AP Main Topic-merged

ASSIGNMENT # 1
❖ INTRODUCTION:
• Projectile motion is a 2D motion in which an object (projectile) is thrown or launched into the air at an angle
θ where 0=< θ=<90 and then it falls on ground due to the influence of gravity (except hyperbolic trajectory).
• Key characteristics of projectile motion are:

1. Horizontal velocity component: The horizontal component of velocity of projectile remains constant
(Vx=ViCosθ)
2. Vertical velocity component: The vertical component of velocity of projectile accelerates throughout
the trajectory due to the gravity (g=-10ms^-2) which can be calculated as: Vy=Viy-gt where Viy is the
vertical component of initial velocity (Viy=ViSinθ)
3. Angle of projection: The angle 𝜽 at which projectile is launched
𝑽𝒊𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝟐𝜽)
4. Horizontal range: The horizontal distance covered by projectile (𝑹 = 𝒈
)
𝟐
𝒗𝒊 (𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽) 𝟐
5. Height: The maximum vertical height reached by the projectile (H= 𝟐𝒈
)
𝟐𝒗𝒊𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽
6. Time of flight: The time taken by object to complete its path (𝑻 = 𝒈
)
7. Acceleration : Horizontal component of acceleration is zero (ax=0) and vertical component is ay= g=-
10m/s^2
1 | ANOOSHA ZIA (24F-0591)

ASSIGNMENT # 1
• There are many types of trajectories (the paths followed by the projectile during its flight) depending upon
the angle and initial velocity on which it is launched. Some of them are given below:
1. Horizontal trajectory: No initial vertical component
2. Vertical trajectory: No initial horizontal component
3. Oblique trajectory: There are initial horizontal and vertical components
4. Hyperbolic trajectory: Projectile escapes gravity
5. Parabolic trajectory: The projectile follows a curved path which is symmetrical about vertical axis
❖ Why DID I ChOOse ThIs TOpIC:

• Due to my interest in this topic.
• Due to its wide applications in real life and in computer science.
• It has found vast applications in the field of aerospace engineering where space crafts are launched using the
principles of projectile motion which is, again, the topic of my interest.
• Due to my desire of learning more about this topic. This assignment will let me explore more about projectile
motion.
❖ hIsTORICal baCkgROUND:
• The idea of projectile motion was there from the 5th century when Aristotle recognized that projectiles
follow a curved path his understanding lacked mathematical support.
• Ibn e Sina and Ibn e Rushd wrote about it in their commentaries on Aristotle’s work in the 12th century. They
used the concept of Impetus theory which proposed that when an object is hurled into air it moves due to a
hidden force called impetus proportional to initial force on object.
• Then Galilieo discussed the horizontal and vertical components of projectile motion along with its parabolic
trajectory, range and height.
❖ FUNDameNTal physICal CONCepTs:

• Law of inertia and gravitation
• Concept of position and displacement
• Concept of instantaneous velocity and gravitational acceleration
❖ applICaTIONs IN TeCh WORlD, ImpaCT ON Real WORlD aND FUTURe DevelOpmeNT:

• Projectile motion has found its applications in space missions where space crafts are launched at specific
angles after estimations. A slight inaccuracy can lead to financial as well as technological losses.
• In simulation software and game development, laws of projectile motion are implied to analyse the physical
behaviour of characters and designs.
• Projectile motion helps to develop Physics engines for realistic simulations.
• In virtual reality, physics engines are used to predict the behaviour of physical systems.
• Physics engines generate realistic animations for different purposes.
ASSIGNMENT # 1
• In sports basketball, volleyball, football, archery and cricket, the players use the concepts of projectile
motion for optimizing throw angles.
• In Future, its laws will imply in AI (Artificial intelligence), Aerodynamic and fluid dynamic research, supersonic
projectiles, Ammunition development etc.
❖ sImUlaTION UsINg pheT:

The following simulations show the behaviour of a projectile at different angles and initial velocities at h=0m.
Vi=25m/s 𝜽𝟏 = 𝟒𝟓°, 𝛉𝟐 = 𝟔𝟓°, 𝛉𝟑 = 𝟐𝟓° R1=63.7m R2=R3=48.85m H1=15.94m H2=5.695m H3=26m
• The range of projectile is maximum at 45◦ and decreases with the increase or decrease of angle.
• It is same for the two angles giving sum equal to 90◦. As shown in figure, it is same for 65◦ and 25◦.
• Increasing the initial speed increases the range and increasing angle increases the maximum height of
projectile. When the initial speed decreases to 18m/s the maximum range decreases to 33m. While at 25m/s
it is 63m.
• The time of flight increases with increase in initial speed.
• The mass of projectile indirectly imposes an impact on range of projectile. More massive body has more
kinetic energy hence it experiences less air resistance.
❖ CONClUsION:
The concept of projectile motion cannot be ignored in the field of science and technology. There is much more to
explore in it. Hypersonic projectiles need more accuracy in time and range. Proper measurements can lead to more
accuracy in ranges so more such tools and machinery are to be developed like high profile physics engines and
launchers. Chandryan 2(mission moon) of India failed due to many reasons including wrong initial velocity and
maximum height estimations.

Applied physics (reAl life exAmples)
Name: ANOOSHA ZIA Roll #:24F-0591 Section: 1C (CS)
➢ Vector Addition:
1. It has found vast applications in determining position of an object in space or in 2D by adding the
displacement vectors using vector algebra.
2. The spatial characteristics of the objects in game development and software simulation are defined
using method of vector addition.
3. While determining the velocity of an object and its direction of motion, vector components of the
real vector are added together to get the resultant.
4. The net force on an object is calculated by adding the all forces acting on a body.
5. Pilots combine vectors to estimate the direction of wind during their flight.
➢ Vector components:
1. A vector can be found using its magnitude and direction in space or in plane using its components: let a
vector A then its vertical and horizontal components are Ax=ACos𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴𝑦 = 𝐴𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃.
2. The direction of motion of a moving object at any instant along a specific dimension can be predicted by
resolving its displacement vector into its components.
3. Sailors predict the direction of motion of wind by combining the effects of wind.
4. In simple pendulum, the restoring force is calculated using its components: 𝒎𝒈𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒎𝒈𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜽
ANOOSHA ZIA(24F-0591)
➢ Unit Vectors:
1. When a system becomes complex, like in engineering systems then the vectors of forces and velocities are
represented by unit vectors as they have magnitude “one”.
2. Unit vectors are used in electronic and electrical circuits to analyse factors like impedance.
3. In computer graphics they are used to create 3D models.
4. In medical centres, data is analysed from images using position vectors.
5. In research labs where the researchers have to deal with multiple vectors, they use unit vectors instead of
real vectors.
➢ Vector And scAlAr prodUcts:

1. Work done on an object is calculated using scalar product:𝑾 = 𝒇𝒅𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽.
2. The projection of a vector on other vector is calculated using scalar product like reconstruction of images in
CT scan.
3. Rotational motion and torque of objects is calculated using vector product like of satellites.
4. In satellites, the artificial gravity is created by spinning them around their own axis which hints the presence
of torque, calculated by vector product.
5. In navigation systems and map constructions, sometimes two vectors have to be multiplied which uses the
concept of scalar and vector product.
➢ position And displAcement:

1. The position vectors are used to determine the position of objects in game development.
2. Pilots use displacement vectors to specify the directions of aeroplanes because there they consider straight
paths and smallest distances between two points.
3. When encountering curved paths, the displacement vectors allow us to predict direction of motion and to
calculate the change in position of object.
4. The position of a satellite in orbit is calculated using position and displacement.
5. In space (3D), the displacement of object is calculated using its position vectors like that of space and air
crafts.
➢ projectile motion And its decomposition in horizontAl And

VerticAl components:
1. In launching missiles, the principles of projectile motion are used and accurate measurements are
taken like the range of missile and maximum height attained by it.
2. Using the vertical and horizontal components of the initial velocity and acceleration, other factors
like instantaneous velocity can be calculated of a projectile.
3. In games like ball bounce and angry birds, the concept of projectiles is used and software are
created using estimations.
4. The path of an object launched with a force and falling freely under gravity is predicted using the concept of
projectiles.
5. In navigation systems, velocities are calculated using the components of motion of a projectile.
➢ instAntAneoUs Velocity And AccelerAtion:

𝒅
1. The velocity and acceleration at any instant of an object are calculated using the formulae: 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒕→𝟎 𝒕
∆𝒗
and 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒕→𝟎 𝒕
2. The speedometer of cars shows instantaneous speed of vehicles.
3. Instantaneous acceleration of vehicles is calculated by determining their instantaneous velocity.
These calculations are then used to predict the fuel consumption of vehicles.
4. Air traffic systems use this concept to avoid collisions and finalise routes.
5. This concept is used to control the coordinate actions of robots.
➢ AVerAge Velocity And AccelerAtion:
∆𝑥
1. The general formula to calculate average velocity is: ∆𝑡 = total displacement/total time and for
∆𝑣
acceleration is ∆𝑡 = change in velocity/time over which change occurs.
2. This concept is used where total velocity and acceleration of a body are to be calculated travelled
along long distances.
3. In human body, the study of blood flow is made using the concept of average velocity.
4. The average speed of wind is calculated for weather forecasting.
5. In oceans, the average speed of tides is calculated and sea operations are done.

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ASSIGNMENT # 1

• Key characteristics of projectile motion are:

1 | ANOOSHA ZIA (24F-0591)

❖ Why DID I ChOOse ThIs TOpIC:

❖ FUNDameNTal physICal CONCepTs:

❖ applICaTIONs IN TeCh WORlD, ImpaCT ON Real WORlD aND FUTURe DevelOpmeNT:

❖ sImUlaTION UsINg pheT:

3 | ANOOSHA ZIA (24F-0591)

Name: ANOOSHA ZIA Roll #:24F-0591 Section: 1C (CS)

➢ Vector And scAlAr prodUcts:

➢ position And displAcement:

➢ projectile motion And its decomposition in horizontAl And

➢ instAntAneoUs Velocity And AccelerAtion:

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