LPN Notes Nurse s Clinical Pocket Guide 2nd Edition Ehren Myers download pdf
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LPN Notes Nurse s Clinical Pocket Guide 2nd Edition
Ehren Myers Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Ehren Myers, Tracey Hopkins
ISBN(s): 9781435628649, 1435628640
Edition: 2nd
File Details: PDF, 12.33 MB
Year: 2007
Language: english
00Myer (F)-FM 7/6/07 2:53 PM Page ii
Contacts • Phone/E-Mail
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00Myer (F)-FM 7/6/07 2:53 PM Page iii
2nd Edition
Ehren Myers, RN
Tracey Hopkins, BSN, RN
F. A. Davis Company
1915 Arch Street
Philadelphia, PA 19103
www.fadavis.com
Sticky Notes
✓ HIPAA Compliant
✓ OSHA Compliant
BASICS ASSESS LIFE SPAN MED-SURG MEDS LABS ECG PATIENT TOOLS
IV FLUIDS EDUCATION
00Myer (F)-FM 7/6/07 2:53 PM Page vi
For a complete list of Davis’s Notes and other titles for health care providers,
visit www.fadavis.com.
01Myers (F)-1 7/6/07 8:08 PM Page 1
1
Communication
Lifespan Considerations
Cultural Considerations
Communication Techniques
BASICS
01Myers (F)-1 7/6/07 8:08 PM Page 2
BASICS
Exhalation
ports
Elastic
strap
To oxygen
source
2
01Myers (F)-1 7/6/07 8:08 PM Page 3
3
Nonrebreather Mask
■ Indicated for high percentage (one-way valves)
supplemental O2.
■ Flow rate of up to 15 L/min.
■ Delivers up to 100% O2.
■ One-way flaps open and close Exhalation
with respiration and result in a port
high concentration of delivered
O2 and minimal to no CO2
rebreathed by Pt.
Inhalation
port
BASICS
01Myers (F)-1 7/6/07 8:08 PM Page 4
BASICS
Humidified Systems
■ Indicated for Pts requiring long- To oxygen
source
term O2 therapy to prevent drying
of mucous membranes.
■ Setup may vary among brands.
Fill canister with sterile water to
recommended level, attach to O2 To patient Maximum
source, and attach mask or cannula fill line
to humidifier. Adjust flow rate.
Minimum
Sterile water water level
in reservoir line
Transtracheal Oxygenation
■ Indicated for Pts with tracheostomy
who require long-term O2 therapy
and/or intermittent, transtracheal
aerosol treatment.
■ Ensure proper placement (over
stoma, tracheal tube).
■ Assess for and clear secretions
as needed. Chain necklace
■ Assess skin for irritation. Tract
Transtracheal catheter
(connect to oxygen)
Trachea
4
01Myers (F)-1 7/6/07 8:08 PM Page 5
5
Artificial Airways
Oropharyngeal Airway (OPA)
■ Indicated for unconscious Pts OROPHARYNGEAL AIRWAY
TRACHEA
who have no gag reflex. TONGUE
■ Measure from corner of Pt’s ESOPHAGUS
OROPHARYNGEAL
mouth to the earlobe. AIRWAY
BASICS
01Myers (F)-1 7/6/07 8:08 PM Page 6
BASICS
Pulse Oximeters
Finding Intervention
SpO2 95% ■ Considered normal and requires no intervention.
■ Continue routine monitoring of Pt.
SpO2 91%–94% ■ Considered acceptable.
■ Assess probe placement and adjust if necessary.
■ Continue to monitor Pt.
SpO2 85%–90% ■ Raise HOB and stimulate Pt to breathe deeply.
■ Assess airway and encourage coughing
■ Suction airway if needed.
■ Administer oxygen and titrate to SpO2 90%.
■ Notify physician and RT if SpO2 fails to improve after
a few minutes.
SpO2 85% ■ Administer 100% oxygen, position Pt to facilitate
breathing, suction airway if needed, and notify
physician and RT immediately.
■ Check medication record and consider naloxone or
flumazenil for medication-induced respiratory
depression.
■ Be prepared to manually ventilate or aid in intubation
if condition worsens or fails to improve.
6
01Myers (F)-1 7/6/07 8:08 PM Page 7
7
Caution: Consider readings within overall context of Pt’s medical history and
physical exam. Reliability of pulse oximeters is sometimes questionable, and
many conditions can produce false readings. Assess Pt’s skin signs, RR, and HR.
Ask how Pt is feeling. Repositioning probe to a different location (ears, toes, or
different finger) may help correct suspected false reading. Note: readings 90%
may be considered normal to acceptable in Pts who normally live at higher
altitudes.
Preprocedure
■ Setup: Using sterile technique, open and position supplies so that they are
within easy reach. Fill sterile basin with sterile normal saline, and open sterile
gloves close by so that they are easy to reach.
■ Position yourself: Stand at Pt’s bedside so that your nondominant hand is
toward Pt’s head.
■ Preoxygenate: Manually ventilate Pt with 100% O2 for several deep breaths.
BASICS
01Myers (F)-1 7/6/07 8:08 PM Page 8
BASICS
Technique
Troubleshooting Tracheostomies
Neuro: Anxiety, restlessness
Resp: Respiratory distress, gasping, airway obstruction
CV: Tachycardia, hypertension
Skin: Cool, pale, cyanotic, diaphoretic
Note: Pt may be asymptomatic (with established stomas)
Tracheostomy Dislodgement
8
01Myers (F)-1 7/6/07 8:08 PM Page 9
9
NG (Nasogastric) Tube: Insertion
■ Explain procedure to Pt and offer reassurance.
■ Auscultate abdomen for positive bowel sounds if NG tube is to be used
for administration of feedings or medication.
■ Position Pt upright in high-Fowler’s position. Instruct Pt to keep chin-to-
chest posture during insertion. This helps to prevent accidental insertion
into trachea.
■ Measure tube from tip of nose to earlobe, then down to the xiphoid. Mark
this point on tube with tape.
■ Lubricate tube by applying water-soluble lubricant to tube. Never use
petroleum-based jelly, which degrades PVC tubing.
■ Insert tube through nostril until you reach previously marked point on
tube. Instruct Pt to take small sips of water during insertion to help
facilitate passing of tube.
■ Secure tube to Pt’s nose using tape. Be careful not to block nostril. Tape
tube 12–18 inches below insertion line and then pin tape to Pt’s gown.
Allow slack for movement.
■ Position HOB at 30–45 degrees to minimize risk of aspiration.
■ Confirm proper location of NG tube:
■ Pull back on plunger* of a 20-mL syringe to aspirate stomach contents.
Typically, gastric aspirates are cloudy and green, or tan, off-white,
bloody, or brown. Gastric aspirate can look like respiratory secretions,
so it is best also to check pH.
■ Dip litmus paper into gastric aspirate. A reading of a pH of 1–3 suggests
placement in stomach.
■ An alternative, but less reliable, method is to inject 20 mL of air into
tube while auscultating the abdomen. Hearing loud gurgle of air
suggests placement in stomach. If no bubbling is heard, remove tube
and reattempt. Withdraw tube immediately if Pt becomes cyanotic or
develops breathing problems.
■ An inability to speak also suggests intubation of trachea instead of
stomach.
■ *Note: small-bore NI (nasointestinal) tubes (i.e., Dobhoff) may collapse
under pressure, and initial confirmation of placement is obtained by x-
ray.
■ Assemble equipment (wall suction, feeding pump, etc.) per manufacturer
guidelines.
■ Document type and size of NG tube, which nostril, and how Pt tolerated
procedure. Document how tube placement was confirmed and whether
tubing was left clamped or attached to feeding pump or suction.
BASICS
01Myers (F)-1 7/6/07 8:08 PM Page 10
BASICS
Removal
NG Tube Feedings
■ Confirm placement before using: (1) Using 20-mL syringe, inject 20-mL
bolus of air into feeding tube while auscultating abdomen. Loud gurgling
indicates proper placement. DO NOT attempt this with water! (2) Use
20-mL syringe and gently aspirate gastric content. Dip litmus paper into
gastric aspirate; pH of 1–3 suggests proper placement.
■ Maintenance: Flush with 30 mL of water every 4–6 hours and before and
after administering tube feedings, checking for residuals, and
administering medications.
■ Medication: Dilute liquid medications with 20–30 mL of water. Obtain all
medications in liquid form. If liquid form is not available, check with
pharmacy to see if medication can be crushed. Administer each
medication separately and flush with 5–10 mL of water between each
medication. Do not mix medications with feeding formula!
■ Residuals: Check before bolus feeding, administration of medication, or
every 4 hours for continuous feeding. Hold feeding if 100 mL and
recheck in 1 hour. If residuals are still high after 1 hour, notify physician.
10
01Myers (F)-1 7/6/07 8:08 PM Page 11
11
Types of Tube Feedings
Checking Residuals
■ Using 60-mL syringe, withdraw from gastric feeding tube any residual
formula that may remain in stomach.
■ Volume of this formula is noted, and if it is greater than predetermined
amount, stomach is not emptying properly, and next feeding dose is
withheld.
■ This process can indicate gastroparesis and intolerance to advancement
to higher volume of formula.
BASICS
01Myers (F)-1 7/6/07 8:09 PM Page 12
BASICS
Occluded tube
■ Inadequate flushing: Flush more routinely.
■ Use of crushed meds: Switch to liquid meds.
Displaced tube
■ Improperly secured tube: Retape the tube.
■ Confused patient: Follow hospital protocol.
Ostomy Care
Types of Ostomies
12
01Myers (F)-1 7/6/07 8:09 PM Page 13
13
■ Measure stoma using stoma guide and cut ring to size.
■ Remove paper backing from adhesive-backed ring, and, using gentle
pressure, center ring over stoma and press it to skin.
■ Smooth out any wrinkles to prevent seepage of effluent.
■ Center faceplate of bag over stoma and gently press down until
completely closed.
■ Document appearance of the stoma, condition of skin, amount, color, and
consistency of contents, and presence of any unusual odor.
■ Discard soiled items per hospital policy using standard precautions.
Urinary Catheters
Straight Catheter
Indwelling Catheter
BASICS
01Myers (F)-1 7/6/07 8:09 PM Page 14
BASICS
nearest to you, (3) center of meatus between each labia. Use one swab
per swipe. Male: retract foreskin (replace foreskin back down over penis
after catheter has been successfully inserted); use dominant (sterile) hand
to hold swabs with sterile forceps and swab in circular motion from
meatus outward. Repeat three times, using different swab each time.
■ Gently insert catheter (about 2–3 inches for female Pts and 6–9 inches for
male Pts) until return of urine is noted. Caution: Never force catheter if
resistance is encountered!
■ For straight catheters: Obtain specimen or drain bladder and then remove
and discard catheter.
■ For indwelling catheters: Insert additional inch and then inflate balloon
with recommended volume.
■ Attach catheter to drainage bag using sterile technique.
■ Secure catheter to Pt’s leg according to hospital policy.
■ Hang drainage bag on bed frame below level of bladder.
■ Document type and size of catheter, amount and appearance of urine, and
how Pt tolerated procedure.
14
01Myers (F)-1 7/6/07 8:09 PM Page 15
15
Procedure for Removal
Procedure
■ Prepare Pt: Explain procedure to Pt, offer reassurance, and assess for
allergies to latex, iodine, or tape.
■ Supplies: Tourniquet, skin cleanser, sterile 22 gauze, evacuated collection
tubes or syringes, needle and needle holder, and tape.
■ Position patient: Sitting or lying with arm extended and supported.
■ Tourniquet: 3–4 inches above intended venipuncture site.
■ Choose vein: Most common and easily accessed are median cubital,
cephalic, and basilic veins located in antecubital (AC) fossa anterior to
elbow. Veins of forearm, wrist, and hand may also be used but are smaller
and often more painful.
BASICS
01Myers (F)-1 7/6/07 8:09 PM Page 16
BASICS
■ Cleanse site: Briefly remove tourniquet. With alcohol swab, cleanse site
from center outward, using a circular motion. Allow site to air dry for
30–60 seconds. For blood alcohol level and blood culture specimens, use
iodine in place of alcohol.
■ Perform venipuncture: Reapply the tourniquet. If necessary, cleanse end of
gloved finger for additional vein palpation. Insert needle, bevel up, at
15–30 degrees using dominant hand. With nondominant hand, push
evacuated collection tube completely into needle holder or pull back on
syringe plunger with slow, consistent tension.
■ Remove tourniquet: If procedure will last longer than 1 minute, remove
tourniquet after blood begins to flow.
■ Remove needle: Remove tourniquet if still in place. Place sterile gauze
over puncture site, remove needle, and apply pressure.
■ Equipment disposal: Per facility policy/standard precautions.
■ Prepare specimen: If using syringes, transfer specimen into proper tubes.
Mix additives with gentle rolling motion. Label specimen tubes with Pt’s
name, ID number, date, time, and your initials.
■ Document: Record specimen collection in medical record.
16
01Myers (F)-1 7/6/07 8:09 PM Page 17
17
Clean Catch (Midstream)
■ Ensure that tubing is empty, and then clamp tube distal to collection port
for 15 minutes.
■ Cleanse collection port with antiseptic swab and allow to air dry.
■ Using needle and syringe, withdraw required amount of specimen and
then unclamp tubing.
■ Follow lab guidelines for handling.
First Morning
Second Void
■ Instruct Pt to void, drink a glass of water, wait 30 minutes, and then void
into specimen collection container.
BASICS
01Myers (F)-1 7/6/07 8:09 PM Page 18
BASICS
■ Follows the same guidelines as regular timed urine collection, but started
after bag and tubing have been replaced. This is start time and should be
recorded on collection container.
■ Either collection bag is kept on ice or specimen is emptied every 2 hours into
a collection container, which is refrigerated or kept on ice.
■ At end of 24 hours, remaining urine is emptied into collection container.
■ This is the end of 24-hour collection period.
■ Record date and time, and send specimen to lab.
Expectorated Specimens
Throat Culture
18
01Myers (F)-1 7/6/07 8:09 PM Page 19
19
Specimen Collection: Stool
General Guidelines
BASICS
01Myers (F)-1 7/6/07 8:09 PM Page 20
BASICS
20
02Myers (F)-2 7/6/07 7:17 PM Page 21
21
Complete Health History
■ Biographic Data: Record Pt’s name, age and date of birth, gender, race,
ethnicity, nationality, religion, marital status, children, level of education,
job, and advance directives.
■ Chief Complaint (subjective): Symptom analysis for chief complaint.
This is what the Pt tells you. Chief complaint should not be confused with
medical diagnosis (e.g., Pt is complaining of nausea and vomiting and is
later diagnosed to be having an MI; chief complaint is nausea and
vomiting and is documented as such even though the medical diagnosis
may be evolving MI).
■ Past Health History: Record childhood illnesses, surgical procedures,
hospitalizations, serious injuries, medical problems, immunization, and
recent travel or military service.
■ Medications: Ask about prescription medications taken on a regular
basis as well as those medications taken only when needed (p.r.n). Note:
p.r.n. medications may not be used very often and are likely to have an
outdated expiration date. Remind Pts to replace outdated medications.
Inquire about OTC drugs, vitamins, herbs, alternative regimens, and use
of recreational drugs or alcohol.
■ Allergies: Do not limit to drug allergies. Include allergies to food, insects,
animals, seasonal changes, chemicals, latex, adhesives, etc. Try to differ-
entiate between allergy and sensitivity, but always err on the side of
safety if unsure. Determine type of allergic reaction (itching, hives,
dyspnea, etc.).
■ Family History: Includes health status of spouse/significant other,
children, siblings, parents, aunts, uncles, and grandparents. If deceased,
obtain age and cause of death.
■ Social History: Assess health practices and beliefs, typical day,
nutritional patterns, activity/exercise patterns, recreation, pets, hobbies,
sleep/rest patterns, personal habits, occupational health patterns,
socioeconomic status, roles/relationships, sexuality patterns, social
support, and stress coping mechanisms.
■ Physical Assessment (objective): There are three methods for
performing a complete physical assessment.
■ Head-to-toe: More complete, it assesses each region of the body
(i.e., head and neck) before moving on to the next.
■ Systems assessment: More focused, it assesses each body system
(i.e., cardiovascular) before moving on to the next.
■ Focused assessment: Priority of assessment is dictated by Pt’s chief
complaint.
ASSESS
02Myers (F)-2 7/6/07 7:17 PM Page 22
ASSESS
Physical Assessment
Systematic Approach
■ Heart Rate: Using two to three fingers, palpate pulse over pulse point for
30 seconds and multiply by two. If pulse is irregular, count for an entire
minute. Compare pulses right to left. Document: Rate, rhythm, strength,
and any right-left differences.
■ Respirations: Ensure that Pt is resting comfortably and is unaware that
respirations are being monitored. Count respirations for 30 seconds and
multiply by two (count irregular or labored respirations for a full minute).
Document: Rate, depth, effort, rhythm, and any sounds, noting whether
heard on inspiration, expiration, or both.
■ Blood Pressure: Place Pt in comfortable position with arm slightly flexed
and palm facing up, with forearm supported at heart level (Pt’s legs
should not be crossed). Apply cuff snugly around upper arm and ensure
proper size and fit. Place stethoscope over brachial artery and inflate cuff
~30 mm Hg over expected systolic pressure. Slowly release cuff pressure.
NEVER measure BP on arm with dialysis shunt, injury, intra-arterial line,
or same side mastectomy or axilla surgery! Avoid arms with IV/VAD if
possible. Document: Point at which sound is first heard (systolic) over
point at which sound completely ceases (diastolic).
■ Temperature: Oral—electronic: Reading obtained in ~1 minute; Oral—
glass: Reading obtained in ~2–3 minutes; Oral—chemical (Temp-a-dot):
Reading obtained in ~45 seconds; Tympanic—electronic: Reading obtained
in ~2 seconds. Document: Temperature reading and route.
22
02Myers (F)-2 7/6/07 7:17 PM Page 23
23
Focused Symptom Analysis (PQRST)
Below are three examples (pain, respiratory, and nausea) of how the PQRST
mnemonic can be universally applied when assessing any number of
symptoms or various Pt complaints.
P Provocative, precipitating, and palliative factors
■ Pain: Activity at or before onset. Does anything make
pain better or worse?
■ Respiratory: Activity at or before onset. Factors that
lessen or worsen level of distress.
■ Nausea: Last oral intake before onset. Factors that
make nausea better or worse.
Q Ask Pt to describe quality of the symptom.
■ Pain: Dull, stabbing, achy, pressure, or squeezing.
■ Respiratory: Productive/nonproductive cough, chest
heaviness, bronchial tickle/cough reflex.
■ Nausea: Emesis, gagging/dry heaving, nausea only.
R Ask Pt to describe location and/or whether
symptom radiates to another region of body
or if there are any related symptoms.
■ Pain: Location and radiation to another region of body.
■ Respiratory: Related symptoms (e.g., CP, nausea, fever,
cough reflex, etc.).
■ Nausea: Related symptoms (e.g., diarrhea,
constipation, indigestion, fever, headache, etc.).
S Assess severity of the symptom.
■ Pain: Rate pain using 0/10 pain scale (see pages 42–43).
■ Respiratory: Can Pt speak in full sentences or must he
or she take another breath after only one–two words?
■ Nausea: Nausea only, emesis, dehydration.
T Determine timing factors related to symptom.
■ Determine duration of symptom.
■ Determine if symptom is constant or intermittent.
■ Determine if onset of symptom is sudden or gradual
(over minutes, hours, days, or weeks).
ASSESS
02Myers (F)-2 7/6/07 7:17 PM Page 24
ASSESS
24
02Myers (F)-2 7/6/07 7:17 PM Page 25
25
Head and Neck
Appearance: Inspect Pt’s overall appearance.
■ Hygiene, state of well-being, nutrition status.
■ Level of consciousness, emotional status, speech patterns, affect, posture,
gait, coordination, and balance.
■ Any gross deformities.
Skin: Inspect and palpate exposed skin.
■ Warmth, moisture, color, texture, lesions.
■ Scars, body piercings, tattoos.
Hair and Nails: Inspect hair, hands, and nails.
■ Hair color, fullness, and distribution, noting any signs of malnutrition
(thinning).
■ Infestation or disease.
■ Clubbing of nails, deformity, abnormalities of hands.
Head: Inspect and palpate face and scalp.
■ Facial symmetry.
■ Scalp tenderness, lesions, or masses.
Eyes: Inspect sclera, conjunctiva, and pupils.
■ Color and hydration of conjunctiva and sclera.
■ PERRLA: Pupils equal, round, reactive to light and accommodation.
Ears: Inspect.
■ Hearing impairment.
■ Use of hearing aids.
■ Pain, inflammation, and drainage.
Nose: Inspect.
■ Congestion, drainage, and sense of smell.
■ Patency/equality of nostrils, nasal flaring.
■ Septal deviation.
Throat and Mouth: Inspect teeth, gums, tongue, mucous membranes, and
oropharynx.
■ Color and hydration of mucous membranes.
■ Gingival bleeding or inflammation.
■ Condition of teeth (any missing, severe decay), dentures.
■ Difficult or painful swallowing.
■ Presence or absence of tonsils.
■ Oral hygiene and the presence of odor.
ASSESS
02Myers (F)-2 7/6/07 7:17 PM Page 26
ASSESS
Cardiovascular System
■ Inspect: Overall condition and appearance. Inspect skin, nail beds, and
extremities for flushing, pallor, cyanosis, bruising, and edema. Observe
chest for scars, symmetry, movement, and deformity. Inspect neck for JVD
and inspect PMI for any remarkable pulsations. Analyze ECG recording if
available.
■ Palpate: Skin temperature and moisture. Palpate PMI for any lifts, heaves,
thrills, or vibrations. Palpate and grade radial, dorsalis pedis, and
posterior tibial pulses; note rate and rhythm. Palpate and grade edema if
present.
■ Percuss: Starting at the midaxillary line, percuss toward the left cardiac
border along the fifth ICS. Sound should change from resonance to
dullness at midclavicular line.
■ Auscultate: Using stethoscope, auscultate apical pulse and compare it
with radial pulse. Auscultate heart valves for normal S1 (lub) and S2 (dub)
heart sounds. Abnormal sounds include extra beats (S3 and S4), bruits,
valvular murmurs, pericarditic rubs, and artificial valve clicks.
Respiratory System
■ Inspect: Respirations for rate, depth, effort, pattern, and presence of
cough (productive or nonproductive); note signs of distress such as nasal
flaring or sternal retractions. Inspect size and shape of chest, symmetry of
chest wall movement, and use of accessory muscles. Inspect extremities
for cyanosis and fingers for clubbing indicating chronic hypoxia. Inspect
trachea for scars, stomas, or deviation from midline.
■ Palpate: Anterior and posterior thorax for subcutaneous emphysema,
crepitus, and tenderness. Assess tactile fremitus by palpating the chest
as the Pt says “99.”
■ Percuss: Anterior and posterior thorax for tympany (hollow organs),
resonance (air-filled organs), dullness (solid organs), or flatness (muscle
or bone).
■ Auscultate: Using stethoscope, auscultate all anterior and posterior lung
fields, noting normal, abnormal, or absence of lung sounds.
26
02Myers (F)-2 7/6/07 7:17 PM Page 27
27
Respiratory Patterns
Normal (eupnea) Regular and comfortable at 12–20 breaths/minute.
Tachypnea 20 breaths/minute.
Bradypnea 12 breaths/minute.
Hyperventilation Rapid, deep respiration 20 breaths/minute.
Apneustic Neurologic: sustained inspiratory effort.
Cheyne-Stokes Neurologic: alternating patterns of depth
separated by brief periods of apnea.
Kussmaul Rapid, deep, and labored: common in DKA.
Air trapping Difficulty during expiration: emphysema.
Wheezes
Rhonchi
Stridor
ASSESS
02Myers (F)-2 7/6/07 7:17 PM Page 28
ASSESS
Aortic valve
Pulmonic valve
Right base
Left
base
Mitral 1
valve Erb's
2
point
Tricuspid 3
valve
4 Left
lateral
5 sternal
6 border
Apex
Xiphoid
28
02Myers (F)-2 7/6/07 7:17 PM Page 29
29
Order of Auscultating Lung Sounds
ASSESS
02Myers (F)-2 7/6/07 7:17 PM Page 30
ASSESS
Capillary Refill
Normal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 seconds
Delayed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 seconds
Pulse Strength
0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Absent Right arm: Left arm:
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weak
2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Normal
Right leg: Left leg:
3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Full
4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bounding
Edema Scale
30
02Myers (F)-2 7/6/07 7:17 PM Page 31
31
Abdomen
Skill Document: Assessment, Interventions, Outcomes
Extremities
Grips Equality and strength: Have Pt squeeze your fingers with
his or her hands and assess push-pull strength of feet.
ASSESS
02Myers (F)-2 7/6/07 7:17 PM Page 32
ASSESS
Skin: Integumentary
Assess Document: Assessment, Interventions, Outcomes
Color Cyanosis, redness, pallor, or jaundice.
Temp Coolness or warmth.
Moisture Diaphoresis or excessive dryness.
Turgor The time it takes the skin to flatten out after pinching
section over forehead or sternum (do not use hand or
arm; these are unreliable areas); poor skin turgor may
indicate dehydration (may be normal in elderly).
Edema Extremities, sacrum, dependent side (if debilitated, bedfast,
or chairfast), facial/sclera, bilateral vs. unilateral.
Lesions Presence and type of skin lesions.
Genitourinary—Reproductive Assessment
■ Pain: Female Pts: Assess for dysmenorrhea (abnormally severe
cramping or pain in lower abdomen during menstruation); Male Pts:
Assess for pain in penis, testes, scrotum, and groin area. Is there any
history of painful or burning urination?
■ Lesions: Inspect perineum for blisters, ulcers, sores, warts, or rashes.
■ Breast: Inspect for asymmetry. Inspect skin for dimpling or edema.
Inspect nipples for color, discharge, or inversion. Palpate in concentric
circles, outward from nipple, including axillae, for lumps or tenderness and
presence of implants. Does Pt perform regular breast self-examinations?
■ Testicles: Palpate scrotum and groin area for lumps, masses, or swelling.
Does Pt perform testicular self-examinations?
■ Discharge: Female Pts: Assess for vaginal discharge and note color,
odor, amount, and any associated symptoms; Male Pts: Inspect meatus
for discharge and note color, amount, and any associated symptoms.
■ Menstruation: Describe last menstrual period including date. Do periods
occur regularly? Have Pt describe her “normal flow.” Bleeding other than
normal menstrual period should be further assessed including frequency,
quantity, and associated symptoms.
■ Genitourinary Symptoms: Kidney stones, blood in urine, dysuria, change
in voiding pattern (frequency), itching, or erectile dysfunction in males.
■ Sexual History: Is Pt sexually active? Does he or she use protection
against infection? Method of birth control? Multiple or same-sex partners?
Any concern with or history of STD?
■ Document: Assessment, interventions, and outcomes.
32
02Myers (F)-2 7/6/07 7:17 PM Page 33
33
Brief Neurologic Exam
Mental Status
Motor
Reflexes
■ Tendon Reflexes: (see Deep Tendon Reflex Grading Scale, page 35).
■ Babinski (Plantar Reflex): Stroke lateral aspect of sole of each foot with
reflex hammer. Normal response is flexion (withdrawal) of toes. Positive
Babinski is characterized by extension of big toe with fanning of other
toes (abnormal).
■ Clonus: With knee supported in partially flexed position, quickly dorsiflex
foot. Rhythmic oscillations: positive clonus.
Gait/Balance
ASSESS
02Myers (F)-2 7/6/07 7:17 PM Page 34
ASSESS
Coordination
Sensory
34
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Pietu on rohkea mies, kun hänellä vihaksi pistää. Hänen kieltään
kaikki pahat ihmiset pelkäävät ja karttavat suututtaa häntä.
Siitä se melu.
— Herrainen aika, kuinka sinä olet tyhmä? Sinulla piti olla tyyni ja
harkittu mielenlaatu ja uskonnolle altis mieli, kun tänne hait, ja
erityinen järjestystaito ja sinulla oli kymmenenkin papin
puoltolause…ja nyt panet täällä toimeen tällaisia skandaaleja sekä
häpäiset pitäjän virkamiehet. Kuule, mies! Kaikessa ystävyydessä
sanoen pyydä virkaero, muuten me…
— Muuten te?
— Annamme matkapassin harmaalle paperille. Ymmärräthän toki,
ettei tämä kelpaa. Olet käyttänyt oman käden oikeutta sinulle
uskottuihin tavaroihin…hoitolan asukkaat kantavat päällesi… olet
mennyttä miestä, ellet pyydä virkaeroa… puhui lukkari ja asetti jo
rillit nenälleen, sillä hän alkoi selvetä siitä sekasotkusta, mihin Pietu
hänet työnsi.
Johtaja toi Pietun pois. Mies rukka oli sinisen harmaa ja suusta
valui näljää.
Mutta Pietu sylkäisi ja kirosi vyölle. Johtaja sai sen tuoda takaisin.
Rovasti tunsi itsensä loukatuksi.
Sitten hän oli vaiti. Ruustinna kysyi häneltä jotain. Mutta ei saanut
vastausta.
— Missä ovat Henrik ja Armo, kun eivät ole syömässä? kysyi taas
rovasti yhä julmana.
— Kyllä tämä on hullu aika, sanon minä. Kuka meistä enää uskoo
Jumalaan?
Jos et tunne puutetta, voisit heille nauraa. Sillä Pietu harppaa kuin
nälistynyt koni ehyt käsi edestakaisin heiluen ja aina väliin housujaan
ylös nykäisten. Tiinalla lipokkaat jaloissa lonkkuvat, jotta näkyy
paljas kantapää sukan rikkeymässä, ja Asko venyy käärönä hänen
käsipuolessaan. Pentti ja Tahvo pojat näyttävät paremmin tulevan
toimeen. He pitävät toisiaan kädestä kiinni ja kyllä ymmärtävät, mikä
arvo on nuorilla jaloilla.
— Pietu oli äsken kovin ylpeä. Joutaa nyt palella, huutaa rovasti
Pietulle jälkeen.
— Mitä sinä turhia parut? Eihän tässä vielä ole niin hengen hätää…
Tuolla on mökki. Siellä on lämmintä… ja leipääkin. Helei, ämmä!
Juokse, kyllä jaksat! Ja, pojat, nyt täysi mustalaisen kyyti, kokee
Pietu panna leikiksi, vaikka tunteekin, että nyt jo on kuolema
kantapäillä.
— Mutta Asko! Voi taivaan jumala Askoa! Nyt… nyt, Pietu, tulee
rangaistus, kun sinä herjasit pappia… ja niin hyvää pappia… Asko
raukka! huutaa äkkiä Tiina ja kallistuu Askoa kohti.
*****
— Hopearaha!
— Mitä sitten?
— Annan.
Nyt saa Pietu esille palvatun sian lavan. Hän sitä heiluttaa taas
Tiinalle.
— Kost' jumala.
— Kost' jumala.
— Nyt voikämpäle.
— Kost' jumala.
— Nyt vehnäistä.
— Kost' jumala.
— Nyt kahvia.
— Nyt sokuria.
— Nyt emäntä keittää kahvia, kun sitä kerran meilläkin on, pyytää
Tiina ja laittelee jalkoihinsa kellervää väkevälle tuoksuvaa voidetta,
mitä rovasti oli lähettänyt.
— On niin rumaa?
— On.
— No missä palkat?
Kun Pietu oli syönyt, alkoi hän katsella uutta testamenttia. Korea
kirja se oli ja se oli hänen kädessään hyvin outo, kuin kultakello
kerjäläisen kourassa.
Eikä hän ymmärtänyt, mitä hän sillä oikein tekisi. Muut kai sitä
semmoista lukivat, mutta hänestä tuntui niin hassunkuriselta
ajatellakin itseään testamentti kourassa muka sitä lukemassa. Se
aivan nauratti Pietua. Ja toisekseen hän oli kovin huono lukija. Aina
lukusilla oli siitä lukemisesta ollut rovastin kanssa nätinää.
— No neljäkymmentä?
— Suutarin markan.
— Kirjoitus hävitetään.
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