced to generate
cryptographically secure integers and strings in a cross platform way.
random_bytes() − Generates cryptographically secure pseudo-random
bytes.
random_int() − Generates cryptographically secure pseudo-random
integers.
random_bytes()
random_bytes() generates an arbitrary-length string of cryptographic random
bytes that are suitable for cryptographic use, such as when generating salts, keys
or initialization vectors.
Syntax
string random_bytes ( int $length )
Parameters
length − The length of the random string that should be returned in bytes.
Return Values
Returns a string containing the requested number of cryptographically
secure random bytes.
Errors/Exceptions
If an appropriate source of randomness cannot be found, an Exception will
be thrown.
If invalid parameters are given, a TypeError will be thrown.
If an invalid length of bytes is given, an Error will be thrown.
Example
<?php
$bytes = random_bytes(5);
print(bin2hex($bytes));
?>
It produces the following browser output −
54cc305593
random_int()
random_int() generates cryptographic random integers that are suitable for use
where unbiased results are critical.
Syntax
int random_int ( int $min , int $max )
Parameters
min − The lowest value to be returned, which must be PHP_INT_MIN or
higher.
max - The highest value to be returned, which must be less than or equal
to PHP_INT_MAX.
Return Values
Returns a cryptographically secure random integer in the range min to
max, inclusive.
Errors/Exceptions
If an appropriate source of randomness cannot be found, an Exception
will be thrown.
If invalid parameters are given, a TypeError will be thrown.
If max is less than min, an Error will be thrown.
Example
<?php
print(random_int(100, 999)); print(" ");
print(random_int(-1000, 0)); ?>
It produces the following browser output −
614
-882
PHP 7 - Expectations
Expectations are a backwards compatible enhancement to the older assert()
function. Expectation allows for zero-cost assertions in production code, and
provides the ability to throw custom exceptions when the assertion fails. assert()
is now a language construct, where the first parameter is an expression as
compared to being a string or Boolean to be tested.
Configuration directives for assert()
Default Possible values
Directive
value

1 − generate and execute code (development mode) 0 −


zend.assertions 1 generate code but jump around it at runtime -1 − do not
generate code (production mode)
1 − throw, when the assertion fails, either by throwing the
object provided as the exception or by throwing a new
AssertionError object if exception was not provided.
assert.exception 0
0 − use or generate a Throwable as described above, but
only generates a warning based on that object rather than
throwing it (compatible with PHP 5 behaviour)
Parameters
assertion − The assertion. In PHP 5, this must be either a string to be
evaluated or a Boolean to be tested. In PHP 7, this may also be any
expression that returns a value, which will be executed and the result is
used to indicate whether the assertion succeeded or failed.
description − An optional description that will be included in the failure
message, if the assertion fails.
exception − In PHP 7, the second parameter can be a Throwable object
instead of a descriptive string, in which case this is the object that will be
thrown, if the assertion fails and the assert.exception configuration
directive is enabled.
Return Values
FALSE if the assertion is false, TRUE otherwise.
Example
<?php
ini_set('assert.exception', 1); class CustomError extends AssertionError {}

assert(false, new CustomError('Custom Error Message!')); ?>


It produces the following browser output −
Fatal error: Uncaught CustomError: Custom Error Message! in...
PHP 7 - use Statement
From PHP7 onwards, a single use statement can be used to import Classes,
functions and constants from same namespace instead of multiple use
statements.
Example
<?php
// Before PHP 7
use com\tutorialspoint\ClassA; use com\tutorialspoint\ClassB; use com\tutorialspoint\ClassC as C; use
function com\tutorialspoint\fn_a; use function com\tutorialspoint\fn_b; use function
com\tutorialspoint\fn_c; use const com\tutorialspoint\ConstA; use const com\tutorialspoint\ConstB; use
const com\tutorialspoint\ConstC; // PHP 7+ code
use com\tutorialspoint\{ClassA, ClassB, ClassC as C}; use function com\tutorialspoint\{fn_a, fn_b,
fn_c}; use const com\tutorialspoint\{ConstA, ConstB, ConstC}; ?>
PHP 7 - Error Handling
From PHP 7, error handling and reporting has been changed. Instead of reporting
errors through the traditional error reporting mechanism used by PHP 5, now
most errors are handled by throwing Error exceptions. Similar to exceptions,
these Error exceptions bubble up until they reach the first matching catch block.
If there are no matching blocks, then a default exception handler installed with
set_exception_handler() will be called. In case there is no default exception
handler, then the exception will be converted to a fatal error and will be handled
like a traditional error.
As the Error hierarchy is not extended from Exception, code that uses catch
(Exception $e) { ... } blocks to handle uncaught exceptions in PHP 5 will not
handle such errors. A catch (Error $e) { ... } block or a set_exception_handler()
handler is required to handle fatal errors.
Example
<?php
class MathOperations {
protected $n = 10;

// Try to get the Division by Zero error object and display as Exception public function doOperation():
string {
try {
$value = $this->n % 0; return $value;
} catch (DivisionByZeroError $e) {
return $e->getMessage(); }

$mathOperationsObj = new MathOperations(); print($mathOperationsObj->doOperation()); ?>


It produces the following browser output −
Modulo by zero
PHP 7 - Integer Division
PHP 7 introduces a new function intdiv(), which performs integer division of its
operands and return the division as int.
Example
<?php
$value = intdiv(10,3);
var_dump($value);
print(" ");
print($value);
?>
It produces the following browser output −
int(3)
3
PHP 7 - Session Options
From PHP7+, session_start() function accepts an array of options to override
the session configuration directives set in php.ini. These options supports
session.lazy_write, which is by default on and causes PHP to overwrite any
session file if the session data has changed.
Another option added is read_and_close, which indicates that the session data
should be read and then the session should immediately be closed unchanged.
For example, Set session.cache_limiter to private and set the flag to close the
session immediately after reading it, using the following code snippet.
<?php
session_start([
'cache_limiter' => 'private', 'read_and_close' => true, ]);
?>
PHP 7 - Deprecated Features
Following features are deprecated and may be removed from future releases of
PHP.
PHP 4 style constructors
PHP 4 style Constructors are methods having same name as the class they are
defined in, are now deprecated, and will be removed in the future. PHP 7 will
emit E_DEPRECATED if a PHP 4 constructor is the only constructor defined
within a class. Classes implementing a __construct() method are unaffected.
Example
<?php
class A {
function A() {
print('Style Constructor'); }

}
?>
It produces the following browser output −
Deprecated: Methods with the same name as their class will not be constructors in a future version of PHP;
A has a deprecated constructor in...
Static calls to non-static methods
Static calls to non-static methods are deprecated, and may be removed in the
future.
Example
<?php
class A {
function b() {
print('Non-static call'); }

}
A::b();
?>
It produces the following browser output −
Deprecated: Non-static method A::b() should not be called statically in...
Non-static call
password_hash() salt option
The salt option for the password_hash() function has been deprecated so that
the developers do not generate their own (usually insecure) salts. The function
itself generates a cryptographically secure salt, when no salt is provided by the
developer - thus custom salt generation is not required any more.
capture_session_meta SSL context option
The capture_session_meta SSL context option has been deprecated. SSL
metadata is now used through the stream_get_meta_data() function.
PHP 7 - Removed Extensions &
SAPIs
Following Extensions have been removed from PHP 7 onwards −
ereg
mssql
mysql
sybase_ct
Following SAPIs have been removed from PHP 7 onwards −
aolserver
apache
apache_hooks
apache2filter
caudium
continuity
isapi
milter
nsapi
phttpd
pi3web
roxen
thttpd
tux
webjames

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