PSNA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, DINDIGUL – 624622.

(An Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai)

OPE353 – INDUSTRIAL SAFETY
UNIT 2 – OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND HYGIENE
DEFINITION OF THE TERM OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND HYGIENE:
Occupational Health:
Definition: Occupational Health is a multidisciplinary field concerned with the safety,
health, and well-being of workers. It involves identifying, assessing, and managing risks
in the workplace to prevent injuries and illnesses.
Occupational Hygiene:
Definition: Occupational Hygiene is the science of anticipating, recognizing, evaluating,
and controlling health hazards in the workplace to prevent illness and injury. It focuses
on chemical, physical, and biological hazards.
CATEGORIES OF HEALTH HAZARDS:
 Health hazards in industrial safety can be categorized into various types based on
the nature of the hazard and its potential impact on workers’ health.
 Understanding these categories is crucial for implementing effective safety measures
and ensuring a safe work environment.
1. Chemical Hazards:
Definition: Chemical hazards are substances that can cause harm to workers
through inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion.
Examples:
 Gases and Vapours: Such as chlorine, ammonia, and solvent vapours.
 Liquids: Including acids, alkalis, and other corrosive substances.
 Solids: Dusts, fibers, and particulates like silica dust and asbestos.
Health Effects:
 Acute Effects: Immediate reactions such as burns, irritation, or poisoning.
 Chronic Effects: Long-term health issues such as respiratory diseases,
cancer, and organ damage.
Control Measures:
 Engineering Controls: Ventilation systems, fume hoods, and closed systems.
 Administrative Controls: Safety training, proper labelling and safe handling
procedures.
 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Gloves, respirators, and protective
clothing.
2. Physical Hazards:
Definition: Physical hazards are environmental factors that can cause harm to
workers through physical contact or exposure.
Examples:
 Noise: Loud machinery, equipment, and processes.
 Vibration: From tools and machinery like jackhammers and grinders.
 Radiation: Ionizing (X-rays, gamma rays) and non-ionizing (UV light,
microwaves).
 Temperature Extremes: Heat stress from high temperatures and heat
sources, and cold stress from working in low-temperature environments.
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  Pressure: High-pressure systems, including compressed gases and hydraulic
equipment.
Health Effects:
 Noise-Induced Hearing Loss: Permanent hearing damage from prolonged
exposure to high noise levels.
 Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome (HAVS): Nerve and blood vessel damage in
hands and arms.
 Radiation Burns: Skin burns and increased cancer risk from radiation
exposure.
 Heat Stroke: Overheating and dehydration from excessive heat exposure.
 Frostbite and Hypothermia: From prolonged exposure to cold environments.
Control Measures:
 Engineering Controls: Soundproofing, vibration dampening, shielding from
radiation, and climate control systems.
 Administrative Controls: Rotating shifts, providing rest breaks, and
conducting regular health monitoring.
 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Earplugs, thermal clothing, and
radiation shielding.
3. Biological Hazards:
Definition: Biological hazards are organisms or substances produced by
organisms that can cause harm to humans.
Examples:
 Bacteria and Viruses: Such as tuberculosis, hepatitis, and influenza.
 Fungi and Molds: Which can cause respiratory problems and allergic
reactions.
 Parasites: Such as those causing malaria and other parasitic infections.
 Biological Toxins: Produced by organisms, like mycotoxins from molds.
Health Effects:
 Infections: Bacterial and viral infections leading to illnesses.
 Allergic Reactions: From exposure to molds and other allergens.
 Chronic Diseases: Long-term health effects like asthma and other respiratory
conditions.
Control Measures:
 Engineering Controls: Ventilation, proper waste disposal systems, and
sterilization equipment.
 Administrative Controls: Vaccination programs, hygiene practices, and
health surveillance.
 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Gloves, masks, and biohazard suits.
4. Ergonomic Hazards:
Definition: Ergonomic hazards arise from workplace conditions that pose a risk
to the musculoskeletal system of the worker.
Examples:
 Repetitive Motion: Tasks that involve repeated movements, such as typing or
assembly line work.
 Poor Posture: Workstations that force awkward positions or movements.
 Manual Handling: Lifting, carrying, or moving heavy loads improperly.

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  Inadequate Tool Design: Tools that are difficult to use or require excessive
force.
Health Effects:
 Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs): Such as carpal tunnel syndrome,
tendonitis, and lower back pain.
 Fatigue: From prolonged physical strain and poor ergonomics.
 Injuries: Acute injuries from improper lifting techniques or repetitive strain.
Control Measures:
 Engineering Controls: Adjustable workstations, ergonomic tools, and
mechanical lifting aids.
 Administrative Controls: Job rotation, ergonomic training, and work breaks.
 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Supports like wrist braces and back
belts.
5. Psychosocial Hazards:
Definition: Psychosocial hazards are aspects of work design and the
organizational and social context that have the potential to cause psychological
or social harm.
Examples:
 Work Stress: High workload, tight deadlines, and job insecurity.
 Harassment and Bullying: Negative interpersonal interactions in the
workplace.
 Work-Life Balance: Poor balance between work demands and personal life.
 Job Control: Lack of autonomy and control over work tasks.
Health Effects:
 Mental Health Disorders: Such as depression, anxiety, and burnout.
 Physical Health Issues: Stress-related conditions like hypertension and
cardiovascular diseases.
 Reduced Productivity: Decreased efficiency and increased absenteeism.
Control Measures:
 Organizational Policies: Implementing anti-bullying policies, providing
mental health support, and promoting a healthy work-life balance.
 Job Design: Enhancing job control, ensuring fair workload distribution, and
providing opportunities for skill development.
 Support Systems: Employee assistance programs, counselling services, and
stress management training.
EXPOSURE PATHWAYS AND HUMAN RESPONSES TO HAZARDOUS AND TOXIC
SUBSTANCES:
 Exposure to hazardous and toxic substances in industrial settings can occur
through various pathways, leading to different human responses.
 Understanding these exposure pathways and the potential health effects is essential
for implementing effective safety measures to protect workers.
Exposure Pathways:
 Exposure pathways refer to the routes through which hazardous substances enter
the body.
 The primary pathways include inhalation, ingestion, dermal (skin) contact, and
injection.

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 1. Inhalation:
 Description: Breathing in airborne contaminants such as gases, vapours,
dust, fumes, and aerosols.
 Examples: Inhaling asbestos fibers, chemical vapours, or welding fumes.
 Controls: Use of respiratory protection, proper ventilation systems, and air
quality monitoring.
2. Ingestion:
 Description: Swallowing hazardous substances, often as a result of hand-to-
mouth behaviour.
 Examples: Consuming food or water contaminated with chemicals, or
inadvertently ingesting chemicals from contaminated hands.
 Controls: Good hygiene practices, proper labelling and storage of chemicals,
and ensuring clean eating areas.
3. Dermal (Skin) Contact:
 Description: Direct contact with hazardous substances through the skin.
 Examples: Handling chemicals without gloves, spills or splashes of corrosive
substances.
 Controls: Use of personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves and
protective clothing, and implementing safety showers and eyewash stations.
4. Injection:
 Description: Puncturing the skin and introducing a substance directly into
the bloodstream, usually accidental.
 Examples: Needle stick injuries, broken glass, or sharp object injuries that
penetrate the skin.
 Controls: Safe handling and disposal of sharp objects, use of puncture-
resistant gloves, and immediate first aid response.
Human Responses to Hazardous and Toxic Substances:
 The human body’s response to exposure to hazardous and toxic substances can vary
widely depending on the nature of the substance, the duration and intensity of
exposure, and individual susceptibility.
 Responses can be categorized as acute, chronic, or delayed.
1. Acute Responses:
 Description: Immediate or short-term reactions following exposure to
hazardous substances.
 Symptoms: Include headaches, dizziness, nausea, skin irritation, respiratory
distress, and chemical burns.
 Examples:
 Inhalation of high concentrations of ammonia can cause immediate
respiratory distress.
 Skin contact with strong acids or bases can cause immediate chemical
burns.
2. Chronic Responses:
 Description: Long-term health effects that develop after prolonged or repeated
exposure to hazardous substances.

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  Symptoms: Chronic respiratory diseases, cancer, neurological disorders,
reproductive issues, and liver or kidney damage.
 Examples:
 Long-term exposure to asbestos fibers can lead to chronic respiratory
diseases such as asbestosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma.
 Chronic exposure to benzene, a known carcinogen, can lead to leukemia
and other blood disorders.
3. Delayed Responses:
 Description: Health effects that do not appear immediately but manifest after
a latent period.
 Symptoms: Similar to chronic responses but can appear after a single
exposure or long after exposure has ceased.
 Examples:
 Exposure to certain chemicals, like organophosphates, may cause delayed
neurological effects.
 Exposure to carcinogens like vinyl chloride may result in cancer many
years after the initial exposure.
Factors Influencing Human Responses:
1. Dose:
 Definition: The amount of a substance that enters the body.
 Influence: Higher doses typically lead to more severe health effects. Even low
doses of highly toxic substances can cause significant harm.
2. Duration and Frequency:
 Definition: The length of time and how often exposure occurs.
 Influence: Prolonged or repeated exposure increases the risk of chronic health
effects.
3. Route of Exposure:
 Definition: The pathway through which the substance enters the body.
 Influence: Different routes of exposure can result in different health effects. For
example, inhalation of a substance might affect the respiratory system more
than skin contact.
4. Individual Susceptibility:
 Definition: Variability in individuals’ responses due to genetic factors, age, sex,
health status, and pre-existing conditions.
 Influence: Individuals with compromised health, such as those with respiratory
issues, may be more vulnerable to toxic substances.
Examples of Hazardous Substances and Responses:
1. Asbestos:
 Exposure Pathway: Inhalation of fibers.
 Human Response: Chronic respiratory diseases such as asbestosis, lung
cancer, and mesothelioma.
2. Lead:
 Exposure Pathways: Ingestion and inhalation.
 Human Response: Neurological effects, developmental delays in children, and
kidney damage.
3. Solvents (e.g., Benzene, Toluene):
 Exposure Pathways: Inhalation and skin contact.
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  Human Response: Acute effects include dizziness, headaches, and skin
irritation. Chronic exposure can lead to neurological damage and cancer.
4. Pesticides:
 Exposure Pathways: Inhalation, ingestion, and skin contact.
 Human Response: Acute poisoning symptoms like nausea and vomiting, chronic
effects like neurological damage and cancer.
Control Measures for Hazardous Substances:
1. Engineering Controls:
 Examples: Ventilation systems, enclosed processes, and automated handling
systems to reduce direct exposure.
2. Administrative Controls:
 Examples: Safe work procedures, training programs, and regular health
monitoring.
3. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
 Examples: Respirators, gloves, protective clothing, and safety goggles.
4. Substitution and Elimination:
 Examples: Replacing hazardous substances with less harmful ones, or
redesigning processes to eliminate the use of hazardous substances.
ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND
OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMITS:
Environmental Monitoring:
 Environmental Monitoring involves measuring and analyzing the levels of
contaminants in the work environment, such as air, water, and surface
contamination.
 It is used to evaluate exposure levels and effectiveness of control measures.
Advantages:
 Assessment of Exposure Levels:
 Detection of Contaminants: Identifies the presence and concentration of
hazardous substances in the workplace.
 Quantitative Data: Provides measurable data on exposure levels, helping to
understand the extent of contamination.
 Regulatory Compliance:
 Compliance Verification: Ensures that workplace conditions comply with
regulatory standards and guidelines.
 Documentation: Provides necessary documentation for regulatory inspections
and audits.
 Effectiveness of Control Measures:
 Evaluation: Assesses the effectiveness of existing control measures such as
ventilation systems and containment procedures.
 Adjustment: Allows for adjustments and improvements to safety measures
based on real-time data.
 Health and Safety Planning:
 Risk Assessment: Assists in identifying potential health risks and designing
appropriate risk management strategies.
 Prevention: Helps in the proactive management of risks by identifying problems
before they result in significant health issues.

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  Worker Safety:
 Early Detection: Identifies potential exposure risks before they affect workers’
health.
 Health Surveillance: Contributes to the health surveillance programs by
providing data on exposure levels that correlate with health outcomes.
Limitations:
 Cost and Resources:
 Expense: Environmental monitoring can be costly due to equipment, materials,
and specialized personnel required.
 Resource Intensive: Requires significant time and resources for setup,
sampling, analysis, and reporting.
 Sampling Limitations:
 Frequency: Periodic sampling may not capture peak exposure levels or transient
spikes in contamination.
 Representativeness: Sampling may not always be representative of all areas or
times, potentially missing localized or episodic exposure.
 Data Interpretation:
 Complex Analysis: Interpretation of monitoring data can be complex, requiring
expertise to understand and act on results.
 Context-Specific: Data may need to be interpreted in the context of specific
work practices and conditions.
 Reliability and Accuracy:
 Measurement Errors: Instruments and methods may have limitations in
accuracy and precision, affecting the reliability of results.
 Calibration: Regular calibration and maintenance of equipment are essential to
ensure accurate measurements.
 Lag in Response:
 Delayed Action: There may be a delay between detection of a problem and
implementation of corrective measures, which can impact worker safety.
Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs):
 Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs) are regulatory limits set for the maximum
allowable concentration of hazardous substances in the workplace air, to which
workers can be exposed over a specific period.
Advantages:
 Health Protection:
 Prevention of Adverse Effects: OELs are designed to protect workers from the
harmful effects of exposure to hazardous substances.
 Health Standards: Provides a benchmark for acceptable exposure levels to
ensure worker health and safety.
 Regulatory Compliance:
 Legal Requirements: Compliance with OELs is often mandated by regulatory
agencies, ensuring adherence to legal safety standards.
 Consistency: Provides a uniform standard across industries and workplaces for
the protection of workers.

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  Guidance for Safety Measures:
 Risk Management: Helps in designing and implementing control measures to
keep exposure levels below the established limits.
 Benchmarking: Serves as a benchmark for assessing the effectiveness of control
measures and workplace safety practices.
 Health Surveillance:
 Monitoring and Evaluation: Provides a basis for health surveillance programs
and helps in evaluating the impact of exposure on worker health.
 Preventive Actions:
 Early Intervention: Enables early intervention to prevent exceeding exposure
limits, thereby avoiding potential health issues.
Limitations:
 Static Nature:
 Lag in Updates: OELs may not always be updated promptly to reflect new
scientific knowledge or emerging risks.
 Inflexibility: May not account for varying individual susceptibilities or different
exposure scenarios.
 Assumptions and Generalization:
 One-Size-Fits-All: OELs are based on average worker exposure and may not
account for variations in individual sensitivity or work conditions.
 Assumed Exposure: Assumes uniform exposure across a working population,
which may not be the case in all workplaces.
 Exposure Variability:
 Complex Work Environments: In complex environments with multiple sources
of exposure, maintaining concentrations below OELs can be challenging.
 Transient Peaks: OELs may not fully address short-term or peak exposures,
which can be equally harmful.
 Enforcement Challenges:
 Monitoring: Requires regular and effective monitoring to ensure compliance,
which can be resource-intensive.
 Enforcement: Ensuring adherence to OELs can be difficult, particularly in large
or decentralized organizations.
 Health Effects Beyond OELs:
 Subclinical Effects: Health effects may occur even at exposure levels below
OELs, particularly for sensitive individuals or in cases of cumulative exposure.
HIERARCHY OF CONTROL MEASURES FOR OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH RISKS:
 The Hierarchy of Control Measures is a systematic approach used to manage and
mitigate occupational health risks in industrial safety.
 It provides a structured framework for identifying and implementing control
measures to reduce or eliminate hazards.
 The hierarchy is organized from the most effective control measures to the least
effective, with the goal of minimizing worker exposure to health risks.
1. Elimination:
Definition: The most effective control measure involves completely removing the
hazard from the workplace.

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 Examples:
 Substitution of Dangerous Processes: Replacing a hazardous process with a
safer one.
 Removal of Hazardous Materials: Eliminating the use of toxic chemicals by
using non-toxic alternatives.
 Redesign of Processes: Changing the workflow to eliminate steps that involve
dangerous conditions.
Advantages:
 Permanent Solution: Completely removes the risk from the environment.
 No Ongoing Exposure: Workers are no longer exposed to the hazard.
Limitations:
 Feasibility: Some hazards cannot be completely eliminated due to operational
constraints or technical limitations.
 Cost: Can be expensive and may require significant changes to existing
systems or processes.
2. Substitution:
Definition: Substituting a less hazardous material, process, or equipment for
one that is more dangerous.
Examples:
 Less Toxic Chemicals: Using a less toxic solvent instead of a highly toxic one.
 Safer Equipment: Replacing old machinery with newer, safer models that
have built-in safety features.
Advantages:
 Reduced Risk: Lowers the risk associated with the hazard.
 Potential Cost Savings: Can sometimes be more cost-effective than other
control measures.
Limitations:
 Compatibility: Substitutes must be compatible with existing processes and
systems.
 Unanticipated Risks: New substances or processes may introduce new risks
or require additional controls.
3. Engineering Controls:
Definition: Implementing physical changes to the workplace or processes to
reduce or isolate the hazard.
Examples:
 Ventilation Systems: Installing local exhaust ventilation systems to remove
harmful vapours or dust from the air.
 Enclosures and Guards: Using machine guards and enclosures to prevent
accidental contact with moving parts.
 Isolation: Creating barriers or enclosures to separate workers from hazardous
areas or materials.
Advantages:
 Effective: Can significantly reduce or eliminate exposure to hazards.
 Continuous Protection: Provides ongoing protection as long as the controls
are maintained.
Limitations:
 Cost: Can be expensive to install and maintain.
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  Complexity: May require complex modifications to existing systems or
infrastructure.
4. Administrative Controls:
Definition: Implementing changes in work practices and procedures to reduce
exposure to hazards.
Examples:
 Work Scheduling: Rotating workers to minimize their exposure to hazardous
tasks or environments.
 Training and Education: Providing training on safe work practices,
emergency procedures, and proper use of equipment.
 Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs): Developing and enforcing
procedures to ensure safe handling and use of hazardous materials.
Advantages:
 Flexibility: Can be adjusted or modified based on changing conditions or
requirements.
 Cost-Effective: Generally, less expensive than engineering controls or
personal protective equipment.
Limitations:
 Reliance on Compliance: Effectiveness depends on workers following
procedures and protocols.
 Temporary Solution: May not fully address the hazard if not combined with
other control measures.
5. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Definition: Using protective gear to shield workers from exposure to hazards.
Examples:
 Respirators: Protecting against inhalation of harmful substances.
 Gloves: Providing protection from chemicals, cuts, or abrasions.
 Protective Clothing: Preventing skin contact with hazardous substances.
 Eye Protection: Shields against splashes, flying debris, or harmful radiation.
Advantages:
 Immediate Protection: Provides a direct barrier between the worker and the
hazard.
 Variety: Wide range of PPE available for different types of hazards.
Limitations
 Last Line of Defense: PPE is considered the last line of defense and should
not be the primary control measure.
 Comfort and Compliance: PPE can be uncomfortable or cumbersome,
potentially affecting worker compliance.
 Maintenance: Requires regular inspection, maintenance, and replacement to
ensure effectiveness.
ROLE OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AND THE SELECTION CRITERIA:
 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is crucial in industrial safety as it provides a
barrier between workers and various hazards in the workplace.
 It is used when hazards cannot be completely eliminated or controlled through other
means, such as engineering controls or administrative measures.

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  PPE serves as a last line of defense to protect workers from injuries and health
issues.
Role of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
1. Protection from Hazards:
 Physical Protection: Shields against physical hazards such as cuts, burns,
impacts, and abrasions. For example, gloves protect hands from sharp objects or
chemical burns.
 Chemical Protection: Guards against exposure to hazardous chemicals. For
instance, chemical-resistant aprons and gloves prevent skin contact with
corrosive substances.
 Biological Protection: Offers protection from biological hazards such as
bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens. Examples include biohazard suits and
face shields.
 Respiratory Protection: Protects against inhalation of harmful dust, fumes,
gases, and vapours. Respirators and masks are commonly used for this purpose.
 Thermal Protection: Safeguards against extreme temperatures. For example,
insulated gloves and heat-resistant suits protect against high temperatures,
while cold-weather gear protects against freezing conditions.
2. Reduction of Injury Severity:
 Prevention of Injuries: Reduces the severity of injuries by providing a protective
barrier. For instance, safety helmets can prevent head injuries from falling
objects.
 Mitigation of Health Effects: Reduces the risk of long-term health issues, such
as hearing loss from excessive noise or respiratory diseases from inhaled
contaminants.
3. Compliance with Regulations:
 Legal Requirements: Ensures compliance with occupational health and safety
regulations and standards. Many regulations mandate the use of PPE in specific
situations and industries.
 Standards Adherence: PPE must meet specific standards and certifications to
ensure its effectiveness and safety. Regulatory bodies often provide guidelines
and requirements for PPE.
4. Employee Assurance:
 Increased Confidence: Provides workers with a sense of security, knowing that
they are protected from potential hazards.
 Improved Morale: Contributes to overall job satisfaction and morale by
demonstrating the employer’s commitment to worker safety.
Selection Criteria for Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
 Selecting the appropriate PPE is critical to ensure its effectiveness in protecting
workers.
 The following criteria should be considered when selecting PPE:
1. Hazard Assessment:
 Identification of Hazards: Conduct a thorough assessment of the workplace
to identify potential hazards. This includes evaluating physical, chemical,
biological, and ergonomic risks.
 Risk Evaluation: Determine the level of risk associated with each hazard to
select the appropriate type and level of PPE.
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 2. Type of PPE:
 Suitability: Choose PPE that is specifically designed to protect against the
identified hazards. For example, use chemical-resistant gloves for handling
hazardous chemicals or hearing protection in noisy environments.
 Compatibility: Ensure that the selected PPE is compatible with other
protective gear and does not interfere with job performance or other safety
equipment.
3. Fit and Comfort:
 Proper Fit: PPE must fit properly to be effective. Ill-fitting equipment can be
uncomfortable and may not provide adequate protection.
 Comfort: Consider the comfort of PPE, as uncomfortable gear can affect
workers’ willingness to wear it consistently.
4. Durability and Maintenance:
 Material Quality: Select PPE made from durable materials that can withstand
the conditions of the work environment.
 Ease of Maintenance: Choose PPE that is easy to clean, maintain, and
replace when necessary.
5. Standards and Certification:
 Compliance: Ensure that PPE meets relevant safety standards and
certifications. For example, respirators should be certified by organizations
like the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) or the
European Union (CE) standards.
 Quality Assurance: Verify that the PPE has been tested and approved for use
in specific conditions or industries.
6. Training and Usage:
 Training: Provide training to workers on the proper use, maintenance, and
limitations of PPE. Proper training ensures that workers know how to use PPE
effectively.
 Usage Monitoring: Monitor and enforce the use of PPE in the workplace to
ensure compliance and effectiveness.
7. Cost and Budget:
 Cost-Effectiveness: While cost is a consideration, it should not compromise
safety. Invest in high-quality PPE that provides adequate protection.
 Budget Allocation: Ensure that the budget allows for the purchase and
regular replacement of PPE as needed.
EFFECTS ON HUMANS:
 Understanding the effects of industrial hazards on humans is crucial for
implementing effective safety measures and protecting workers’ health.
 These effects can vary widely depending on the type of hazard, the level and duration
of exposure, and individual susceptibility.
1. Physical Hazards:
a. Mechanical Hazards:
 Description: Involves moving machinery, equipment, or tools that can
cause physical injuries.

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  Effects: Can result in cuts, lacerations, amputations, crush injuries, and
fractures. For example, accidents involving rotating machinery can cause
severe limb injuries.
b. Ergonomic Hazards:
 Description: Relates to repetitive strain, poor posture, and awkward
movements.
 Effects: Can lead to musculoskeletal disorders such as carpal tunnel
syndrome, back pain, and repetitive strain injuries. Prolonged exposure to
poor ergonomic conditions can cause chronic pain and reduced
functionality.
c. Noise Hazards:
 Description: Exposure to excessive noise levels.
 Effects: Can cause hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), and
increased stress levels. Chronic exposure to high noise levels can lead to
permanent hearing damage.
d. Vibration Hazards:
 Description: Exposure to vibrations from machinery or tools.
 Effects: Can cause hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS), which includes
symptoms such as numbness, tingling, and loss of dexterity. Whole-body
vibration can also lead to lower back pain and other musculoskeletal
issues.
2. Chemical Hazards:
a. Inhalation:
 Description: Breathing in harmful vapours, dust, fumes, or gases.
 Effects: Can lead to respiratory issues such as asthma, bronchitis, and
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Long-term exposure can
cause lung cancer and other serious respiratory diseases.
b. Skin Contact:
 Description: Direct contact with hazardous chemicals.
 Effects: Can cause skin irritation, dermatitis, chemical burns, and allergic
reactions. Prolonged exposure may lead to chronic skin conditions and
systemic toxicity if chemicals are absorbed into the body.
c. Ingestion:
 Description: Accidental swallowing of hazardous substances.
 Effects: Can result in gastrointestinal issues such as nausea, vomiting,
and abdominal pain. Ingesting toxic substances can lead to more severe
health effects, including organ damage and poisoning.
3. Biological Hazards:
a. Bacteria and Viruses:
 Description: Exposure to pathogenic microorganisms.
 Effects: Can cause infections such as tuberculosis, hepatitis, and other
communicable diseases. Workers in healthcare or laboratory settings are
particularly at risk.
b. Fungi and Molds:
 Description: Exposure to fungal spores or mold.
 Effects: Can lead to respiratory problems, allergic reactions, and infections,
particularly in immunocompromised individuals.
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 c. Biological Toxins:
 Description: Exposure to toxins produced by living organisms.
 Effects: Can cause poisoning and various health issues, depending on the
type of toxin. For example, mycotoxins from molds can cause respiratory
and systemic illnesses.
4. Physical Agents:
a. Radiation:
 Description: Exposure to ionizing and non-ionizing radiation.
 Effects: Ionizing radiation (e.g., X-rays, gamma rays) can cause cancer,
genetic mutations, and radiation sickness. Non-ionizing radiation (e.g., UV
radiation) can cause skin burns and increase the risk of skin cancer.
b. Temperature Extremes:
 Description: Exposure to extreme heat or cold.
 Effects: Heat exposure can lead to heat stress, heat exhaustion, or heat
stroke. Cold exposure can cause frostbite, hypothermia, and other cold-
related injuries.
5. Psychosocial Hazards:
a. Stress:
 Description: Occupational stress due to workload, deadlines, and job
demands.
 Effects: Can lead to mental health issues such as anxiety, depression, and
burnout. Chronic stress can also affect physical health, contributing to
cardiovascular disease and weakened immune function.
b. Workplace Violence:
 Description: Exposure to aggressive or violent behaviour.
 Effects: Can result in physical injuries, psychological trauma, and long-
term mental health issues such as PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder).
6. Long-Term Health Effects:
a. Chronic Diseases:
 Description: Long-term exposure to hazards can lead to chronic diseases.
 Examples: Chronic exposure to asbestos can cause lung cancer and
asbestosis. Long-term exposure to chemicals like benzene can lead to
leukemia.
b. Cumulative Effects:
 Description: Gradual accumulation of exposure over time.
 Examples: Repeated exposure to low levels of noise or chemicals can result
in significant health issues over time, even if individual exposures do not
cause immediate effects.
7. Acute vs. Chronic Effects:
a. Acute Effects:
 Description: Immediate or short-term health effects.
 Examples: Chemical burns from a spill, immediate respiratory distress
from inhaling toxic fumes.
b. Chronic Effects:
 Description: Long-term health effects resulting from prolonged or repeated
exposure.

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  Examples: Chronic respiratory diseases from long-term exposure to dust,
cancer from prolonged exposure to carcinogens.
CONTROL METHODS AND REDUCTION STRATEGIES FOR NOISE, RADIATION AND
EXCESSIVE STRESS:
 Controlling and reducing hazards such as noise, radiation, and excessive stress in
industrial environments is critical to maintaining a safe and healthy workplace.
1. Control Methods and Reduction Strategies for Noise:
Noise is a significant occupational hazard that can lead to hearing loss and other
health issues. Effective control methods focus on reducing noise levels and
protecting workers from excessive exposure.
a. Engineering Controls:
1. Noise Enclosures:
 Description: Installing barriers or enclosures around noisy machinery or
equipment to contain and reduce noise.
 Examples: Acoustic enclosures for compressors or pumps.
2. Noise Dampening Materials:
 Description: Using materials that absorb sound to reduce noise levels.
 Examples: Installing acoustic panels, insulation, or sound-absorbing
tiles on walls and ceilings.
3. Maintenance and Upgrades:
 Description: Regular maintenance and upgrading of machinery to
reduce noise emissions.
 Examples: Replacing worn-out parts, lubricating moving parts, and
upgrading to quieter equipment.
4. Vibration Isolation:
 Description: Isolating equipment that generates noise through vibration
isolation mounts or pads.
 Examples: Using anti-vibration mounts for motors and compressors.
b. Administrative Controls:
1. Workplace Design:
 Description: Designing work processes to minimize noise exposure.
 Examples: Arranging noisy machines away from workstations where
employees are present.
2. Job Rotation:
 Description: Rotating workers through different tasks or areas to reduce
their overall exposure to noise.
 Examples: Shifting workers between noisy and quieter tasks or work
areas.
3. Training and Awareness:
 Description: Educating workers about noise hazards and proper use of
hearing protection.
 Examples: Providing training on the effects of noise and the importance
of using PPE.
c. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
1. Hearing Protection:
 Description: Using devices to protect ears from excessive noise.

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  Examples: Earplugs, earmuffs, or combination devices (earplugs and
earmuffs) designed for high noise levels.
2. Control Methods and Reduction Strategies for Radiation:
Radiation exposure in industrial settings can cause serious health issues,
including cancer and radiation sickness. Effective control methods focus on
minimizing exposure and protecting workers.
a. Engineering Controls:
1. Shielding:
 Description: Installing physical barriers to block or reduce radiation
exposure.
 Examples: Lead shields for X-ray machines, concrete walls for nuclear
reactors.
2. Containment:
 Description: Using containment systems to prevent the release of
radioactive materials.
 Examples: Containment vessels, glove boxes, and ventilation systems
with filters.
3. Distance:
 Description: Increasing the distance between workers and radiation
sources to reduce exposure.
 Examples: Remote operation of radiation-producing equipment or
controlling access to radiation areas.
b. Administrative Controls:
1. Access Control:
 Description: Restricting access to areas where radiation levels are high.
 Examples: Using signage, barriers, and controlled entry points to limit
access to radiation areas.
2. Work Procedures:
 Description: Developing and enforcing procedures to minimize radiation
exposure.
 Examples: Implementing safe work practices, such as limiting the time
spent near radiation sources.
3. Monitoring and Surveillance:
 Description: Regularly monitoring radiation levels and worker exposure.
 Examples: Using dosimeters and radiation detectors to measure and
track exposure levels.
c. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
1. Radiation Protection Clothing:
 Description: Wearing specialized clothing to protect against radiation
exposure.
 Examples: Lead aprons, thyroid shields, and protective gloves.
2. Respiratory Protection:
 Description: Using respirators or other equipment to protect against
airborne radioactive particles.
 Examples: High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters in respirators.

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 3. Control Methods and Reduction Strategies for Excessive Stress:
Excessive stress in the workplace can lead to mental health issues, decreased
productivity, and increased absenteeism. Effective strategies focus on reducing
stressors and promoting mental well-being.
a. Administrative Controls:
1. Workload Management:
 Description: Balancing workloads to prevent overwork and burnout.
 Examples: Implementing reasonable work hours, avoiding excessive
overtime, and distributing tasks fairly.
2. Support Systems:
 Description: Providing support systems to help employees manage
stress.
 Examples: Employee assistance programs (EAPs), counseling services,
and stress management workshops.
3. Workplace Culture:
 Description: Fostering a positive and supportive workplace culture.
 Examples: Encouraging open communication, recognizing and
rewarding employee achievements, and promoting a healthy work-life
balance.
4. Job Design:
 Description: Designing jobs to reduce stress factors.
 Examples: Incorporating variety in tasks, allowing for autonomy, and
providing opportunities for skill development.
b. Organizational Strategies:
1. Management Training:
 Description: Training managers to recognize and address stress-related
issues.
 Examples: Providing training on leadership skills, conflict resolution,
and supportive communication.
2. Flexible Work Arrangements:
 Description: Offering flexible work options to accommodate employees’
needs.
 Examples: Telecommuting, flexible hours, and compressed workweeks.
3. Workplace Design:
 Description: Designing work environments that reduce stressors.
 Examples: Creating comfortable workspaces, providing quiet areas for
relaxation, and ensuring adequate lighting and ventilation.
c. Personal Coping Strategies:
1. Stress Management Techniques:
 Description: Encouraging employees to use stress management
techniques.
 Examples: Teaching relaxation techniques, mindfulness, and time
management skills.
2. Health and Wellness Programs:
 Description: Providing programs that promote overall well-being.
 Examples: Fitness programs, wellness challenges, and healthy eating
initiatives.
17 Prepared by M.Kamarajan, AP/CSE, PSNACET