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lab 5

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Rayan Al-Masri
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4 views

lab 5

Uploaded by

Rayan Al-Masri
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mutah University

Faculty of Engineering
Department of Chemical Engineering

Heat Transfer & Thermodynamics Lab 0404423

A Report About Heat Conduction Along a Simple Bar


Experiment no. 5

Instructor: Eng. Madallah Al Tarawneh

Student Name Student Number


Arwa Msallam Lassassmeh 120210414019
Rayan Othman Al Masri 120210414078
Ro’a Baker Al Btoush 120210414050
Sarah Muneer Abu Alkhair 120210414081
• Objectives
This experiment aims to measure the linear thermal conductivity of a brass
bar in the x-direction and to study and validate Fourier's Law for linear heat
conduction in the x-direction.

• Abstract
This experiment investigates the linear conduction of heat conduction along
a brass bar to verify Fourier's Law and determine the thermal conductivity of
the brass. The experimental setup involves heating one end of the bar while
maintaining the other end cooled, ensuring a steady-state temperature
distribution.
Temperature measurements are taken at specific intervals along the bar using
embedded thermocouples. The results are used to calculate the thermal
conductivity and to analyse its dependence on the average temperature of the
brass sample.
This study provides insights into the heat transfer characteristics of metals
and evaluates the experimental data against theoretical predictions.
• Theory
Heat transfer is the movement of thermal energy between physical systems with
different temperatures, driven by a temperature difference between the system
and its surroundings. This process occurs through three distinct mechanisms:
conduction, convection, and radiation.

Conduction
Conduction is the transfer of heat through a solid material or between
objects in direct contact, driven by a temperature gradient. It occurs due
to the transfer of kinetic energy between adjacent particles or atoms.

The theory behind the heat conduction experiment along a small bar is based on
Fourier's Law of Heat Conduction, which states that the rate of heat transfer
through a material is proportional to the temperature gradient and the cross-
sectional area of the material. In this experiment, heat is conducted along the
length of the bar, and the heat flow is assumed to be one-dimensional under
steady-state conditions, meaning the temperature distribution does not vary with
time.
Thermal conductivity, a material property denoted as k, quantifies the material's
ability to conduct heat and is determined experimentally by measuring the heat
transfer rate, the temperature gradient, and the bar's cross-sectional area.
Energy conservation principles also apply, as the heat entering one section of
the bar equals the heat leaving that section, assuming negligible heat loss to the
surroundings. By analysing the temperature differences along the bar and
verifying Fourier's Law, the experiment aims to characterize the thermal
conductivity of the material
Fourier's Law of Heat Conduction

Fourier’s Law states that the rate of heat transfer Q through a material is
directly proportional to the temperature gradient and the cross-sectional
area of the material.

Mathematically, it is expressed as:

dT
Q = −kA
dx

Where:

Q : Heat transfer rate (W)


k: Thermal conductivity of the material (W/m·K)
A: Cross-sectional area of the bar (m²)
dT
: Temperature gradient (K/m)
dx

The negative sign indicates heat flows from higher to lower temperature.
We will assume that the bar is of length L, a uniform hot temperature Th is
imposed on one end, and a cold temperature Tc is imposed on the other. We will
also assume, because the bar is insulated in the peripheral direction, that all the
heat flows in the axial direction due to an imposed temperature differential
along the bar.

In this experiment we will investigate Fourier's Law by finding the thermal


conductivity k for brass and comparing this value to the actual value from one
or more references. To do so we will calculate the cross-sectional area Ac of the
bar and the slope dT/dx from a plot of measured temperatures vs. length. We
can then use these values in a rearranged version of Fourier's Law to find the
thermal conductivity, k.
• Apparatus
The apparatus used in this experiment consists of the following components :

1. Brass Sample Bar : A 30 mm long brass rod through which heat


conduction is studied. The bar has embedded temperature sensors to
measure the gradient.
2. Heater : A heating unit applied to one end of the bar to introduce a
constant heat flow.
3. Cooler : A cooling system attached to the opposite end to create a
temperature difference across the bar.
4. Temperature Sensors : Thermocouples placed at 10 mm intervals along
the bar to monitor the temperature profile.
5. Clamp and Conducting Compound : These ensure secure attachment
of the brass bar and effective thermal contact.
6. Power Control and Wattmeter : A control unit to adjust the heat input
to the bar and a wattmeter to measure the power supplied.
7. Water Cooling System : Maintains the cooling effect on one end of the
bar to achieve steady-state conditions.
8. Temperature Selector Switch : Allows users to switch between
thermocouples for temperature readings.
• Procedure

1- Apply a very small amount of thermal conducting paste to make a thin


layer on each end of the test unit surface and spread it uniformly.

2- Insert the brass sample (30 mm length and 25 mm diameter)


horizontally in the apparatus. Make sure it is insulated from both sides
to minimize heat loss to the surroundings. Only the ends of the bar
(where heat is applied and removed) should be exposed to the other
both bars.

3- Turn on the heating element in which heat is transferred from the


element to the bar then to one end of the brass to provide a constant
heat source.

4- Attach the cooling system to the other bar at opposite end of the brass
to maintain a temperature difference in the brass bar.

5- Place thermocouples at several points along the length of the three


bars to measure the temperature at three different locations.

6- Once steady state is reached take the temperature readings and turn off
the heating element and the cooling system.
• Data

No. Heat (W) Length (mm) Temperature (°C) Temperature (K)


1 0 52.9 326.05
2 0.01 50.8 323.95
3 0.02 45.5 318.65
4 0.03 42.4 315.55
5 14.1 0.04 40.2 313.35
6 0.05 35.4 308.55
7 0.06 31.2 304.35
8 0.07 29.3 302.45
9 0.08 28.1 301.25

Temperature vs Length
60

50
Temperature (°C)

40

30

20

10

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
Length (mm)

- Each coloured segment represents the temperatures in a distinct position


in the apparatus in which:

Heated bar
Brass bar
Cooled bar
- The slope of the brass position data is calculated:

dT T₆ − T₄
=
dx x₆ − x₄

dT 308.55 − 315.55
= = −350 K⁄m
dx 0.05 − 0.03

- Calculate the cross-sectional area of the brass bar:

A = πr 2

diameter = 25 mm

diameter 25 mm 1 m
raduis = = ∙ 3 = 0.0125 m
2 2 10

A = π(0.0125)2 = 4.91 × 10⁻⁴ m²

- Rearrange Fourier’s law:


Q dx
k=− ×
A dT

14.1 W m
k=− × = 82.05 W⁄m ∙ K
4.91 × 10−4 m2 −350 K
• Results
The thermal conductivity of brass was found to be k = 82.05 W⁄m ∙ K

• Analysis & Conclusion


The experimentally determined thermal conductivity was found to be 82.04,
compared to the actual value of 109. This discrepancy can be attributed to
factors such as:
Sources of error in this experiment include heat loss to the environment, poor
thermal contact, measurement inaccuracies, non-steady-state conditions,
material inhomogeneity, and uncalibrated instruments. Proper insulation,
accurate measurements, and ensuring steady-state conditions can help minimize
these errors.
The ability of materials to transfer heat can be known according to their
conductivity. Metals with higher conductivity transfer heat more than other
materials.

When a heat source is placed at one end of a conductive material, it can be


observed that the temperature gradually transfers to the other end, which
explains the theory of heat transfer by conduction in solid bodies. This depends
on the strength of the bond between the molecules.

Several factors affect heat transfer, including the thickness of the material and
the temperature difference.

Since there is no heat exchange with the surroundings, no heat is lost from the
three parts of the heater, the cooler, and the vacuum between them.

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