Sans10400 k Walls

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ISBN 978-0-626-31206-0
SANS 10400-K:2015
Edition 3.1
SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
The application of the National Building

Regulations
Part K: Walls
WARNING
This document references other
documents normatively.
Published by SABS Standards Division

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© SABS. This standard may reside on a LAN, WAN, intranet, internet or ECM server and is exclusively available to the Durban University of Technology Library in
SANS 10400-K:2015
Edition 3.1
Table of changes
Change No. Date Scope
Amdt 1 2015 Amended to update referenced standards, to delete the definition
for "adequate", to replace the terms "adequate" and "adequately"
with the terms "suitable" and "suitably", respectively, to change
the requirements in the subclause on roof fixing (4.2.11), to add
a note to the figures on roof truss anchor details (hollow units)
and roof truss anchor details (solid units) (figures 34 and 35), to
change the requirements in the subclause on timber-framed
walls (4.3), and to delete the annex on National Building
Regulations – Part K: Walls (annex A) and any references to this
annex.
Acknowledgement
The SABS Standards Division wishes to acknowledge the work of the South African Institution of
Civil Engineering and the Home Builders Registration Council in updating this document.
Foreword
This South African standard was approved by National Committee SABS/TC 060, Standards which
address the National Building Regulations (NBRS), in accordance with procedures of the
SABS Standards Division, in compliance with annex 3 of the WTO/TBT agreement.
This document was approved for publication in February 2015.
This document supersedes SANS 10400-K:2011 (edition 3).
A vertical line in the margin shows where the text has been technically modified by amendment
No. 1.
Compliance with the requirements of this document will be deemed to be compliance with the
requirements of part K of the National Building Regulations, issued in terms of the National Building
Regulations and Building Standards Act, 1977 (Act No. 103 of 1977).
SANS 10400 consists of the following parts, under the general title The application of the National
Building Regulations:
Part A: General principles and requirements.
Part B: Structural design.
Part C: Dimensions.
Part D: Public safety.
Part F: Site operations.
Part G: Excavations.
Part H: Foundations.
Part J: Floors.
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Foreword (concluded)
Part K: Walls.
Part L: Roofs.
Part M: Stairways.
Part N: Glazing.
Part O: Lighting and ventilation.
Part P: Drainage.
Part Q: Non-water-borne means of sanitary disposal.
Part R: Stormwater disposal.
Part S: Facilities for persons with disabilities.
Part T: Fire protection.
Part V: Space heating.
Part W: Fire installation.
This document should be read in conjunction with SANS 10400-A.
Annex C forms an integral part of this document. Annex B is for information only. Amdt 1
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Contents
Page
Acknowledgement
Foreword
1 Scope ..................................................................................................................................... 3
2 Normative references ............................................................................................................. 3
3 Definitions .............................................................................................................................. 4
4 Requirements ......................................................................................................................... 9
4.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 9

4.2 Masonry walls ............................................................................................................... 10
4.2.1 General ............................................................................................................. 10

4.2.2 Masonry walling in single-storey and double-storey buildings .......................... 12
4.2.3 Infill masonry panels in framed buildings ........................................................... 14
4.2.4 Free-standing boundary, garden and retaining walls ........................................ 42
4.2.5 Balustrade and parapet walls ........................................................................... 46
4.2.6 Control joints ...................................................................................................... 47
4.2.7 Articulation joints ................................................................................................ 52
4.2.8 Corbelling ........................................................................................................... 52
4.2.9 Lintels................................................................................................................. 56
4.2.10 Masonry arches ................................................................................................ 72
4.2.11 Roof fixing .......................................................................................................... 72
4.3 Timber-framed walls....................................................................................................... 75

4.4 Fixing of roofs to concrete elements .............................................................................. 75
4.5 Water penetration ........................................................................................................... 76
4.5.1 Condensation ..................................................................................................... 76

4.5.2 Rain penetration ................................................................................................ 76
4.5.3 Rising damp ....................................................................................................... 78
4.6 Behaviour in fire ............................................................................................................. 81
Annex A Deleted by amendment No. 1.
Annex B (informative) Design of lintels .................................................................................... 82
Annex C (normative) Rain penetration tests for walls ............................................................ 88
Bibliography .............................................................................................................................. 92
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The application of the National Building Regulations

Part K:
Walls
1 Scope
This part of SANS 10400 provides deemed-to-satisfy requirements for compliance with part K
(Walls) of the National Building Regulations.
NOTE Deleted by amendment No. 1.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For
dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies. Information on currently valid national
and international standards can be obtained from the SABS Standards Division.
SANS 121/ISO 1461, Hot dip galvanized coatings on fabricated iron and steel articles –
Specifications and test methods.
SANS 248, Bituminous damp-proof courses.
SANS 298, Mastic asphalt for damp-proof courses and tanking.
SANS 935, Hot-dip (galvanized) zinc coatings on steel wire. Amdt 1
SANS 952-1, Polymer film for damp-proofing and waterproofing in buildings – Part 1: Monofilament
and co-extruded products.
SANS 1504 (SABS 1504), Prestressed concrete lintels.
SANS 2001-CM1, Construction works – Part CM1: Masonry walling.
SANS 2001-EM1, Construction works – Part EM1: Cement plaster.
SANS 10005, The preservative treatment of timber.
SANS 10082, Timber frame buildings.
SANS 10177-2, Fire testing of materials, components and elements used in buildings – Part 2: Fire
resistance test for building elements.
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SANS 10400-A:2010, The application of the National Building Regulations – Part A: General
principles and requirements.
SANS 10400-B (SABS 0400-B), The application of the National Building Regulations – Part B:
Structural design.
SANS 10400-H (SABS 0400-H), The application of the National Building Regulations – Part H:
Foundations.
SANS 10400-T:2011, The application of the National Building Regulations – Part T: Fire protection.
3 Definitions
For the purposes of this document, the definitions given in SANS 10400-A (some of which are
repeated for convenience) and the following apply.
3.1 Deleted by amendment No. 1.
3.2
Agrément certificate
certificate that confirms fitness-for-purpose of a non-standardized product, material or component or
the acceptability of the related non-standardized design and the conditions pertaining thereto
(or both) issued by the Board of Agrément South Africa
3.3
articulation joint
joint in masonry provided at suitable locations and intervals, that takes cognizance of the lateral
stability and structural integrity of individual panels, and that enables wall panels to move in
harmony with their supports without developing significant damage
3.4
balustrade wall
wall that serves the purpose of a balustrade
3.5
bed joint
horizontal mortared joint between courses of masonry
3.6
Board of Agrément South Africa
body that operates under the delegation of authority of the Minister of Public Works
3.7
bond block
masonry unit which is manufactured or modified on site to accommodate horizontal reinforcement
within the depth of the unit
3.8
brickforce
light, welded steel fabric that comprises two hard-drawn wires of diameter not less than 2,8 mm and
not more than 3,55 mm, held apart by either perpendicular (ladder-type) or diagonal (truss-type)
cross wires (see figure 1)
NOTE Ladder-type brickforce usually has a main wire diameter that does not exceed 3,15 mm and is supplied
in rolls. Truss-type brickforce usually has a diameter of 3,55 mm and is supplied flat.
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a) Truss type
b) Ladder type
Figure 1 — Brickforce types
3.9
category 1 building
building which
a) is designated as being of class A3, A4, F2, G1, H2, H3, or H4 occupancy (see Regulation A20 in
SANS 10400-A),
b) has no basements,
c) has a maximum length of 6,0 m between intersecting walls or members providing lateral support,
and
2
d) has a floor area that does not exceed 80 m
NOTE 1 Table C.1 in SANS 10400-A:2010 outlines the difference in performance between category 1
buildings and other buildings that have the same occupancy designation in respect of a number of building
attributes.
NOTE 2 A building may be classified as a category 1 building for the purposes of one or more parts of
SANS 10400. Additional limitations may accordingly be imposed on category 1 buildings. For example, a
category 1 building in terms of SANS 10400-T (Fire protection) will be restricted to a single storey.
NOTE 3 Fire requirements for category 1 buildings are based on occupants escaping quickly from buildings.
The design population for occupancies as set out in table 2 of part A of the Regulations (see SANS 10400-A)
should therefore not be exceeded.
3.10
cavity
void in a masonry member formed by or between the individual masonry units that comprise that
member
3.11
cavity wall
wall that consists of two parallel walls (called leaves) of either solid or hollow units, that are built
side by side and tied to each other with wall ties so that there is a cavity of width at least 50 mm
between the leaves
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3.12
collar joint
vertical longitudinal joint between leaves of masonry, filled with mortar or infill concrete (see
figure 2)
3.13
collar-jointed wall
wall that comprises parallel single-leaf walls with a space between them that does not
exceed 25 mm, solidly filled with mortar and tied together with wall ties (see figure 2)
3.14
control joint
movement joint
joint designed to permit relative movement of sections of a masonry structure or wall to occur
without impairing the functional integrity of the masonry structure or wall
3.15
core
void within the cross section of a hollow masonry unit
3.16
damp-proof
proof against the transmission of moisture in liquid or vapour form
Plan
Figure 2 — Collar-jointed walls
3.17
deemed-to-satisfy requirement
non-mandatory requirement, the compliance with which ensures compliance with a functional
regulation
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3.18
diaphragm wall
wall that comprises two separate leaves and evenly spaced vertical columns (ribs) that join the
leaves to form a hollow box section
3.19
fire resistance
shortest period for which a building element or building component complies with the requirements
for stability, integrity and insulation when tested in accordance with SANS 10177-2
3.20
foundation
that part of a building which is in direct contact with, and is intended to transmit loads to, the ground
3.21
foundation wall
that portion of a wall between the foundation and the lowest floor above such foundation
3.22
free-standing wall
wall (that is not a retaining wall) without lateral support
3.23
functional regulation
regulation that sets out in qualitative terms what is required of a building or building element or
building component in respect of a particular characteristic, without specifying the method of
construction, dimensions or materials to be used
3.24
garage
enclosed area which is used or intended to be used for the parking, storing, servicing or repairing of
motor vehicles
3.25
grouted cavity wall
cavity wall with the space between the leaves filled with infill concrete, and which may be reinforced
3.26
infill concrete
highly workable concrete placed in cores, cavities or pockets to produce grouted and reinforced
masonry
3.27
leaf
continuous vertical section, which is one masonry unit width in thickness, of a wall
3.28
lintel
beam that spans an opening in a wall
3.29
load
value of a force corresponding to an action
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3.30
masonry
assemblage of masonry units joined together with mortar to form a structure
3.31
masonry unit
rectangular unit that is intended for use in the construction of bonded masonry walling
3.31.1
hollow masonry unit
masonry unit that contains cores that exceed 25 %, but that do not exceed 60 %, of the gross
volume of the unit
3.31.2
solid masonry unit
masonry unit that either contains no cores, or contains cores that do not exceed 25 % of the gross
volume of the unit
3.32
masonry wall
assemblage of masonry units that are joined together with mortar or grout
3.33
mortar
mixture of cementitious materials, sand (fine aggregate) and water, with or without chemical
admixtures
3.34
parapet wall
low wall at the edge of a balcony or roof or along the sides of a bridge
3.35
perpend joint
joint (typically vertical) formed between adjacent masonry units laid in the same course
3.36
reinforced masonry
masonry in which grouted or concreted cavities, cores or pockets or bed joints are reinforced with
steel reinforcement to strengthen the masonry
3.37
retaining wall
wall intended to resist the lateral displacement of materials
3.38
rod reinforcement
bed joint reinforcement in masonry that comprises hard-drawn wires that have a diameter of not
less than 4,0 mm and not greater than 6,0 mm, and which are pre-straightened at the point of
manufacture
3.39
shell bedding
bedding in mortar of the plan area of the face shells, but not the webs, of hollow masonry units
during laying (see figure 3)
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3.40
single-leaf wall
wall of masonry units laid to overlap in one or more directions and set solidly in mortar
3.41
stability
ability of a structure to maintain equilibrium and to resist displacement or overbalancing
3.42
strength
capability of a body to resist the loads applied to it
Figure 3 — Shell bedding
3.43
structural
relating to or forming part of any structural system
3.44
suitable
capable of fulfilling or having fulfilled the intended function, or fit for its intended purpose
3.45
vapour barrier
impervious barrier that prevents the passage of water vapour through building components
4 Requirements
4.1 General
The functional regulations K1 to K4 contained in part K of the National Building Regulations shall be
deemed to be satisfied where a wall complies with the requirements of Amdt 1
a) SANS 10400-B, SANS 10400-T and 4.4; or
b) 4.2, 4.4, 4.5 and 4.6; or
c) 4.3, 4.4, 4.5 and 4.6.

NOTE The masonry walling panels have been sized by calculations using the approach provided in
appendix G of the Joint Structural Division of the South African Institution of Civil Engineering and the
Institution of Structural Engineers’ Code of practice for foundations and superstructures for single-storey
residential buildings of masonry construction, 1995.
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4.2 Masonry walls
4.2.1 General
4.2.1.1 The requirements of 4.2 apply only to masonry walls that are not exposed to severe wind
loadings at crests of steep hills, ridges and escarpments and, in case of
a) single-storey buildings or the upper storey of double-storey buildings, where
1) the foundations for masonry walls comply with the requirements of SANS 10400-H and the
supporting members comply with the requirements of SANS 10400-B;
2) the span of roof trusses or rafters (or both) between supporting walls does not exceed
i) 6,0 m in respect of 90 mm and 110 mm single-leaf walls,
ii) 8,0 m in respect of 140 mm (or greater) single-leaf walls and all cavity and collar-
jointed walls;
3) the nominal height of masonry above the top of openings is not less than 0,4 m;
4) the average compressive strength of hollow and solid masonry units is not less than
3,0 MPa and 4,0 MPa, respectively;
5) the mortar is class II that complies with the requirements of SANS 2001-CM1;
2
6) the mass of the roof covering, in roofs other than concrete slabs, does not exceed 80 kg/m ;
7) the span of the concrete roof slabs between supporting walls does not exceed 6,0 m;
8) concrete roof slabs are not thicker than 255 mm if of solid construction, or they are of the
equivalent mass of such a solid slab if of voided construction;
9) foundation walls are not thinner than the walls which they support; and
10) the height of foundation walls does not exceed 1,5 m;
b) the lower storey in a double-storey building, where

2
1) the imposed floor load does not exceed 3,0 kN/m ;
2) the foundations for masonry walls comply with the requirements of SANS 10400-H and the
supporting members comply with the requirements of SANS 10400-B;
3) the height measured from the ground floor to the top of an external gable does not
exceed 8,0 m;
4) the storey height measured from floor to wall plate level or to the underside of the first floor
does not exceed 3,0 m;
5) the span of concrete floor slabs between supporting walls does not exceed 6,0 m;
6) the floor slabs are not thicker than 255 mm if of solid construction, or they are of the
equivalent mass of such a solid slab if of voided construction;
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7) the average compressive strength of the hollow and solid masonry units is not less
than 7,0 MPa and 10 MPa, respectively;
9) the walls supporting floor elements are of cavity construction or have a nominal thickness of
not less than 140 mm; and
10) the mass of the roof covering does not exceed 80 kg/m2;
c) infill panels in concrete and steel-framed buildings of four storeys or less, where
1) the average compressive strength of hollow and solid masonry units is not less
than 3,0 MPa and 4,0 MPa, respectively;
3) the walls are either of a cavity construction or have a nominal thickness of not less
than 140 mm; and
4) the nominal height of masonry above openings is not less than 0,4 m; and
5) the storey height measured from floor to soffit of the floor above does not exceed 3,3 m;
and
d) free-standing, retaining, parapet and balustrade walls, where
1) the average compressive strength of hollow and solid masonry units is not less
than 3,0 MPa and 5,0 MPa, respectively; and
2) the mortar is class II that complies with the requirements of SANS 2001-CM1.
NOTE 1 In accordance with SANS 10400-B, the imposed load in the following occupancy classes and zones
2
does not exceed 3,0 kN/m :
a) all rooms in a dwelling unit and a dwelling house, including corridors, stairs and lobbies to a dwelling house;
b) bedrooms, wards, dormitories, private bathrooms and toilets in educational buildings, hospitals, hotels and
other institutional occupancies;
c) classrooms, lecture theatres, X-ray rooms and operating theatres;
d) offices for general use and offices with data-processing and similar equipment;
e) cafés and restaurants;
f) dining rooms, dining halls, lounges, kitchens, communal bathrooms and toilets in educational buildings,
hotels and offices;
g) entertainment, light industrial and institutional occupancies; and
h) corridors, stairs and lobbies to all buildings.

2
NOTE 2 The imposed load in the following areas exceeds 3,0 kN/m :
a) filing and storage areas to offices, institutional occupancies, and hotels;
b) light laboratories;
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c) sales and display areas in retail shops and departmental stores;
d) banking halls; and
e) shelved areas to libraries.
4.2.1.2 The construction of the walls shall be in accordance with the requirements of
SANS 2001-CM1. Rod reinforcement shall comprise hard-drawn wires that have a proof stress
of 485 MPa.
4.2.1.3 Cavities in cavity walls shall not be less than 50 mm or more than 110 mm wide.
4.2.1.4 Metal wall ties used in areas
a) between the coastline and an imaginary line 30 km inland,
b) parallel with the coastline, or
c) at the top of the escarpment or watershed of the first mountain range inland, if these are less
than 30 km from the coastline,
2
shall have a minimum thickness of galvanizing of 750 g/m and in tidal splash zones shall be
manufactured from stainless steel.
4.2.1.5 In areas within 1 km from the coastline or shoreline of large expanses of salt water and
within 3 km of industries that discharge atmospheric pollutants which are corrosive,
a) brickforce shall be manufactured from pre-galvanized wire; and Amdt 1
b) rod reinforcement shall be galvanized in accordance with the requirements of SANS 121, as
appropriate. Amdt 1
4.2.1.6 In tidal and splash zones, brickforce and rod reinforcement shall be made of stainless steel
wire.
4.2.1.7 Lintels shall be provided above all window and door openings in accordance with the
requirements of 4.2.9.
4.2.1.8 Bed joint reinforcement shall be discontinuous across a control joint that is tied.
4.2.2 Masonry walling in single-storey and double-storey buildings
4.2.2.1 Masonry wall panels in single-storey and double-storey buildings shall have dimensions not
greater than those derived from figures 4 and 5 and tables 1 to 6, subject to the maximum lengths
of openings and the minimum distances between the faces of supports and openings and between
successive openings being in accordance with figure 6 and table 7.
NOTE 1 The dimensions for panels with openings in tables 1, 2, 4 and 5 are only valid if lintels in accordance
with the requirements of 4.2.9 are provided above all windows and openings.
NOTE 2 Occasionally, during the lifetime of a building, the positions of openings in walls are changed. For
this reason, it is recommended that reinforcement be provided in a continuous band in external walls,
particularly in the case of walls less than 190 mm thick, to form a lintel or "ring" beam.
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4.2.2.2 The distance between an opening and a free edge shall not be less than dimension b given
in table 7. Where collar joints in collar-jointed walls are not fully mortared, such walls shall, for the
purposes of 4.2.1.1, be treated as cavity walls. Panels incorporating full height doors or doors with
fanlights shall be treated as panels supported on one side only and shall be sized in accordance
with table 4 (wall with opening).
EXAMPLE
An owner wishes to build a single-storey building using 190 mm wide hollow masonry units.
The largest (and therefore critical) wall panel dimensions in the chosen layout are as follows:
• wall panel with no openings: 7,0 m × 2,6 m
• wall panel with openings less than 15 %: 6,2 m × 2,6 m
• wall panel with openings greater than 15 %: 6,5 m × 2,6 m
• internal wall panels: 7,0 m × 2,6 m
• gable end panel (11° double-pitched roof) without openings: 6,0 m × 2,6 m
Wall panel with no opening: A 7,0 m × 2,6 m panel is within the limits for panel A (see columns 3 to 6 of
table 1), namely 7,5 m × 2,7 m.
Wall panel with openings less than 15 %: The limiting dimensions for panel B of table 1 are 6,5 m × 2,4 m
and 5,0 m × 4,6 m (see columns 7 to 10 of table 1).
By interpolating between tables, the maximum length of a 2,6 m high panel is
6,5 m − (2,6 m − 2,4 m) / (4,6 m − 2,4 m) × (6,5 m − 5,0 m) = 6,36 m.
Thus a 6,2 m × 2,6 m panel is suitable. Amdt 1
Wall panel with openings greater than 15 %: The limiting dimensions for panel C of table 1
are 6,0 m × 2,7 m and 4,8 m × 4,4 m (see columns 11 to 14 of table 1).
A 6,5 m × 2,6 m panel does not comply with the requirements of this part of SANS 10400 as its length exceeds
the maximum permissible length of 6,0 m. It can be made to comply with the requirements by reducing the
length to 6,0 m or by providing truss-type reinforcement and a reinforced bond block in accordance with note 2
of table 1 since an 8,0 m × 4,0 m panel is permitted in respect of 190 mm solid masonry units (see columns 11
and 12 of table 1).
Internal walls: The maximum internal wall panel dimensions (for hollow units) as given in table 3 are 8,5 m
and 4,6 m. The 7,0 m × 2,6 m panel is well within these limits.
Gable end: The maximum wall panel length (for hollow units) (11° roof pitch) for walls without openings as
given in table 5 is 6,0 m. A 6,0 m × 2,6 m panel complies with the requirements.
The maximum base width of the triangular portion of the wall above eaves height permitted in terms of table 6
is 8,0 m for a roof that has an 11° roof pitch. The gable end dimensions are within this limit.
4.2.2.3 Vertical supports, where required, shall extend to the top of the wall or, in the case of gable
ends, to eaves level, and shall comprise intersecting walls which shall, with respect to figure 8,
a) intersect the supported wall at an angle of between 60° and 120°;
b) have a thickness of not less than 90 mm; and
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c) have a length projecting beyond the face of the unsupported wall of not less than the greater of
1) for internal walls: 1/8th of the height of the wall and 1/10th of the wall length; and
2) for external walls: 0,5 m and one-half the sum of adjacent panel lengths in the case of an
intermediate support, and one-half the panel lengths for a corner support, as appropriate,
divided by
i) for vertical supports of thickness ≤ 110 mm: 2,5
ii) for vertical supports of thickness ≥ 140 mm: 3,0.
4.2.2.4 Where such vertical supports incorporate an opening, the length derived in accordance
with 4.2.2.3(c) shall be extended by the length of such opening. Supports should generally extend
the full height of the panel. A support on one side of a panel may extend for only 90 % of the height
of the panel provided that the support on the opposite end of the panel extends the full height (see
figure 8).
4.2.2.5 Walls supporting either concrete floors or roofs shall have a thickness of not less
than 90 mm in cavity wall construction and 140 mm in single-leaf and collar-jointed wall construction
and contain no openings wider than 2,5 m.
4.2.2.6 The height of fill retained by foundation walls shall not exceed the values given in table 8.
4.2.2.7 Foundation walls shall be of a thickness not less than the wall they support. The cores in
hollow units and cavities in cavity walls shall be filled with grade 10 infill concrete.
4.2.3 Infill masonry panels in framed buildings
4.2.3.1 Infill masonry wall panels in framed buildings of four storeys and less shall have dimensions
not longer than those contained in table 3 or derived from figure 10 and tables 9 to 15, subject to
the maximum lengths of openings and the minimum distances between the face of supports and
openings and between successive openings being in accordance with figure 11 and table 7.
4.2.3.2 Where collar joints in collar-jointed walls are not fully mortared, such walls shall, for the
purposes of 4.2.3.1, be treated as cavity walls. Panels incorporating full height doors with fanlights
shall be treated as panels supported on one side only and shall be sized in accordance with
tables 14 and 15 (wall with openings).
4.2.3.3 Vertical supports, which are provided by means of intersecting masonry walls, shall be in
accordance with the requirements of 4.2.2.3.
4.2.3.4 Infill masonry wall panels shall be connected to reinforced concrete columns in accordance
with figures 12 to 15. All bed joint reinforcement shall be discontinuous across a tied joint.
4.2.3.5 The joint between infill masonry wall panels and the underside of concrete beams or slab
soffits shall be in accordance with figure 16.
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Wall configuration Table Commentary

Table 1 Applicable to panels that do not incorporate gable
ends. Wall panel sizes are sensitive to panel
openings.
Two categories of opening are provided for:
1) ≤ 15 % wall area
External wall panel 2) > 15 % wall area
Table 2 Applicable to panels that do not incorporate gable
ends. Wall panel sizes are sensitive to panel
openings.
Two categories of opening are provided for:
1) ≤ 15 % wall area
External wall panel 2) > 15 % wall area
Table 3 Wall panel size is not governed by openings.
Internal wall panel

Table 4 Panels which incorporate full height doors are
treated as walls supported on one side only with
openings. Wall panel size is sensitive to openings
(no size of opening is specified).
Internal/external panel
supported
Table 5 Applicable to panels that incorporate gable ends (or
a portion thereof) which have a panel height that
does not exceed 2,6 m.
Wall panel size is sensitive to panel openings.
Triangular portion of gable above eaves level shall
be in accordance with table 6.
Internal walls with gables (firewalls) shall be
designed in accordance with table 1 (no openings).
Table 6 The base width (G) shall be reduced by the length of
any openings within the gable.
Key
Horizontal support L = Length of panel
Vertical support (cross wall or return providing support) H = Height of panel
G = Base width of gable end

Vertical support (tied butt control joint (see figure 7))
Figure 4 — Table selection chart for the determination of wall panel sizes
in single-storey and double-storey buildings
© SABS 15
SANS 10400-K:2015
Edition 3.1
a) Panel proportions
b) Gable end incorporating an isosceles triangle or portion thereof
c) Monoslope gable end
H = height of panel
L = horizontal distance between centres of vertical support
G = base width of gable end
Figure 5 — Wall panels in single-storey and double-storey buildings
16 © SABS
SANS 10400-K:2015
Edition 3.1
a) Wall with door and window openings
b) Wall with window openings only

Single storey or upper storey with sheeted or tiled roof
a and c not less than 150 mm (solid units) or 200 mm (hollow units)
b, A and B in accordance with table 7
Lower storey of double storey or single storey or upper storey with concrete roof
A or B not greater than 2 500 mm

A
a not less than
x
B
c not less than
x
A+ B
b not less than or 300 mm (hollow unit filled with infill concrete)
x
or 300 mm (solid units)
400 mm (hollow units)
where x = 6 for timber floor
4 for concrete floor (span not greater than 4,5 m)
3 for concrete floor (span not greater than 6,0 m)
Figure 6 — Limitations on the size of openings in single-storey and double-storey buildings
© SABS 17
18
Edition 3.1
SANS 10400-K:2015
Table 1 – Maximum dimensions for external masonry wall panels supported on both sides
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Panel A Panel B Panel C
Nominal wall
No openings Openings ≤ 15 % wall area Openings > 15 % wall area
thickness Wall type
m m m
mm L, max. H L H, max. L, max. H L H, max. L, max. H L H, max.
Solid units
90 Single-leaf 3,2 2,4 2,8 3,4 2,7 2,4 2,5 3,4 2,7 2,4 2,3 3,4
90-90 Cavity 5,5 2,7 5,5 3,9 5,5 2,7 5,0 3,9 5,5 2,4 4,5 3,9
110 Single-leaf 4,5 2,7 4,0 3,6 4,0 2,7 3,5 3,6 3,5 2,7 3,0 3,6
110-110 Cavity 7,0 3,3 6,0 4,4 7,0 2,4 5,5 4,4 6,5 2,4 5,0 4,4
140 Single-leaf 7,0 3,3 6,0 4,3 6,5 2,4 5,2 4,3 6,0 2,7 5,0 4,3
190 Collar-jointed 8,0 4,6 8,0 4,6 8,0 4,6 8,0 4,6 8,0 4,0 7,5 4,6
220 Collar-jointed 9,0 4,6 9,0 4,6 9,0 4,6 9,0 4,6 9,0 4,6 9,0 4,6
© SABS
Hollow units
a a a a a a a a
90 Single-leaf 2,8 2,4 2,5 3,4
90-90 Cavity 5,0 2,7 4,5 3,9 4,5 2,4 4,0 3,9 4,0 2,7 3,5 3,9
110 Single-leaf 3,5 2,4 3,3 3,6 3,0 2,4 2,8 3,6 3,0 2,4 2,8 3,6
110-110 Cavity 6,0 2,4 5,0 4,2 5,0 2,4 4,2 4,2 4,5 2,7 4,2 4,2
140 Single-leaf 5,5 2,4 4,5 4,2 4,5 2,7 4,0 4,2 4,2 2,4 3,7 4,2
190 Single-leaf 7,5 2,7 6,0 4,4 6,5 2,4 5,0 4,6 6,0 2,7 4,8 4,4
NOTE 1 Two alternative panel sizes (L × H) are provided in respect of each panel type. Linear interpolation is permitted between these two sets of panel dimensions
but not between wall types.
NOTE 2 The values given in respect of solid units may be used for corresponding walls of hollow unit construction provided that the following reinforcement is
provided:
a) truss-type brickforce (see figure 1) that has main wires of not less than 3,55 mm diameter built into courses at vertical centres that do not exceed 400 mm; and
b) either two 5,6 mm diameter rods in each leaf of walls in the bed joint immediately above window level, or a single Y8 bar in a bond block in 140 mm and 190 mm
single-leaf walls at this same level;
such reinforcements extending across the entire length of the panel and into the supports.
NOTE 3 See figure 5 for definitions of L and H.
a
Not permitted.
Table 2 — Maximum dimensions for external masonry wall panels supported on both sides incorporating a tied control or articulation joint
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Nominal wall
thickness Wall type
m m m
Solid units
a a a a a a a a
90 Single-leaf 3,0 2,4 2,7 3,4
90-90 Cavity 5,5 2,7 5,0 3,9 5,0 2,7 4,5 3,9 4,5 2,7 4,0 3,9
110 Single-leaf 4,5 2,4 3,8 3,6 3,5 2,7 3,2 3,6 3,5 2,4 3,0 3,6
110-110 Cavity 7,0 3,0 5,5 4,4 6,5 2,4 5,0 4,4 6,0 2,4 4,5 4,4
140 Single-leaf 7,0 2,7 5,5 4,3 6,0 2,4 4,5 4,3 5,5 2,4 4,5 4,3
190 Collar-jointed 8,0 4,6 8,0 4,6 8,0 3,6 7,0 4,6 8,0 3,6 7,0 4,6
220 Collar-jointed 9,0 4,6 9,0 4,6 9,0 4,6 9,0 4,6 8,5 4,6 8,5 4,6
© SABS
Hollow units
a a a a a a a a
90 Single-leaf 2,3 2,4 2,1 3,4
90-90 Cavity 5,0 2,4 4,5 3,9 4,0 2,7 3,5 3,9 4,0 2,7 3,5 3,9
110 Single-leaf 3,3 2,4 3,0 3,6 2,8 2,7 2,6 3,6 2,7 2,4 2,4 3,6
110-110 Cavity 5,5 2,4 4,5 4,2 4,5 2,4 4,0 4,2 4,3 2,4 3,7 4,2
140 Single-leaf 5,0 2,4 4,0 4,2 4,0 2,7 3,5 4,2 4,0 2,4 3,5 4,2
190 Single-leaf 7,0 2,7 6,0 4,4 6,0 2,4 4,5 4,4 5,5 2,4 4,5 4,4
but not between wall panel types.
provided:
SANS 10400-K:2015
b) two 5,6 mm diameter rods in each leaf of walls in the bed joint immediately above the window level, or a single Y8 bar in a bond block in 140 mm and 190 mm
such reinforcement extending across the entire length of the panel and into the supports.
Edition 3.1
NOTE 4 See figure 7 for the location and details of the tied control joint.
a
Not permitted.
19
SANS 10400-K:2015
Edition 3.1
Concertina ties shall be placed in bed joints at centres that do not exceed 425 mm.
Dowels shall be placed in hollow unit bond beams instead of concertina ties (see figure 7(e)).
a) Location of concertina ties
b) Section through hollow unit bond beam at tied control joint
c) Cavity wall detail at joint
Figure 7 — Tied butt control joint details (lateral stability)
20 © SABS
SANS 10400-K:2015
Edition 3.1
d) Hollow single-leaf wall detail at joint
e) Concertina tie detail
Figure 7 — Tied butt control joint details (lateral stability) (concluded)
Table 3 — Maximum dimensions for internal masonry wall panels supported on

both sides with or without openings
1 2 3 4
Internal wall panel with or
Nominal wall without openings
thickness Wall type
m
mm L H
Solid unit
90 Single-leaf 4,5 3,4
90-90 Cavity 6,0 3,9
110-110 Cavity 7,0 4,4
190 Collar-jointed 8,5 4,6
220 Collar-jointed 9,0 4,6
Hollow unit
90-90 Cavity 5,5 3,9
110-110 Cavity 7,0 4,4
NOTE 1 Internal panel lengths for gables (firewalls) that have slopes within the
range presented, may be based on the maximum length given in respect of a wall
without openings in accordance with column 3 (panel A) of table 1.
© SABS 21
SANS 10400-K:2015
Edition 3.1
Table 4 — Maximum dimensions for internal and external masonry wall panels
supported on one vertical side only
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Internal wall panel with External wall panels
Nominal wall or without openings Without openings With openings
thickness Wall type
m m m
mm L H L H L H
Solid unit
90 Single-leaf 1,4 3,4 1,4 3,4 1,2 3,0
90-90 Cavity 2,1 3,9 2,1 3,9 1,8 3,6
110 Single-leaf 2,0 3,6 2,0 3,6 1,6 3,6
110-110 Cavity 2,6 4,4 2,6 4,4 2,1 3,6
140 Single-leaf 2,5 4,3 2,5 4,3 2,0 3,6
190 Collar-jointed 3,4 4,6 3,4 4,6 2,7 3,6
220 Collar-jointed 4,0 4,6 4,0 4,6 3,1 3,6
Hollow unit
90 Single-leaf 1,4 3,4 1,4 3,4 1,2 3,0
90-90 Cavity 2,1 3,9 2,1 3,9 1,8 3,6
110 Single-leaf 2,0 3,6 2,0 3,6 1,8 3,3
110-110 Cavity 2,6 4,4 2,6 4,4 2,0 3,3
140 Single-leaf 2,5 4,3 2,5 3,6 1,8 3,0
190 Single-leaf 3,4 4,6 3,4 3,6 2,4 3,3
NOTE 1 Where collar joints in collar-jointed walls are not fully mortared, such walls are structurally
equivalent to cavity walls.
22 © SABS
SANS 10400-K:2015
Edition 3.1
Table 5 — Maximum length (L) of external masonry wall panel not exceeding 2,6 m in height
supporting a free-standing (isosceles) gable triangle or portion thereof
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Without opening With opening
Nominal wall
m m
thickness Wall type
Slope
mm ≤ 11° 15° 17° 22° 26° ≤ 11° 15° 17° 22° 26°
Solid units
90 Single-leaf 2,8 2,7 2,6 2,6 2,6 2,4 2,4 2,4 2,4 2,4
90-90 Cavity 5,5 5,5 5,5 5,0 5,0 4,5 4,5 4,0 4,0 4,0
110 Single-leaf 4,5 4,5 4,5 4,0 4,0 4,0 4,0 3,5 3,5 3,5
110-110 Cavity 7,0 7,0 6,5 6,0 6,0 6,0 5,5 5,5 5,0 5,0
140 Single-leaf 6,5 6,0 5,5 5,5 5,5 5,0 5,0 4,5 4,5 4,5
190 Collar-jointed 8,0 8,0 8,0 8,0 8,0 8,0 7,5 7,5 7,0 6,5
220 Collar-jointed 8,0 8,0 8,0 8,0 8,0 8,0 8,0 8,0 8,0 8,0
Hollow units
90 Single-leaf 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,1 2,1 2,1 2,0 2,0
90-90 Cavity 4,5 4,5 4,0 4,0 4,0 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5
110 Single-leaf 3,5 3,5 3,3 3,3 3,0 3,0 3,0 2,8 2,7 2,7
110-110 Cavity 5,5 5,5 5,0 5,0 5,0 4,5 4,5 4,0 4,0 4,0
140 Single-leaf 4,5 4,5 4,5 4,0 4,0 4,0 3,5 3,5 3,3 3,3
190 Single-leaf 6,0 5,5 5,5 5,0 5,0 5,0 5,0 5,0 4,5 4,5
NOTE 1 The values given in respect of solid units may be used for corresponding walls of hollow unit
construction provided that the following reinforcement is provided:
a) truss-type brickforce (see figure 1) that has main wires of not less than 3,55 mm diameter at vertical
centres that do not exceed 400 mm; and
b) two 5,6 mm diameter rods in each leaf of walls in the bed joint immediately above the window level, or a
single Y8 bar in a bond block in 140 mm and 190 mm single-leaf walls at this level;
such reinforcement extending across the entire length of the panel and into the supports.
NOTE 2 See figure 5 for the definition of L.
© SABS 23
SANS 10400-K:2015
Edition 3.1
Table 6 — Maximum base width (G) of external triangular masonry gable ends
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Maximum base width (G)
Nominal wall
m
thickness Wall type
Slope
mm ≤ 11° 15° 17° 22° 26°
Solid units
90 Single-leaf 6,0 6,0 6,0 5,0 4,5
90-90 Cavity 8,0 8,0 8,0 7,5 6,5
110 Single-leaf 6,0 6,0 6,0 5,0 5,5
110-110 Cavity 8,0 8,0 8,0 8,0 7,5
140 Single-leaf 8,0 8,0 8,0 8,0 7,0
190 Collar-jointed 8,0 8,0 8,0 8,0 8,0
220 Collar-jointed 8,0 8,0 8,0 8,0 8,0
Hollow units
90 Single-leaf 6,0 6,0 6,0 5,0 4,0
90-90 Cavity 8,0 8,0 8,0 7,0 5,5
110 Single-leaf 6,0 6,0 6,0 5,0 4,5
110-110 Cavity 8,0 8,0 8,0 8,0 6,5
140 Single-leaf 8,0 8,0 8,0 7,0 6,0
190 Single-leaf 8,0 8,0 8,0 8,0 7,5
NOTE 1 Where openings are provided within the gable, reduce the permissible value of G
by the width of such openings.
NOTE 2 The maximum base width of internal gables (firewalls), for the range of slopes
presented, may be taken as that given in respect of a slope of 11°.
NOTE 3 See figure 5 for the definition of G.
24 © SABS
SANS 10400-K:2015
Edition 3.1
Table 7 — Critical dimensions of openings and edge distances in respect of

single-storey/upper-storey external masonry wall panels supporting sheeted or tiled roofs
1 2 3 4 5
Maximum length of
Nominal wall Minimum length Maximum length of
sum of dimensions
thickness Wall type of dimension b dimension A or B
A or B
mm mm m m
Solid units
90 Single-leaf 600 2,0 2,0
90-90 Cavity 300 3,0 3,5
110 Single-leaf 500 2,5 3,0
110-110 Cavity 300 3,0 4,0
140 Single-leaf 300 3,0 4,0
190 Collar-jointed 300 3,5 4,5
220 Collar-jointed 300 3,5 5,5
Hollow units
90 Single-leaf 600 2,0 2,0
90-90 Cavity 600 2,5 2,5
110 Single-leaf 400 2,5 3,5
110-110 Cavity 400 3,0 4,0
140 Single-leaf 400 3,0 4,0
190 Single-leaf 400 3,5 4,5
NOTE See figure 6 for definitions of dimensions A, b and B.
© SABS 25
SANS 10400-K:2015
Edition 3.1
L +L Ls = greater of H/8 and L/10

Ls = greater of 1 2 and 500 mm
2x
where b) Plan — Internal wall panels
x = 2,5 for T ≤ 110 mm
x = 3,0 for T ≥ 140 mm
a) Plan — External wall panels
Plan
c) Vertical supports
NOTE See figure 5 for the definitions of L and H.
Figure 8 — Lateral support provided by intersecting walls
26 © SABS
SANS 10400-K:2015
Edition 3.1
Table 8 — Maximum height of masonry foundation walls where fill

is retained behind the wall
1 2 3
Maximum difference
Nominal wall
in ground levels, h
thickness Wall type (see figure 9)
mm mm
90 and 110 Single-leaf 200
140 Single-leaf 400
190 Single-leaf/collar-jointed 600
220 Collar-jointed 700
90-90 Cavity 700
110-110 Cavity 1 000
290 Collar-jointed 1 000
330 Collar-jointed 1 200
Figure 9 — Foundation walls
© SABS 27
Edition 3.1
SANS 10400-K:2015
28
Table 9 — External infill panel in framed buildings supported on both sides
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Nominal wall
thickness Wall type
m m m
Solid units
90-90 Cavity 5,5 2,7 5,0 3,3 4,7 2,4 4,2 3,3 4,5 2,4 4,2 3,3
110-110 Cavity 7,0 2,7 6,5 3,3 6,0 2,4 5,5 3,3 5,7 2,4 5,2 3,3
140 Single-leaf 7,0 2,4 6,0 3,3 6,0 2,4 5,2 3,3 5,5 2,4 5,0 3,3
190 Collar-jointed 8,0 3,3 8,0 3,3 8,0 3,3 8,0 3,3 8,0 3,3 8,0 3,3
220 Collar-jointed 9,0 3,3 9,0 3,3 9,0 3,3 9,0 3,3 9,0 3,3 9,0 3,3
Hollow units
© SABS
90-90 Cavity 4,5 2,4 4,0 3,3 3,8 2,4 3,5 3,3 3,5 2,4 3,3 3,3
110-110 Cavity 6,0 2,4 5,2 2,4 4,9 2,4 4,4 3,3 4,6 2,4 4,3 3,3
140 Single-leaf 4,7 2,4 4,3 3,3 4,0 2,4 3,7 3,3 3,8 2,4 3,6 3,3
190 Single-leaf 7,0 2,4 6,0 3,3 5,6 2,4 5,0 3,3 5,4 2,4 4,9 3,3
provided:
b) two 5,6 mm diameter rods in each leaf of walls in the bed joint immediately above window level, or a single Y8 bar in a bond block in 140 mm and 190 mm single-
leaf walls at this same level;
SANS 10400-K:2015
Edition 3.1
Joints to frame members

External wall configuration Table
(see figures 12 to 15)
Table 9 Top type IV or free edge
LHS type I
RHS type I

LHS type I
RHS type II

LHS type II
RHS type II
Table 12 Top type III

LHS type II
RHS type II

LHS type II
RHS type I

LHS type I

LHS type I
Key
Free edge or type IV movement joint LHS = left-hand side
Horizontal support at base of wall RHS = right-hand side
Type III movement joint at the top of the wall
Vertical support (without movement joint or with type I movement joint)
Vertical support with type II movement joint
Figure 10 — Table selection chart for the determination of wall panel sizes
in framed buildings
© SABS 29
SANS 10400-K:2015
Edition 3.1
Section A-A
a) Panel proportions
b) Wall with door and window openings
c) Wall with window openings only
a and c shall not be less than 150 mm (solid units) or H = panel height
200 mm (hollow units). L = horizontal distance between
b, A and B shall be in accordance with table 7. centres of vertical support
Figure 11 — Wall panels in framed buildings — Definition sketches
30 © SABS
SANS 10400-K:2015
Edition 3.1
a) Type I joint (alternative 1) b) Type I joint (alternative 2)
Anchor
c) Type II joint (alternative 1)
Cavity wall
d) Type II joint (alternative 2)
Figure 12 — Movements joints between masonry walling and concrete columns using
dovetail slot anchors (type I and type II joints)
© SABS 31
SANS 10400-K:2015
Edition 3.1
a) Movement joint in cavity walls
Guide rod detail
Alternative 1 Alternative 2
b) Movement joint in collar-jointed wall
Figure 13 — Movement joints between masonry walling and concrete columns

using sliding anchors (type II joints)
32 © SABS
SANS 10400-K:2015
Edition 3.1
a) Isometric view of fixing to column (type I joint)
b) Fixing detail for single-leaf and collar-jointed walls (type I joint)
c) Fixing detail for cavity walls (type I or type II joint)
The drive pin shall be located as close to the bend in the strap as is practicable.
Cores in hollow units shall be filled with infill concrete.
a
The first 100 mm in hoop-iron straps shall be either fixed to concrete by means of a 3,0 mm diameter (min.)
drive pin or cast into concrete at vertical centres that do not exceed 450 mm.
b
The joint is a type I joint where no joint is provided in front of the column. The joint is a type II joint where a
joint is provided in front of the column.
Figure 14 — Fixing of masonry walling to concrete columns (type I and type II joints)
© SABS 33
SANS 10400-K:2015
Edition 3.1
Anchor detail
Fishtail anchor detail
Figure 15 — Details for fixing masonry walls to slab soffits (solid units) (type III joint)
34 © SABS
SANS 10400-K:2015
Edition 3.1
Sealant detail
a) Type IV joint (alternative 1) b) Type IV joint (alternative 2)
Figure 16 — Horizontal joints at tops of masonry infill panels

(type IV joint)
© SABS 35
36
Edition 3.1
SANS 10400-K:2015
Table 10 — External infill panel in framed buildings supported on both sides incorporating a movement joint on one side
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Nominal wall
thickness Wall type
m m m
Solid units
90-90 Cavity 5,0 2,4 4,2 3,3 3,8 2,4 3,5 3,3 3,7 2,4 3,2 3,3
110-110 Cavity 6,5 2,4 5,5 3,3 5,0 2,4 4,2 3,3 4,7 2,4 4,1 3,3
140 Single-leaf 6,0 2,4 5,3 3,3 4,7 2,4 4,2 3,3 4,5 2,4 4,0 3,3
190 Collar-jointed 8,0 3,3 8,0 3,3 8,0 2,4 6,7 3,3 6,5 2,4 6,2 3,3
220 Collar-jointed 9,0 3,3 9,0 3,3 9,0 3,0 8,5 3,3 9,0 2,4 8,0 3,3
Hollow units
© SABS
90-90 Cavity 3,8 2,4 3,3 3,3 3,0 2,4 2,7 3,3 2,8 2,4 2,6 3,3
110-110 Cavity 5,1 2,4 4,5 3,3 4,0 2,4 3,6 3,3 3,7 2,4 3,3 3,3
140 Single-leaf 4,1 2,4 3,7 3,3 3,3 2,4 3,0 3,3 3,0 2,4 2,8 3,3
190 Single-leaf 5,8 2,4 5,1 3,3 4,5 2,4 4,1 3,3 4,3 2,4 3,8 3,3
provided:
Table 11 — External infilI panel in framed buildings supported on both sides incorporating movement joints on both sides
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Nominal wall
thickness Wall type
m m m
Solid units
90-90 Cavity 4,0 2,4 3,5 3,3 3,0 2,4 2,7 3,3 2,7 2,4 2,4 3,3
110-110 Cavity 5,3 2,4 5,0 3,3 3,8 2,4 3,3 3,3 3,3 2,4 3,0 3,3
140 Single-leaf 5,0 2,4 4,2 3,3 3,6 2,4 3,3 3,3 3,3 2,4 2,9 3,3
190 Collar-jointed 8,0 2,7 7,0 3,3 6,0 2,4 5,0 3,3 5,2 2,4 4,5 3,3
220 Collar-jointed 9,0 3,3 9,0 3,3 8,0 2,4 6,5 3,3 7,0 2,4 5,5 3,3
Hollow units
© SABS
a a a a
90-90 Cavity 3,1 2,4 2,8 3,3 2,3 2,4 2,1 3,3
110-110 Cavity 4,3 2,4 3,7 3,3 3,0 2,4 2,7 3,3 2,8 2,4 2,5 3,3
140 Single-leaf 3,4 2,4 3,3 3,3 2,5 2,4 2,3 3,3 2,3 2,4 2,1 3,3
190 Single-leaf 5,0 2,4 4,3 3,3 3,8 2,4 3,3 3,3 3,3 2,4 2,8 3,3
provided:
SANS 10400-K:2015
a
Not permitted.
Edition 3.1
37
38
Edition 3.1
SANS 10400-K:2015
Table 12 — External infill panel in framed buildings supported on both sides and top by means of movement joints
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Nominal wall
thickness Wall type
m m m
Solid units
90-90 Cavity 5,5 2,7 4,5 3,3 4,0 2,4 3,0 3,3 3,5 2,4 2,8 3,3
110-110 Cavity 7,0 3,3 7,0 3,3 7,0 2,4 4,5 3,3 6,0 2,4 4,0 3,3
190 Collar-jointed 8,0 3,3 8,0 3,3 8,0 3,3 8,0 3,3 8,0 3,0 7,5 3,3
220 Collar-jointed 9,0 3,3 9,0 3,3 9,0 3,3 9,0 3,3 9,0 3,3 9,0 3,3
© SABS
Hollow units
90-90 Cavity 4,5 2,4 3,3 3,3 3,0 2,4 2,5 3,3 2,7 2,4 2,2 3,3
110-110 Cavity 6,0 2,7 4,8 3,3 4,5 2,4 3,3 3,3 4,0 2,4 2,9 3,3
provided:
Table 13 — External infill panel in framed buildings supported on both sides and on top incorporating
a movement joint on one side and at the top
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Nominal wall
thickness Wall type
m m m
Solid units
90-90 Cavity 6,0 2,4 5,5 3,3 5,5 2,4 4,2 3,3 5,0 2,4 3,8 3,3
110-110 Cavity 7,0 3,3 7,0 3,3 7,0 2,7 6,0 3,3 7,0 2,4 5,5 3,3
190 Collar-jointed 8,0 3,3 8,0 3,3 8,0 3,3 8,0 3,3 8,0 3,3 8,0 3,3
220 Collar-jointed 9,0 3,3 9,0 3,3 9,0 3,3 9,0 3,3 9,0 3,3 9,0 3,3
Hollow units
90-90 Cavity 5,5 2,4 4,0 3,3 4,0 2,4 3,2 3,3 3,5 2,4 3,0 3,3
© SABS
110-110 Cavity 7,0 2,4 5,5 3,3 6,0 2,4 4,3 3,3 5,0 2,4 4,0 3,3
provided:
SANS 10400-K:2015
Edition 3.1
39
SANS 10400-K:2015
Edition 3.1
Table 14 — Maximum dimensions for internal and external infill panels in framed buildings
(panels supported on one vertical side only)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
External wall panel
Internal wall panel with
Nominal wall m
or without openings
thickness Wall type
Without openings With openings
m
mm L H L H L H
Solid units
90 Single-leaf 1,4 3,3 1,4 3,3 1,2 3,0
90-90 Cavity 2,1 3,3 2,1 3,3 1,8 3,3
110 Single-leaf 2,0 3,3 2,0 3,3 1,6 3,3
110-110 Cavity 2,6 3,3 2,6 3,3 2,1 3,3
140 Single-leaf 2,5 3,3 2,5 3,3 2,0 3,3
190 Collar-jointed 3,4 3,3 3,4 3,3 2,7 3,3
220 Collar-jointed 4,0 3,3 4,0 3,3 3,1 3,3
Hollow units
90 Single-leaf 1,4 3,3 1,4 3,3 1,2 3,0
90-90 Cavity 2,1 3,3 2,1 3,3 1,8 3,3
110 Single-leaf 2,0 3,3 2,0 3,3 1,8 3,3
110-110 Cavity 2,6 3,3 2,6 3,3 2,0 3,3
140 Single-leaf 2,5 3,3 2,5 3,3 1,8 3,0
190 Single-leaf 3,4 3,3 3,4 3,3 2,4 3,3
NOTE See figure 11 for definitions of L and H.
40 © SABS
Table 15 — External panel in framed housing units supported on one side with a movement joint at the top
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Nominal wall
thickness Wall type
m m m
Solid units
90-90 Cavity 5,5 2,7 4,3 3,3 3,5 2,7 3,0 3,3 3,3 2,7 2,8 3,3
110-110 Cavity 7,0 3,3 7,0 3,3 7,0 2,7 4,8 3,3 5,8 2,7 4,2 3,3
190 Collar-jointed 8,0 3,3 8,0 3,3 8,0 3,3 8,0 3,3 8,0 3,3 8,0 3,3
220 Collar-jointed 9,0 3,3 9,0 3,3 9,0 3,3 9,0 3,3 9,0 3,0 9,0 3,3
Hollow units
90-90 Cavity 4,0 2,7 3,0 3,3 2,5 2,7 2,1 3,3 2,9 2,7 2,0 3,3
110-110 Cavity 7,0 2,7 5,0 3,3 4,3 2,7 3,3 3,3 3,8 2,7 2,8 3,3
© SABS

provided:
SANS 10400-K:2015
Edition 3.1
41
SANS 10400-K:2015
Edition 3.1
4.2.4 Free-standing boundary, garden and retaining walls
4.2.4.1 Free-standing retaining walls shall be designed and constructed so that
a) the height of fill retained by free-standing retaining walls (see figure 17) does not exceed the
values given in table 16, provided, however, that where x (see figure 17) exceeds 0,3 m, the
height retained shall be reduced by the difference between x and 0,3 m,
b) piers, where required in terms of table 16, project on the opposite side of the wall to the fill that is
being retained,
c) control joints are located at intervals that do not exceed 10 m,
d) no surcharge of fill is placed within a distance equal to the height of the amount of fill being
retained, and
e) subsoil drainage is provided behind the wall by weepholes formed by building into the waIl,
and 50 mm diameter plastic pipes, with the non-exposed end covered with geofabric, at a height
that does not exceed 300 mm above the lower ground level, and at centres that do not
exceed 1,5 m.
Table 16 — Retaining walls
1 2 3 4 5
Nominal wall Maximum height Nominal pier dimension Maximum centre to
Wall type
thickness (T) retained (h) (overall depth (D) × width (W)) centre pier spacing
mm m mm m
Solid units
140 Single-leaf 1,3 600 × 300 1,8
190 Collar-jointed 1,3 600 × 300 2,5
190 Collar-jointed 1,6 600 × 400 2,6
220 Collar-jointed 1,7 660 × 330 3,0
220 Collar-jointed 1,8 880 × 440 3,1
290 Collar-jointed 1,0 – –
300 Collar-jointed 1,2 – –
Hollow units
140 Single-leaf 1,1 600 × 300 1,8
190 Single-leaf 1,1 600 × 300 2,5
190 Single-leaf 1,4 800 × 400 2,6
NOTE See figure 17 for plan and section of retaining walls.
42 © SABS
SANS 10400-K:2015
Edition 3.1
a) Section b) Plan
D = depth of pier
h = maximum height to be retained
T = thickness of wall
W = width of pier
x = height of soil above strip footing
Figure 17 — Retaining walls
4.2.4.2 Free-standing boundary and garden walls shall be designed and constructed so that
a) the height of the wall (see figure 18) does not exceed the values given in tables 17 and 18,
provided however, that where x (see figure 18) exceeds 0,3 m, the height shall be reduced by the
difference between x and 0,3 m,
b) no earth is retained,
c) piers extend to the top of the wall without any reduction in size,
d) walls terminate in a pier or a return, and
e) the cores of all piers are solidly filled with mortar or infill concrete where units are hollow.
4.2.4.3 No horizontal damp-proof course (DPC) shall be provided in free-standing walls.
© SABS 43
SANS 10400-K:2015
Edition 3.1
a) Piers projecting on one side only b) Piers projecting on both sides
c) Z-shaped walls d) No piers
e) Diaphragm walls f) Typical section through wall
D = depth of pier
h = maximum height of wall above ground level
s = spacing of piers
T = thickness of wall
W = width of pier
x = height of soil above strip footing
Figure 18 — Free-standing walls
44 © SABS
SANS 10400-K:2015
Edition 3.1
Table 17 — Free-standing walls (solid units)
1 2 3 4
Nominal wall Maximum height Nominal dimensions of piers Maximum centre to
thickness (T) above ground (h) (overall depth (D) × width (W)) centre pier spacing (s)
mm m mm m
No piers
90 0,8 – –
110 1,0 – –
140 1,3 – –
190 1,5 – –
220 1,8 – –
290 2,2 – –
Z-shaped walls
90 1,8 390 × 90 1,2
90 2,0 490 × 90 1,4
110 1,6 330 × 110 1,5
110 2,1 440 × 110 1,5
140 2,2 440 × 140 2,0
140 2,5 590 × 140 2,5
190 2,1 390 × 190 2,5
190 2,5 490 × 190 3,0
220 2,4 440 × 220 3,0
220 2,8 550 × 220 4,0
Piers projecting on one side
90 1,4 290 × 290 1,4
90 1,5 390 × 290 1,6
90 1,7 490 × 290 1,6
110 1,5 330 × 330 1,8
110 1,5 440 × 330 1,8
110 1,9 550 × 330 2,0
140 1,7 440 × 440 2,2
140 1,8 590 × 390 2,5
190 2,0 590 × 390 2,8
220 2,3 660 × 440 3,2
Piers projecting on both sides
90 1,5 490 × 290 1,4
110 1,6 550 × 330 1,8
140 1,6 440 × 440 2,2
190 1,8 590 × 390 2,8
220 2,1 660 × 440 3,2
Diaphragm walls
90 2,1 290 × 190 1,4
90 2,7 390 × 190 1,4
110 2,6 330 × 220 1,6
NOTE See figure 18 for different free-standing wall types.
© SABS 45
SANS 10400-K:2015
Edition 3.1
Table 18 — Free-standing walls (hollow units)
1 2 3 4
Nominal wall Maximum height Nominal dimensions of piers Maximum centre to
thickness (T) above ground (h) (overall depth (D) × width (W)) centre pier spacing (s)
mm m mm m
No piers
90 0,8 – –
140 1,2 – –
190 1,4 – –
Z-shaped walls
90 1,6 390 × 90 1,2
90 1,8 490 × 90 1,4
140 1,8 440 × 140 2,0
140 2,1 540 × 140 2,2
190 2,3 590 × 190 2,8
Piers projecting on one side
90 1,2 390 × 390 1,4
90 1,7 490 × 390 1,7
140 1,4 440 × 290 2,1
140 1,5 540 × 390 2,3
190 1,6 590 × 390 2,8
Piers projecting on both sides
90 1,0 490 × 290 1,4
140 1,4 440 × 440 2,2
220 1,7 660 × 440 2,9
Diaphragm walls
90 1,8 290 × 190 1,4
90 2,3 390 × 190 1,4
NOTE See figure 18 for different free-standing wall types.
4.2.5 Balustrade and parapet walls
4.2.5.1 Balustrade and parapet walls shall not be less than 1,0 m in height unless unauthorized
access of persons to the edge of a flat roof or similar structure is excluded by a physical barrier
properly erected and monitored.
4.2.5.2 Free-standing balustrade and parapet walls shall have a thickness of not less than the
height of the wall above the base divided by
a) Solid units:
1) no DPC at base: 5,0
2) DPC at base: 4,5
b) Hollow units that have cores filled with infill concrete:
1) no DPC at base: 4,0
2) DPC at base: 4,0
46 © SABS
SANS 10400-K:2015
Edition 3.1
4.2.5.3 Balustrade and parapet walls that have returns which continue for a distance of at
least 0,75 m from the external face of such walls or are fixed to columns at centres that do not
exceed 3,5 m, shall have a thickness of not less than
a) solid units: 110 mm
b) hollow units: 140 mm
4.2.6 Control joints

4.2.6.1 The overall length of a wall between free ends or returns shall not exceed the limits derived
from table 19, unless vertical control joints have been incorporated into such wall so that the
distance between a free end or a return and a vertical control joint, and the distance between
vertical control joints is within such limits.
Table 19 — Maximum spacing between vertical control joints in walls
1 2 3 4
Maximum length of wall between
Moisture expansion vertical control joints
Unit type
Free-standing wall Buildings
% m m
Unreinforced masonry
Burnt clay < 0,05 16 18
0,05 to 0,10 10 14
0,11 to 0,20 6 10
Concrete – 5,0 to 7,0 8
Masonry with bed joint reinforcement at vertical centres that do not exceed 450 mm
Burnt clay < 0,05 6 18
0,05 to 0,10 12 16
0,11 to 0,20 8 12
Concrete – 10 12
NOTE 1 SANS 227 contains a test procedure to establish the moisture expansion of burnt clay bricks.
NOTE 2 In wall construction that comprises hollow masonry units, the placing of a single Y8 bar in
bond beams at centres that do not exceed 1 200 mm (generally in the course below slabs, below sills,
above windows and above doors and in the uppermost course) may be treated as equivalent to bed
joint reinforcement.
4.2.6.2 A vertical control joint shall be provided where there is a storey height change in the height
of the external walling and where setbacks produce a return on plan of less than 800 mm (see
figure 19).
NOTE Control joints are not required to continue below ground floor level except at changes in level and in
free-standing walls.
4.2.6.3 Vertical control joints in free-standing walls shall be provided at the locations shown in
figure 20 and shall extend to the top of the foundation.
4.2.6.4 Vertical control joints shall comprise butt joints that extend across the full width of the
masonry. Such joints in hollow units shall be in accordance with figure 21.
4.2.6.5 The gap between adjacent surfaces in the butt joint shall
a) not exceed 12 mm where walls are constructed using concrete masonry units, and
b) be between 10 mm and 12 mm where walls are constructed using burnt clay masonry units.
© SABS 47
SANS 10400-K:2015
Edition 3.1
4.2.6.6 Tied butt joints shall be in accordance with figure 7. Vertical control joints at the interface
with concrete columns shall be formed in accordance with figures 12 and 13.
4.2.6.7 Vertical control joints in external walls of buildings shall be designed and constructed to
resist the penetration of rain to the interior of the building.
NOTE 1 The sealant should be applied against a firm backing in a manner which ensures that it is forced
against the sides of the joint under sufficient pressure to obtain good adhesion. The backing material should be
firm but resilient and should not adhere to or react with the sealant. The compressibility of the backing material
or joint filler is the most critical factor in the design of a suitable joint. Flexible cellular polyethylene, cellular
polyurethane or foam rubber are the most suitable materials. Hemp, soft (fibre) board, cork, semi-rigid foams
and similar materials are not suitable and should not be used. Alternatively, a temporary filler may be used to
keep the joint clean and true during construction. A permanent backing (for example, polyethylene cord) can,
upon completion, be forced into the formed joint to provide a backing for the sealant. Amdt 1
NOTE 2 Attention should be paid to the geometry of the sealant in the joint. The joint geometry, expressed as
a ratio of the width to depth of the sealant cross section, is related to the properties of the sealant. Generally,
the width to depth ratios for elasto-plastic sealants should be between 2:1 and 1:1, i.e. the depth of the seal
should not exceed the width of the joint which is being sealed. (Further particulars may be found in
SANS 10249).
4.2.6.8 A 10 mm horizontal control joint shall be provided between the top of internal and external
walls of burnt clay masonry construction in framed buildings in accordance with figures 16 and 22.
4.2.6.9 Shims shall be provided in shelf angle fixings (see figure 22) to ensure that the angle bears
for its full height against the concrete and permits the angle to be aligned. The total thickness of the
shims between the concrete surface and the angle shall not exceed 13 mm. Masonry shall bear for
at least two-thirds of its width at the shelf angle.
Figure 19 — Location of control joints in buildings
48 © SABS
SANS 10400-K:2015
Edition 3.1
a) Piers projecting on one side only
b) Piers projecting on both sides
c) Z-shaped walls
d) Diaphragm walls
Dimension l shall not exceed L derived from table 4 (panel supported on one side only).
Figure 20 — Location of control joints in free-standing buildings
© SABS 49
SANS 10400-K:2015
Edition 3.1
Course 1 Course 2
a) Butt joint detail in cavity walls
Alternative 1 Alternative 2
b) Infill concrete in cores on either side of butt joint
Figure 21 — Butt joint details (no lateral stability)
50 © SABS
SANS 10400-K:2015
Edition 3.1
Height of wall shall not exceed 3,3 m.
Section
Vertical leg shall be above horizontal leg and not below.
Location of shelf angle
Elevation
Figure 22 — Shelf angle details
© SABS 51
SANS 10400-K:2015
Edition 3.1
4.2.7 Articulation joints
4.2.7.1 Articulation joints, where required, shall be capable of movement (expanding or contracting)
to cater for the rigid body displacements of the walls as they rotate with the foundations. Joints shall
be free of mortar droppings or other obstructions which might impede the function of the joints and,
where required, shall be filled with a compressible filler and sealed with a sealant which is capable
of withstanding the range of movements which are expected to take place.
NOTE 1 Articulation joints are required for modified normal construction on class C1, H1 and S1 sites which
are designed in accordance with the requirements of SANS 10400-H.
NOTE 2 Articulation joints should be located at positions where concentrations or variations in the potential
development of stress might occur, such as at changes in wall height; changes in wall thicknesses; and deep
chases or rebates for service pipes.
4.2.7.2 Articulation joints at doors and openings shall be in accordance with the requirements of
figures 23, 24 and 25. Articulation joints at doors shall extend through the walls to the strip footings.
Wall plates above articulation joints shall be cut, and arrangements shall be made to transfer loads
from trusses located above doors to adjacent trusses by means of timber bearers (relief beams).
Cornices shall either be fixed to the ceiling or to the walls, but not to both.
NOTE 1 Timber cornices are recommended as gypsum cornices tend to curl.
NOTE 2 When planning the position of internal articulation joints, cognizance should be taken of the location
of wall returns (i.e. wall elements forming an L, Z or T-shape on plan) to ensure lateral stability of the walls.
4.2.8 Corbelling
Where courses are corbelled out one above the other, the extent of corbelling shall not exceed that
shown in figure 26.
52 © SABS
SANS 10400-K:2015
Edition 3.1
a) Joint D1 (internal doors) b) Joint D2 (external doors – gable end)
c) Joint D3 (external doors)
Section A-A
d) Joint L1 (internal openings)
Wall plate shall be cut at articulation joints.

Door jamb details shall be in accordance with figure 25.
Figure 23 — Articulation joints at doors and openings
© SABS 53
SANS 10400-K:2015
Edition 3.1
Joint D3 (external doors)
Section A-A
Wall plate shall be cut at articulation joints.

Door jamb details shall be in accordance with figure 25.
Figure 24 — Alternative articulation joints at doors and openings
54 © SABS
SANS 10400-K:2015
Edition 3.1
a) Solid timber door framea
b) Standard steel door framea
NOTE Lugs are bent into masonry.

a
With a minimum of six number 25 lugs (0,8 mm × 350 mm long) per door jamb.
Figure 25 — Details of articulation joints at door frames
T = wall thickness
Figure 26 — Sizes of corbels
© SABS 55
SANS 10400-K:2015
Edition 3.1
4.2.9 Lintels
NOTE 1 Annex B provides information on the design of lintels and the minimum depths of lintels and
maximum size of openings that can be accommodated using the tabulations provided in 4.2.9.
NOTE 2 In gable end construction, the minimum overall lintel depth or number of courses above the lintel
soffit will be at the edge of the opening furthest from the apex.
4.2.9.1 Bed joint reinforced lintels
4.2.9.1.1 Bed joint reinforced lintels shall have primary reinforcement located in the lowermost bed
joints in accordance with table 20, 21 or 22 and secondary bed joint reinforcement in the uppermost
bed joint in accordance with table 23 and in accordance with the details shown in figure 27.
NOTE Tables 20, 21 and 22 provide reinforcing details for lintels supporting tiled and sheeted roofs. Lintels
which support concrete floors and roofs and timber floors fall outside the scope of this part of SANS 10400 and
as such should be designed in accordance with the requirements of SANS 10400-B. Guidance on the design
of lintels over openings is given in appendix G of the Joint Structural Division of the South African Institution of
Civil Engineering and the Institution of Structural Engineers’ Code of practice for foundations and
superstructures for single-storey residential buildings of masonry construction, 1995.
4.2.9.1.2 Masonry units in the lowermost course (course below the bed joint containing the
reinforcement) shall either rest on the window or door frame below or, where practicable, be tied to
the course above by means of crimp wire ties placed in cores or cavities or collar joints or perpend
joints at centres that do not exceed 300 mm. Precast concrete Iintels or lintel (U) blocks shall be
used to form the bottom course in lintels where the soffit does not rest on a frame and the units
cannot be tied to the course above by means of crimp wire ties.
4.2.9.1.3 Brickforce shall be provided at centres that do not exceed 200 mm between the primary
and secondary reinforcement described in 4.2.9.2.1 and 4.2.9.2.2, respectively.
4.2.9.1.4 Primary reinforcement as described in 4.2.9.2.1 shall be located in the uppermost bed
joint in accordance with the details shown in figure 28 where the pier between successive openings
is less than 750 mm in width.
4.2.9.1.5 The cores and perpend joints in hollow units shall be solidly filled with mortar or grade 10
concrete, as appropriate.
4.2.9.1.6 Lapping of rod reinforcement shall not be permitted. The lap length in respect of
brickforce shall not be less than 300 mm.
4.2.9.1.7 Lintels shall be suitably supported for a period of not less than 7 days after completion.
Amdt 1
56 © SABS
SANS 10400-K:2015
Edition 3.1
Single-leaf wall Collar-jointed wall Cavity wall
a) Typical section through lintel
b) Single opening
c) Openings with narrow pier where b < 750 mm
Figure 27 — Bed joint reinforced lintel details
© SABS 57
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Edition 3.1
Table 20 — Primary bed joint reinforcement for lintels that

do not support roofs or floors
1 2 3 4 5
Minimum number of
courses Rod reinforcement
Maximum span
Course height (number × diameter)
mm
85 100 200 m mm
90 mm single-leaf wall
– 3 – 2,5 2 × 5,6
4 – – 3,0 2 × 5,6
5 4 2 3,0 2 × 5,6
4 – – 3,0 2 × 5,6
– 3 – 2,5 2 × 5,6
4 – – 3,0 2 × 5,6
5 4 2 3,0 2 × 5,6
190 mm single-leaf/collar-jointed wall
– 3 – 2,5 2 × 5,6
4 – – 3,0 2 × 5,6
5 4 2 3,5 2 × 5,6
220 mm collar-jointed wall
4 – – 3,0 2 × 5,6
5 4 2 3,5 2 × 5,6
90 mm-90 mm cavity wall (cavity solidly filled)
– 3 – 2,5 2 × 5,6
4 – – 3,0 2 × 5,6
5 4 2 3,0 2 × 5,6
4 – – 3,0 2 × 5,6
NOTE 1 If the cavity in cavity wall construction is not filled with infill
concrete, the two leaves should be considered independent leaves and
be treated as single-leaf walls.
NOTE 2 Bed joint reinforced lintel details are shown in figure 27.
58 © SABS
SANS 10400-K:2015
Edition 3.1
Table 21 — Primary bed joint reinforcement for Iintels that

support light roofs
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Minimum number
Maximum roof span
of courses
Course height m
mm 4 6 8
Rod Rod Rod
Maximum reinforcement Maximum reinforcement Maximum reinforcement
85 100 200 span (number × span (number × span (number ×
diameter) diameter) diameter)
m mm m mm m mm
a a
– 3 – 2,0 2 × 5,6 2,0 2 × 5,6
a a
4 – – 2,0 2 × 5,6 2,0 2 × 5,6
a a
5 4 2 2,5 2 × 5,6 2,5 2 × 5,6
a a
6 5 – 3,0 2 × 5,6 3,0 2 × 5,6
a a
4 – – 2,0 2 × 5,6 2,0 2 × 5,6
a a
5 – – 2,5 2 × 5,6 2,5 2 × 5,6
a a
6 – – 3,0 2 × 5,6 3,0 2 × 5,6
– 3 – 2,5 2 × 5,6 2,5 2 × 5,6 2,0 2 × 5,6
4 – – 2,5 2 × 5,6 2,5 2 × 5,6 2,5 3 × 5,6
5 4 2 3,0 2 × 5,6 3,0 3 × 5,6 2,5 3 × 5,6
6 5 – 3,0 2 × 5,6 3,0 2 × 5,6 3,0 3 × 5,6
– 3 – 2,5 2 × 5,6 2,5 3 × 5,6 2,0 2 × 5,6
4 – – 2,5 2 × 5,6 2,5 2 × 5,6 2,5 3 × 5,6
5 4 2 3,0 2 × 5,6 3,0 3 × 5,6 3,0 3 × 5,6
6 5 – 3,5 3 × 5,6 3,5 3 × 5,6 3,0 3 × 5,6
7 6 3 3,5 2 × 5,6 3,5 2 × 5,6 3,5 3 × 5,6
4 – – 2,5 2 × 5,6 2,5 2 × 5,6 2,5 3 × 5,6
5 – – 3,0 3 × 5,6 3,0 3 × 5,6 3,0 4 × 5,6
6 – – 3,5 3 × 5,6 3,5 3 × 5,6 3,5 4 × 5,6
7 – – 3,0 2 × 5,6 3,0 2 × 5,6 3,0 3 × 5,6
– 3 – 2,5 2 × 5,6 2,5 3 × 5,6 2,5 3 × 5,6
4 – – 3,0 3 × 5,6 3,0 4 × 5,6 3,0 4 × 5,6
5 4 2 3,0 3 × 5,6 3,0 3 × 5,6 3,0 4 × 5,6
4 – – 3,0 4 × 5,6 3,0 4 × 5,6 2,5 3 × 5,6
5 – – 3,0 3 × 5,6 3,0 4 × 5,6 3,0 4 × 5,6
a
Not permitted.
© SABS 59
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Edition 3.1
Table 22 — Primary bed joint reinforcement for Iintels

that support heavy roofs
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Minimum number
Maximum roof span
of courses
Course height m
mm 4 6 8
Rod Rod Rod
m mm m mm m mm
a a
– 3 – 1,5 2 × 5,6 1,5 2 × 5,6
a a
4 – – 2,0 2 × 5,6 1,5 2 × 5,6
a a
5 4 2 2,5 2 × 5,6 2,0 2 × 5,6
a a
6 5 – 2,5 2 × 5,6 2,0 2 × 5,6
a a
7 6 3 2,5 2 × 5,6 2,5 2 × 5,6
a a
8 7 – 2,5 2 × 5,6 2,5 2 × 5,6
a a
9 – – 3,0 2 × 5,6 2,5 2 × 5,6
a a
– 8 4 3,0 2 × 5,6 2,5 2 × 5,6
10 – – a a
3,0 2 × 5,6 3,0 2 × 5,6
a a
4 – – 2,0 2 × 5,6 1,5 2 × 5,6
a a
5 – – 2,5 2 × 5,6 2,0 2 × 5,6
a a
6 – – 2,5 2 × 5,6 2,5 2 × 5,6
a a
7 – – 2,5 2 × 5,6 2,5 2 × 5,6
a a
8 – – 3,0 2 × 5,6 2,5 2 × 5,6
a a
9 – – 3,0 2 × 5,6 3,0 2 × 5,6
a a
10 – – 3,0 2 × 5,6 3,0 2 × 5,6
– 3 – 2,0 2 × 5,6 1,5 2 × 5,6 1,5 2 × 5,6
4 – – 2,0 2 × 5,6 2,0 2 × 5,6 1,5 2 × 5,6
5 4 2 2,5 2 × 5,6 2,5 3 × 5,6 2,0 2 × 5,6
6 5 – 3,0 2 × 5,6 3,0 3 × 5,6 2,5 3 × 5,6
7 6 3 3,0 2 × 5,6 3,0 3 × 5,6 2,5 2 × 5,6
8 7 – 3,0 2 × 5,6 3,0 3 × 5,6 3,0 3 × 5,6
– 3 – 2,5 3 × 5,6 2,0 3 × 5,6 2,0 3 × 5,6
4 – – 2,5 3 × 5,6 2,5 4 × 5,6 2,0 3 × 5,6
5 4 2 3,0 3 × 5,6 2,5 3 × 5,6 2,5 3 × 5,6
6 5 – 2,5 2 × 5,6 3,0 3 × 5,6 3,0 4 × 5,6
7 6 3 3,5 4 × 5,6 3,5 4 × 5,6 2,5 2 × 5,6
8 7 – 3,0 2 × 5,6 2,5 2 × 5,6 3,0 3 × 5,6
9 – – 3,5 3 × 5,6 3,5 3 × 5,6 3,5 4 × 5,6
– 8 4 3,5 3 × 5,6 3,0 2 × 5,6 3,5 4 × 5,6
10 – – 3,5 3 × 5,6 3,5 3 × 5,6 3,5 3 × 5,6
a
Not permitted.
60 © SABS
SANS 10400-K:2015
Edition 3.1
Table 22 (concluded)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Minimum number
Maximum roof span
of courses
Course height m
mm 4 6 8
Rod Rod Rod
m mm m mm m mm
4 – – 2,5 3 × 5,6 2,5 4 × 5,6 2,0 2 × 5,6
5 – – 3,0 3 × 5,6 3,0 4 × 5,6 2,5 3 × 5,6
6 – – 2,5 2 × 5,6 2,5 2 × 5,6 3,0 4 × 5,6
7 – – 3,5 4 × 5,6 3,5 4 × 5,6 3,0 4 × 5,6
8 – – 3,0 2 × 5,6 3,0 3 × 5,6 2,5 2 × 5,6
9 – – 3,5 3 × 5,6 3,5 4 × 5,6 3,5 4 × 4,6
10 – – 3,5 3 × 5,6 3,5 3 × 5,6 3,5 3 × 5,6
– 3 – 2,5 3 × 5,6 2,5 4 × 5,6 2,0 3 × 5,6
4 – – 2,5 3 × 5,6 2,0 3 × 5,6 2,0 3 × 5,6
5 4 2 3,0 4 × 5,6 2,5 3 × 5,6 2,5 4 × 5,6
6 5 – 2,5 2 × 5,6 3,0 4 × 5,6 2,5 3 × 5,6
7 6 3 3,5 4 × 5,6 2,5 2 × 5,6 3,0 4 × 5,6
8 7 – 3,0 3 × 5,6 3,0 4 × 5,6 3,0 4 × 5,6
4 – – 2,5 3 × 5,6 2,5 4 × 5,6 2,0 3 × 5,6
5 – – 3,0 4 × 5,6 2,5 3 × 5,6 2,5 4 × 5,6
6 – – 3,0 3 × 5,6 3,0 4 × 5,6 2,5 3 × 5,6
7 – – 2,5 2 × 5,6 3,0 4 × 5,6 3,0 4 × 5,6
NOTE 1 If the cavity in cavity wall construction is not filled with infill concrete, the two leaves should be
considered independent leaves and be treated as single-leaf walls. Reinforcement for the leaf supporting the
roof is determined in accordance with this table; reinforcement for the leaf not supporting any roof is
determined in accordance with table 20.
NOTE 2 Heavy roofs are roofs with the following finishes:
a) concrete roof tiles;
b) clay roof tiles;
c) slates; or
d) thatch.
a
Not permitted.
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Table 23 — Secondary bed joint reinforcement details for Iintels
1 2 3 4
Load
Light roof (metal profile
Span sheeting, metal roof tiles, Heavy roof (concrete
No roof fibre-cement sheeting or roof tiles, clay roof
m fibre-cement slates) tiles, slates or thatch)
90 mm and 110 mm single-leaf wall

1,5 Brickforce Brickforce Brickforce
2,0 Brickforce 2 × 5,6 mm diameter Brickforce
2,5 2 × 5,6 mm diameter 2 × 5,6 mm diameter 2 × 5,6 mm diameter
190 mm and 220 mm collar-jointed wall
90 mm-90 mm and 110 mm-110 mm cavity wall (cavity solidly filled)
NOTE 1 If the cavity in a cavity wall construction is not filled with infill concrete, the two
leaves should be considered independent leaves and be treated as single-leaf walls.
4.2.9.2 Bond block Iintels
4.2.9.2.1 Lintels constructed by means of bond blocks and lintel (U) blocks shall have primary
reinforcement located in the block in the bottom course in accordance with tables 24, 25 or 26, as
relevant, and in accordance with the details shown in figures 28 and 29.
NOTE Tables 24 to 26 provide reinforcing details for lintels supporting tiled and sheeted roofs. Lintels which
support concrete floors and roofs and timber floors fall outside of the scope of this part of SANS 10400 and
should be in accordance with the requirements of SANS 10400-B.
4.2.9.2.2 Lintels shall have the following secondary reinforcement provided in the uppermost bed
joint:
a) spans up to 1,5 m: brickforce
b) spans greater than 1,5 m: truss-type reinforcement that has main wires not less than 3,55 mm in
diameter
Alternatively, a bond block or lintel block reinforced with a single Y8 bar may be used instead of
brickforce in the uppermost bed joint.
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4.2.9.2.3 The cores of hollow units immediately adjacent to openings shall be reinforced with a
single Y10 bar that extends from floor level to the top of the lintel (see figure 29) and shall be solidly
filled with grade 25 infill concrete.
4.2.9.2.4 The cores and perpend joints of units shall be solidly filled with grade 25 infill concrete, as
appropriate.
4.2.9.2.5 Lintels shall be suitably supported for a period of not less than 7 d after completion.
Amdt 1
Lintel constructed using Lintel constructed using Lintel in cavity wall

standard lintel blocks bond blocks construction
a) Types of lintel blocks
Standard lintel block Standard bond block Bond block (cut standard block)
b) Types of blocks
NOTE Laps in reinforcement are permitted within a quarter span.
Figure 28 — Bond and lintel block details
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a) Single opening
b) Openings with narrow piers where b < 750 mm
Figure 29 — Bond-block lintel details — Openings
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Table 24 — Bond-block Iintels that do not support roofs or floors
1 2 3
Maximum width of Minimum overall
opening lintel depth Bond-block reinforcement
(number × bar details)
m mm
3,0 400 1 × Y8
3,0 600 1 × Y10
140 mm-140 mm bond beam in cavity wall construction
3,0 400 1 × Y8
3,0 600 1 × Y8
3,0 800 1 × Y8
3,0 400 1 × Y8
3,5 600 1 × Y8
3,5 800 1 × Y10
Table 25 — Bond-block Iintels that support light roofs
1 2 3 4
Maximum width of Minimum overall Maximum roof

opening lintel depth span Bond-block reinforcement
m mm m
1,5 400 8 1 × Y8
2,5 400 6 1 × Y8
3,0 600 8 1 × Y10
1,5 400 8 1 × Y8
2,5 600 8 1 × Y8
3,0 800 8 1 × Y8
2,0 400 8 1 × Y8
3,0 600 8 1 × Y10
3,5 600 6 1 × Y10
3,5 800 8 1 × Y12
Truss-type reinforcement that has main wires not less than 3,55 mm diameter shall be
provided in the uppermost bed joint if a bond-block beam does not form the uppermost
course where the span exceeds 1,5 m.
NOTE 1 The values given in respect of 140 mm single-leaf walls may be used where the
cavity in the 140 mm-140 mm bond beam in cavity construction is solidly filled with infill
concrete.
NOTE 2 Light roofs are roofs with the following finishes:
a) metal profile sheeting;
b) metal roof tiles;
c) fibre-cement sheeting; or
d) fibre-cement slates.
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Table 26 — Bond-block Iintels that support heavy roofs
1 2 3 4
Maximum width of Minimum overall Maximum roof
opening lintel depth span Bond-block reinforcement
m mm m
1,5 400 8 1 × Y8
2,0 400 6 1 × Y10
2,5 600 8 1 × Y10
3,0 600 6 1 × Y10
3,0 600 8 1 × Y12
1,0 400 8 1 × Y8
1,5 400 6 1 × Y8
2,0 600 8 1 × Y8
2,5 600 6 1 × Y8
3,0 800 8 1 × Y8
1,5 400 8 1 × Y8
2,0 400 6 1 × Y10
2,5 600 8 1 × Y10
3,0 600 8 1 × Y12
3,5 600 6 1 × Y10
3,5 800 8 1 × Y12
Truss-type reinforcement that has main wires not less than 3,55 mm in diameter shall be
provided in the uppermost bed joint if a bond-block beam does not form the uppermost
course where the span exceeds 2,5 m.
NOTE 1 The values given in respect of 140 mm single-leaf walls may be used where the
cavity in the 140 mm-140 mm beam in cavity construction is solidly filled with infill concrete.
b) clay roof tiles;
c) slates; or
d) thatch.
4.2.9.2.6 Reinforcement may be lapped at the quarter spans; the length of such laps shall not be
less than
a) Y10: 550 mm
b) Y12: 660 mm
c) Y16: 880 mm
4.2.9.2.7 The side and top cover to reinforcement shall not be less than 30 mm.
4.2.9.2.8 Where the width of piers between adjacent openings is less than 750 mm, an additional
bond beam shall be placed in the uppermost course that has the same reinforcement as would
have been the case had it been a single opening. In such cases, the reinforcement in the bond
beam immediately above the opening shall be not less than that given in tables 24 to 26, as
appropriate. The upper bond-block beam shall be continuous across the pier and extend across at
least one-half of the length of the openings on either side of the pier. (See figure 29.)
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4.2.9.3 Precast prestressed concrete Iintels
4.2.9.3.1 Precast prestressed concrete lintels, which comply with the relevant requirements of
SANS 1504, may be built into walls compositely with masonry in accordance with table 27 and
figure 30.
4.2.9.3.2 Prestressed concrete lintels that do not comply with the requirements of SANS 1504 may
be used as soffits to bed joint reinforced lintels and shall be reinforced in accordance with the
requirements of 4.9.2.1.
NOTE Prestressed concrete lintels that do not comply with the requirements of SANS 1504, may be used as
"non-structural" Iintels. Such lintels are regarded as being a series of masonry units which merely replace the
bottom course of masonry.
4.2.9.3.3 Secondary reinforcement in accordance with table 23 shall be provided in the uppermost
bed joint.
4.2.9.3.4 Where the width of piers between openings is less than 750 mm, primary reinforcement in
accordance with table 20, 21 or 22, as relevant, shall be provided in the uppermost bed joint, in
accordance with figure 27.
4.2.9.3.5 Lintels shall be set in mortar and have a minimum bearing of
a) lintel that supports masonry only: 150 mm
b) lintel that supports roof trusses of
1) span less than or equal to 1,5 m: 150 mm
2) span between 1,5 m and 2,5 m: 250 mm
3) span greater than or equal to 2,5 m: 350 mm
4.2.9.4 Double garage openings
4.2.9.4.1 Lintels over double garage openings which do not exceed 5,0 m shall be reinforced in
accordance with figures 31 and 32 and table 28.
4.2.9.4.2 Cores and cavities shall be filled with grade 25 infill concrete.
4.2.9.4.3 Lintels shall be suitably supported for a period of not less than 7 d after completion.
Amdt 1
4.2.9.4.4 Reinforcement may be lapped at the quarter spans; the length of such laps shall not be
less than
a) Y10: 550 mm
b) Y12: 660 mm
c) Y16: 880 mm
4.2.9.4.5 The side cover shall be not less than 30 mm.
4.2.9.4.6 The cores of any hollow units immediately adjacent to openings shall be reinforced with a
single Y10 bar that extends from the floor level to the top of the lintel (see figure 29) and shall be
solidly filled with grade 25 infill concrete.
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4.2.9.4.7 Where the width of piers between adjacent openings is less than 750 mm, the primary
reinforcement, as given in table 28 shall be provided at the top of the lintel and extend across at
least half of the length of the openings on either side of the pier. (See figure 32.)
Table 27 — Prestressed concrete Iintels that comply with the

requirements of SANS 1504
1 2 3 4
Minimum number of Maximum span

courses above the m
prestressed lintel No roof Light roof Heavy roof
85 mm course height: nominal width ≤ 140 mm
4 3,0 2,0 1,5
5 3,0 2,5 2,0
6 3,0 3,0 2,5
9 3,0 3,0 3,0
85 mm course height: nominal width ≥ 190 mm
4 3,0 2,0 2,0
5 3,5 2,5 2,5
6 3,5 3,5 3,0
9 3,5 3,5 3,5
100 mm course height: nominal width ≤ 140 mm
3 3,0 2,0 1,5
4 3,0 2,5 2,0
5 3,0 3,0 2,5
8 3,0 3,0 3,0
100 mm course height: nominal width ≥ 190 mm
3 2,5 2,0 2,0
4 3,0 2,5 2,0
5 3,5 3,5 3,0
8 3,5 3,5 3,5
b) clay roof tiles;
c) slates; or
d) thatch.
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a) Section through lintels
b) Single opening
c) Multiple openings with narrow pier where b < 750 mm
Figure 30 — Precast prestressed concrete lintels
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Table 28 — Lintels over double garage openings that

have a clear opening that does not exceed 5,0 m
1 2 3 4
Minimum lintel Primary
Lintel type depth reinforcement Application
mm (number × bar details)
190 mm hollow block 600 2 × Y10 No roof loads
800 2 × Y12 Light roof loads up to 8,0 m
800 2 × Y12 Heavy roof Ioads up to 6,0 m
1 000 2 × Y12 Heavy roof loads up to 8,0 m
2 × 140 mm hollow blocks 600 2 × Y12 No roof loads
combined with grouted 800 2 × Y12 Light roof loads up to 8,0 m
cavity wall construction 800 2 × Y12 Heavy roof loads up to 6,0 m
1 000 2 × Y16 Heavy roof loads up to 8,0 m
Grouted cavity wall 595/600 2 × Y12 No roof loads
construction 700 2 × Y12 Light roof loads up to 8,0 m
765/800 2 × Y12 Heavy roof loads up to 6,0 m
935/1 000 2 × Y16 Heavy roof loads up to 8,0 m
b) clay roof tiles;
c) slates; or
d) thatch.
a) 2 × 140 mm hollow U-blocks combined b) Grouted cavity wall

with grouted cavity wall construction
c) 190 mm hollow units with U-block at the d) 190 mm hollow units with bond
bottom block at the bottom
NOTE There is a 30 mm cover to reinforcement at the top of the lintel.
Figure 31 — Lintels over double garage openings
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a) Single opening
b) Multiple openings
Laps in reinforcement shall be permitted within a quarter span.
Anchor length:
Y10: 550 mm (min.)
Y12: 660 mm (min.)
Y16: 880 mm (min.)
Figure 32 — Lintel details over double garage openings
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4.2.10 Masonry arches
Circular masonry arches that have a span that does not exceed 2,5 m shall have an arch ring depth
and proportions as shown in figure 33. Such arches shall be constructed as follows:
a) The rise shall be between 0,3 and 0,5 times the span.
b) Masonry units shall be solid.
c) The arch ring shall be constructed in either a header or a stretcher pattern.
d) The arch ring depth shall be
1) not less than 200 mm where the rise is between half and two-thirds of the radius,
2) not less than 300 mm where the rise is greater than two-thirds but less than or equal to the
radius.
Dimensions in millimetres
S = 2 × (2Rr  r 2)
Figure 33 — Masonry arches
4.2.11 Roof fixing
4.2.11.1 Timber roof trusses, rafters and similar structures that have a span not exceeding 8 m
shall be fixed to walls by means of the following anchor types, selected in accordance with table 29:
Amdt 1
a) Type A: two strands of 2,4 mm diameter galvanized steel wire
b) Type B: 30 mm × 1,2 mm galvanized steel strap
c) Type C: 30 mm × 1,6 mm galvanized steel strap
4.2.11.2 In the case of a wall of concrete or a wall erected with masonry units, the galvanized steel
strap or wires shall be embedded in the wall at positions suitable for anchoring any timber roof
truss, rafter or beam to such wall. Such anchors, where practicable, shall extend to a depth not less
than that specified in table 30.
4.2.11.3 Roof anchors shall be anchored in masonry in accordance with figures 34 and 35. The
depth of embedment in mortar of hoop-iron straps in bed joints shall be not less than 70 mm.
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Table 29 — Roof anchor selection
1 2 3 4
Maximum roof
Roof slope Type of anchor required
truss/rafter spacing
degrees mm Light roof Heavy roof
< 15 760 A, B or C
1 050 B or C
1 350 C
15 to 30 760 A, B or C A for all applications
1 050 B or C
1 350 C
> 30 Any A, B or C
Wire shall not be permitted for lightweight roof coverings unless the truss/rafter
spacing is 760 mm maximum. (This spacing would be very unusual.)
b) clay roof tiles;
c) slates; or
d) thatch.
Table 30 — Minimum depth of anchor embedment
1 2 3
Minimum depth of
Roof type Description of wall anchor embedment
mm
Solid units
Heavy All wall types 300
Light All wall types 600
Hollow units
Heavy All wall types 400
Light • 90 mm and 110 mm single-leaf walls: 600
• 90 mm-90 mm and 110 mm-110 mm cavity walls:
– cavity not filled above openings; span < 6,0 m 600
– cavity filled above openings; span < 8,0 m 600
• 140 mm and 190 mm single-leaf walls:
– span < 6,0 m 600
– span < 8,0 m 1 000
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a) Single-leaf wall
b) Filled cavity wall
NOTE Span ≤ 8 m. Amdt 1
Figure 34 — Roof truss anchor details (hollow units)
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a) Type A anchor
b) Type B or C anchor
Bed joint embedment depth:
a) Type A (wire): 100 mm
b) Type B and C (metal strap): 70 mm
NOTE Span ≤ 8 m. Amdt 1
Figure 35 — Roof truss anchor details (solid units)
4.3 Timber-framed walls Amdt 1
Internal and external timber-framed walls and the anchoring of roofs to walls in timber-framed
buildings shall be in accordance with the requirements of SANS 10082.
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4.4 Fixing of roofs to concrete elements
4.4.1 The fixing of timber roof trusses, rafters and similar elements that have a span that does not
exceed 8,0 m to concrete walls and columns, shall be by means of the following anchor types,
selected in accordance with table 29:
a) Type A: two strands of 2,4 mm diameter galvanized steel wire
b) Type B: 30 × 1,2 mm galvanized steel strap
c) Type C: 30 × 1,6 mm galvanized steel strap
4.4.2 The galvanized steel straps or wires shall be embedded in the wall at positions suitable for
anchoring any timber roof truss, rafter or beam to such wall. Such anchors shall extend to a depth
not less than that specified in table 30.
4.5 Water penetration
4.5.1 Condensation
4.5.1.1 The design and construction of the building envelope in the Southern Coastal Condensation
Problem Area (see figure 36) shall be such that
a) the thermal performance of a building other than a category 1 building is of a sufficient standard
to ensure that it will not contribute significantly to the occurrence of condensation on the internal
surfaces of external walls for extended periods of time during the cold winter months; and
b) the thermal performance of a category 1 building can be upgraded to that of (a) without
rebuilding the building, by means of the insulation of walls, the installation of ceilings, etc.
4.5.1.2 Occupancy class H3 and H4 buildings in the Southern Coastal Condensation Problem Area
(see figure 36) shall provide a level of thermal performance at least equivalent to that of the
Standard Agrément South Africa Comparative House (see figure 37) for a building of similar
orientation, size, layout and fenestration as calculated by the simulation programme developed for
Agrément South Africa.
NOTE 1 The standard Agrément South Africa Comparative House comprises 230 mm solid masonry walls,
which are plastered internally, concrete surface beds and a sheeted roof that is fitted with a ceiling without
insulation.
NOTE 2 The condensation referred to is prolonged in nature and results in the absorption of moisture by
interior wall surfaces and ceilings. This encourages and sustains mould growth on such surfaces, releasing
spores into the indoor environment that can have a severe detrimental effect on the health of the occupants.
The factors that give rise to such condensation include overcrowding, poor thermal performance of the wall
and roof construction, unsuitable ventilation, the use of paraffin or gas (or both) heating and cooking and the
indoor washing and drying of laundry. All of these factors contribute to the generation of excessive water
vapour in the indoor atmosphere, which condenses on walls and ceilings when the surface temperature falls
below the dew point. Amdt 1
NOTE 3 The Agrément South Africa assessment criteria for the condensation in buildings provide some basic
explanations regarding condensation terminology and requirements. (See www.agrement.co.za.) It should be
noted that the standard house (see figure 37) is not immune from condensation problems.
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4.5.2 Rain penetration
4.5.2.1 The resistance of external walls to rain penetration shall either be in accordance with
table 31 when tested in accordance with the requirements of annex C, or in accordance with the
requirements of one of the following:
a) buildings other than category 1 buildings:
1) single-leaf, hollow unit, shell-bedded masonry walls that have a thickness of 140 mm or
greater;
2) single-leaf, solidly bed-jointed masonry walls that have a thickness of 140 mm or greater
plastered in accordance with the requirements of SANS 2001-EM1;
3) collar-jointed, solid unit, solidly bed-jointed masonry walls that have a thickness of 190 mm;
4) a masonry wall of cavity construction;
5) a timber-framed wall built in accordance with SANS 10082; or
6) a wall coated with a coating that is the subject of an Agrément certificate;
b) category 1 buildings which have no overhangs or an overhang that does not comply with the
requirements of figure C.1:
1) masonry walls of thickness 140 mm or greater;
2) walls of thickness 90 mm or greater plastered in accordance with the requirements of

SANS 2001-EM1;
3) a precast concrete wall that has a nominal thickness not less than 40 mm, provided that any
joints in such wall are sealed; or
4) a wall coated with a coating that is the subject of an Agrément certificate; or
c) category 1 buildings which have overhangs in accordance with figure C.1:
1) masonry walls of thickness 90 mm or greater; or
2) a wall coated with a coating that is the subject of an Agrément certificate.
Table 31 — Rain penetration acceptance criteria
1 2
Acceptance criteria when tested in accordance
Building category
with the requirements of annex C
Category 1 Moisture which penetrates the wall is of insufficient intensity to
run down the wall onto the floor of the house.
Other than category 1 No damp patches are visible on the inside of the wall.
4.5.2.2 Notwithstanding the requirements of 4.5.2.1, any local authority may, in areas of prolonged
heavy wind-driven rain, require that any masonry external wall be a cavity wall or other jointed wall
with the inner face of the outer leaf bagged and painted with two coats of a suitable sealant.
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4.5.2.3 Water penetrating into the fabric or structure of the wall shall drain to the outside or dry out
(or both) without causing any structural damage. In timber-framed construction no water shall
penetrate the cavity.
4.5.3 Rising damp
4.5.3.1 Any wall or sleeper pier of a building shall be provided with damp-proofing and vapour
barrier installations in such positions and to such an extent that will reliably protect the wall against
rising damp and the interior of the building against ingress of moisture from abutting ground.
4.5.3.2 Any material used as a damp-proof course shall comply with the relevant requirements
contained in SANS 248, SANS 298 or SANS 952-1, or shall be the subject of an Agrément
certificate if the product is not covered by these standards.
4.5.3.3 In a masonry wall, a damp-proof course shall be installed
a) at the level of the top of a concrete floor slab resting on the ground; or
b) where applicable, below any ground floor timber beam or joist.
4.5.3.4 In the case of a masonry cavity wall,
a) each leaf of such wall shall be provided with its own damp-proof course which shall extend over
the full thickness of such leaf, in which case the cavity shall extend 150 mm below the damp-
proof course; or
b) each leaf of such wall shall be covered by a membrane which extends across the cavity provided
that the position of the membrane at the inner leaf is higher than its position at the outer leaf; and
c) where necessary, weepholes to prevent build-up of water in the cavity shall be provided in the
external leaf of every cavity wall, spaced not more than 1 m apart, in the masonry unit course
immediately below the damp-proof course contemplated in (a) or in the masonry unit course
immediately above the membrane contemplated in (b).
4.5.3.5 In any timber-framed wall, a damp-proof course shall be installed between the bottom plate
of the wall and any foundation wall or concrete floor slab.
4.5.3.6 In the case of a solid masonry wall, or timber-framed wall, the damp-proof course shall
extend over the full thickness of such wall.
4.5.3.7 No horizontal damp-proof course shall be installed less than 150 mm above the level of the
adjacent finished ground.
4.5.3.8 Transverse joints in the damp-proof course shall be overlapped to a minimum distance
of 150 mm and at junctions and corners to a distance equal to the full thickness of the wall or the
leaf, as the case might be.
4.5.3.9 Where any part of any wall of a room is so situated that the ground will be in contact
therewith, it shall be protected by a vertical waterproof membrane or by a drained cavity which shall
extend below the level of the floor of such room. Drainage shall be provided at the base of such wall
to prevent water accumulating there.
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The SCCP area is readily identified by combining the following environmental features:
a) It lies south of the major mountain ranges in the Southern Cape.
b) It includes the area that receives winter and all-year-round rainfall.
c) It receives an annual rainfall of between 250 mm and 500 mm per year.
Towns that lie on the SCCP boundary

Albertinia Gouda Katara Prince Alfred Swellendam
Alicedale Grahamstown Kirkwood Riebeek East Tulbagh
Barrington Greyton Langholm Riebeek West Uitenhage
Bathurst Hamlet Lindeshof Riversdale Villiersdorp
Blanco Hankey Louterwater Riviersonderend Wellington
Bluecliff Heidelberg Malmesbury Ruiterbos Wolseley
Ceres Herbertsdale Mamre Stormsvlei
Franschhoek Joubertina Paarl Suurberg
Genadendal Kammiebos Port Alfred Suurbraak
Towns that lie within the SCCP area

Addo Dana Bay Kalbaskraal Papiesvlei Stellenbosch
Alexandria Despatch Kareedouw Paradise Beach St Francis Bay
Amsterdamhoek Droë Vlakte Kariega Paterson Still Bay
Askraal Elgin Kasuka Pearly Beach Storms River
Aston Bay Elim Kenton on Sea Philadelphia Strand
Atlantis Fairfield Kleinmond Plettenberg Bay Struis Bay
Baardskeerdersbos Firgrove Klipdale Pniel Sunland
Bellevue Fish Hoek Knysna Port Beaufort Swartkops
Bethelsdorp Gans Bay Kommetjie Port Elizabeth The Crags
Betty’s Bay George Kruisfontein Protem Vermaaklikheid
Bloubergstrand Gordon’s Bay Kuilsrivier Riethuiskraal Viljoenskroon
Bluecliff Gouritsmond Kylemore Rietpoel Vlees Bay
Boesmansrivier- Grabouw Loerie Rondevlei Waenhuiskrans
mond Groot Brakrivier Malgas Salem Wilderness
Boknesstrand Groot Melkbosstrand Scarborough Windmill
Botrivier Jongensfontein Milnerton Sea View Witsand
Brandwag Hartenbos Mossel Bay Sedgefield Wittedrif
Bredasdorp Hawston Muizenberg Simon’s Town Witteklip
Caledon Hermanus Napier Sinksabrug Woodlands
Cape Town Hermon Noanaha Skipskop Wydgeleë
Clarkson Herold’s Bay Onrus Slangrivier
Coega Hout Bay Oukraal Somerset West
Coerney Humansdorp Oyster Bay Southwell
Colchester Jeffreys Bay Pacaltsdorp Stanford
Figure 36 — The Southern Coastal Condensation Problem (SCCP) Area
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Dimensions in millimetres
Plan
The window area does not exceed 15 % of the floor area.
The floor area is 53 m2.
The walls comprise 230 mm thick burnt clay masonry, plastered on both sides.
The floor comprises a concrete surface bed.
The house is orientated true north (i.e. predominant windows of the living area face true north, or the longer
axis of the house runs as near east/west as possible).
Figure 37 — Standard Agrément South Africa Comparative House used in

condensation and thermal performance assessments
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4.6 Behaviour in fire
4.6.1 Walls in buildings other than single-storey category 1 buildings shall comply with the safety
distances and fire-resistance requirements of 4.2 of SANS 10400-T:2011. Walls in single-storey
category 1 buildings shall comply with the boundary and fire-resistance requirements of 4.57 of
SANS 10400-T:2011.
4.6.2 The fire performance and fire stability of walls shall be determined in accordance with the
requirements of 4.5 and 4.7, respectively, of SANS 10400-T:2011.
4.6.3 The fire resistance or non-combustibility of walls shall comply with the relevant requirements
of the following subclauses of SANS 10400-T:2011:
a) occupancy-separating and division-separating elements: 4.6
b) tenancy-separating elements: 4.8
c) partition walls and partitions: 4.9
d) walls adjacent to openings within 1 m of a division: 4.10
e) feeder routes: 4.18.1
f) emergency routes: 4.19.1
g) walls in service shafts: 4.40
h) lift shafts in buildings of 10 storeys and more: 4.44
i) stages and backstages: 4.48
j) operating theatres and intensive care units: 4.51
4.6.4 Wall finishes shall comply with the requirements of 4.15 of SANS 10400-T:2011.
4.6.5 Walls in inaccessible concealed spaces and service shafts shall be fire-stopped in
accordance with the requirements of 4.39 and 4.40, respectively, of SANS 10400-T:2011.
4.6.6 Any services that penetrate or are recessed in walls in structural or separating elements shall
be in accordance with the requirements of 4.41 of SANS 10400-T:2011.
© SABS 81
SANS 10400-K:2015
Edition 3.1
Annex A Deleted by amendment No. 1.

Annex B
(informative)
Design of lintels
B.1 Introduction
B.1.1 Unreinforced masonry is weak in tension over openings. For this reason it is necessary to
reinforce it. Primary or main reinforcement is required to reinforce masonry at the bottom of single
openings and above the pier between openings in multiple openings, i.e. where tension forces
develop. Secondary reinforcement (reinforcement of a smaller or equal bar diameter to that for
primary reinforcement) is required in the uppermost course or bed joint to reinforce the masonry
immediately above the face of the opening where some tension forces develop, particularly where
lintels support light roofs.
B.1.2 The strength of a masonry beam is generally dependent on its depth and the amount of
tension reinforcement. The greater the beam depth, the greater is its strength. Deep sections of
masonry also tend to arch across openings. It is therefore necessary to ensure that there are a
minimum number of courses above an opening and that this section of masonry is reinforced
appropriately.
B.2 Designing lintels using standard designs

B.2.1 Figure B.1 outlines the process flow for the design of lintels in accordance with the
requirements of 4.2.9.
B.2.2 Tables 20 to 27 provide reinforcement details for a given span and lintel depth. When
designing walls and using these standard designs, care should be taken to ensure that lintels have
sufficient depth in relation to the window opening.
B.2.3 The provision of lintels that have a minimum depth and a maximum clear span in
accordance with tables B.1 to B.4 will allow such lintels to be designed in accordance with the
standard designs in 4.2.9.
B.3 Rational design of lintels over openings

B.3.1 Lintels should be designed as reinforced masonry beams in accordance with the
requirements of SANS 10400-B, using SANS 10164-2.
B.3.2 The load carried by a lintel may be considered to comprise the weight of masonry within
a 60° triangle that has a base width equal to 1,1 times the clear span (see figure B.2) and all
uniformly distributed and point loads applied within this triangle. Point and uniformly distributed
loads may be dispersed from their level of application at 45° to the base of the lintel (see figure B.3).
B.3.3 Where the masonry is continuous over the lintel, the height should be as in B.3.4 and the
width shall be as in B.3.5.
B.3.4 The height of masonry above the lintel at midspan should be not less than the greater
of 0,6 times the clear span and 600 mm.
B.3.5 The width of masonry on either side of a single opening, or the length of masonry between
the external corner of the wall and the side of the opening in multiple openings should be not less
than the greater of 600 mm and 0,2 times the longest clear span.
B.3.6 In accordance with the requirements of B.3.4 and B.3.5, the load carried by the lintel (see
figure B.2) may be considered to be
a) the weight of masonry within the load triangle,
82 © SABS
SANS 10400-K:2015
Edition 3.1
b) a uniformly distributed load at the application level derived by dispersing all applied loads within
the load triangle at 45°,
c) a uniformly distributed load at the application level derived by dispersing 50 % of all applied loads
within the interaction zone at 45°.
B.3.7 The span in all cases should be considered to be 1,1 times the clear span.
Lintel over opening in

masonry required
No
Appoint competent person (structures)
Use standard designs? to design in accordance with the
requirements of SANS 10400-B
Yes
Yes
Yes Construct lintel
Use prestressed Does lintel comply
in accordance
concrete lintels? with SANS 1504?
with 4.2.9.3
No
No
Use lintel as non-structural soffit
and construct lintel in
accordance with 4.2.9.1
Yes
140 mm or 190 mm Construct lintel in
hollow units accordance with 4.2.9.2
No
Construct lintel in
accordance with
4.2.9.1
Figure B.1 — Design of lintels in accordance with the requirements of

this part of SANS 10400
© SABS 83
SANS 10400-K:2015
Edition 3.1
Table B.1 — Minimum depths of bed joint reinforced lintels required

over openings of various spans up to 3,5 m
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Minimum depth above Maximum lintel span
soffit course
mm m
Course height Light roof span Heavy roof span
mm No roof m m
85 100 200 4 6 8 4 6 8
a a
– 400 – 2,5 2,0 2,0 1,5 1,5
a a
425 – – 3,0 2,0 2,0 2,0 1,5
a a
510 500 600 3,0 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,0
a a
595 600 – 3,0 3,0 3,0 2,5 2,0
a a
680 700 800 3,0 3,0 3,0 2,5 2,5
a a
765 800 – 3,0 3,0 3,0 2,5 2,5
a a
850 – – 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 2,5
a a
– 900 1 000 3,0 3,0 3,0 2,5 2,5
a a
935 – – 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0
a a
425 – – 3,0 2,0 2,0 2,0 1,5
a a
510 – – 3,0 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,0
a a
595 – – 3,0 3,0 3,0 2,5 2,5
a a
680 – – 3,0 3,0 3,0 2,5 2,5
a a
765 – – 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 2,5
a a
850 – – 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0
a
– 400 – 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,0 1,5 1,5
a
425 – – 3,0 2,5 2,5 2,0 2,0 1,5
a
510 500 600 3,0 3,0 3,0 2,5 2,5 2,0
a
595 600 – 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 2,5
a
680 700 800 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 2,5
– 400 – 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,0 2,5 2,0 2,0
475 – – 3,0 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,0
510 500 600 3,5 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 2,5 2,5
595 600 – 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0
680 700 800 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,0
765 800 – 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,0
850 – – 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5
– 900 1 000 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5
425 – – 3,0 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,0
510 – – 3,5 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 2,5
595 – – 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 2,5 3,0 3,0
680 – – 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,0
765 – – 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,0
850 – – 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5
a
Not permitted.
84 © SABS
SANS 10400-K:2015
Edition 3.1
Table B.1 (concluded)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Minimum depth above Maximum lintel span
soffit course
mm m
Course height Light roof span Heavy roof span
mm No roof m m
85 100 200 4 6 8 4 6 8
90 mm-90 mm cavity wall (solidly filled)
– 400 – 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,0 2,0
425 – – 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 2,5 2,0 2,0
510 500 600 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 2,5 2,5
595 600 – 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 2,5 3,0 2,5
680 700 800 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,5 2,5 3,0
425 – – 3,0 3,0 3,0 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,0
510 – – 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 2,5 2,5
595 – – 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 2,5
680 – – 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0
a
Not permitted.
Table B.2 — Maximum span of opening in respect of nominally

reinforced shallow bed joint reinforced Iintels
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Minimum number of courses Maximum lintel span
above soffit course m
Primary
Course height reinforcement Light roof span Heavy roof span
mm (number × diameter) m m
85 100 200 4 6 8 4 6 8
a a
– 3 – 2 × 5,6 2,0 1,5 2,0 1,5
a a
4 – – 2 × 5,6 2,0 2,0 2,0 1,5
a a
5 4 2 2 × 5,6 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,0
a a
4 – – 2 × 5,6 2,0 2,0 2,0 1,5
a a
5 – – 2 × 5,6 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,0
– 3 – 2 × 5,6 2,5 2,0 2,5 1,5 2,0 1,5
4 – – 2 × 5,6 2,5 2,0 2,5 2,0 2,0 1,5
5 4 2 2 × 5,6 3,0 2,5 2,5 2,0 2,5 2,0
– 3 – 2 × 5,6 2,5 2,0 2,0 1,5 2,0 1,5
4 – – 2 × 5,6 2,5 2,0 2,5 2,0 2,0 1,5
5 4 2 2 × 5,6 3,0 2,5 2,5 2,0 2,5 2,0
a
Not permitted.
© SABS 85
SANS 10400-K:2015
Edition 3.1
Table B.2 (concluded)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Minimum number of courses Maximum lintel span
above soffit course m
Primary
Course height reinforcement Light roof span Light roof span
(number × diameter)
mm m m
85 100 200 4 6 8 4 6 8
220 mm collar-jointed
4 – – 2 × 5,6 2,5 2,0 2,5 2,0 2,0 1,5
5 – – 2 × 5,6 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,0 2,0 2,0
– 3 – 2 × 5,6 2,5 2,0 2,0 1,5 2,0 1,5
4 – – 2 × 5,6 2,5 2,0 2,5 2,0 2,0 1,5
5 4 2 2 × 5,6 2,5 2,0 2,5 2,0 2,0 1,5
4 – – 2 × 5,6 2,5 2,0 2,0 1,5 2,0 1,5
5 – – 2 × 5,6 2,5 2,0 2,0 2,0 2,0 1,5
a
Not permitted.
Table B.3 — Minimum depths of bond block lintels
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Maximum lintel span
Minimum m
overall lintel
Type of lintel depth Light roof span Heavy roof span
No roof m m
mm 6 8 6 8
140 mm single-leaf wall 400 3,0 2,5 1,5 2,0 1,5
600 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0
140 mm-140 mm bond beam in 400 3,0 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,0
cavity wall construction 600 3,0 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,0
800 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0
190 mm single-leaf wall 400 3,0 2,0 2,0 2,0 1,5
600 3,5 3,5 3,0 3,5 3,0
800 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5
Table B.4 — Prestressed concrete Iintels
1 2 3 4 5 6
Minimum overall lintel depth Maximum lintel span
mm m
Nominal width
Course height
Light
mm No roof Heavy roof
roof
mm 85 100
425 400 3,0 2,5 2,0
≤ 140 510 500 3,0 3,0 2,5
765 800 3,0 3,0 3,0
425 400 3,5 2,5 2,5
≥ 190 510 500 3,5 3,5 3,0
765 800 3,5 3,5 3,5
86 © SABS
SANS 10400-K:2015
Edition 3.1
Figure B.2 — Load triangle
Figure B.3 — Conditioned interaction zone
© SABS 87
SANS 10400-K:2015
Edition 3.1
Annex C
(normative)
Rain penetration tests for walls

C.1 Standard non-pressurized test for masonry walls, cast-in-situ
concrete or other types of construction without joints
C.1.1 Thoroughly air-dry the wall before testing it. In the case of a masonry or similar wall, lime
wash the inner surface, or adopt other means to facilitate the detection of moisture which has
penetrated through the wall. Spray the portion of the outer surface under test continuously with
water in the form of a fine mist distributed over the whole area under test at a rate of 40 mm
to 50 mm depth of water per hour. Conduct the spraying in a still atmosphere and continue for the
period established in table C.1.
C.1.2 In the case of a timber-framed wall or walls of similar construction, remove the covering of
such wall after the required test period in order to ascertain whether any moisture has penetrated to
the interior of such wall and if so, whether water has been retained within the interior.
NOTE The test methods and criteria are derived from conditions where wall surfaces become wet for
prolonged periods under normal steady rain conditions. This continuous wetting has a detrimental effect on the
ability of a wall to resist rain penetration. Sufficiently large roof overhangs can prevent rain from impinging on
wall surfaces under normal steady rainfall conditions. This means that walls would only get wet under severe
storm conditions where the rain is accompanied by strong wind. In South Africa such weather conditions are
nearly always of short duration. Garden sprinklers can, however, have a detrimental effect on the ability of a
wall to resist rain penetration.
C.2 Standard pressure test for non-standardized walling systems or

systems with joints
C.2.1 Apply the standard pressure test to a wall tested in terms of C.1. Use the same apparatus,
but maintain a constant pressure difference between the inside and outside of the chamber.
C.2.2 Apply the standard pressure test immediately after the test described in C.1 for an initial
period of 15 min with a constant pressure difference of 100 Pa, and thereafter, for a 10 min period,
at 200 Pa.
NOTE In addition to non-pressurized tests, pressure tests are carried out to take into account the effect of
wind-driven rain if the walling system has unfilled joints or if the construction method is in any way non-
standardized (for example, concrete panels, dry-stack, framework with a cladding system). Wind-driven rain is
simulated by subjecting the test wall to a pressure test.
Table C.1 — Spraying requirements in rain penetration test for walls
1 2
Description of walls Spraying requirements
Walls in category 1 buildings protected by a roof A period of 2 h in respect of non-masonry walling
overhang in accordance with figure C.1 and no test required in respect of masonry walls
with vertical and horizontal joints filled with mortar
Walls in category 1 buildings not protected by a A period of 4 h
roof overhang in accordance with figure C.1
The minimum period required in terms of table C.2
or until the first signs of dampness appear on the
Walls in a building other than a category 1 building
inner surface of the wall, if such signs appear
before the expiry of such period
88 © SABS
SANS 10400-K:2015
Edition 3.1
The roof slope shall be between 5° and 35°.
The horizontal overhang from the outside face of the wall to the end of the roofing material shall be not less
than 750 mm.
The straight-line distance between the end of the roofing material to the edge of the damp-proof course shall
not exceed 2 650 mm.
Figure C.1 — Roof overhangs which protect walls from rain
© SABS 89
SANS 10400-K:2015
Edition 3.1
Table C.2 — Test periods for standard non-pressurized rain penetration tests
Mean annual rainfall Hourly mean wind speed

Minimum period
(see figure C.2) (see figure C.3)
mm m/s h
> 1 000 20 14
25 19
30 20
600 to 1 000 20 10
25 15
30 20
200 to 600 20 6
25 11
30 16
0 to 200 20 2
25 7
30 12
NOTE The test should ideally be conducted for the minimum period shown
above as this will allow an assessment to be made of the resistance of the
walls to water penetration in all rainfall zones in the country.
Figure C.2 — Mean annual rainfall
90 © SABS
SANS 10400-K:2015
Edition 3.1
28 m/s 32 m/s 36 m/s

Polokwane
24
Mbombela
Pretoria Emalahleni
Mmabatho 26
Johannesburg
Vryburg Klerksdorp Standerton
Sishen
Latitude,degrees
Kroonstad 28
Upington Ulundi
Bethlehem
Kimberley Ladysmith
Port Nolloth Bloemfontein
Springbok Durban
30
De Aar
Brandvlei Port
Victoria west Shepstone
Mthatha
Queenstown
Vredendal Calvinia
Cradock 32
Beaufort west Bisho
East London
Saldanha Worcester Uitenhage
Cape Town Oudtshoorn Port Elizabeth 34
Swellendam Mossel Bay St Francis Bay
Cape Agulhas
20 24 28 32
Drg.697aa
Longitude, degrees
Figure C.3 — Mean hour wind speeds (m/s)
© SABS 91
SANS 10400-K:2015
Edition 3.1
Bibliography
Standards
SANS 227, Burnt clay masonry units.
SANS 10021, The waterproofing of buildings (including damp-proofing and vapour barrier
installation).
SANS 10164-2, The structural use of masonry – Part 2: Structural design and requirements for
reinforced and prestressed masonry.
SANS 10249, Masonry walling.
Other publications
Joint Structural Division of the South African Institution of Civil Engineering and the Institution of
Structural Engineers. Code of practice for foundations and superstructures for single-storey
residential buildings of masonry construction. 1995.
Joint Structural Division of the South African Institution of Civil Engineering and the Institution of
Structural Engineers. Code of practice for the assessment of the performance of housing units in
South Africa. 2000.
Lane JW, Watermeyer RB, De Villiers PD. Masonry materials and design for movement. SAICE
lecture course, Structural Division, Johannesburg, 1991.
Watermeyer RB. Free-standing walls – a design guide. Concrete Masonry Association, 1993.
______________
92 © SABS
SABS – Standards Division
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The SABS continuously strives to improve the quality of its products and services and would
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© SABS.

SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

The application of the National Building

Published by SABS Standards Division

This document was approved for publication in February 2015.

This document supersedes SANS 10400-K:2011 (edition 3).

Part A: General principles and requirements.

Part B: Structural design.

Part D: Public safety.

Part F: Site operations.

Part O: Lighting and ventilation.

Part Q: Non-water-borne means of sanitary disposal.

Part R: Stormwater disposal.

Part S: Facilities for persons with disabilities.

Part T: Fire protection.

Part V: Space heating.

Part W: Fire installation.

This document should be read in conjunction with SANS 10400-A.

2 Normative references ............................................................................................................. 3

4.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 9

4.2.1 General ............................................................................................................. 10

4.3 Timber-framed walls....................................................................................................... 75

4.5.1 Condensation ..................................................................................................... 76

4.6 Behaviour in fire ............................................................................................................. 81

Annex A Deleted by amendment No. 1.

Annex B (informative) Design of lintels .................................................................................... 82

Annex C (normative) Rain penetration tests for walls ............................................................ 88

The application of the National Building Regulations

NOTE Deleted by amendment No. 1.

SANS 248, Bituminous damp-proof courses.

SANS 298, Mastic asphalt for damp-proof courses and tanking.

SANS 935, Hot-dip (galvanized) zinc coatings on steel wire. Amdt 1

SANS 1504 (SABS 1504), Prestressed concrete lintels.

SANS 2001-CM1, Construction works – Part CM1: Masonry walling.

SANS 2001-EM1, Construction works – Part EM1: Cement plaster.

SANS 10005, The preservative treatment of timber.

SANS 10082, Timber frame buildings.

3.1 Deleted by amendment No. 1.

Figure 1 — Brickforce types

Figure 2 — Collar-jointed walls

Figure 3 — Shell bedding

a) SANS 10400-B, SANS 10400-T and 4.4; or

b) 4.2, 4.4, 4.5 and 4.6; or

c) 4.3, 4.4, 4.5 and 4.6.

4.2 Masonry walls

a) single-storey buildings or the upper storey of double-storey buildings, where

i) 6,0 m in respect of 90 mm and 110 mm single-leaf walls,

10) the height of foundation walls does not exceed 1,5 m;

b) the lower storey in a double-storey building, where

d) free-standing, retaining, parapet and balustrade walls, where

c) classrooms, lecture theatres, X-ray rooms and operating theatres;

e) cafés and restaurants;

g) entertainment, light industrial and institutional occupancies; and

h) corridors, stairs and lobbies to all buildings.

a) filing and storage areas to offices, institutional occupancies, and hotels;

c) sales and display areas in retail shops and departmental stores;

d) banking halls; and

e) shelved areas to libraries.

4.2.1.4 Metal wall ties used in areas

a) between the coastline and an imaginary line 30 km inland,