1. Easy: What is the role of the console.log function in JavaScript?

Answer: console.log is used to log messages or values to the console, aiding in

debugging and understanding program flow.

2. Easy: How do you declare a variable in JavaScript using let?

Answer: let variableName = value;

3. Moderate: What is a callback function, and why is it commonly used in Node.js?

Answer: A callback function is a function passed as an argument to another

function to be executed later. In Node.js, it is used to handle asynchronous
operations.

4. Moderate: Explain the purpose of the “use strict” directive in JavaScript.

Answer: ”use strict”; enables strict mode in JavaScript, catching common

coding errors and preventing the use of certain error-prone features.

5. Moderate: What is the difference between “undefined” and “null” in

JavaScript?

Answer: undefined is a variable that has been declared but not assigned a value,
while null is an intentional absence of any object value.

6. Hard: Describe the concept of a closure in JavaScript with an example.

Answer: A closure is a function that has access to variables from its outer
(enclosing) scope even after the outer function has finished executing. Example:
Function outer() {
Let outerVar = 10;
Function inner() {
Console.log(outerVar);
}
Return inner;
}
Const closureExample = outer();
closureExample(); // Outputs: 10

7. Hard: What is a WebSocket.

Answer: WebSocket provides full-duplex communication channels over a single,

long-lived connection, enabling real-time bidirectional communication suitable
for real-time updates.

8. Hard: Explain the concept of the event loop in Node.js and how it facilitates
non-blocking I/O.

Answer: The event loop is a core concept in Node.js that continuously checks the
message queue for events. It enables asynchronous, non-blocking I/O by
executing callbacks when events (such as I/O operations) are completed, without
waiting for them to finish.

9. Hard: What is the purpose of the “this” keyword in JavaScript, and how
does it behave in arrow functions?
 Answer: this refers to the current context in JavaScript. Arrow functions do not
have their own this context; they inherit it from the surrounding code.

10. Hard: Explain the concept of promises in JavaScript and how they improve
asynchronous code readability.

Answer: Promises are objects representing the eventual completion or failure of an

asynchronous operation. They improve readability by allowing a more structured and
sequential style of handling asynchronous tasks, avoiding callback hell.

11. Easy: What is the purpose of the let keyword in JavaScript, and how does it
differ from var?

Answer: let is used to declare block-scoped variables, while var declares variables
with function scope. let is preferable as it helps avoid certain issues related to
variable hoisting.

12. Moderate: Explain the concept of middleware in the context of Express.js.

Answer: Middleware functions in Express.js have access to the request, response, and
the next middleware function. They can modify the request/response objects,
terminate the request, or call the next middleware in the stack.

13. Moderate: What is the purpose of the “prototype” in JavaScript, and how
is it used in object-oriented programming?

Answer: The “prototype” is an object from which other objects inherit properties
and methods. It is used in JavaScript’s prototypal inheritance, allowing objects to
share functionality.

14. Moderate: How does JavaScript handle variable hoisting, and why is it
important to be aware of it?

Answer: JavaScript hoists variable declarations to the top of their scope. It’s crucial
to be aware of hoisting, as variables can be used before their declaration, potentially
leading to unexpected behavior.

15. Hard: What is “synchronous” and “asynchronous” in the context of

programming.

Answer: Synchronous operations execute one at a time in a sequential order, blocking

the execution until completion. Asynchronous operations allow multiple tasks to
execute concurrently, and the program doesn’t wait for each operation to finish.

16. Hard: Explain the purpose of the “module.exports” object in Node.js, and
how is it used for exporting functions or variables.

Answer: module.exports is used to define what a module exports. It can export

functions, objects, or variables for use in other modules. For example, module.exports
= myFunction; exports a function.

17. Hard: Describe the differences between the “==” and “===”
operators in JavaScript.

Answer: == is the equality operator that performs type coercion, converting operands
to the same type before comparison. === is the strict equality operator that compares
both value and type without type coercion.
18. Hard: What is the purpose of the “map” function in JavaScript, and how
does it differ from the “forEach” function?

Answer: The “map” function creates a new array by applying a function to each
element of an existing array. It returns a new array. The “forEach” function
performs an operation on each element of an array but does not create a new array.

19. Easy: What is the purpose of the const keyword in JavaScript, and how does it
differ from let?

Answer: const is used to declare variables with block scope that cannot be reassigned.
Unlike let, the value of a const variable cannot be changed once it’s assigned.

20. Easy: How do you check the data type of a variable in JavaScript?

Answer: You can use the typeof operator to check the data type of a variable. For
example, typeof myVariable returns a string indicating the type.

21. Moderate: Explain the concept of arrow functions in JavaScript and provide an
example.

Answer: Arrow functions are a concise way to write functions in JavaScript. Example:
const add = (a, b) => a + b;

22. Moderate: What is the purpose of the “async” keyword in JavaScript, and
how does it work with the “await” keyword?

Answer: The “async” keyword is used to define asynchronous functions.

“await” is used inside async functions to pause execution until a Promise is
resolved, making asynchronous code more readable.

23. Moderate: Describe the role of the “fetch” API in making HTTP requests in
JavaScript.

Answer: The “fetch” API is used to make network requests in JavaScript. It

returns a Promise that resolves to the Response to that request, allowing you to work
with data.

24. Hard: Explain the concept of the “prototype chain” in JavaScript’s

object-oriented programming.

Answer: The prototype chain is a mechanism where objects inherit properties and
methods from their prototype. If a property or method is not found on the object,
JavaScript looks up the chain to find it in the prototype.

25. Hard: Compare and contrast the terms “hoisting” and “scope” in
JavaScript.

Answer: Hoisting is a mechanism where variable and function declarations are moved
to the top of their containing scope during the compilation phase. Scope defines the
visibility and accessibility of variables.

26. Hard: What is the purpose of the “IIFE” pattern in JavaScript, and how is
it used?

Answer: IIFE (Immediately Invoked Function Expression) is a design pattern where a

function is declared and executed immediately. It creates a private scope, preventing
 variable pollution in the global scope.

27. Hard: Explain the differences between the “splice” and “slice”
methods in JavaScript for manipulating arrays.

Answer: “splice” is used to change the contents of an array by removing or

replacing existing elements. “slice” creates a shallow copy of a portion of an
array without modifying the original array.

28. Hard: Describe the concept of “promisification” in JavaScript and why it is

useful.
Answer: Promisification is the process of converting a callback-based function
into a Promise-based function. It enhances readability and makes asynchronous
code more manageable, especially when working with Promises.