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Discursive Harms
Youth Justice and Migration
Olga Petintseva
Youth Justice
and Migration
Discursive Harms
Olga Petintseva
Department of Criminology, Criminal Law
and Social Law
Ghent University
Ghent, Belgium
This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer International
Publishing AG part of Springer Nature
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface
Ethnicity and migration on the one hand, and language on the other,
have captured my interest throughout my entire adult life. This is par-
tially due to my own biography but also linked to the existence of a
solid, critical academic tradition on these topics. The topic of youth jus-
tice came into the picture serendipitously but this social practice gradu-
ally became central because of its complexity and paradoxes. ‘In youth’s
best interests’ translates into shifting between protection, responsibili-
sation, repression and restoration. Even more than adult criminal jus-
tice, this institutional context is imbued with (self-)contradiction,
doubt and simplification, compassion and engrossment, trying to inter-
vene and letting go, trial and error; you name it. These contradictions
were sharply reflected in the daily practices towards youth who found
themselves at a crossroads in their lives: not only being adolescents, in
many cases they found themselves at the margins of society (legally,
socio-economically, and culturally). Gradually, my research focus shifted
towards the discourses produced in institutional contexts in order to
interrogate how people in these institutions understand and interpret
situations and individuals they are confronted with, how ‘difference’ is
constructed for some youth, how some are ‘deserving’ of protection and
v
vi Preface
where migration, ethnicity and culture enter these dynamics. Along the
way, I’ve walked into many blind alleys but, overall, this research was an
inspiring journey that has fuelled my academic curiosity and passion to
contribute to the existing knowledge in the field.
A number of people have supported me throughout this adventure
and made it, intellectually and personally, an enjoyable and enriching
experience.
Dennis has lovingly encouraged me more than a reasonable person
could ever expect. Not only was he supportive, patient and genuinely
interested, he has actively assisted with transcriptions, translations and
text-editing. I do not have proper words to express my love and grat-
itude, but from the bottom of my heart: I could not have done this
without you.
I have shared laughter and ‘pains of research’ with close friends and
colleagues. Heartfelt thanks to Joyce, Maarten, Veronika, Laura, Paula,
Nilay, Sarah, Julie, Marieke, Charlotte, Rita, Charles, Damian, Yarin,
Christophe, the entire ISD team, and I am certainly forgetting others.
I am sincerely grateful to the research participants. For ethical rea-
sons, I cannot disclose any names, but thanks to the numerous people
who have facilitated the access to the case files; I highly value your effi-
ciency and professionalism. Importantly, many thanks to the youth-jus-
tice professionals who have kindly participated in my research. Not only
did they invest their precious time, they entered a discussion with me
and confided in me some of their views and, at times, doubts and pains.
I have been privileged to be a part of networks of inspiring people
working on a wide array of topics from a critical criminological perspec-
tive. Important sources of inspiration and feedback were the members of
the Common Study Programme in Critical Criminology, the European
Group for the Study of Deviance and Social Control, the Cultural
Criminology Conferences, the Doctorate in Cultural and Global
Criminology, and a number of people in the Critical Criminology
Division of the American Society of Criminology; thank you!
The anonymous reviewers provided insightful and constructive com-
ments on the book proposal, and Josie Taylor and Stephanie Carey from
Palgrave made sure that the publication process went smoothly. Majid
Yar greatly assisted me with proofreading.
Preface vii
1 Introduction 1
Bibliography 9
ix
x Contents
9 Conclusions 235
Paths for Further Research 240
Bibliography 243
247
Bibliography
Index 267
Abstract
xiii
xiv Abstract
xv
xvi Prologue
the waiting room. I sit back in the small space that is not too different
from a doctor’s waiting room and get ready to kill time reading a tab-
loid that I find there. A group of 5 people walks in. They are engaged
in an interaction, which I try to disentangle without looking like a nosy
spectator.
A forty-something Slovak woman with dyed-blond hair and a purse
hanging over her bent wrist is talking to a somewhat older Belgian
woman whom I automatically categorise as a social worker. While they
all enter, the blond lady, who is clearly an interpreter, says to the social
worker: ‘Rights of the child, right?’ She seems sceptical and shrugs.
‘Well … rights and obligations, that’s a difficult affair for them,’ the
social worker answers. By ‘them’ she means Roma. They both stand
with their backs towards a thin boy, whom I estimate to be not older
than 10. Another young woman in the room is clearly nervous; she
is the boy’s mother. Within the period of 15 minutes that I spend in
the waiting room she displays a variety of behaviours: anger, concern,
she tries to calm herself and sits down. Then she tries to convince the
interpreter in Slovak that she wants to talk to the lawyer as well. The
interpreter answers that the lawyer is there for the youth, not for the
parents. She doesn’t bother to translate the request. The father seems
more relaxed, nonchalant even. Sitting down in a jogging suit with his
back against the wall, he makes a dismissing gesture towards his spouse,
seemingly telling her not to bother. Apparently, they do not under-
stand on whose side the lawyer is. The woman keeps on asking ques-
tions, the interpreter patronisingly tells her in Slovak that it is the law in
Belgium that minors have to speak to a lawyer. The social worker does
not understand the encounter and looks a bit puzzled. Via the translator
she tells the mother to try to remain calm, otherwise (pointing to the
courtroom) this gives a bad impression ‘in there’.
The boy sits quietly next to his dad. I get the feeling of impatience,
tenseness even in the entire room. The clerk from the courtroom next-
door comes to the waiting room and, pointing to his watch, says that
the judge is waiting for them. The social worker argues that the boy
has the right to see a lawyer. But aside from the parents, the boy, the
social worker, the interpreter and myself, no one is in the waiting
room. The social worker seems to be getting irritated. After a minute
Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
Planche 17.
AT H O R o u H AT H O R .
( AT H O R , AT H Y R , ATA R , A P H R O D I T E , V É N U S.)
Planche 17.2.
H AT H Ô R o u AT H Ô R .
( ATA R , AT H Y R , A P H R O D I T E , V É N U S.)
L’une des formes les plus habituelles d’Athôr, dans les peintures et bas-
reliefs d’ancien style égyptien, est celle que reproduit la planche ci-jointe.
Cette figure est tirée d’une grande scène sculptée et peinte dans le
tombeau du Pharaon Ousereï-Akenchérès Ier, douzième roi de la XVIIIe
dynastie diospolitaine, monument magnifique découvert à Thèbes par le
célèbre Belzoni. Ce tableau, gravé sur l’épaisseur d’une des portes de ce
vaste hypogée, représente, de proportion naturelle, la déesse Athôr
accueillant avec affection le monarque défunt qui, sur plusieurs autres
points de la catacombe, présente diverses offrandes à cette divinité, et en
reçoit, en retour, le signe de la vie céleste.
Dans ces diverses sculptures, la tête de la déesse est surmontée d’un
disque de couleur rouge, soutenu par deux cornes de vache peintes en
noir. Un uræus, ou serpent royal, est suspendu au disque. Mais ces
emblèmes n’appartenaient point spécialement à Athôr; on les reconnaît
aussi sur la tête d’Isis, de Selk, ils sont même placés quelquefois au-dessus
de la coiffure de la grande mère divine Neith: d’où il semble résulter que,
comme le vautour, le disque et les cornes de vache sont des insignes
exprimant une qualité générale, une attribution commune à plusieurs
déesses égyptiennes à la fois. On s’exposerait donc à de graves erreurs,
en considérant certains attributs comme trop exclusivement propres à
certaines divinités. Aussi est-il arrivé qu’on a souvent donné, sans raison,
le nom d’Isis à des images de toute autre déesse, ou de reines mortelles
empruntant les coiffures divines, par cela seul qu’on retrouvait, parmi
leurs ornements, le disque soutenu sur deux cornes de vache. La légende
hiéroglyphique inscrite à côté de ces images, peut seule, en cette
occasion, donner une pleine certitude sur le personnage figuré.
L’inscription qui accompagne la déesse gravée sur notre planche 17.3, ne
permet point de douter que ce ne soit là une véritable représentation de
la fille du soleil, de l’épouse de Phtha: elle porte en effet Hathôr rectrice de la
[254]
région supérieure du monde .
Un diadème ceint le front de cette divinité, dont les cheveux nattés
sont contenus par une bandelette de couleur rouge; de riches uræus sont
suspendus à ses oreilles; et au collier, orné d’émaux, tient un appendice
qui retombe derrière les épaules de la déesse; sur cet ornement, terminé
par une fleur épanouie, est inscrit, dans le bas-relief original, le prénom
royal du Pharaon Ousirei, suivi du titre ϩⲁⲑⲱⲣⲙⲁⲓ, chéri d’Athôr. Deux
bretelles émaillées soutiennent la tunique de couleur gris de perle, de
forme ordinaire, mais dont les ornements présentent une particularité très
curieuse. Les losanges dont elle est coupée dans l’original figurent, selon
toute apparence, un de ces filets en émaux variés, qui recouvrent les
tuniques des déesses et des reines dans les scènes peintes ou sculptées
en grand. L’intérieur de chaque losange renferme un petit groupe de
signes hiéroglyphiques; et chaque ligne horizontale de losanges contient
un même groupe de caractères. Mais si l’on interprète ces mêmes
losanges en les lisant perpendiculairement, ils renferment, d’après un
dessin malheureusement peu soigné dans les détails, et placé dans l’Atlas
du voyage de Belzoni[255], les louanges du Pharaon, louanges que la
déesse Athyr est censée prononcer en l’accueillant dans la région divine.
Cette singulière inscription se divise en deux parties, et renferme les idées
suivantes: «Dieu bienfaisant Rè-saté-mé (prénom du roi), nous t’avons donné
la domination et une vie heureuse et éternelle, toi, fils du soleil et des
Dieux, Ousirei, serviteur de Phtha, vivificateur pour toujours.»
«Dieu bienfaisant Ré-saté-mé, nous t’avons donné la domination sur les
années des panégyries, toi, fils du soleil, chéri des Dieux seigneurs,
serviteur de Phtha, vivificateur comme le soleil éternel, Dieu bienfaisant,
chéri du maître du monde pour toujours.»
Nous ne savons encore comment caractériser l’espèce d’ornement
attaché au collier que la déesse tient de sa main droite et semble montrer
au Pharaon: un ornement semblable est fixé au cou du dieu Lune[256].
Planche 17.3.
H AT H O R- P T É R O P H O R E .
( A P H R O D I T E , V É N U S.)
Planche 17.4.
T H U O È R I , TO E R I .
( T H O U E R I S.)
Planche 17.5.
H AT H O R .
( AT H O R , AT H Y R , A P H R O D I T E , V É N U S.)
( LA V É N U S É G Y P T I E N N E .)
( SAT I S, L’ H É R A O U LA J U N O N É G Y P T I E N N E .)
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