ENG028 STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH P2 REVIEWER

MODULE 18

SENTENCES ACCORDING TO FUNCTION • Compound subject (more than one subject):

Baseball and soccer are played.
• There are four main types of sentences, and each has a Subjects: Baseball and soccer (two subjects)
different job: Verb: are played

• Declarative sentences: • Compound verb (more than one verb):

These sentences tell us something or give information. They The tree rotted and died.
end with a period. Subject: tree (one subject)
Example: The sun is shining. Verbs: rotted and died (two verbs)

• Interrogative sentences: • Compound subject and compound verb:

These are questions, asking for information. They end with Neither the driver nor the skier heard or saw the other boat.
a question mark. Subjects: driver and skier (two subjects)
Example: Is it going to rain today? Verbs: heard and saw (two verbs)

• Imperative sentences: • With modifying phrases:

These give a command or make a request. They can end Melting quickly, snow from the mountains flooded the
with a period or an exclamation point. valley.
Example: Close the door. or Please pass the salt. Subject: snow
Verbs: flooded
• Exclamatory sentences: The phrase "Melting quickly" and "from the mountains" are
These express strong feelings, like surprise or excitement. modifying phrases that add detail but don't make the
They end with an exclamation point. sentence complex.
Example: Wow, that’s amazing!
• A compound sentence is formed by combining two or more
simple sentences. This means it has two or more
MODULE 19 independent clauses, and the clauses are joined by a
coordinating conjunction (like and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet)
SENTENCES ACCORDING TO STRUCTURE or sometimes a semicolon.
• Sentences can also be classified by their structure. Here's
• Just like in a simple sentence, a compound sentence
a simple explanation of each type:
contains no subordinate clauses. Here’s a breakdown of
your example:
• Simple sentence:
• First independent clause:
This sentence has just one independent clause. It expresses
Alice skimmed leaves from the pool.
one complete thought.
Example: I like pizza. This is a complete thought on its own.
• Second independent clause:
• Compound sentence: But she forgot to add chlorine.
This is also a complete thought.
This has two or more independent clauses joined by a
conjunction (like and, but, or or). Each clause could be a • Joined together:
sentence on its own. Alice skimmed leaves from the pool, but she forgot to add
Example: I like pizza, but I love pasta more. chlorine.
In this compound sentence, the two independent clauses
• Complex sentence: are connected by the coordinating conjunction but, making
it a compound sentence.
This has one independent clause and at least one
dependent clause. The dependent clause can't stand alone.
Example: I like pizza because it's delicious. • In a complex sentence, there is one independent clause
(main clause) and one or more subordinate clauses. The
• Compound-complex sentence: independent clause can stand alone as a complete
This combines both compound and complex structures. It sentence, but the subordinate clause cannot. The
has two or more independent clauses and at least one subordinate clause gives extra information and depends on
dependent clause. the main clause to make sense.
Example: I like pizza because it's delicious, but I prefer pasta
when I'm really hungry. • Here’s a breakdown of your examples:
Main clause: No one answered the phone.
• A simple sentence consists of one independent clause. Even Subordinate clause: When she called.
though it's just one clause, it can still have a more complex Together: No one answered the phone when she called.
The subordinate clause “when she called” gives more
structure with compound subjects or verbs, and it may
include modifying phrases or complements. The important details but cannot stand alone as a sentence.
thing is that it cannot have a subordinate clause.
Main clause: The letter never arrived.
Subordinate clause: Which I had mailed.
• Let’s break it down using your examples:
Together: The letter, which I had mailed, never arrived.
• One subject and one verb:
In this example, the subordinate clause "which I had
The snow melted.
mailed" provides additional information about the letter
Subject: snow (one subject)
but depends on the main clause to complete the sentence.
Verb: melted (one verb)

PREPARED BY MARK NATHANIEL B. JAVIER

 ENG028 STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH P2 REVIEWER

• A compound-complex sentence combines elements from • Now, let's go over the detailed rules from the lesson:
both compound and complex sentences. This means it has • Rule 1: Words between subject and verb do not change the
two or more independent clauses and one or more rule.
subordinate clauses. Example: "A can of beans is on the shelf."
Here, the subject is "a can," which is singular, so the verb is
• Here’s a breakdown of your example: "is." The words "of beans" don’t change the verb.
First independent clause: The truck broke down. Example: "The women who went to the meeting were
Second independent clause: The family walked 10 miles. bored."
Subordinate clause: Because no one passed by. Here, "women" is the subject, and it is plural, so the verb is
Subordinate clause: Who could rescue them. "were." The part "who went to the meeting" doesn't change
When combined, the compound-complex sentence could this.
look like this:
The truck broke down, and the family walked 10 miles • Rule 2: Indefinite Pronouns as Subjects
because no one passed by who could rescue them. Singular indefinite pronouns (like "each," "everyone") take
a singular verb.
Example: "Each of the students is here."
MODULE 20
Plural indefinite pronouns (like "both," "many") take a
BASIC SENTENCE PATTERN plural verb.
Example: "Both are coming to the party."
• 1. Subject (S) + Verb (V)
This is the most basic sentence structure, where you have a Some pronouns can be singular or plural, depending on the
subject followed by a verb. noun they refer to.
Example: Ralph sneezed. Example: "Some of the sugar is on the floor." (Sugar is
uncountable, so we use "is.")
• 2. Subject (S) + Transitive Verb (TV) + Direct Object (DO) Example: "Some of the marbles are on the floor." (Marbles
A transitive verb is an action verb that needs a direct object can be counted, so we use "are.")
(something that receives the action) to complete the
sentence. • Rule 3: Compound Subjects Joined by "and" are Plural
Example: James baked an apple pie. Example: "A pencil and an eraser make writing easier."
James is the subject, baked is the verb, and apple pie is the Since we have two items (pencil and eraser), the verb is
direct object. plural ("make").

• 3. Subject (S) + Linking Verb (LV) + Complement (C) • Rule 4: Compound Subjects Joined by "or" or "nor"
Linking verbs (like "is," "are," "seems") connect the subject The verb agrees with the part closest to it.
to more information about it. The complement can be a Example: "Neither the actors nor the director is following
noun or adjective that describes the subject. the script."
Example: Albus Dumbledore is the headmaster. Here, "director" is closer, and it is singular, so we use "is."
Albus Dumbledore is the subject, “is” is the linking verb, and
the headmaster is the complement, which tells more about • Rule 5: Inverted Subjects
the subject. Sometimes, the verb comes before the subject. You still
need to match them correctly.
• 4. Subject (S) + Transitive Verb (TV) + Indirect Object (IO) + Example: "Where are the books?" ("Books" is plural, so we
Direct Object (DO) use "are.")
Here, the verb takes both a direct object and an indirect
object. The indirect object answers "to whom" or "for • Rule 6: Collective Nouns
whom" the action is done. Words like "team," "jury," or "family" can be singular or
Example: Faith gave Josh a new jacket. plural, depending on if they act as one group or many
• Faith is the subject, gave is the verb, Josh is the indirect individuals.
object (to whom), and a new jacket is the direct object Example: "The jury has made a decision." (Jury acts as one
(what was given). unit, so the verb is singular.)

• Rule 7: Titles of single entities

MODULE 21 Titles of books, organizations, or countries are considered
singular, even if they have many parts.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT Example: "The Grapes of Wrath" takes a long time to read.
Even though "The Grapes of Wrath" sounds like it could be
• Subject-verb agreement tells us how to match the subject
plural, it is one book, so the verb "takes" is singular.
(who or what is doing something) with the right verb (action
or state).
• Rule 8: Plural form subjects with a singular meaning
• Here are the simple rules with examples:
Some words look plural (they end in “s”) but are actually
• 1. If a subject is singular, the verb must be singular.
singular in meaning, so they take a singular verb.
Example: "The dog runs fast." (Dog is one, so the verb is
Example: Mumps is a contagious disease.
"runs.")
Although "mumps" looks like it could be plural, it’s one
• 2. If the subject is plural, the verb must be plural.
disease, so we use the singular verb "is."
• Example: "The dogs run fast." (Dogs are many, so the verb
is "run.")

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 ENG028 STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH P2 REVIEWER

• Plural form subjects with singular or plural meanings: • Rules:

Some subjects can be singular or plural depending on the For exclamatory sentences: Use an exclamation mark at the
context. end of sentences that express excitement, anger, or other
Example 1: Politics is an interesting subject. strong feelings.
Here, "politics" refers to one subject, so it’s treated as Example: Wow! That was amazing!
singular.
Example 2: The politics of the situation were complicated. For urgent commands: Use an exclamation mark after an
Here, "politics" refers to multiple aspects of a situation, so imperative sentence if the command is forceful or urgent.
it’s treated as plural. Example: Watch out!

• Rule 9: Plural form subjects with a plural meaning For interjections: Use an exclamation mark after short
Some words are always plural and take a plural verb. expressions (interjections) that show strong emotion.
Example: The scissors are on the table. Example: Hurray! We won!
"Scissors" always takes a plural verb because there are two Note: Use exclamation marks sparingly, or they may make
parts to it (the two blades). the writing feel too dramatic.

• Subject and complement with different numbers: Example of overuse: That was incredible! You have to see
When the subject and the complement (the part that it! Oh my gosh!
follows the verb) don’t match in number (singular vs. Correct: That was incredible! You have to see it.
plural), the verb agrees with the subject.
Example 1: My favorite topic is poems by Longfellow. • Commas
"Topic" is singular, so the verb is singular ("is"). With Compound Sentences:
Example 2: Poems by Longfellow are my favorite topic. Definition: A compound sentence has two or more
"Poems" is plural, so the verb is plural ("are"). independent clauses (complete sentences) joined by a
coordinating conjunction (and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet).
Rule: Use a comma before the conjunction to separate the
MODULE 22 independent clauses in a compound sentence.
Example: The sky is clear, but it’s very cold outside.
USING PUNCTUATION MARKS

• End Marks • With Adjectives:

• Period (.): Definition: When two or more adjectives describe a noun,
Definition: A period is used to show the end of a sentence. sometimes they need to be separated by commas.
It is the most common way to end a statement or command. Rule: Use commas to separate adjectives of equal rank,
• Rules: meaning you can switch their order or put "and" between
For declarative sentences: Use a period to end a declarative them without changing the meaning.
sentence, which states a fact or opinion. Example: The tall, majestic trees lined the road.
Example (fact): A circle has 360 degrees. No comma needed: If the adjectives must stay in a specific
Example (opinion): I think I will pass English this term. order, or if they don't make sense when switched, no
commas are needed.
For imperative sentences: Use a period to end an Example: The three large boxes are in the corner. (You can’t
imperative sentence, which gives a command or direction. say "large three boxes.")
Example (command): Sit up straight.
Example (direction): Fold your ballot and place it in the box. • Semicolon (;)
Connecting Independent Clauses:
For indirect questions: Use a period for indirect questions Definition: A semicolon is used to join two independent
that do not expect an answer directly. clauses (complete sentences) that are related in meaning
Example: She asked if the train had left. but don’t use a coordinating conjunction like "and" or "but."
Rule: Use a semicolon when two independent clauses are
• Question Mark (?): connected but do not use a conjunction.
Definition: A question mark is used at the end of a sentence Example: I was tired; I went to bed early.
to indicate that the sentence is asking a question.
• Rules: • With Conjunctive Adverbs:
For direct questions: Use a question mark for sentences Definition: Semicolons are used before conjunctive adverbs
that ask a direct question and expect an answer. (like however, therefore, indeed, nonetheless) that join two
Example: Are you coming to the party? independent clauses.
Rule: Use a semicolon before the conjunctive adverb and a
For surprise or doubt: Use a question mark at the end of a comma after it.
statement that expresses surprise or doubt. Example: I wanted to attend the party; however, I had a
Example: They’re moving to New York? prior commitment.

• For incomplete questions: Use a question mark when part • Abbreviations

of a question is implied but not fully stated. • Abbreviations with Periods:
• Example: You’re coming, right? Definition: Some abbreviations, especially titles and initials,
end with periods.
• Exclamation Mark (!) Rule: Use periods in abbreviations such as titles (Mr., Dr.),
Definition: An exclamation mark shows strong emotion or initials (J.K.R.), and certain place names (St., Ave.).
excitement at the end of a sentence. Example: Mr. Smith lives on Elm St.

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 ENG028 STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH P2 REVIEWER

• Cleft Sentences
• Ending a Sentence with an Abbreviation: Definition: Cleft sentences are used to emphasize a
Rule: If a sentence ends with an abbreviation that already particular part of a sentence.
has a period, you do not add another period.
Example: The speaker was John R. Johnson, Jr. • Method #1:
• Start with "It" followed by the appropriate form of the
• Indirect Questions verb "to be."
Definition: An indirect question is part of a declarative
• Focus on the part you want to emphasize (either the
sentence and does not ask for an answer directly.
subject or object).
Rule: Use a period at the end of an indirect question, not a
• Complete the sentence with a clause starting with "who,"
question mark.
"whom," or "that" if emphasizing the subject, or starting
Example: She wondered when he would arrive.
with "what" if emphasizing the object.
Example:
Original: The dog ate the bone.
MODULE 23 Transformed: It was the dog who ate the bone.

TRANSFORMING BASIC SENTENCES PATTERNS

• Method #2:
• Active and Passive Voice • Start with "What".
Active Voice: • Follow with the subject and verb.
Definition: In an active voice sentence, the subject • Add the appropriate form of "to be" and the object.
performs the action expressed by the verb. Example:
Structure: Subject → Verb → Object Original: Joe gave Mary a ring.
Example: Transformed: What Joe gave Mary was a ring.
Active Voice: Laura found a gold bracelet.
Laura (subject) is doing the action of finding, and a gold • Negative Sentences
bracelet (object) is receiving the action. Definition: Negative sentences indicate that something is
• Characteristics: not happening.
• Direct and straightforward. • How to Transform:
• The performer of the action is the subject. With verbs of being (is, are, was, were): Add "not" directly
after the verb.
• Passive Voice: Example: He is happy. → He is not happy.
Definition: In a passive voice sentence, the action is With action or linking verbs that have an auxiliary verb
performed on the subject, and the performer of the action (have, be): Add "not" after the auxiliary verb.
may or may not be mentioned. Example: They have finished. → They have not finished.
Structure: Object → Auxiliary Verb + Past Participle → (by With action or linking verbs without an auxiliary verb: Add
+ Subject) "do not," "does not," or "did not" before the verb.
• How to Transform: Example: She likes pizza. → She does not like pizza.
• Make the direct object of the active sentence the subject
of the passive sentence. • Interrogative Sentences (Yes/No Answers)
• Use the appropriate form of the auxiliary verb "be" (is, are, Definition: These are questions that require a yes or no
was, were) combined with the past participle of the main answer.
verb. • How to Transform:
• Include the original subject as a prepositional phrase With verbs of being: Swap the subject and the verb.
starting with "by" (optional). Example: She is here. → Is she here?
Example: With auxiliary verbs: Swap the subject and the auxiliary
Passive Voice: A gold bracelet was found by Laura. verb.
A gold bracelet (the object in the active voice) becomes Example: They have gone. → Have they gone?
the subject, was found (past participle of the verb "find"), With verbs without an auxiliary verb: Add "do," "does," or
and by Laura indicates who performed the action. "did" before the verb.
Note: When transforming, ensure the verb tense is Example: You like chocolate. → Do you like chocolate?
consistent with the original sentence.
• Interrogative Sentences (Detailed Answers)
• There is / There are Transformation Definition: These questions seek more detailed
Definition: This transformation is used to emphasize the information beyond a simple yes or no.
existence of something. • How to Transform:
• Structure: • Start with an interrogative word (who, what, where, etc.).
• There is (singular) or There are (plural) + Subject + Rest of • Reverse the position of the subject and verb.
the Sentence • Add "do," "does," or "did" if necessary.
• How to Transform: Example:
• Start with "There is" or "There are" depending on whether Original: You are going to the store.
the subject is singular or plural. Transformed: Where are you going?
• Reverse the position of the subject and verb from the
original sentence.
Example:
Original: The book is on the table.
Transformed: There is a book on the table.

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 ENG028 STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH P2 REVIEWER

• Emphatic Sentences
Definition: These sentences emphasize a particular action
or detail. • 4. Complements
• How to Transform: • A complement completes the meaning of a verb. They can
Use "do," "does," or "did" before the main verb. be direct objects, indirect objects, or other types.
Example: • Direct Object: Receives the action of the verb.
Original: She likes ice cream. • Indirect Object: Benefits from the action but is not directly
Transformed: She does like ice cream. acted upon.
Example:
• Imperative Sentences • Sentence: Sue baked me a cake.
• Definition: These sentences give commands or • Diagram: "Sue" (subject), "baked" (verb), "me" (indirect
instructions. object), and "cake" (direct object).
• How to Transform:
• Use the base form of the verb. • 5. Predicate Nominatives and Adjectives
• Assume the subject is "you" (even if it’s not stated). Predicate Nominative: A noun or pronoun that follows a
Example: linking verb and renames the subject.
Original: You close the door. Predicate Adjective: An adjective that follows a linking verb
Transformed: Close the door. and describes the subject.
Example:
• Exclamatory Sentences Sentence: Dana is the president. (Predicate Nominative)
Definition: These sentences express strong emotions or Sentence: Dana is thin. (Predicate Adjective)
surprise.
• How to Transform: • 6. Conjunctions
• Start with "What" or "How". • Conjunctions like "and," "but," or "or" connect words or
groups of words. In a diagram, they are shown with a dotted
• Rearrange the sentence if needed.
line between the words they connect.
• Add an exclamation mark at the end.
• Example:
Example:
Original: The view is amazing. • Sentence: The black and tan dog barked.
Transformed: What an amazing view! • Diagram: "black" and "tan" are connected by a dotted line
under the word "dog."

MODULE 24-25 • 7. Compound Elements

• If a sentence has compound parts (subjects, verbs, objects),
SENTENCE DIAGRAMMING
the diagram splits the main line, showing how these parts
• 1. Sentence Diagramming are linked.
• Definition: Sentence diagramming is a visual tool to Example:
understand how parts of a sentence relate to each other. • Sentence: The cat howled and scratched.
Instead of seeing a sentence as just a bunch of words, you • Diagram: "cat" (subject), "howled" and "scratched"
see how they are connected in a structured way. (compound verbs).
Example: • This guide helps students visually organize the structure of
Sentence: Mary baked. sentences, making it easier to understand how different
Diagram: You would put "Mary" (subject) on the left and parts work together. If you need further clarification on any
"baked" (verb) on the right, with a line between them to specific part or example, feel free to ask!
show they are connected.

• 2. Basic Parts of a Sentence

• Subject: The "who" or "what" the sentence is about. In the
diagram, it goes on the left.
• Verb: The action or state of being. This goes to the right of
the subject.
• Modifiers: Words that describe other words, like adjectives
and adverbs. In a diagram, they go on slanted lines below
the words they modify.
Example:
• Sentence: The dog barked loudly.
• Diagram: "dog" (subject) and "barked" (verb) on a
horizontal line. "The" (modifier for dog) and "loudly"
(modifier for barked) go on slanted lines under their
respective words.

• 3. Compound Subjects and Verbs

• When a sentence has more than one subject or verb, it's
called "compound." In diagrams, a dotted line connects the
subjects or verbs.
Example:
• Sentence: Jean and I danced and sang.
• Diagram: "Jean" and "I" are connected by a dotted line, and
"danced" and "sang" are also connected by a dotted line.

PREPARED BY MARK NATHANIEL B. JAVIER