(REWILDING THE MIND)

In a Mix Use Building

by
KINZA MALIK

Thesis Report submitted to the Department of Architecture College of

Art and Design, University of Punjab, Lahore in Partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the degree of

B.Arch.
(August, 2022)

Thesis Advisor

Ar. Waleed Ashfaq

 ABSTRACT

Mixed use developments embrace a challenge in terms of effective land use, especially in
dense, supply-constrained urban markets. These create small cities within the larger city
environment. Not only does this encourage more compact stacking and conserve open space
but they create walkable environments that infuse new life into communities. Consumers
today demand convenience and an environment where they can feel stress free.

As the development of overspill sprouted cities tremendous increase in car-dependence has

led to major pollution and traffic issues. A part of the strategy to accommodate those
demands in a high-density development is to pay more attention to public spaces and
amenities. Over all there has been a significant emphasize on the growth of public amenities
in development. Mixing the work places., the daily needs and the cultural activities nearby
reduces the need to travel by automobile and can also refresh the urban environment

The goal of mix use is to provide a walkable area with all the ingredients for a convenient,
healthy and relaxed experience. This is where architectural, interior design and their positive
psychological effects have become extremely relevant.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

There are a lot of people whom I would like to thank for helping me in completing this thesis.
At first, I would like to thank my parents to inspire me to go ahead through all the stages of
life. I would like to express my sincere thanks to my teachers Ar. Waleed Ashfaq, Ar. Tariq
Khalidi, Ar. Tahir Siraj and Ar. Azhar Syed.

I am thankful to my brothers Danish, Adil and Sarmad for supporting me throughout my five-
year journey. My special thanks to Jawwad Ahmed who helped me in achieving this stage of
the project.

KINZA MALIK
 Contents
CHAPTER 1...............................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................1
1.1 BACKGROUND.........................................................................................................1
1.2 PROBLEM.......................................................................................................................1
1.3 PROJECT.........................................................................................................................1
1.4 SITE..................................................................................................................................1
1.5 CLIENT............................................................................................................................1
1.6 CLIENT’S BRIEF.......................................................................................................2
1.7 SCOPE OF WORK......................................................................................................2
1.8 OBJECTIVES..............................................................................................................2
1.9 ASPECTS OF THE PROJECT...................................................................................2
CHAPTER: 2.............................................................................................................................3
PRIMARY ASPECT – 1............................................................................................................3
MIXED USE..............................................................................................................................3
2.1 Different statements of Mixed use...................................................................................3
2.2 Types of mixed-use development.....................................................................................3
2.3 Benefits of Mixed-Use.....................................................................................................4
2.4 Disadvantages of mixed use.............................................................................................4
2.5 HIGH RISE......................................................................................................................4
2.5.3 Services.........................................................................................................................5
2.6 Loads on The Highrise Structures....................................................................................6
2.7 Type of High-Rise Structure............................................................................................6
2.8 CONCLUSIONS..............................................................................................................7
CHAPTER: 3.............................................................................................................................9
CASE STUDIES........................................................................................................................9
3.1 LOCAL CASE STUDY: MALL OF LAHORE.............................................................9
3.2 INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDY: KOHINOOR SQUARE, MUMBAI...................11
3.3 CONCLUSIONS............................................................................................................13
CHAPTER: 4............................................................................................................................14
PRIMARY ASPECT – 2..........................................................................................................14
MALL.......................................................................................................................................14
4.1 Shopping Mall Definition..........................................................................................14
 4.3 Factors affecting the success of Shopping Mall.............................................................15
4.3.4 Recreational Facilities in a Shopping Mall.................................................................20
4.4 Distribution of spaces.....................................................................................................21
4.4 ACTIVITY ANALYSIS................................................................................................21
1.14 Conclusion........................................................................................................................25
CHAPTER 5.............................................................................................................................26
OFFICE....................................................................................................................................26
CHAPTER 6.............................................................................................................................27
CASE STUDIES......................................................................................................................27
6.1 LOCAL CASE STUDY.................................................................................................27
EMPORIUM Mall................................................................................................................27
..............................................................................................................................................27
6.1.1 History.........................................................................................................................27
5.1.2 Facilities.......................................................................................................................27
6.1.3 Exterior........................................................................................................................28
6.1.4 Interior.........................................................................................................................28
6.2 INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDY: MECENATPOLIS..............................................28
6.3 CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................30
CHAPTER: 7............................................................................................................................32
RSEARCH ASPECT................................................................................................................32
Rewilding the Mind..................................................................................................................32
9.4 CONCLUSIONS............................................................................................................42
CHAPTER: 10..........................................................................................................................43
CASE STUDIES......................................................................................................................43
10.1 Bosco Verticale.............................................................................................................43
10.1.1 Project features:.........................................................................................................43
10.1.2 Architectural features:...............................................................................................43
10.1.3 Key points of vertical forest......................................................................................43
10.2 Case study 2.................................................................................................................45
10.2.1 Project features:.........................................................................................................45
10.2.2 Cooling techniques....................................................................................................45
10.2.3 Experiential design features......................................................................................46
10.3 CONCLUSIONS..........................................................................................................47
CHAPTER: 11..........................................................................................................................48
SITE..........................................................................................................................................48
11.1 Criteria..........................................................................................................................48
11.2 SITE ANALYSIS.........................................................................................................48
11.3 DESIGN COSIDERATIONS...........................................................................................60
CHAPTER 12...........................................................................................................................62
ARCHI PROGRAM.................................................................................................................62
BIBLIOGRAPHY:...................................................................................................................70
 TABLE OF FIGURES
Figure 1Horizontal mix use......................................................................................................................3
Figure 2Vertical Mix use.........................................................................................................................3
Figure 3 Inslulae, Ancient rome...............................................................................................................5
Figure 4Towers of Bologna, Italy............................................................................................................5
Figure 5Flat plate and slabstructure.........................................................................................................6
Figure 6Core structure..............................................................................................................................6
Figure 7Rigid frame structure..................................................................................................................6
Figure 8 Shear wall structure...................................................................................................................6
Figure 9 Out trigger structure...................................................................................................................6
Figure 10 Mall of Lahore.........................................................................................................................9
Figure 11 Interior view, Mall of Lahore................................................................................................10
Figure 12 Services in Mall.....................................................................................................................10
Figure 13Kohinoor square, Mumbai......................................................................................................11
Figure 14 Vertical Zoning, Kohinoor Square........................................................................................11
Figure 15 Plans , Kohinoor Square........................................................................................................12
Figure 16Breakout spaces and garden...................................................................................................12
Figure 17:: Various components of a shopping mall. Shopping Malls in Nairobi Source; IDECK
(2010).....................................................................................................................................................14
Figure 18: The Ala Moana Shopping Centerects |Source: Shutter stock..............................................16
Figure 19: Circulation pattern.| Source; Report by Sumaiya sartvasiy...............................................17
Figure 20: Wide walkways to accommodate window shoppers and normal traffic flow.;....................18
Figure 21: Top, Shelves arranged in 90 o resulting in less visibility of merchandise. Bottom,
shelves tilted at an angle (chevroning) resulting in more merchandise visibility . Source;
shopping mall nairobi , 2013..................................................................................................................19
Figure 22Dressing Room.| Source; Google...........................................................................................19
Figure 23: The SM City North EDSA, in Quezon City, Philippines, is one of the largest malls in the
world. Source: Shutterstock.com............................................................................................................20
Figure 24 Vertical Distribution............................................................................................................21
Figure 25Horizontal Distribution...........................................................................................................21
Figure 27Combination office.................................................................................................................26
Figure 26 Cellular office........................................................................................................................26
Figure 28 Team office............................................................................................................................26
Figure 29 Open Space office..................................................................................................................26
Figure 30 Emporium Mall......................................................................................................................27
Figure 31 Interior view2 (Emporium Mall)...........................................................................................27
Figure 32 Interior view (Emporium Mall).............................................................................................27
Figure 33Exterior view..........................................................................................................................28
Figure 34Mecenatpolis...........................................................................................................................28
Figure 35Floor Division.........................................................................................................................29
Figure 36Masterplan..............................................................................................................................29
Figure 37 Floor Plans.............................................................................................................................29
Figure 38 Interior view 1.......................................................................................................................30
Figure 39Interior view 2........................................................................................................................30
Figure 40 Nature View...........................................................................................................................32
Figure 41Relaxation...............................................................................................................................33
Figure 42light.........................................................................................................................................34
Figure 43Natural sunlight......................................................................................................................36
Figure 44Hydrotherapy..........................................................................................................................37
Figure 45 Colours...................................................................................................................................39
Figure 46 Smell,Lavendar......................................................................................................................41
Figure 47Connection with nature...........................................................................................................42
Figure 48 Bosco Verticale......................................................................................................................43
Figure 50Plans, Bocco verticale.............................................................................................................43
Figure 49Mitigation................................................................................................................................43
Figure 51Biological Habitat...................................................................................................................44
Figure 52Changing Facade....................................................................................................................44
Figure 53KM..........................................................................................................................................45
Figure 54Mega Food Walk....................................................................................................................45
Figure 55Wooden pathway, Megawalk.................................................................................................45
Figure 56Concept diagram.....................................................................................................................45
Figure 57Matserplan , Mega Foodwalk.................................................................................................46
Figure 58Conceptual Diagram...............................................................................................................46
Figure 59Nature Connection..................................................................................................................46
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

Mixed land use refers to co-existence of more than one land use on a common ground, be it a
floor, building or street. Mixed use has been a part of our cities since historic times. It is a
pattern, how our cities and communities grow. It has been globally proven that mixed use
development cuts down on travel time, cost and fuel consumption by bringing facilities
closer. It is a potential tool for sustainable development. Therefore, cities world-wide are
publishing toolkits and guidelines to develop mixed use areas in a way that people are
attracted towards these areas.

1.2 PROBLEM

 People have to travel long distance for performing their daily activities.
 No user experience is provided in high rise structures. Main focus is only kept on the
structure and services.

1.3 PROJECT

Mixed Use Building (shopping mall and Offices)

1.4 SITE

Pine avenue road (near Valencia)

1.5 CLIENT

The entire scope of the project will likely be owned by a private outsider developer

1
1.6 CLIENT’S BRIEF
Client wants to develop a mix use that can attract people to perform their daily activities in a
relaxed and comfortable environment. Major functions to be included are retail and offices.
The following points should be taken into consideration while designing:

 Well-lit atrium design

 Good recreation facilities
 Comfortable circulation
 Feasible parking
 Adequate public services

1.7 SCOPE OF WORK

 Site location of the project
 Masterplan
 Shop allocation within mall
 The project does not cover the financial aspects of the MUDS and the detailed estimation
and costing part
 The interior designing of the retail and offices is not covered in the project

1.8 OBJECTIVES
 To reduce the long distance travelling and traffic congestion
 To create a pleasant and stress-free environment for the users.
 To enhance the comfort, convenience, and experience
 To create a shopping mall that acts as a landmark
 To combine the concepts of functionality and aesthetics

1.9 ASPECTS OF THE PROJECT

 Mall
 Office

2
 CHAPTER: 2

PRIMARY ASPECT – 1

MIXED USE

2.1 Different statements of Mixed use

Mixed use has been defined in various ways in literature. While some define it in dimensions to
which compatible uses co-exist while others define it in terms of the effects it has. Some of
these definitions are as below:

1. It allows compatible land uses to locate in close proximity to one another and thereby
decrease the travel distances between activities. Mixed land use indicates the diversity
of functional land uses such as residential, commercial, industrial, institutional, and
those related to transportation (Thwaite’s, 2007).

2. Land use mix can be defined in three dimensions: one: increasing intensity of land use
with different forms and tenures. Second, increasing diversity of uses by encouraging
compatible mix. Third, integrating segregated uses.

2.2 Types of mixed-use development

2.2.1 Vertical Mixed-Use Development

 Combines different uses within the same building

 Provides for more public uses on the lower floor such
as retail shops, restaurants, of commercial businesses
 Provides for more private uses on the upper floors such
as residential units, hotel rooms, or office space.
Figure 1Horizontal mix use

2.2.2 Horizontal Mixed-Use Development

 Consists of single-use buildings within a mixed-use

zoning district parcel, which allows for a range of land
uses in a single development project
 Provides for a variety of complementary and integrated
uses that are walkable and within a given
Figure 2Vertical Mix use
neighborhood,
3
 tract or land, or development project

2.3 Benefits of Mixed-Use

1. Economic: Mixed Use Development that promotes a walkable built environment can
help revitalize a downtown increase private investment, lead to higher property values,
promote tourism, and support the development of a good business climate.

2. Lower Infrastructure Costs: More compact development i.e. various types of facilities
and services available at one stop reduces the infrastructure cost.

3. Environmental: Reducing sprawl and building communities where residents live and walk
to work, reduces car usage, positively impacting the environment. With the incorporation of
mixed-use development and smart growth practices, sprawling development patterns could
be reducing and quality of life may be enhanced. Undeveloped land, open space, and historic
and natural resources could be preserved.

4. Reducing traffic congestion

2.4 Disadvantages of mixed use

 Mixed type of traffic resulting in traffic congestion

 Spilling of activities on the roads causing congestion
 Environmental pollution & noise pollution.
 If designated parking spaces are not provided for the non-residential uses the customers
or visitors tend to park the Vehicles on the streets hence taking away good amount of
portion of the carriageway.
 Neighborhoods tend to lose the residential character when other uses begin to dominate.

2.5 HIGH RISE

A high-rise building is a tall building, as opposed to a low-rise building and is defined

differently in terms of height depending on the jurisdiction. It is used as a residential, office
building, or other functions including hotel, retail, or with multiple purposes combined.

4
2.5.1 History:

• Already appeared in antiquity:

the insulae in ancient Rome, reached up
to ten or more stories, one reportedly
having 200 stairs.
Figure 3 Inslulae, Ancient rome

• The residential Towers of Bologna in Italy numbered

between 80 and 100 at a time, the largest of which still rise
to
97.2 m.[318 feet]

Figure 4Towers of Bologna,

Italy
2.5.2 Master planning

 Visibility and Accessibility: Consider Road access and surrounding street pattern
 Sub Surface condition: Confirm location and underground utility , bearing capacity of
soil, existence of environmental hazards etc.
 Regulatory restriction: Height restriction, Parking requirements etc.
 Orientation: For sunlight and ventilation
 Adaptability: Potential for future development
 Site character: describe qualities of the site such as views and surrounding uses

2.5.3 Services

1. Accessibility/Circulation
2. Water Services
3. HVAC
4. Fire Safety
5. Security
6. Electrification
7. Sound Proofing
8. Gas Supply
9. Waste Disposal
5
10. Illumination

6
11. Lightning

2.6 Loads on The Highrise Structures

Vertical Loads

 Dead loads arise from the weigh to the individual construction elements and
the finishing loads.
 Live loads are dependent on use depending on the number of stories; live loads can
be reduced for load transfer and the dimensioning of vertical load-bearing elements.
Horizontal Loads

 It generally arises from unexpected deflections, wind and earthquake loads

2.7 Type of High-Rise Structure

Figure 7Rigid frame structure Figure 5Flat plate and slabstructure Figure 6Core structure

Figure 8 Shear wall structure Figure 9 Out trigger structure

7
2.7.1 Structural Analysis
TYPE ANALYSIS

Core structure Eliminate columns and bracing elements

Rigid frame structure Simplicity and convenience of its rectangular

form.

Flat plate & slab structure Appropriate for hotels and apartment construction
where ceiling spaces not required.

Shear wall structure Very high in plane stiffness and strength makes
them ideally suited for bracing tall buildings.

Out trigger structure Belt trusses are often provided to distribute these
tensile and compressive forces to a large number
of exterior frame columns

Conclusion:

Rigid frame structure world be suitable for a building up to 18 stories.

2.8 CONCLUSIONS

 Road access and surrounding street pattern should be considered while designing
entrance
 Separate entries should be
provided for every user
 Main entrances should be
made prominent
 Parking should be provided both
inside and outside the building

8
 Surrounding users should be considered in determining the activities in the site
 All the services must be properly provided
 Rigid frame structure would be used.

9
 CHAPTER: 3

CASE

STUDIES

3.1 LOCAL CASE STUDY: MALL OF LAHORE

Located At Turfail Road

Architect: Nayyar Ali Dada

Total Height: 130 Feet

Total Covered Area: 47,500 Sqft

No. Of Floors: 13

Figure 10 Mall of Lahore

No. Of Basements: 3

Material Use Of Facade: Boostina Marble

Type Of Structure: Column Beam Structure

Foundation: Raft Foundation

Column Size: 2’-0”

3.1.1 Specifications:
 It is a mix use, multiple story buildings as of our requirements.
 Fire exit stair case with extinguishing system.
 Every shop with its own meter and electricity prepaid system.
 Sufficient parking in 3 basement and well distribution areas.
 Composite concrete column steel beam structural system.
 Have well distributed areas for every functions.
 Central core system with activities in center.
 Well maintained services of fire extinguishing and security.
 Well-spaced administration block.

10
3.1.2 Security System And Fire Extinguish System:

 Walk through gates at every entrance of mall

 127 indoor cameras
 Only one outdoor moving camera (100 feet
distance can be covered and 8x zoom)
 Five night vision cameras, 10 days backup data
 Control room, HR room, Data room (basement 2)
 Water collection at 18 feet deep firefighting tank
Figure 11 Interior view, Mall of
 Basement 1 and Basement 2 have water sprinkles Lahore
 Each sprinkle is 15’ away from the other, when
temperature raises the glass stopper in sprinkles burst and water starts to sprinkle
 All other story has manual fire extinguishers
 Two foam firefighting machines are available (synthetic oil mixed with water to
make foam to reduce fire)

3.1.3 Generators And Ahu Unit:

 In case of load shedding the backup generators are used. There are 3 generators, 2
of them of 1750 KVA and one is 1000KVA, which are in basement
 Generators are cooled down by 2 cooling tower installed on the roof top.
 Building has three centrifugal chillers and
air handling units. The waste heat of
chillers is exhausted by the help of 4
cooling towers.
 Room of AHU has a operator panels and
variable frequency devices. Clear height of
room is 18’ and dimension is 20’ x 25’. The
chiller is placed in basement. Figure 12 Services in Mall

3.1.4 Solar System And Hot Water System:

 The solar system is installed on the roof top for heating water, which are almost 140
solar panels installed on roof top.
 There are three storage tanks for hot water.

11
3.2 INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDY: KOHINOOR SQUARE, MUMBAI

Mumbai. 2009-15

Architect: SSA Architects,

Mumbai Client: The Kohinoor

Group Program: Mixed-Use

Plot Area: 18,615 sq.

Floor Area: 50,000 sq. Figure 13Kohinoor square,

Mumbai

Office Height: 203

meters Main building.142

meters Residence

Building

Figure 14 Vertical Zoning, Kohinoor Square

Floor counts: 52 stories, 32 stories

Parking -3500

3.2.1 ANALYSIS

The Central Core is surrounded by the office spaces and refuge areas (at 24 meter of height)
There are segregated office spaces from 2nd to 24th floor with toilets to each office and a
common toilet also provided on all these floors Refuge Floors At 11th floor the first refuge
floor is provided DCR RULE In case of high-rise bldg. more than 30 m then first refuge floor
shall be provided at 24 m or first habitable floor whichever is higher. Thereafter at every
seventh habitable floor.

3.2.2 Central core (Office tower)

• Lobbies of 6 Lifts serving levels 25th to 39th

12
 Figure 15 Plans , Kohinoor Square

• Spaces between the lifts where a lift lobby is not provided are used as toilets with dust
at either side: 2 lifts from this pack of 6 are assessable to lower floors as well
• 1 lobby of 4 lifts serving levels 1st to 24th
• There is a lift bank at 24th floor.
• services lifts travelling Throughout building
• Staircases are also placed in the core.
3.2.3 Commercial Tower

• The first five floors of the main building are used for a high-end shopping mall and
the remaining 47 floors of the main building is utilized for a commercial office and five-
star hotel.
• The main building is crowned by five-star hotel on top 3 floor.
• There is segregated office space from 6th to 14 floors with toilets to each office and
common toilets also provided on all these floors. The Central Core is surrounded by the
office spaces and refuge areas at 24 meters of height.

12

Figure 16Breakout spaces and garden

3.3 CONCLUSIONS

• Entrances should be separate

for apartments, offices and
shopping mall.
• Lifts should be separated for each
activity.
• Water sprinkle, smoke sensor and
alarm systems are necessary.
• 1:8 ramp in parking with
efficient working of exhaust
• Garbage shoots should be
provided
• Access of emergency exits on
each floor for sever conditions
• There should be automatic
sprinkles on every storey
• Cameras should cover every corridor
well enough.

13
 CHAPTER: 4

PRIMARY ASPECT – 2

MALL

4.1 Shopping Mall Definition

The word shopping mall is made up of two words; shopping and mall. Shopping can be
defined as the activity that involves the exchange of goods and services for money.
According to Kuria (1975), it is looking at, pricing and buying merchandise displayed for
sale. It is an activity that involves a seller and a buyer. A mall is a public space set aside for
the public to walk. It is a major street used by the public for shopping and recreational
activities.

Combining the two words, a shopping mall can therefore be defined as a building or set of
buildings that provide walkways for the public to walk from one unit to another within the

Figure 17:: Various components of a shopping mall. Shopping Malls in Nairobi

Source; IDECK (2010)

same building/set of buildings as they go about their business of exchanging goods and
services for money.

4.2 Pattern Classifications

Several basic design patterns have emerged during the evolution of the shopping center.
Basic design patterns include the following:

14
• L - Shaped Center- The L - shaped center is a spin-off from the straight strip center and
the anchor tenants are usually located at each end of the L.

• U - Shaped Center - is another spin-off from the straight strip center and is formed by a line
of stores at right angles to each end of the strip. Because they are larger, U - shaped centers
often serve entire communities and can have as many as three key tenants - one at each end
of the U, with the major anchor store in the middle of the strip.

• Cluster - Design - form a rectangle bounded by parking facilities on all four sides. The
anchor store usually occupies one side of the rectangle and extends from the periphery to
the center of the cluster. Cluster - design centers may be open or enclosed and may serve a
local community or a region, depending on Size.

• T - Design or Triangle - centers can accommodate three anchor stores. Bothpatterns

provide for parking on all sides and can be either open or enclosed areas. They may serve
a community or an entire region.

• Dumbbell or Double Dumbbell - patterns are utilized in regional shopping centers.

Basically this pattern consists of two strips of stores that face each other along a mall, with
an anchor tenant at each end and parking on all four sides. The double - dumbbell center
accommodates four key tenants. One dumbbell runs longitudinally and the other latitudinal.
The malls for each dumbbell segment meet to form a central court. Dumbbell centers can be
either single - level or multi - level, open or enclosed.

4.3 Factors affecting the success of Shopping Mall

The basic idea of shopping malls is to conduct a business and earn some profit while doing it.
When it comes to success, there can be numerous factors affecting it in the context of
Shopping Malls.But architectural success is a different thing. It is within the scope of the
architect to exploredifferent design phenomenon to create a design that is architecturally a
success. This chapter will look at the effect of the following design phenomenon to the
architectural success of shopping malls.

 Context of the shopping mall

 Circulation in the shopping malls
 Recreational facilities provided in the shopping malls

15
  Parking in the shopping malls

4.3.1 Context of Shopping Mall

The context of a shopping mall is very important and should be considered in the design of any
shopping mall. It is the factor that determines how shoppers and other patrons relate with the
mall in question, and how the mall fits into the environment in which it is designed for,
thereby avoiding architectural misfits in the given environment. To be considered include
climatic, cultural and historic contexts for the design of any mall to be considered as
successful. It is evident from the various background studies that for any shopping mall
design to be considered architecturally successful (and for any design of any built type for
that matter), context has to play a role in the design of that mall. The architect/designer has to
have the context of the site in his mind throughout the design process or else the design will
seem foreign, which will definitely work against the architectural success of the mall.

Shopping malls are designed to serve the communities around them. They are, as earlier
established, centres from whence communities living around get recreation as well as
shopping and sometimes even work therein. Thus, they need to reflect on the values and
beliefs of the communities not only in their function, but in their design as well.

Figure 18: The Ala Moana Shopping Centerects |Source: Shutter stock

Sahabuddin (2011) explores the importance of context in contemporary architectural design. In

his paper, “How Important is Context in Contemporary Architectural Design?” he

16
concludes that...response to the surrounding context is very important because it determines
the architectural success of a building’s design.

By responding to the context, the designer creates communication channels between

buildings and the people around them. Sometimes people will appreciate the architecture of a
building if the designer appreciates their cultural and aesthetic values. This goes to show that,
a shopping mall design should strive as much as possible to reflect and respond to the
environmental and cultural aspects of the region or location it is intended for. The users of
the shopping mall should be able to connect with the mall as they shop or get entertained
therein.

4.3.2 Circulation in a Shopping Mall

Shopping malls attract huge throngs of people. They need to move freely both horizontally
and vertically within and without the mall. This is necessary so as to enhance comfort and a
feel of safety as one is going about
their business inside the shopping
mall. Such factors like window
shopping inside the malls make it
necessary to take care to
accommodate the window shoppers
without blocking the paths for those
that use the

Figure 19: Circulation pattern.| Source; Report by Sumaiya

sartvasiy

circulation spaces as connections from one point of the mall to another. If this is not done,
the window shopper is not comfortable when doing his/her window shopping in a squeezed
space, while at the same time the passer by feels that the path is too tight. These are some of
the negative factors that might keep away patrons off some shopping malls, but bring them
back over and over again to others.

17
4.3.2.1 Major Factors

Lee and Johnson (2005) look at the implications of shopping behaviours in retail design.
They recommend five factors that are of utmost importance in the thinking out and design of
any retail space. Three of these factors are under circulation within the shopping mall. They
are:-

a) Transition Zone – This is the area where the customers slow down their pace to look at
merchandise on display in the store. It is where they make the change from being outside the
store to being inside. According to Underhill (1999), it is “the shopper’s landing strip.” The
size of the store determines the size of the transition space. A large store, like a shopping
mall need not worry much about this area, display in this area most often than not goes to
waste since it is not seen by the shopper. For a small store however, this space should be kept
at minimal. An example of this is the introduction of a horizontal barrier that also acts as a
display area. This slows down the shopper, and they get to look at the merchandise on
display, before deciding where to go within the store.

b) The Butt-Brush Effect – Each customer has personal space, one that when invaded
makes the shopper feel uncomfortable. When one is bumped or jostled, they become irritated
and more often than not leave without purchasing what they came for. Underhill (1999)
notes that, “irritated shoppers do not tarry; in fact, they frequently leave before purchasing
what they came for”. Thus, enough manoeuvring room for customers should be created. This
eliminates or reduces the butt-brush effect, making the shoppers more comfortable and thus
more likely to make purchases. This is mostly achieved by the use of wide walkways and
aisles .

Figure 20: Wide walkways to

accommodate window shoppers and
normal traffic flow.;

18
c) Chevroning – According to Underhill (1999), a store designer should strive to
maximize the customer’s views of the merchandise on display. He suggests the idea of
chevroning, which is basically tilting the display racks and shelves at an angle, such that
they are not in the traditional 90 angle .

This ensures that more of what is on the shelf is visible to the

shopper at a given time. The only disadvantage of this mode
of display is that it uses up more space. Only at most 80% of
what can be displayed traditionally using the 90 method can
be displayed when chevroning is done. The other two, though
not part of circulation are also important in the success of any
retail space. Circulation to and from them should also be

Figure 21: Top, Shelves arranged in 90

o resulting in less visibility of
merchandise. Bottom, shelves tilted at an
angle (chevroning) resulting in more
merchandise visibility . Source; shopping
mall nairobi , 2013
clear. They should be easy to find within the store, and this makes them more or less part of
this analysis on circulation. They are:-

a) Seating Area–Seating in a store makes the customers feel that the store cares for them. In
fact, according to Underhill (1999), “a chair says: we care”. Seating should be provided in
strategic areas for shoppers to rest, wait for their partners, watch the merchandise on
display, watch how other customers are treated by the staff and also watch how others shop.
This makes shopping a social activity.

b) Dressing Rooms – Enough thought should be put into the design

and location of these facilities. They should be well furnished with
mirrors and hooks for shopper’s clothes and also easy to find. The
longer a customer takes before finding a dressing room, the less likely
they will make a purchase. These facilities should also be placed in
areas where they do not infringe on other shoppers privacy e.g. near
women lingerie. All in all, enough thought should be put into any
issue that pertains to signage, display, store layout, fixturing etc. This

Figure 22Dressing Room.|

Source; Google
19
makes the space within to be comfortable thus keeping the shoppers within for longer
durations and this leads to them making more purchases.

4.3.3 Parking in a Shopping Mall

Another factor that affects the success and the functionality of a shopping mall is its parking.
This is the first and the last impression, since the shoppers who arrive with vehicles access it
first and last. This means that if the parking of a certain mall is not well worked out to deal
with the volume of vehicular flow that visits the mall, both in size and layout, then chances of
a shopper revisiting the mall are slim. The position of the parking lot also serves a lot in
enhancing the performance of the mall.

Figure 23: The SM City North EDSA, in Quezon City, Philippines, is one of
the largest malls in the world. Source: Shutterstock.com

4.3.4 Recreational Facilities in a Shopping Mall

As much as shopping is a recreational activity in itself to some people, most people don't
consider shopping a recreational activity. They shop when they need to, and what is bought in
most cases is strictly what is needed. Recreational facilities act positively in attracting many

20
people to shopping malls. These facilities range from diners, movie halls, sports to gaming
electronically. It has already been established that a successful shopping mall should not only
focus on leasing spaces to shops, but also to create recreational spaces which in themselves
are also a source of revenue to the shopping mall investors. Different shopping malls have
created different recreational activities within their premises. All of them however have one
or more diners and cafes, which means that this is of importance. Diners/cafeterias allow for
shoppers to relax after/within their shopping activities and have meals/drinks at the same
premises. In fact, many people visit malls for these recreational activities only. They also
ensure that people of a wider age bracket are taken care of, from children to adults. This
turns visits to shopping malls into exciting endeavors for all.

4.4 Distribution of spaces

4.4.1 Vertical Distribution

Public zones are placed above to increase exposure through
retail zones. Major distribution of spaces vertically in a mall is:

Figure 24 Vertical Distribution

4.4.2 Horizontal Distribution

Retail spaces are intended to place around the public zone to
increase shop value and its exposure to the public spaces. Major
distribution of spaces horizontally in a mall is:

Figure 25Horizontal Distribution

4.4 ACTIVITY ANALYSIS

4.4.1 PRIMARY ACTIVITIES

ADMINISTRATION
Administrating the mall

The management of the complex as a whole along with the maintenance of the services. The
director of the building will make sure that the management of the building will run smoothly
and try to minimize any problem that deals with the management of the building as a whole.
21
THE MALL
Walking through the shopping mall

Before the shoppers enter the individual shops. They will have to use the pedestrian walk in
the mall. They, indirectly will become a part of the activities that are taking place within the
mall. The movement of the people will be different depending on the the kinds of activities
that are happening in the mall. Sometimes it is really a fatigue experience for the customer to
walk around the mall especially when they experience a long and monotonous pedestrian
walk.

RETAIL AREAS
Buying and selling

These activities are as an experience which should provide fun which in turn provide profits.
There are customers who already decide what they going to buy and there are those who
decide to buy the merchandise just on the spur of the moment. The customers might be
attracted to the merchandise that are on displays and want to buy it.

RESTAURANT/CAFETERIA
Eating and Drinking
Some of the customers and other people might decide to have their meal in the restaurants
which are provided in the mall for their convenience. They might have their meal in a formal
dining areas or in fast-food cafeteria.

4.4.2 SECONDARY ACTIVITIES

ADMINISTRATION
1. Receptioning the guests.

2. Waiting to meet the director or others.

3. Walking to the office.

4. Working to manage the mall.

5. Group meeting.

6. Talking with each other.

22
 7. Typing the materials.

8. Eating and Drinking during the break.

9. Relaxing and Resting during the break.

THE MALL
1. Arriving and departing from the shopping mall.

2. Entering the mall.

3. Talking with each other.

4. Laughing.

5. Watching and observing what is happening in the mall.

6. Seeing what is in the mall,

7. Sitting, resting and relaxing at the court after walking within the mall.

8. Waiting for someone.

9. Listening to the music that is played in the mall.

10. Meeting with someone.

11. Socializing.

RETAIL AREAS
1. Entering the individual shop.

2. Walking through the shop.

3. Trying the merchandise.

4. Wrapping the merchandise.

5. Talking to each other.

6. Laughing.

7. Searching the merchandise asked by the customers.

23
 8. Labeling the merchandise.

9. Organizing and arranging the merchandise.

10. Scrutinizing the merchandise.

11. Paying the merchandise.

12. Decorating the shop

RESTAURANT/CAFETERIA
Some of the customer might decide to have their meal after they go shopping or while they are in
the middle of their shopping, Restaurant and cafeteria are available in the mall, so they can
go directly to these areas without going to other places outside from the mall. They can
continue their shopping after they eat or drink. In the restaurants, they have more formal
dining areas compared to the cafeteria which serve fast-foods. Below are some activities that
are taking place in the dining areas, cafeteria, and the kitchen

1. Entering the restaurant or the cafeteria.

2. Walking to the eating table.

3. Sitting around the eating table.

4. Deciding what to eat and drink.

5. Waiting for the food to be served.

6. Serving the food.

7. Talking to each other.

8. Laughing.

9. Meeting someone,

10. Paying the bill.

11. Preparing the food.

12. Trash handling,

24
 13. Cooking the food,

14. Tasting the food,

15. Storing the food,

16. Cleaning the table

1.14 Conclusion
After studying the behavior of a shopper in retail environment and drawing conclusions from the
literature studies I have found that although there can be lot of factors influencing the overall
success of a mall, but as an architect, there are a few things that should always be kept in
mind while designing a mall. Some of which are:

• The circulation should be designed in accordance with the natural movement of the
shopper rather than guiding the pedestrians through design as shopping centers
which tend to do so a generally found to be less
convenient and successful.
• The layout of the mall should be simple, easy
to understand and comfortable as shoppers
who are confused and uneasy generally spend
less
• The corridors and common spaces should be
designed in a way that the people using it
should be able to notice the stores around it
and also their merchandise on display as this
invites more people in the store.
• The entry/exit, parking, etc. are places where
the concentration of people is high and they
can experience some problems due to crowd.
This means that their chances of visiting
again reduces. Hence, these spaces should
be properly planned.

25
 CHAPTER 5

OFFICE

A location, usually a building or portion of a building, where a company conducts its business. A
company can have just one office, known as its home office, or a main office and a variety of
field offices or branch offices which people work at a disk doing busin
ess or professional activates it also a place to meet clients

5.1 TYPE OF OFFICES:

Cellular office:
o Autonomous, focused work
Confidential meetings

Combination office: Figure 27 Cellular office

o Focused work; Communication in the
central zone
o Transparency: Visual contact possible
thanks to central break-out area For frequent
shifts between focused individual work and
more communicative project or team work

Figure 26Combination office

Team office:
•High flexibility
•Mix of office types
•Team building and organization
•Project work
•Concentration
•Communications
Figure 28 Team office
Open Space Office:
•Efficient use of space
•Flexibility in open-plan application scenarios
*Openness and exchange of knowledge
•Communications
•Quality of interaction

Figure 29 Open Space office

26
 CHAPTER 6

CASE

STUDIES

6.1 LOCAL CASE STUDY

EMPORIUM Mall

◾ Location: 16M Abdul Haque Rd, near

to Lahore expo centre at Johar town

◾ Opening Date: 30 June 2016

◾ Total Floors : 11-storey building

◾ Total Area: 2.7 million square feet.

Figure 30 Emporium Mall

◾ CFA: 1.8 million sq.ft

◾ Building Type: Mix-use building

◾ Architecture Firm: Aedas

◾ Architect: AHR

6.1.1 History
 The mall's architecture was developed by AHR Architects, an international
architectural firm and AHR Ali Naqvi Architects Local Architectural Firm.
 In late 2012 or early 2013, Aedas was appointed to design the mall's architecture with
cinemas, food courts, a hotel, retail space and wedding facilities, with construction
expected to start in March 2013.

5.1.2 Facilities
 Food court with 30 outlets/restaurants and a seating capacity of up to 2200 seats.
 Vast and spacious Super Market (Hyperstore- run by Carrefour).
 More than 200 international and local stores are arranged along levels of pedestrian

27

Figure 32 Interior view (Emporium Mall) Figure 31 Interior view2 (Emporium Mall)
 walkways
 60000 square feet play zone

 110-Room 4 star hotel

 4000 capacity Banquet halls

 Three-story parking ramps underneath the mall, with capacity to hold 2000 cars.

 Solar panels for back-up power

6.1.3 Exterior
 The exterior is designed in grey with a hint of
blue adorned with vertical yellow and white
Figure 33Exterior view
lights that glow as if imitating rainfdrops or
a water fall.
 Glass work glazing from bottom to top of the mall at all entrances.
 Designed steel pipes which used as supporting structure for the glazing system.
Fenestration:
 Arrangement and proportioning of windows is very delicate and sensitive.
 Full glass glazing is used where light is required and small openings are used
where natural light is not an issue.
 Also, the combination of both enhances the overall exterior of the building.

6.1.4 Interior
 The vernacular architecture offers a calm interior with pockets of courtyards
creating pools of indirect light.
 Light filled communal
spaces. Finishes:
 Tiles: ceramic, vitrified, quarry, mosaics, terracotta.
 Specialized spray paint finishes
 Natural hardwood, solid or veneered.


6.2 INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDY:

MECENATPOLIS

• South Korea, Seoul

• Architect: The Jerde Partnership
28

Figure 34Mecenatpolis
 • Site area: 294613sqm
• Year: 2012
• Functioning:
• Commercial › Office Retail
• Cultural ›
• Hospitality + Sport › Restaurant Figure 35Floor Division
• Landscape + Planning › Public Park
• Residential › Multi Unit Housing
Figure 36Masterplan

6.2.1 Project features:

Mecenatpolis features three high-rise luxury residential towers and one high-rise class-A
office tower above the Jerde-designed open-air mixed-use public realm with retail, dining and
vibrant communal spaces. 90,000 square meters of retail and dining, as well as an events
auditorium and public park for recreational and cultural activities where visitors and residents
can gather and engage.

Figure 37 Floor Plans

The park will serve as an outdoor garden where sculptures from local students will be
displayed. Terraced balconies, glass bridges, landscaped roof gardens, open-air spaces,
mesmerizing water features and a grand central plaza all reinforce the idea of a fluid and
choreographed circulation system at the core of the retail complex. The high-rise towers
29
include over 160,000 square meters of luxury housing units and nearly 50,000 square meters
of creative office space.

6.2.2 Inspiration:

Aesthetically inspired by the elegant form and curve of a

natural canyon, Mecenatpolis’ design captures a free-
flowing rhythm from top to bottom. Jerde incorporated the
region’s age-old concept of a ‘unified well’ to shape the
main central plaza that is Mecenatpolis’ core gathering Figure 38 Interior view 1

area. It showcases an active water feature and an

abundance of open-air public space and restaurant seating
areas, designed to draw people into the center. There is also
an eye-catching multi-purpose hall, designed as an iconic
lantern piece with beautiful wood paneling that sits

Figure 39Interior view 2

6.3 CONCLUSION

 With greater number of services offered, is ideal for

the social gatherings and let the community to have
more freedom in matters of shopping, learning and
gatherings.
 well-lit interior should be maintained
 Architectural and design aspects of Atrium make a
space more attractive and usable
 Atrium which is a shelter courtyard inside a space
offers physical and visual connection to all activities
taking place around it.
 Floor materials should consist of soft surfaces.
Pedestrians prefer walking on soft surfaces
rather than hard surfaces
 The visual relation to the outside world is almost
never considered beyond the minimal requirements

30
for egress and exit. Skylights should be provided whenever possible.
 Malls and offices are a place where all types of people come in, all age groups,
all genders and all cultures. They should be designed to cater all.

31
 CHAPTER: 7

RSEARCH ASPECT

Rewilding the Mind

Rewilding the Mind means “to restore to a natural state.” In the natural world, things often
happen slowly and take many years to develop. For many years, humans were in tune with
the slower pace of life – especially since many people tended the land for a living. However,
in today's technological age, many people are out of touch with wildlife. I have experienced
first-hand that the excessive use of technology can be extremely stressful, reducing attention
spans and dampening moods. Having unlimited information at the touch of a button is
exhausting. We need to rewild our minds. A short walk through the woods, or whatever
green space is available to you, is all that is needed to reconnect with the wilder side of life
and slow down the overwhelming tempo of a particularly stressful day.

Walking through a quiet and natural landscape is calming. Your mind can focus on the
wonders surrounding you. It is freeing to realize that no matter how you feel, the trees will
continue to grow, the tides will still turn, and the leaves will still change color with the
seasons. There is little we can do about this. Therefore, getting out into a natural setting
allows you to relinquish control. It is a fantastic reminder that we are all part of something
much larger that ourselves, this can give young and old an invaluable perspective. Even in
our own gardens it can be tempting to strive for straight edges and neat borders. However,
we know that messy gardens with wildflowers strewn about promote biodiversity and
healthier ecosystems. We cannot control nature, and we should not try to.

Figure 40 Nature View

32
9.1 GARDEN AS A PARADISE

To Restore the mind first thing that comes in mind is a garden .The most significant
description of garden is a paradise. In fact, the Arabic word, Jannah, means "garden.
“Heaven is described in the Qur’an as a beautiful garden.

"Allah hath promised to Believers, men and women, gardens under which rivers flow, to
dwell therein, and beautiful mansions in gardens of everlasting bliss.” (9:72).

Although the word “paradise” is fundamentally subjective, the feeling associated with it is
universal. Seeing something we define as paradise causes us to feel relaxed.

9.2 Relaxation

Relaxation in psychology is the emotional state of a living being, of low tension, in which
there is an absence of arousal, particularly from negative sources such as anger, anxiety, or
fear. According to Oxford Dictionaries, relaxation is when the body and mind are free from
tension and anxiety. Relaxation prompts the brain to release endorphins, chemicals that act as
natural painkillers. This in turn works to restore our body, immune system, telomeres, etc.,
which is beneficial for both our mental and physical health.

Figure 41Relaxation

33
Evolutionarily, human brains have been encoded to associate a sense of relaxation with
objects and places that made us feel stress free. Modern day humans experience stress very
differently than did our ancestors and other mammals. Stress can come from virtually
anything and differs greatly from person to person. It is often due to factors in everyday life
ranging from traffic, to a job, to relationships; stress can also come from seemingly trivial
things.

Because stress has become such a prominent factor in modern life, and the health
consequences of stress are now well known, strategies such as psychological therapy,
meditation, drugs and more are all being employed to combat it. While there are many
conflicting opinions about which of the above methods is most effective, it is universally
agreed that reducing stress to at least some degree is possible. This is where architectural and
interior design and their positive psychological effects have become extremely relevant.

9.3 How it can be achieved?

Architectural style has evolved over time as the preferences of the general public have
changed, and as new materials and building processes have been discovered. Some styles
have been faded that have quickly come and gone, while others have stood the test of time
and been around for centuries, even influencing some modern architecture today. Buildings
that provide us with a sense of relaxation are those that integrate the architectural elements
that our brain recognizes as having similar characteristics to those locations that helped our
human ancestors to feel stress free.

Following characteristics will help in creating a relaxed environment;

9.3.1 Light

Light creates more than just visual effects (image,

shape, intensity, perception, contrast, etc.); it also
has biological and psychological effects that can
impact the health and wellbeing of humans.

When light biologically impacts us, it can

improve or disrupt our sleep, cognition and
overall wellbeing. It can improve mood and
stabilize our circadian rhythms, helping us get a Figure 42light
better and deeper nights sleep. Psychologically,
light can
decrease depression scores and even increase cognitive performance such as reaction time
34
and activation.

35
Brightness, Saturation and Hue

These are the three main qualities of light in relation to color. Brightness is the amount of
light given off by a light source, usually expressed in lumens or lux. Some studies have
shown that brighter light can intensify emotions, while low light doesn’t remove emotions,
but keeps them steady. This can lead to people having the ability to make more rational
decisions in low light and find it easier to agree with others in negotiation.

Saturation is the intensity of a color. More saturated hues can have amplifying effects on
emotions, while muted colors can dampen emotions. In art, saturation is defined on a scale
from pure color (100% [fully saturated]) to grey (0%). In lighting, a similar scale can apply.

Hue is defined as a color or shade. It’s been proven (through various studies) that
natural light can make you happier, but colors created by artificial light can also evoke
different emotions and have other effects on the body.

36
Blue/white light makes us energetic and can interrupt sleep patterns if exposed to around
bedtime due to the fact that blue light suppresses melatonin levels. Brain cells tend to be the
most sensitive to blue wavelengths and the least sensitive to red wavelengths. Blue
wavelengths can even have an impact on those who are blind when it comes to circadian
rhythms.

Red/amber light is the least likely hue of light to impact our internal clocks. Red light in the
evening can help improve mental health. This is because red light in the evening helps
increase the secretion of melatonin which leads to better sleep at night. Better sleep at night
leads to improved cognition and overall mental wellbeing.

Direction of Light

The direction of a light source can transform spaces and impact the way people feel in these
spaces. Lighting positioned above eye level can create a feeling of restraint, creating a more
formal atmosphere. On the other side, lighting positioned below eye level can provoke a
feeling of individual importance, creating a more informal atmosphere.

Natural Sunlight

“The human body thrives when the weather is warmer.

According to research, the main reason for mood
changes comes down to longer days and thus, exposure
to more light,” says Lowri Dowthwaite, a Lecturer in
Psychological Interventions at the University of Central
Lancashire.

37

Figure 43Natural sunlight

Increased hours of sunlight heighten the brain’s production of the mood-enhancing chemical
serotonin. Studies have discovered that the more sunlight we are exposed to, the more
serotonin we produce.

‘’Light is essential for our health and wellbeing. Ensuring that we receive adequate levels at
the appropriate times of day benefits our alertness, mood, productivity, sleep pattern and
many aspects of our physiology.” – Dr. Victoria Revell

Artificial light decreases levels of melatonin, a hormone that is created in the brain by the
pineal gland. Melatonin is critical for our body’s health due to its control over our circadian
rhythms.

This natural process is often referred to as our body clock. When interrupted it can impact
our mental and psychological functioning, including our ability to sleep, think clearly, timing
and release of hormones and also the regulation of blood pressure.

Continuous disruption and interruption of our circadian rhythms can increase our risk of
developing illnesses and disorders such as depression and diabetes.

9.3.2 Sounds

Different sounds can promote different moods.

 nature sounds or instrumental music are soothing background sounds

 pop or dance music can promote energy and movement

Hydrotherapy

In the case of water sounds such as waves breaking on the rocks, the drumming of a shower,
a waterfall or a babbling brook, they seem to be unparalleled in their ability to calm frazzled

37

Figure 44Hydrotherapy
nerves and they can even send us to sleep.

Scientists believe the relaxing properties may be down to what they describe as the “primal
rhythms” produced by the sounds of water. They help people to quieten an over-active mind,
regulate their breathing and recall memories of more peaceful times spent at one with nature,
such as childhood days out. This is reflected in the number of relaxation CDs on the market
that use the sounds of water as therapy.

Water sounds, such as that gurgling brook or a steady waterfall, tended to be the most
effective at improving positive affect (the psychological term for a more positive outlook or
disposition and the experience of joy and interest), while bird sounds were best for lowering
stress.

Repetitive sounds

Having the opposite effect to relaxing water sounds, some other well-liked sounds appear to
be more of a pick-me-up. These include crunching dry autumn leaves underfoot, walking on
gravel and walking on hard-packed snow. We like them because they have more of a staccato
rhythm and this means they invigorate our brain – rather than lulling us into a relaxed state
and making us sleepy.

9.3.3 Colors

Choose a color palette that works for you.

 cool colors can be both soothing and energizing

 colors found in nature can be very grounding and peaceful

Colors and emotions are closely linked. Warm colors can evoke different emotions than cool
colors and bright colors can create different feelings than muted colors. It all depends on
how the psychological effects of color are being used.

38
Every color creates different emotions and feelings.

Figure 45 Colours

Colors can make us feel happy or sad, and they can make us feel hungry or relaxed. These
reactions are rooted in psychological effects, biological conditioning and cultural
imprinting.That’s why it’s important to understand the psychological effects colors might
have on an average person as well as the fundamentals of color theory and the meanings of
colors.

Colors and emotions

The way different colors can affect emotions depends largely on a color’s brightness, shade,
tint or tone and whether it’s cool or warm toned.

Warm colors

Red, orange and yellow are next to each other on the wheel and are all warm colors. Warm
colors often evoke feelings of happiness, optimism and energy. However, yellow, red and
orange can also have an attention grabbing effect and signal danger or make you take action
(think stop signs, hazard warnings and barrier tape). Red can also increase a person’s
appetite.

Cool colors

Cool colors include green, blue, and purple. Cool colors are usually calming and soothing but
can also express sadness. Purple is often used to help spark creativity as it’s a mixture of blue
(calm) and red (intense). If a company wants to display health, beauty or security, incorporate
these colors.

Happy colors
39
Happy colors are bright, warm colors like yellow, orange, pink and red. Pastel colors like
peach, light pink or lilac can also have an uplifting effect on your mood. The brighter and
lighter a color, the more happy and optimistic it will make you feel. Another way colors can
create happy emotions is by combining multiple primary and secondary colors together for a
youthful, colorful effect.

Calming colors

Cool colors like blue and green can make you feel calm. Pastel colors and particularly cool
toned pastels like baby blue, lilac and mint have a calming and relaxing effect. Neutrals like
white, beige and grey can also make you feel calm. The fewer colors you combine and the
more simple and pared back a design is, the more calming it will feel.

Energizing colors

Strong, bright colors and neon colors can have a powerful effect on emotions. Colors like
bright red, bright yellow and neon green can feel energizing and make you feel more alert,
but can also be irritating on the eyes. These colors will grab your attention and stand out
from their surroundings. Highly pigmented, strong colors like royal blue, turquoise, magenta
and emerald green can also have a stimulating effect and make you feel refreshed and
energized.

How colors make you feel:

Red: Red makes you feel passionate and energized. Red is the warmest and most dynamic of
the colors—it triggers opposing emotions. It is often associated with passion and love as
well as anger and danger. It can increase a person’s heart rate and make them excited.

If you want to draw attention to a design element, use red. But use it as an accent color in
moderation as it can be overwhelming.

Yellow: Yellow makes you feel happy and spontaneous. Yellow is perhaps the most
energetic of the warm colors. It is associated with laughter, hope and sunshine. Accents of
yellow help give your design energy and will make the viewer feel optimistic and cheerful.
However, yellow tends to reflect more light and can irritate a person’s eyes. Too much
yellow can be overwhelming and should be used sparingly. In design, it is often used to grab
attention in an energetic and comforting way.

Green: Green makes you feel optimistic and refreshed. Green symbolizes health, new
beginnings and wealth. Green is the easiest on the eyes and should be used to relax and create
balance in a design. It is a great color to use if a company wants to depict growth, security or
inspire possibility. Green can also feel calming and relaxing.
40
Blue: Blue makes you feel safe and relaxed. Blue evokes feelings of calmness and
spirituality as well as security and trust. Seeing the color blue causes the body to create
chemicals that are calming. It is no surprise that it’s the most favored of the colors. Dark
blues are great for corporate designs because it helps give a professional feel, but using too
much can create a cold, disengaged feeling. Light blues give a more relaxing, friendly feel.
Great examples are social sites like Facebook and Twitter who use lighter blues.

Brown: Brown makes you feel down to earth.Brown creates a sense of stability and support.
It’s warm and friendly, practical and dependable, and can also represent the old fashioned
and well established.

White: White means minimalism and simplicity. Using a lot of white color in design creates
a minimalist aesthetic and can result a simple, fresh and clean look.In many cultures, white is
used to refer to virginity, purity and innocence (think bridal gowns and baby clothes). It’s
also the most neutral color of all.

9.3.4 Smells

Researchers have proven that it is possible to sniff your way to bliss. The human nose is
packed with millions of receptors that send information to the parts of our brain that process
emotion and learning. It’s why smell can often times be more evocative of a memory than
any of our other senses.

Lavender:

This earthy and fragrant aroma is

regularly used in aromatherapy, and
there’s no surprise why: Studies have
found that lavender can reduce
anxiety and depression, and leave you
feeling more relaxed, according to
WebMD.

Figure 46 Smell,Lavendar

9.3.5 Nature and the environment

Thus far, we have discussed some of the many characteristics of architecture that effect our
mental, emotion, and psychological well-being and why. There is another

41
crucial element that, when absent, has the ability to completely derail the effectiveness of
even good architectural design: nature and
the environment.

Human behavior, to a significant extent, is

determined by the environment in which it
takes place and the resources that exist
within that environment. Furthermore, a
human’s response to environmental stimuli
has been shown to be dependent upon
several factors including: a) the landscape
and its complexity, novelty, and patterning;
and b) the individual and their past Figure 47Connection with nature

environmental experiences, the amount

of
time they have spent in an environment, their ability to appoint structure on the
environmental landscape, their personality traits, and their sensory associations with the
environment.

Being in nature, or even viewing scenes of nature, reduces anger, fear, and stress and
increases pleasant feelings. Exposure to nature not only makes you feel better emotionally, it
contributes to your physical wellbeing, reducing blood pressure, heart rate, muscle tension,
and the production of stress hormones. It may even reduce mortality, according to scientists
such as public health researchers Stamatakis and Mitchell.

9.4 CONCLUSIONS

• With health problems such as stress

induced heart attacks and obesity, high blood
pressure, depression, anxiety, etc., increasingly
plaguing the modern world, employing
architectural design that doesn't take advantage
of elements known to produce psychological and
restorative benefits is no longer an option

• Connection with nature should be created

in different areas of project

42
 CHAPTER: 10

CASE STUDIES

10.1 Bosco Verticale

Milan, Italy

 Architects: Boeri studio

 Year: 2014

10.1.1 Project features:

The first example of a ‘Vertical Forest’ (il Bosco Verticale)
was inaugurated in October 2014 in Milan in the Porta
Nuova Isola area, as part of a wider renovation project led
by Hines Italia.

It hosts 480 large and medium trees, 300 small trees,

Figure 48 Bosco Verticale
11,000 perennial and covering plants and 5,000 shrubs. The
equivalent - over an urban surface of 1,500 m2 – of
20,000 m2 of forest and undergrowth.

10.1.2 Architectural features:

Milan’s Vertical Forest consists of two towers of 80
and 112 metres. The Vertical Forest is an architectural
concept which replaces traditional materials on urban
surfaces using the changing polychromy of leaves for
its walls. The biological architecture relies on a screen
of vegetation, needing to create Figure 49Plans, Bocco verticale
a suitable microclimate and filter
sunlight, and rejecting the narrow technological and
mechanical approach to environmental sustainability.

10.1.3 Key points of vertical forest

Mitigation;
The Vertical Forest helps to build a microclimate and to filter
fine particles contained in the urban environment. The
diversity of plants helps to develop the microclimate which
produces humidity, absorbs CO2 and particles, produces
oxygen, and protects against radiation and noise pollution. Figure 50Mitigation

43
Biological Habitats:
The Vertical Forest
increases biodiversity. It
promotes the formation
of an urban ecosystem
where various plant
types create a separate
vertical environment, but
which works within the
existing network, able to
be inhabited by birds and
insects (with an initial
estimate of 1,600
specimens of birds and
butterflies). In this way, Figure 51Biological Habitat
it constitutes a
spontaneous factor for repopulating the city’s flora and faun

Changing façades:
The Vertical Forest is an ever-evolving landmark of
the city, whose colors change depending on the
season and the different natures of the plants used.
This offers Milan’s population an ever-changing
view of the city.

Figure 52Changing Facade

44
10.2 Case study 2
KM.8 BANGKAEW, THAILAND

Architects: landscape

collaboration Area: 5800 m²

Year: 2018

10.2.1 Project features:

Figure 53KM
Contains an enjoyable landscape courtyard with a
relaxing amphitheater and experiential boardwalk that brings visitors
into a vibrant F&B commercial space and through interactive
landscape features within a comfortable micro-climate. The
microclimate within Mega Food walk is controlled by the integration
of landscape design and innovative engineering resulting in a Figure 54Mega Food Walk
waterscape that is a successful catalyst of activities, where adults can
enjoy the atmosphere while children line up for the interactive water
features.

10.2.2 Cooling techniques

The water features are also used as a cooling system by circulating
cold water generated from solar-powered chillers. The cool water
flows along various features in the landscape, as the changing
physical form of meandering flows, ripples, and cascades of water
deliver unique forms Figure 55Wooden pathway,
of water splash and Megawalk

an evaporative
cooling effect at
each bend. In
addition, concealed
jet fans create a
breezy airflow which
distributes cool
moisture from the
water features’
surface. An
integrated cooling
system provides
additional benefits to
the space by
Figure 56Concept diagram 45
controlling the humidity and
temperature at an ideal
temperature for growth of a
softscape.

10.2.3 Experiential
design features
User-based landscape design
creates a new way to
experience both the
landscape and shops that are
located at different levels.
The lower level is dropped
to create a sunken plaza
space

Figure 57Matserplan , Mega Foodwalk

for various events.

Amphitheater seating with genuine wood finish provides cozy spectator seating throughout
the day and night, but more importantly, serves as generous crowd access to the lower level
plaza from the higher main entrance level of the mall. The pathways are friendly to all users
with gentle slopes that are handicap accessible. The experiential boardwalk that floats above
the water features and traverses through the forest green is intersected by crossing granite
stone pathways.

A major highlight of interactive design can be seen with the

water levers made of stainless steel. The handles of the
levers were specifically designed for users to feel the cool
rush of water carried through the thermally conductive pipes.
The landscape for Mega Food Walk attracts its visitors
throughout the site, including the dancing fountain plaza at
one terminus of the site extension. The expansion zone
represents a marrying of different disciplines to create a Figure 59Nature Connection
unique commercial
experience that
engages at nearly
every corner and
path.
 46

Figure 58Conceptual Diagram

10.3 CONCLUSIONS
• Create spaces that will give a relaxing experience
• Seating facilities to be provided in places where they can experience the surrounding
environment peacefully
• Connection with nature should be maintained in corridors
• Water should be used in a place where people can connect with it Natural foliage
can be used to filter air and noise pollution

47
 CHAPTER: 11

SITE

11.1 Criteria:
• Easily accessible to different social groups
• Accessible to major roads
• Not close to direct competitor
• Located in Commercial hub
• Clear views so that it can become a landmark
11.2 SITE ANALYSIS
11.2.1 Location in state

PUNJAB

Site is located in Lahore, Pakistan.

11.2.2 Location of the neighborhood in the city

48
 11.2.3 Distance and travel times between site and related locations

11.2.4 Location of the site in neighborhood

Site is surrounded by a number of societies i.e. Valencia, Bahria Town, Dream Gardens, LDA,
wapda town, lake city Fazia Housing Society, DHA Rehbar Phase 1and 2, Dream Avenue,
Woodland villas, Green Acres, Eden lane villas, Gul Nishan and Halloki Gardens in a 5km
of radius.

49
11.2.5 Neighborhood context

11.2.6 Size and Zoning

Boundaries and site area

50
Street dimensions and right of way

11.2.7 Legal

Site is owned by The Government of Pakistan.

11.2.8 Natural and physial features

Site is 5 feet below road level.

51
11.2.9 Surface drainage pattern

11.2.10 Vegetation

52
11.2.11 Manmade features

11.2.12 Circulation
No pedestrian circulation observed.

Pine avenue and defense road majorly used for accesssing ring road and nearby societies.

 Street average count of vehicles is 5400 per hour

53
  Peak hours are 8-9am and 5-7pm

 Traffic will become heavier with comletion of maall and consructon of neighbouhood
building.

1.2.13 Utilities

11.2.14 Sensory

Views to the site

54
Views from the site

Views through the site

55
11.2.14 Noise and airborne pollution

11.2.15 Human and cultural

56
11.2.15 CLIMATE

Temperature

57
Precipitation

Daily Chance of Precipitation in Lahore

RAINFALL

Average Monthly Rainfall in Lahore

Humidity

Humidity Comfort Levels in Lahore

58
Wind
Average Wind Speed in Lahore

59
 11.3 DESIGN COSIDERATIONS

1. The arrangement should establish strong

pedestrian flows which will allow customers
to pass along all the retail frontages

2. The layout of the mall should be simple, easy to understand and comfortable
as shoppers who are confused and uneasy generally
spend less

3. Separate entrance to be provided at each sides

for vehicular and public movement

4. Various public zones will be constructed,

each with its own hierarchy, to encourage
greater activity and visibility across the mall.

5. Services to be placed where it has better

accessibility form the site surrounding and
has least impact in creating image of the mall.

6. The circulation should be designed in

accordance with the natural movement of

60
the

61
shopper rather than guiding the pedestrians through design as shopping centers which
tend to do so a generally found to be less convenient and successful.

7. The corridors and common spaces

should be designed in a way that
the people using it should be able to
notice the stores around it and also
their merchandise on display as this
invites more people in the store.

8. The entry/exit, parking, etc. are

places where the concentration of people is high and they can experience some problems
due to crowd. This means that their chances of
visiting again reduces. Hence, these spaces should be
properly planned.

9. Security services to be incorporated in plan

10. Creating spaces that give a relaing experience

11. Visual connection should be formed between spaces

12. Various seating facilities to be added

62
 CHAPTER 12 ARCHI

PROGRAM

12.1 POSSIBLE SHOPPING TENANTS

• Furniture
• Décor
• Tiles
• Hardware
• Book
• Carpets
• Lights
• Electrical appliances
• China glass and pottery
• Crafts
• Fabrics
12.2 SERVICE AND OTHER TENANTS

• Coffee shop
• Fast food shop
• Ice cream shop
• Restaurant
• Interior decorators
• Architect
• Estate agent
12.3 KIOSK TENANTS

• Tobacco
• Magazines/ papers
• Gifts
• Flower
12.4 BASIC ZONES:

These are the basic zones:

• Shopping activity
• Walkable interactive zones
• Atrium
• Offices
Additional leisure activities are
63
 • Restaurants and cafe's
• SHOPS:
• Small shops (A. class)
• Small shops (B. class)
• • Small shops (C- class)

Other facilities include:

• Public restrooms / changing rooms

• Staff areas (restrooms, changing rooms, cafe)
• Loading unloading dock.
12.5 WALKING EXPERIENCE,

The walking experience around the different activities would be generated by indoor &
outdoor Pedestrian pathways or runways. These pedestrian pathways will able to connect the
different zones with a centralized public square.

12.6 Atrium,

Atrium will able to attract a number of people from different communities and Provide a
social platform to them. It will be able to Indulge people by different interactive experiences
like sculptures, fountains, music platforms, movie premiers, outdoor

12.7 RESTAURANTS AND CAFE,

The shopping experience is not complete without an ambiance of food. Ibis Lone will
include:

• Different food courts

• Fine dining
• Popular chain restaurant
• Ethnic food chain
• Coffee lounges
• informal sitting areas
• Other facilities Include:
• Kitchen area.
• Storage areas (cold, dry)
• Staff areas.

64
 12.7 ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAM IN TABULAR FORM

12.7.1 BASIC COMPONENTS

• Administration
• Retail system
• Eating places
• Offices
• Parking

12.7.2 PUBLIC FLUX:

Assuming:

• Administration 50-60 people

• Retail Activity 2000 people

• Eating places 1000 people

• Kids zone 750 people

• Offices 500 people

MAXIMUM FLUX: 5500 PEOPLE

ADMISNITRATION:

CATEGORY UNIT SIZE -QUANTITY TOTAL AREA

SQFT
SQFT

Reception and 10 sq. ft. / person 1000

lobby

Security office 100 1 100

Director office+ 600 1 600

toilet

65
Manager Office 200 1 200

Administration 1 400
office

Finance, Marketing 3 3000

, Account

Staff lounge 10 sq. ft. / 1 500-600

person

Meeting room 500 1 500

Record room 500 1 500

Kitchen 250 1 250

Toilets 1 for 15 persons- 4 100

25sqft

Total 7250

25% circulation 1812sq. ft.

TOAL AREA 9100 sq. ft.

HYPERMART: 80,000 SQ FT

RETAIL SHOPS:

Total number of shops – 100

CATEGORY UNIT SIZE - QUANTITY TOTAL AREA

- SQFT
SQFT

C-CLASS 600 -1000 40 40,000

SHOPS

66
B-CLASS SHOPS 1000- 2000 50 50,000

A-CLASS 5000-10000 10 70,000

SHOPS

Considering:

4 salesmen - A class

3 salesmen -B class 2 salesmen -C class

CATEGORY UNIT SIZE - QUANTITY TOTAL AREA

SQFT -

SQFT

Staff Room 400 4 1600

Changing room 20 10 200

Rest room 200 2 400

Cafeteria 15/person 1 3700

Total area covered by retail system 1,65,900 sq. ft.

40% circulation 66,400 sq. ft.

TOAL AREA 2,32,300sq. ft.

EATING PLACES:

For total 1000 people

• Different food courts- one for 100 people

• Fine dining for 80 people

• Popular chain restaurant for 100 people

• Ethic food chain for 80 people

67
68
 • Coffee lounges for 30 people

• Informal sitting Areas

CATEGORY UNIT SIZE - QUANTITY TOTAL AREA

SQFT -

SQFT

Food court 18 sq. ft. / person 1 7000

Fine dining 2350 2 4700

Coffee lounges 700 3 2100

Ice cream bar 700 2 1500

Total area 15,300

40% circulation 6120 sq. ft.

TOAL AREA 21,420 sq. ft.

Atrium:

As total number of people are in the whole area 10,000 people

Peak hours having 5000 people

As there are 2 peak hours 2500 people

7 sq. ft. / person 17500 sq. ft.

KIDS AND ENTERTAINMENT ZONE:

750 x 30sqft/person = 22500 sq. ft. + 80,000sqft

OFFICES: 1,32,800 x 7= 929600 sq ft

PARKING

69
 CUSTOMERS PARKING:

Mall + Offices

Cars = 2000

Bikes 30% of cars = 600

STAFF PARKING

• RETAIL SHOPS.

Retail shop's owners reserved car spaces. 100 cars

salesmen (275), each having bike: 275 bikes

Service parking

Total number of Mazda’s: 6 Mazda’s Area for

one Mazda: 900 sq. ft.

Total area required: 5400 sq. ft.

Total covered area= 17,45,000 sq ft

70
12.8 FLOW DIAGRAM AND RELATIONSHIP CHART

• OVERALL, RELATION:

71
 BIBLIOGRAPHY:

https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/26728/59759516-MIT.pdf?sequence=2

https://issuu.com/aishwarykaushal/docs/thesis_report_on_mixed_use_skyscraper_

https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/rtf-fresh-perspectives/a1622-10-things-to-remember-
while-designing-shopping-malls/

https://www.dezeen.com/tag/shopping-centres/

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313892861_Fundamental_patterns_of_in-
store_shopper_behavior

https://www.learnreligions.com/heaven-in-the-quran-2004343

https://www.rtor.org/2018/07/26/how-light-improves-mental-health/

https://www.tcpi.com/psychological-impact-light-color/

https://99designs.com/blog/tips/how-color-impacts-emotions-and-behaviors

https://ilovegain.com/en-us/articles-section/gainiac-blogger-community/sniff-your-wayto-
bliss-5-scents-proven-to-make-you-happy

https://archive.curbed.com/2020/4/24/21230141/comfortable-relaxing-soothing-homeinterior-
design

https://www.soundplanning.co.uk/blog/sounds-make-us-smile/

https://www.everydayhealth.com/self-care/why-the-sounds-of-nature-are-so-good-forhealth-
and-wellbeing/

https://www.webmd.com/balance/ss/slideshow-what-happens-when-rela

72