6945709

LISST-100X
Particle Size Analyzer
User’s Manual
Version 4.65
2700 Richards Road, Suite 107

Bellevue, WA 98005-4200
Tel: (425) 641-0944 Fax: (425) 643-0595
 This document is copyrighted by SEQUOIA SCIENTFIC, INC.
LISST – 100X User’s Guide
Welcome to the LISST-100X Particle Size Analyzer
Using this manual

This manual is divided into two sections.
Section One contains an introduction to the LISST- 100X

instrument and the principles of its operation.
Section Two provides a detailed set of instructions for using

and caring for the instrument.
Instrument specifications
For a listing of instrument-specific constants, as used in the
software for data processing, refer to Appendix A.
Technical assistance
For technical assistance please contact your local Distributor or
a Sequoia Technical Service Representative listed below.
Please be sure to include the instrument serial number with any
correspondence.
IMPORTANT: Please read APPENDIX H:
TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE BEFORE you call or
email.
Factory Technical Service Representatives
Please read APPENDIX H: TECHNICAL

ASSISTANCE BEFORE you call or email.
Chuck Pottsmith
pottsmith@sequoiasci.com; (425) 641-0944 ext.107
Doug Keir
keir@sequoiasci.com; (425) 641-0944 ext.104
Table of Contents
SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION TO THE LISST-100X .............................................................................. 6
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................ 6
GENERAL DESCRIPTION............................................................................................................................... 9
SECTION 2: OPERATION ...................................................................................................................... 12
GETTING STARTED .................................................................................................................................... 13
STEP BY STEP PROCEDURES ....................................................................................................................... 27
Step by Step Procedure: Record and Store Background Scatterfile ................................................... 28
Step by Step Procedure: Offloading/Deleting Data Files ................................................................... 30
Step by Step Procedure: Processing raw data .................................................................................... 32
Step by Step Procedure: View processed datafile ................................................................................ 36
Step by Step Procedure: Real-time data processing ........................................................................... 39
Step by Step Procedure: Configuring data collection ......................................................................... 42
INSTRUMENT COMMUNICATION ................................................................................................................ 47
LISST-100X COMMAND SUMMARY ......................................................................................................... 51
LISST-100X COMMAND DETAILS ............................................................................................................ 52
PERFORMANCE OPTIMIZATION .................................................................................................................. 58
INSTRUMENT MOUNTING, STORAGE AND MAINTENANCE ......................................................................... 62
Step by Step Procedure: Changing the Battery................................................................................... 65
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS ..................................................................................................................... 67
INDEX .......................................................................................................................................................... 68
APPENDIX A: INSTRUMENT SPECIFIC DOCUMENTATION ........................................................... 69
APPENDIX B: DATA STORAGE FORMAT AND SIZE RANGES ......................................................... 70
APPENDIX C: CONNECTOR PINOUTS FOR LISST-100X ................................................................... 76
APPENDIX D: LISST-SOP SOFTWARE BUTTON DESCRIPTION .................................................... 78
APPENDIX E: SOFTWARE UPGRADE INSTALLATION PROCEDURE ........................................... 79
APPENDIX F: HORIZONTAL CHAMBER INSTALLATION PROCEDURE ....................................... 82
APPENDIX G: BIOBLOCK INSTALLATION AND USE ........................................................................ 83
APPENDIX H: TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE & TROUBLESHOOTING ................................................ 87
WARRANTY ............................................................................................................................................... 90
5 LISST – 100X User’s Guide

Section 1: Introduction to the LISST-100X
Introduction
Principle of The product name LISST is derived from the term that describes
Operation its operation: Laser In-Situ Scattering and Transmissometry.
LISST is a Trademark of Sequoia Scientific, Inc.
The LISST-100X instrument uses the technique of laser

diffraction to obtain particle size-distribution (PSD), also called
volume distribution in this manual. This section describes the
principle of operation of your instrument.
The laser diffraction method for sizing particles was invented in

the 1970’s and rapidly became the most widely used optical
method for determining size distribution for the simple reason
that for laser diffraction, the composition or refractive index of
the particles is not important. This method determines size
distribution of an ensemble of particles, as opposed to counting
type devices that size one particle at a time.
The reason that laser diffraction is unaffected by composition of
particles is that the scattering of laser light is observed at
multiple, small forward angles. At these small angles, light
scattering is determined almost entirely by light diffracted by the
particle. The light transmitted through the particle makes only a
weak contribution to the measured scattering. Since only the light
transmitted through the particle would experience the
composition of the particle, i.e. its refractive index, and since it
A collimated laser makes only a weak contribution to the observed scattering, the
beam enters water, method of laser diffraction is mostly independent of particle
light is scattered by composition.
particles and sensed
by a multi-ring In the aquatic sciences, particle refractive index is poorly known
detector behind a because particles are often a mixture of mineral grains and living
receiving lens. A and dead particles of biological origin. Thus, except for shape
photodiode placed effects, laser diffraction offers an excellent method for size-
behind a centered distribution estimation.
hole measures
optical transmission Shape effects are a matter of continuing research and no definite
generalized guidelines are available to account for them by any
method. Consequently, laser diffraction methods deliver the
equivalent-spheres size distribution. By calibrating for
concentration with ISO standard natural particles, shape effects
are empirically included.
LISST – 100X User’s Guide 6

The LISST-100X records the scattering intensity over a range of
small angles using a specially constructed multi-ring detector
shown in the graphic above. This measurement is also known to
optical scientists as the volume scattering function and can be
used as such for studies of underwater image propagation and
beam spread. A growing number of publications of
measurements using the LISST-100X instrument is available on
our website:
http://www.sequoiasci.com/library/technical.aspx?SectionName=
library
The conversion of the multi-angle scattering to size distribution

involves a mathematical inversion. In this step, a size-
distribution is found that would produce multi-angle scattering
that fits the observation. There exists a vast literature on the
subject of this inversion. For the stout-hearted user interested in
learning all about it, we recommend the most germane study of
the subject:
"Optimal scaling of the inverse Fraunhofer diffraction

particle sizing problem: The linear system produced by
quadrature," by E. D. Hirleman, Particle Characterization,
4, 128-133, 1987.
The main conclusions are that the information content of the data
is most stably retrieved by use of ring-type detectors, with each
ring measuring the scattering over a sub-range of angles, and that
the resolution is limited to relatively few size classes depending
on the noise in the data. For example, for the dynamic range in
scattering angles of 200:1 that is built into the LISST systems,
typically only 12-14 truly independent size classes can be
resolved.
Simpler descriptions of principles and practice are offered in a

separate study by Agrawal et al., 1991 1. A more up to date
description of the technology and its application is provided by
Agrawal & Pottsmith, 2000 2.
1
Agrawal, Y.C., I.N. McCave, and J.B. Riley, 1991: "Laser diffraction size analysis," in Principles, methods and applications of
particle size analysis, J.P.M. Syvitski, editor, Cambridge University Press, pp. 119-128.
2
Agrawal, Y. C. and H. C. Pottsmith, 2000: Instruments for Particle Size and Settling Velocity Observations in Sediment Transport,
Marine Geology, 168, pp 89-114.

We explain the inversion process as follows: Let E be the 32-
element data vector that contains the angular scattering energy
sensed by the 32 silicon rings. It is related to the volume
distribution3 via
E = K NV
where K is the scattering property kernel matrix and NV is the
volume distribution.
The volume distribution is obtained by inverting the above

equation. To test whether the estimated solution is a good one,
one may compute the prediction of a scattered energy estimate Ee
as
Ee = K Ne
If the measurements E are consistent with Ee , the estimates of Ne

can be considered good. Included with the LISST-100X
instrument, we have provided software that obtains the inverted
volume distribution NV. We have also provided the matrix K for
your instrument (in ASCII and MATLAB formats) in order for
you to test your results.
3
The volume distribution is related to the number distribution via NV = a3 n(a). It represents the volume concentration of particles of
particles in the size range a to a + da. The results from the LISST instruments provide the volume concentration of particles in each
of 32 size classes. The size classes are log-spaced from the range 1.25-250 microns (Type-B instruments) or 2.5-500 (Type-C). See
Appendix B for further details.

General Description
The LISST-100X instrument is a laser diffraction device. It

consists of optics for producing a collimated laser beam, a
specially constructed detector array, electronics for signal pre-
amplification and processing, a data storage and scheduling
computer, and a battery system.
The instrument is capable of autonomous operation. For such

operation, software is provided to program the instrument for a
specific sampling schedule. The primary measurements delivered
by the LISST-100X are the small-angle scattering properties of
particles in water, the laser optical transmissivity, depth, and
temperature. An auxiliary Analog port is available for recording
data from an external input.
After recovery of the instrument, small-angle scattering data are

off-loaded from the instrument and subsequently inverted
mathematically on a PC to produce the particle size distribution.
The inversion function is included in the software.
The principal measurement—angular scattering distribution— is

obtained over 32 ring-detectors whose radii increase
logarithmically from 102 to 20,000 microns. The detector is
placed in the focal plane of the receiving lens. The rings cover an
angular range from 0.0017 to 0.34 radians (Type-B) or 0.00085-
0.17 radians (Type-C). This angular range corresponds,
respectively, to size ranges from 1.2 to 250 microns (Type-B) or
2.5-500 microns.
General layout This self-contained instrument consists of the following parts: a

solid-state laser operating at 670nm wavelength and fiber-
optically connected to a laser beam collimating system, a beam
manipulation and orienting system, a scattered-light receiving
lens, the specially designed 32-ring detector, preamplifier
electronics, a ring-selecting multiplexer circuitry, and a data
logger.
Depth and In addition to measuring the particle size and concentration, the
Temperature LISST-100X also has built-in Depth and Temperature sensors.
The Depth sensor is a 500 psi strain gauge sensor. The stainless
steel fitting on the Connector endcap is used for testing this
sensor. It is not required for normal operation. However, when
not used for testing, this fitting helps keep contamination out of
the pressure sensor. The temperature is measured using a high
precision thermistor imbedded into the Connector end cap. Both
values are stored automatically in the standard-format LISST-
100X data file.

External I/O Ports The LISST-100X is also equipped with an external ANALOG IN
port for recording the output of one other analog instrument.
Additionally, 2 DIGITAL I/O ports are provided for
communicating with up to two instruments. The I/O ports can be
used for synchronization of the LISST-100X with two other
instruments; e.g., the LISST-100X may provide a timing pulse to
a CTD, or it may provide a 'start sample' pulse to another LISST-
100X. The same ports can be used to receive similar commands.
Contact Sequoia Scientific for more information on interfacing
the LISST-100X with other instruments. These ports are available
on the 6-pin underwater connector on the Connector end cap.
Appendix C shows the connector pin outs. The instrument can
be configured to use the Digital I/O ports as a trigger to start and
stop sampling.
Battery Life The primary power source for the LISST-100X is a custom
alkaline D-cell battery-pack. The pack outputs +9 V. It has a
room-temperature capacity of 42 A-hr. When the instrument is in
stand-by mode, (i.e., displaying the L100X:> prompt) the current
drain is 8.5 mA. In Low Power Sleep mode the current drain
drops to 120 µA. For profiling applications, where the instrument
is sampling continuously, the battery pack has about 60 hours of
“On” time. Powering down the instrument between samples can
greatly extend the deployment times. An EXCEL spreadsheet is
included with the software that can estimate the battery
consumption. The spreadsheet can also be downloaded from
Sequoia’s website: www.SequoiaSci.com, click Library, then
Downloads.
For laboratory or tethered usage, a connector is provided on the
endcap to draw power from an external source. The voltages
required from the external power supply are +9 V. Cables up to
50 meters can be provided to supply external power and
communication with the instrument. This can allow real-time
observation of the size distributions.
When not in use, use the Low Power Sleep mode of

the instrument to reduce battery drain to about 10
µA. This can be done from the provided
software.

Auxiliary The instrument is shipped pre-aligned and tested. A chamber is
Equipment provided for obtaining measurements of background scattered
light from optical surfaces. This background is subtracted from
actual particle scattering measurements to obtain the true
particulate scattering. Additionally, small tools used to open
endcaps, spare batteries, and communication cable is supplied so
that a user need only provide a PC running Windows.
Software is provided to communicate with the instrument,
schedule an experiment, offload the data, and invert the
measurements to obtain particle size distribution and volume
concentration. For laboratory use or for monitoring the progress
of an experiment, the software can be used for real-time
processing.
For extended laboratory applications an optional Full Path Mixing
Chamber is available. This chamber mounts to the optics of the
LISST-100X and seals around the windows of the instrument.
The sample can then be added to the chamber and the built-in
mixer will keep the sample mixed with the measurements are
being made. The picture below shows the chamber being installed
onto the LISST-100X.

Section 2: Operation
Section Section 2 is divided in to two main sections. The first section is

Organization the Getting Started section. This section will walk the user
through using the instrument from opening the shipping case
through processing downloaded data. Reading the Getting
Started section will give most users enough information to
starting using the instrument. Following the Getting Started
section are detailed instructions for performing various
procedures
General
Precautions LISST-100X is a sensitive optical instrument. Please handle it
gently. Critical alignments may be disturbed if the instrument is
subjected to shock or rough handling. Evidence of shock/rough
handling will void the warranty. Whenever in transit, store the
instrument in the provided padded shipping case.
WARNING
The LISST-100X uses a laser diode emitting a maximum of 1 mW
of visible (red) light at a wavelength of 670nm. The laser beam
under normal circumstances is not a threat. However, if objects
are placed in the path of the laser beam, the light could be reflected
into the eye causing permanent damage.

Getting Started
This section is designed to give the user a quick introduction to the
operating procedures for the LISST-100X. It gives step by step
instructions to unpack, load software, and acquire data in the lab.
Following the introduction are details on each step of the process.
Contents of Let’s assume that you are opening the LISST-100X shipping cases for
shipping case the first time. Inside you will find the following: User’s Manual with
software disk, LISST-100X instrument, Plastic Instrument stands, Small
Volume Horizontal Test Chamber, Communications cable, test particles,
insulated stainless steel clamps, External Power cable, and Allen wrench
set.
Step 1: Remove Start by removing the white plastic instrument stands and set them on a
Instrument from flat working surface. Remove the LISST-100X from the case and set it
shipping case. on the stands. The LISST-100X has two distinct ends that we will refer
to as the Optics endcap and the Connector endcap. The connector
endcap has three underwater connectors that are used for communication,
external power, and connecting to optional accessories or instruments.
The battery pack is attached to the inside of this endcap. The optics
endcap contains the optical windows that the laser beam passes through
to make a measurement. The internal optics and electronics are mounted
to the inside of this endcap.
Step 2: Check for At this time, let’s check the optical windows to make sure that they are
clean windows clean. There are two windows. The receive window is mounted in the
center of the optics endcap. The transmit window is located in the
crossbar suspended above the endcap. The best way to check the
windows is by using a flashlight. By shining light from one side and
viewing from the other the surface of the windows can be easily checked
for cleanliness. If there is dirt or fingerprints on the windows clean them
first by rinsing them with lukewarm water and a mild soap solution (e.g.
mild hand soap, liquid dish soap) and then rinsing off all soap residue
with clean, particle free water such as deionized water, MilliQ water or
distilled water. The windows can also be wiped clean with a soft cloth
(e.g. a lens cloth) and alcohol. It is not recommended to use stronger
solvents, such as acetone or toluene. Also, do not use any abrasive
cleaners or wipes. Treat the windows as you would an expensive camera
lens.
Step 3: Attach the Remove the Communications cable from the shipping crate. It is the
Communications cable with the 9-pin DB-9 connector on one end and the 5-pin
Cable underwater connector on the other. Remove the underwater cap from
the Communications connector. The connectors will all look similar.
The Communication connector is the only 5-pin connector. If the unit

is rotated so that the metal zinc anode is located at the top (or North),
the Communications connector will be on the left (or West). After
removing the cap install the cable making sure that the proper
alignment is maintained.
Step 4: Install the Remove the Small Volume Horizontal test chamber from the shipping
Horizontal test case if not already installed on to the instrument. Attach the flexible
chamber tubing and tubing stop clamp. This chamber is designed to slip
between the optical windows of the instrument such that the optic can
be submerged for testing or calibration. For more information on
installing the chamber see Appendix F.
We can now fill the chamber with clean filtered water. We use steam-
distilled bottled water filtered through a 0.2 micron filter. Tap water
may contain too many particles and may also contain dissolved gas
that can release and form small bubbles on the optical surfaces.
Step 5: Install the At this point instrument is ready to go. Let’s install the software that is
provided software required for operation of the instrument. A software disk is included
with each instrument. In addition to the communication and
processing program the disk also contains calibration files specific for
your instrument. Follow the installation instructions in the
README.TXT file on the disk to install the software.
Step 6: Start Start the LISST-SOP software by selecting it from the Start menu.
LISST-SOP The name LISST-SOP refers to the Standard Operating Procedure
program functionality of the program. Users with experience on previous
versions of the LISST-100 software may find the Appendix E,
Software Upgrade Installation Procedure a good introduction to the
software. Appendix D has a table describing the functions of each
button. It is highly recommended that existing users who are
upgrading to Version 4.65 from earlier versions (Versions 3.xx) of the
LISST software read Appendix D and E before continuing. There are
a number of steps that must be performed before the software will
function correctly with older instruments.
Step 7: Wake up The instrument is shipped in a low power Sleep mode to conserve
instrument from battery power. To wake up the instrument select Wake Up LISST
Sleep mode from the LISST menu. A dialog box will appear counting down the
maximum time required for the instrument to wake up. The
instrument sleeps for 30 seconds, wakes up for 1 second to look for a
wake up command and then goes back to sleep. Therefore the wait
could be as long as 32 seconds for the LISST-100X. Upon wake up
the instrument status will be displayed. If the cable connections are
not correct or if the battery is not installed a warning message will
appear after the time expires. The serial port settings can be checked
by selecting Serial Port Settings from the Communication menu. The
default settings are COM1, 9600 baud, 8 data bits, No parity, 1 stop
bit, and no protocol.

Step 8: Open The LISST-SOP has a terminal window that allows the user to
Terminal window communicate directly with the instrument. To open the Terminal
window select Terminal Window from the Communications window or
select the button form the tool bar. A window similar to the one
shown below will appear.
If you do not see the L100x:> prompt, click the Send button.
Commands can be typed into the box in the lower section of the
window. When the Enter key or the Send button is pressed the
command will be sent to the instrument. The Start button sends a GO
command to the instrument to start the instrument sampling using the
current settings. The STOP button sends a CTRL-C to stop the
sampling and to turn off the main power.
If the instrument is still in the Low Power Sleep Mode it will print ZZZ
to the screen every 30 seconds. To wake the instrument from the
Terminal window, press the Stop button immediately after the ZZZ is
displayed. The instrument will only respond to the Stop button for 1
second after the ZZZ is displayed. After the 1 second the instrument is

in a low power mode and will not respond to commands for another 30
seconds.
Step 9: Intro to the The datalogger inside the LISST-100X has recently been upgraded. It
new Datalogger is different from earlier versions of the LISST-100. New instruments
using the new datalogger have been given the name LISST-100X. Units
using the previous version datalogger will be called LISST-100. The
new datalogger of the LISST-100X uses removable Compact Flash
cards. Compact Flash Cards are available with up to 1Gb of memory.
The LISST-100X comes standard with 128Mb. The Compact Flash
Cards can be removed. By using a PCMCIA adapter or USB card
reader the data files can be directly transferred to the PC. The standard
procedure is to offload the files using the LISST-SOP software at 115K
baud.
The LISST-100X now has standard two-letter commands that can be
used for interfacing the instrument with other dataloggers and sensors.
The commands are similar to the commands used with the LISST-25X
instrument. A complete description of the commands is shown in the
LISST-100X Command Summary section.
Step 10: Acquiring A new feature of the LISST-SOP is the ability to acquire background
Background scattering in real-time. The background scattering measurement is
Scattering critical to good instrument performance. It is especially critical for
clean water applications where the optical transmission is greater than
80% over the 5cm path. The background scattering will also check the
overall health of the instrument. It will verify that all of the systems are
functioning and that the optics are still in alignment. The current
background will be acquired and displayed relative to the factory
background scattering for the instrument. The image below shows an
example of this display. It is opened by either selecting Collect
Background Scatter Data from the LISST menu or by pressing the
button on the toolbar. After selecting the factory background scatter
file to use for comparison the window will display.

When the BEGIN Collect button is pressed 20 samples will be
displayed to the screen as they are acquired. After all 20 are collected
the average will be displayed. If the values are acceptable the values
can be saved to a file. Enter the filename in the box and press the
Accept and Save button.
If there is a problem with the instrument or if the water or windows are
not clean, error messages will be displayed. Dirty water or windows
will generally cause higher values across the middle rings. Large
bubbles or particles in the water can cause higher values on the inner
rings or left hand side of the display. High values on the inner rings
combined with a lower Laser power value can also be an indication of
optical misalignment.
Step 11: The heart and soul of the new LISST-SOP software is the Operating
Configuring Modes window. This window is used to set all of the deployment
Instrument for parameters. To open the window, choose Operating Modes from the
Deployment
LISST menu or press the button on the tool bar. A window similar
to the one shown below will appear.
The window has four tabs, Instrument Status, Operating Mode, Start
Condition, and Stop Condition. The Instrument Status page gives
information about the current instrument. It also allows previously
saved instrument configuration files to be loaded on to the instrument.
The ability to save the current settings to a file is also available. The
Summary window shows the current deployment configuration.
Step 12: Setting By selecting the Operating Mode Tab at the top of the main window
Operating Mode the screen below appears. This screen is used to set the type of
sampling; Realtime, Burst, or Fixed Sample Rate. You can also select
the samples per average and sample rates on this screen.
The RealTime mode is used for real-time size distribution displays.

This mode sends the raw data to the LISST-SOP software for
conversion to Size Distribution and displaying on the screen. No data is
saved in the datafile when this mode is used.
The Burst and Fixed Sample Rate modes are used to save data in the
on-board datafile. The icons next to the various values give a better
understanding of their meaning. The software automatically checks the
values entered to make sure that there is no conflict. For example,
when a Measurements per Average value is entered, the minimum
sample interval is computed. If this value is less than the minimum
permitted the value will be changed to the minimum and the text will
turn red. A similar test is done on the Burst Interval setting.
For this example let’s set the instrument to sample in the Fixed Sample
Rate mode at a 1 Hz rate with 10 measurements per average.
Step 13: Setting After selecting the Operating mode the start and stop conditions can be
Start Conditions selected. Choose the Start Condition tab at the top of the window.
The Start Condition window, shown below, is used to select the mode
in which sampling will be started.

There are five options: Depth, Time, External Mechanical Switch,
External Digital Input, and Time Delay. Select the mode by clicking on
the button next to its label. Select the correct parameters as required.
For this example let’s select the External Mechanical Switch Start
Condition.
Step 14: Setting Similarly the Stop conditions can also be selected. Click on the Stop
Stop Conditions Condition Tab to open the Stop Condition window. The available stop
conditions are: Depth, Time. External Mechanical Switch, External
Digital Input, Fixed number of Samples, and Maximum Memory/Low
Battery.

For this example, choose the External Mechanical Switch as the Stop
condition.
After selecting the Stop Conditions return to the Instrument Status page
by clicking on the Instrument Status Tab.
Step 15: Saving Once the settings have been sent to the instrument the Instrument Status
the settings for Page will display the summary of the settings that have been selected.
future use These setting can be saved for later use by selecting the Save Summary
to LOP. A file name will be prompted for. The file will be given an
LOP extension which will identify it as a LISST Operating Procedure
File. Comments can be entered before saving in the box below the
summary. Previously saved LOP file can be opened using the Browse
button.
Press the Apply button to configure the instrument. This will cause the
settings to be transmitted to the instrument. The configuration will take
about 30 seconds. Once the configuration is completed we can return to
the Instrument Status page to see the summary of the settings and save
them for future use if desired. Press the OK button to complete the
configuration. A prompt will ask if we would like to open the Terminal
window to start the instrument. Choose OK
Step 16: Starting The instrument is now configured for deployment, however, it is not yet
the program running. In order for the instrument to respond to the correct Start
Condition the program must be started.
The configuration of the instrument can be checked by selecting Query
Instrument from the LISST menu or by choosing the button from the
tool bar. A window will appear showing the current status and
configuration. To start the program, press the Start button in the lower
right section of the Terminal window. The program will start and display
text to the screen as it is running. Depending upon the Start Conditions,
text will be displayed approximately every 30 seconds. At this point the
user will know that the instrument is running and is ready to be deployed.
For our example it will be displaying a message that reads “Waiting for
Mechanical Switch ON signal”
Step 17: Collecting When the start conditions are met the instrument will start sampling. The
Data green LED on the connector endcap will illuminate each time a sample is
acquired.
For our example we can move the white plastic lever on the endcap to the
“1“ position. Sampling will start. If the Terminal window is still open
text will be displayed as the instrument acquires data. Data collection will
continue until the Stop Conditions are met. In our case, until the switch
lever is returned to the “0” position.
If the Start and Stop Conditions are set to Depth, External Mechanical
Switch, or External Digital Input the program will return to checking for
the Start Condition. This will only be true if the Start and Stop conditions

match. For example, Depth Start and Depth Stop. For all other Start
Conditions the program will terminate and return to the L100X:> prompt.
To stop a running program use the Stop button on the Terminal window
or the button on the tool bar.
Step 18: The instrument has now stored data in the on-board Compact Flash card.
Downloading data
Pressing the Instrument Query Button, , will display the instrument
status including the number of samples saved. To offload the data select
Offload from the LISST menu or choose the button from the toolbar.
A list of files will appear. Choose the files to offload by clicking on them
while hold down the CTRL key. The Shift key can also be used to select
a range of files. Select OK and choose a location to save the files to. The
files will be saved with names in the following format: Ldddhhmm.dat,
where ddd is the day of the year, hh is the hour, and mm is the minute that
the file was first written to. As the data is downloading a Transfer Status
window will appear. The data is offloaded at 115K baud.
Step 19: We now have the data transferred from the datafile of the instrument to a
Processing Raw file on the PC. To process the data file choose Open Raw Datafile or
Data
press the button on the toolbar. Select the instrument serial number,
raw data file to open, and background scatter file to use when processing
the data. The software will automatically determine the Instrument Type
(A, B or C) using the Serial Number and the InstrumentData.Txt file.
Unlike earlier versions of the software, the RingArea file (instrument
detector calibration file) is automatically selected based on the serial
number. A display similar to the one shown below will appear

The range of samples to process can be selected by entering values in the
Select First and Select Last boxes. The default selection is to process the
complete file. Press the Process File button to convert the raw file into
processed size distributions. For more details on the available options
when this window is open please see the detailed Instruction for
Processing Raw Datafiles. For our example press the Process File button.
When the processing is complete the button label will change to read
Finished.
Step 20: Viewing Processed data files are stored as ASCII files and as binary files with a
Processed Results PSD extension. The PSD files can be opened and viewed on the screen.
To open a processed Particle Size Distribution file choose Open Particle
Distribution File or press the button on the toolbar. A display similar
to the one below should open. The left hand figure will display a bar chart
showing the Volume concentration in each of the 32 log spaced size
classes. The right hand plot will be the Cumulative Concentration. To
view the samples as a movie press the Timer Off button. The slider bar
next to the button adjusts the refresh rate. The First, Prev, Next, and Last
buttons allow you to step through the measurements one frame at a time.
When the last frame is reached the movie display will stop. Use the First
button to return to the first sample and press the Timer Off button to
restart the display.

To view the value of the auxiliary parameters, such as time and depth,
select the View Auxiliary Parameter Frame from the DataFrames menu.
A display similar to the one below will appear showing the calibrated
values.

Step 21: Opening The LISST-SOP software also supports the ability to acquire data, process
RealTime Session it, and display it in Real-time. The Real-time display of the processed
data is very similar to the display of processed data. The instrument can
be configured for a Real-Time session before data is collected but it is no
longer required. The current setting for Measurements per Average is
used when acquiring the sample to display. The recommend value for the
Measurements per Average is 10. Higher values can be used but the
updating of the display will be reduced. The Start and Stop conditions will
not be used and therefore their settings are not relevant.
NOTE: It is recommended that if extended Real-Time sessions are going
to be done that external power and not battery power be used. The
batteries will be used up fairly quickly during a Real Time session.
When exiting the Real-Time session the power should automatically shut
off. Pressing the Stop button on the toolbar or the Terminal window will
turn off the power. Pressing these buttons when the instrument is already
off will have no ill effects.
To open the Real-Time session, choose Open Real-Time Session from the
File menu or press the button. Choose a background file to use when
processing the data. Choose an output PSD file. A display very similar to
the View Processed datafile will be displayed.
Use the Timer button to start and stop data collection. The slider bar
controls the data acquisition time.
The Scale +/- Button adjusts the Particle Size Distribution scale. The

Save Single Sample button records a single sample to an ASCII file.
Note: The main power and laser will be on until this window is closed or
until the Stop button is pressed. Significant loss of battery life can occur
if the instrument is left powered up for an extended period of time.
The Auxiliary Parameters window can be opened during the Real-Time
session so that the values of various parameters such as depth and
transmission can be monitored. The raw scattering values on the detector
rings can also be viewed by selecting View Rings from the DataFrames
menu. A typical display is shown below.
The view rings display is also available when processing a Raw Data file.
However, it is not available when viewing a processed Size Distribution
file.

Step 22: Put After finishing with the instrument it should be put back into its low
instrument back to power sleep mode. In this mode, with the communication cable
sleep disconnected, the drain on the battery is only about 0.08 ma. The sleep
mode can be used for extended periods. However, it is recommended that
for long term storage that the Main battery be disconnected.
To put the instrument in to low power sleep mode choose Put LISST to
Sleep from the LISST menu. There are also two new buttons on the
toolbar for putting the instrument to sleep and waking it up. To get the
lowest power consumption the Communications cable must be
disconnected from the instrument.
The above steps are meant to give a brief introduction to most of the
procedures that are required to operate the LISST-100X. Most of these
steps are covered in detailed Step-by-Step instructions in the following
sections.

Step by Step procedures
The following topics are covered with Step by Step instructions.
Recording and Recording a background scatter file is the first step in acquiring
storing a data. This step-by-step describes the proper procedure to record
Background and download a background scatter file and save it for later
Scatterfile (zscat processing. Information on interpreting the Background Scatter
file) file is also provided.
Downloading raw Each data collection sequence is stored to a separate datafile on the
data files and compact flash memory. Files can be offloaded to the PC using the
Deleting Raw files Download data function of the LISST-SOP software. After
downloading the data files can be deleted from memory. This step-
by-step procedure covers offloading and deleting files.
Process raw data Data that has been downloaded from the datalogger is in a raw
binary file (.DAT extension). It must be processed into particle
size by the LISST-SOP program. The processing steps including
optional displays and procedures.
View Particle After processing of the data into a Particle Size Distribution (.PSD
size data extension) file the data can be viewed to the screen. This step-by-
step procedure covers the viewing of data and optional displays.
Process data in Real-time processing of data requires configuring the datalogger to
Real-time output the raw information to the LISST-SOP program. This step-
by-step procedure covers the acquisition and storage of processed
data.
Configuring The LISST-SOP software allows the user to program the
Data Collection instrument with a number of start and stop conditions. This step-
by-step procedure lists the available options and the unique
features of each.

STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE: RECORD AND STORE BACKGROUND SCATTERFILE
Step Action Result

1 • Clean instrument and install Horizontal test chamber. Optics submerged in water
• Fill with clean filtered water
2 • Connect communications cable and run LISST-SOP Communications program

software. started.
• If the data acquisition program is still running, stop L100X:> prompt showing
its execution with a <CTRL-C>.
3 • Open the Collect Background Scatter Data from Background collected and
the LISST menu or by pressing the button on saved.
the toolbar. After selecting the factory background
scatter file to use for comparison the window will
be displayed.
When the BEGIN Collect button is pressed 20 samples

will be displayed to the screen as they are acquired.
After all 20 are collected the average will be
displayed. If the values are acceptable the values can
be saved to a file. Enter the filename in the box and
press the Accept and Save button.

4 • If there is a problem with the instrument or if the
water or windows are not clean, error messages will
be displayed. Dirty water or windows will generally
cause higher values across the middle rings. Large
bubbles or particles in the water can cause higher
values on the inner rings or left hand side of the
display. High values on the inner rings combined
with a lower Laser power value can also be an
indication of optical misalignment.
Notes:

STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE: OFFLOADING/DELETING DATA FILES
Step Action Result

1 • Start LISST-SOP program Program started.
2 • Select Offload from the LISST menu or press on the Gets current directory of files
Offload button. from memory and displays the
list.
3 • Choose the files to be offloaded by clicking on the Files selected and path set.
file name on the list. Multiple files can be selected
by hold down the CTRL key while clicking on files.
Use the SHIFT key to select a range of files.
• Press the OK button to accept the current selection.

A dialog box with a path for storing the downloaded
data will appear. Edit the path or press on the
Browse button to select a new path. The files names
will remain the same as on the compact flash. The
file creation date and time will not be preserved.
Press OK to begin the offloading.

4 • A Status bar will be displayed for each file offloaded. Offloading files from memory
Text in the lower left corner will display the current to the PC
file being offloaded.
5 Deleting Files from memory

• After a file has been offloaded from memory is can
be deleted from the compact flash memory.
• Open the Terminal window by choosing Terminal
Window from the Communication menu or by
pressing on the Terminal Window button.
• At the Terminal Window enter the command DD in
the command box and press the send button. The DD
command (Display Directory) will list all the files in
memory to the screen.
• To delete a file enter the command DL filename.ext
where filename.ext is the file to offload. Wildcards
such as *.* or L*.dat can also be used.
WARNING: Once a file has been deleted there is no way
to recover the data. Make sure that the file has been
properly offloaded before deleting any files.

STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE: PROCESSING RAW DATA
Step Action Result

• Select Settings from the File menu and click on the
Output Tab. The window below will appear
prompting for the desired output to use for the future
data processing. Note: this selection must be made
BEFORE starting the processing command.
Note: A binary PSD file is
always created when
processing raw data. This is
used to display the processed
data to the screen.
The ASC type is a spaced
delimited file containing all
the processed data.
The LOG file is a space
delimited file containing the
raw data from the datalogger.
2 • Select Open Raw Data File from the File menu Begins process of specifying
raw data file and all
information needed for data
processing.
3 • Choose the serial number of the instrument that Instrument serial number
collected the data to be processed. selected.
Only the serial numbers of the instruments loaded into

the InstrumentData.Txt file and have the calibration
values loaded into the LISST.INI file in the Windows
directory can be used.
4 • Select the background scatter data file from the file Background scatterfile
selection window. Double click the file or type the selected.
file name and press Open.

5 • Select the output data file name. The default file Output data file name
name shown is the same as the raw data name but selected.
with a different extension. You can change this name
if you wish. Provide the file name and press Save. If
other output types are selected they will have the
same base name with different extensions. Note: file
types other than the default PSD file must have been
selected before starting the Open Raw Data file
command. See step 1.
6 • A display similar to the one shown below will Main data processing
appear. selection window displayed to
the screen.
• The top portion of the display is a graphical

representation of the raw data from the 32 rings. The
value of the 32 rings is represented as a vertical line
with time moving from left to right.
• The lower portion of the display shows the time
history of some of the Auxiliary parameters. This
can be useful for determining when the instrument
came out of the water, when a particular profile was
started, or for determining what range of the datafile
to process. To change which Auxiliary parameters
are displayed, choose Auxiliary Parameter Display
from the Options menu.
• Note that only 400 samples of the Auxiliary
Parameters are displayed at a time. Use the Next and
Previous buttons to move through the complete
datafile. The triangles on the lower edge of the upper
display will indicate where in the complete datafile
the currently displayed section is located.
• The vertical cursor on the lower plot can be moved
by clicking the mouse at the desired location.

7 • Additional information is stored in the processed Auxiliary parameter window
datafile. The Auxiliary parameter window displays displayed.
these values for the current sample pointed to by the
vertical cursor. They will update as the cursor is
moved. Selecting the Show Auxiliary Parameter
Frame from the DataFrames menu opens the window.
An example of this window is shown below.
8 • The raw scattering values can be graphically Value of rings for current
displayed by selecting the View Rings command frame displayed.
from the DataFrames menu. An example of this
display is shown below. As with the Auxiliary
Parameters, the vertical cursor indicates the sample
currently displayed.

9 To select the range of raw data to process position the Range to process selected.
cursor at the desired starting sample. The display at the
lower portion of the screen will show the current sample
or frame. Pressing the Select First button will set the
current cursor position as the starting point for
processing. Similarly selecting Select Last will set the
end point for processing. Use the Next and Previous
buttons scroll through the complete datafile. The Select
First and Select Last points do not need to be on the
same displayed plot.
10 After selecting the range to process press the Process Processing Completed
File button. The display will show the processing
progress and the Process File button text will change to
Finished when the processing is complete. The window
can now be closed.
Notes:

STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE: VIEW PROCESSED DATAFILE
Step Action Result

2 • Select Open Particle Distribution File from the File menu. Open Particle
Distribution File
selected.
3 • Select the processed data file from the file selection window. Processed datafile
Double click the file or type the file name and press Open. selected.
4 • After selecting the processed file a window similar to the one

shown below will appear.
• The left hand display is the volume distribution in units of

micro-liters/liter in each size class. The right hand display is
the Cumulative Concentration.
5 • Only a single sample is displayed at a time. By using the
buttons on the bottom of the display it is possible to
manually or automatically step through the datafile. The
Timer button will step through the datafile by updating the
display at a fixed rate. The rate is set by the slider bar next to
the Timer button.

6 • Additional information is stored in the processed datafile.
The Auxiliary parameter window displays these values for
the current sample. They will update as the Volume
distribution is changed. The window is opened by selecting
Show Auxiliary Parameters Frame from the DataFrames
menu. An example of this window is shown below.
7 • The scale of the Volume Distribution plot can be changed by Display setting
using the Scale +/- button. After selecting the button a modified.
display similar to the one shown below will prompt you for
the maximum concentration for the Y-axis of the plot.
• Other options are also available for customizing the display

such as changing the header and footer text or adding lines to
show the mean and standard deviation. These features are
located on the Display tab of the Settings window as shown
below.

8 • The current display can be sent to the printer by choosing Display printed.
Print from the File menu.
• Print Preview and Print Setup are also available.
9 • When finished viewing the processed data close the window. Viewing of data
complete.
Notes:

STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE: REAL-TIME DATA PROCESSING
Step Action Result

1 • Connect the instrument to the PC and start the LISST-SOP
program. Program started.
2 • Open the Operating Modes Window and choose the Real-Time Instrument
Operating Mode. configured for Real-
Time data
collection.
3 • Before starting a Real-Time session the output file options must Output file type
be set. This must be done before selecting Open Real-Time selected.
Session. Select Output from the Options menu. The window
below will appear.
Note: A binary PSD file must be selected before any other file
type will be stored. This is used to display the processed data to
the screen.
The ASC type is a spaced delimited file containing all the
processed data.
The LOG file is a space delimited file containing the raw data from
the datalogger. It is strongly recommended that you always build a
LOG file, otherwise troubleshooting the data will be very difficult
if any problems or questions about the data quality should appear.
4 • Select Open Real-Time Session from the File menu or press on Open Instrument
selected.
the button.
• Choose the correct Background Scatter File and Select an Background and
Output file. Output file selected.

5 • A display will appear on the screen. It is similar to the main Sample saved.
window of the View Processed Data function.
• By selecting the Next button the window will be updated with
the current size distribution. Note that if the water is clean the
display may not show any volume distribution. The Sample
Number value displayed underneath the plots will increment
each time a sample is saved.
6 • The Timer button function is similar to its use in viewing Timer button
processed data. The timer will automatically acquire data at a pressed and samples
fixed rate. Note that this rate is limited to about 1 Hz due to the updating
processing of the raw data into Volume distributions. The slide automatically.
button next to the Timer button controls the sample speed. If it
is set too fast it will automatically reset to the maximum
allowed rate.
7 • The Auxiliary parameter window can be opened to display the Auxiliary Parameter
current values of the auxiliary parameters such as pressure and window opened.
temperature. Open the window by selecting the Show Auxiliary
Parameter Frame from the DataFrames menu.
8 • The scale of the Volume Distribution plot can be changed by Display setting
using the Scale +/- button. After selecting the button a display modified.
similar to the one shown below will prompt you for the
maximum concentration for the Y-axis of the plot.
• Other options are also available for customizing the display

such as changing the header and footer text or adding lines to
show the mean and standard deviation. These features are
located on the Display tab of the Settings window as shown
below.

9 • The raw scattering values can be graphically display by Value of rings for
selecting the View Rings command from the File menu. An current frame
example of this display is shown below. displayed.
10 • A single sample may be saved to a separate file by pressing the Averaged data
Save Single Sample button acquired and stored
to an ASCII file.
11 • When finished, close the main window to stop communication Finished and
with the LISST-100X. shutdown.
CAUTION: The laser and Main power are on continuously while in
the Real-Time Session. The program will stop and the power will
be turned off when the window is closed. However, if the window
is left open the power will remain on, potentially draining
substantial life from the battery. To turn off the power without
exiting the Real-Time session, press the button on the toolbar.
To start data collection again, press the Next button. The instrument
will power up and store a sample. This will take more time that a
normal sample. Once powered up the instrument will perform as
usual.

STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE: CONFIGURING DATA COLLECTION
Step Action Result

1 • Connect the instrument to the PC and start the LISST-SOP LISST-SOP open
program. and
communicating
with LISST-
100X.
2 • Open the Operating Modes window by choosing Operating Modes
from the LISST menu or by pressing the button on the
toolbar.
Instrument Status
Displayed.
When first opening the Operating Modes window the LISST-SOP

program will send a Ctrl-C to the LISST-100X. If a program is Clock set
running it will be stopped. This is required so that the LISST-SOP
program can get the status information from the LISST-100X.
To set the LISST-100X data logger clock to the computer clock press
the Set Clock button. Press the Query Instrument button to refresh the
display.

3 • To load a pre-saved LISST Operating Procedure file (LOP) enter
the file name in the file box or click on the Browse button to
navigate to the correct file.
• After the file is selected the appropriate settings will be made. To
apply these settings to the instrument press the Apply or OK
buttons.
LISST Operating Procedure files can be saved by clicking the Save
Summary to LOP button. The setting must have first been sent to the
instrument using the Apply button. The Summary section will only
update after the settings have been applied to the instrument.
4 • By selecting the Operating Mode Tab at the top of the main Operating Mode
window the screen below appears. This screen is used to set the set
type of sampling; RealTime, Burst, or Continuous. You can also
select the samples per average and sample rates on this screen.
• The RealTime mode is used for real-time size distribution

displays. This mode sends the raw data to the LISST-SOP
software for conversion to Size Distribution and displaying on the
screen. No data is saved in the datafile.
• The Burst and Fixed sample rate modes are used to save data in
the on-board datafile. The icons next to the various values give a
better understanding of their meaning. The software automatically
checks the values entered to make sure that there is no conflict.
For example, when a Samples per Average value is entered, the
minimum sample interval is computed. If this value is less than
the minimum permitted the value will be changed to the minimum
and the text will turn red. A similar test is done on the Burst
Interval setting.

5 • Select Start Conditions tab to configure when the instrument will .
begin sampling.
• There are five options: Depth, Time, External Mechanical Switch,
External Digital Input, and Time Delay. Select the mode by
clicking on the button next to the its label. Select the correct
parameters as required.

6 • Choose the Stop Conditions Tab to select the conditions when .
sampling should stop.
• The available stop conditions are: Depth, Time. External
Mechanical Switch, External Digital Input, Fixed number of
samples, and Maximum Memory or Low Battery.
• If the Stop Condition is Depth, External Mechanical Switch, or

External Digital Input and the Start Condition is also one of these
three options the Base Program on the instrument will return to
waiting for the Start condition. For example, if the start and stop
conditions were set to External Mechanical Switch then multiple
sampling sessions can be obtained by flipping the switch on and
off. This is useful when doing profiles. It eliminates the need to
communicate with the instrument between profiles.

7 • Select Apply or OK buttons to configure the instrument with the .
current settings. If the Apply button is pressed the program will
return to the current window. Returning to the Instrument Status
window will display a summary of the current settings.
• If the OK button is pressed, when the configuration is complete the
user will be prompted to open the Terminal window to start the
program. The program on the instrument is configured but not
running. To start the program and have it start looking for the
Start conditions press the Run button on the Terminal window.
The Run button is equivalent to typing RUN and pressing Enter
from any terminal program.
• The Base Program will display text to the screen as it is running to
confirm that it is running and to indicate where it is in the
sampling cycle. Once the program is confirmed to be running and
waiting for the correct start conditions, the LISST-SOP program
can be closed and the communications cable can be disconnected.
Be sure to replace the connector cap before deployment.

Instrument Communication
Serial Port Communication with the LISST-100X is via an RS-232C link. A

Settings cable that connects the instrument to a PC has been provided.
This cable connects the 4-pin underwater connector on the
instrument to a DB-9 serial port connector. If required, DB-9 to
DB-25 pin adapters are available.
The RS232 link communicates at 9600 baud, 8 data bits, No
parity, and 1 stop bit. Data file transfer is done using a YMODEM
transfer at 115K baud.
Using the Opening the Terminal Window, or alternate terminal software

Terminal Window such as MotoCross (installs in the LISST100 folder during
installation of the SOP), with the proper COM port and
communications settings will allow the user to communicate with
the instrument. The LISST-100X should respond by either
displaying text from a running program or echoing an L100X:>
prompt. If the instrument is in the Deep Sleep Mode it will only
wake up every 30 seconds, Print ZZZ to the screen and then return
to sleep.
The instrument firmware is retained in on-board flash memory and
will start executing when power is applied. After a power up,
pressing the ENTER key will cause an echo of the L100X:>
prompt. The Stop button will also send the commands to turn off
the main power to the laser and electronics. Pressing the Stop
button when the instrument is not running will not hurt the
instrument. It is recommended to press the Stop button multiple
times after stopping a running program to make sure that the main
power is properly shut off. Pressing the Start button will begin
the collection of data using the current configuration.
Two Letter Under most situations the LISST-SOP will be used to configure
commands and operate the LISST-100X. However, there are times when the
LISST-100X must interface to another datalogger or custom
program. For this purpose a set of two letter commands is
available to operate the instrument. See the following section for
detailed descriptions of each command.

Start Condition The LISST-SOP software or two letter commands can configure
the LISST-100X with one of five Start conditions: Depth, Time,
External Mechanical Switch, External Digital Input, and Time
Delay. The details of each condition are described below.
Depth Start: The built-in depth sensor of the LISST-100X is used
to check the current depth to determine if the desired start depth
has been exceeded. The instrument is powered up and 5
measurements of the depth are averaged over a two-second period.
If the depth exceeds the threshold the program will proceed to the
data collection routine. If the depth does not exceed the threshold
the instrument will power down and wait 28 seconds before
checking the depth again. The program will continue checking
until the depth is exceeded or until the program is stopped.
Time Start: The program will check the current time every
second and compare it to the Start Time. If the Start Time is equal
to or earlier than the current time the program will go directly to
the data collection routine. It will continue checking the time until
the Start Time is reached or until the program is stopped.
External Mechanical Switch Start: The LISST-100X has a white
plastic lever on the endcap. This lever has a magnet imbedded in
it. This magnet can activate a switch inside the pressure case. The
base program looks at the status of this switch once a second. If
the switch is in the on or “1” positions the program will go directly
to the data collection routine. It will continue checking the switch
status until the switch is moved to the “0” position or until the
program is stopped. When in the “0” position the lever is up
against the zinc anode.
External Digital Input Start: The LISST-100X is equipped with
auxiliary inputs on the 6-pin underwater connector. Pin 2 of the 6-
pin connector is the DIG 1 input. The program will check the
status of the digital input once a second. If the voltage at the DIG
1 input is greater than 2 volts (relative to Digital Ground, Pin1) the
program will go directly to the data collection routine. It will
continue checking the status of the digital input until voltage
exceeds 2 volts or until the program is stopped. WARNING: The
maximum input voltage on the digital inputs is 3.3 volts.
Time Delay Start: The time delay start condition will cause the
program to wait the specified number of seconds before
continuing on to the data collection routine.
Data Collection The LISST-SOP software can configure the Base program with
Routine one of six Stop conditions: Depth, Time. External Mechanical
Switch, External Digital Input, Fixed number of samples, and
Maximum Memory or Low Battery. The details of each condition
are described below.

Stop Condition The LISST-SOP software can configure the Base program with
one of six Stop conditions: Depth, Time. External Mechanical
Switch, External Digital Input, Fixed number of samples, and
Maximum Memory or Low Battery. When storing data in the
Fixed Sample Rate mode the Stop conditions are checked after
each averaged sample has been saved. When storing data in the
Burst mode the Stop conditions are only checked after a full Burst
has been completed. The Start and Stop conditions have no effect
on the Real-time sampling mode. The details of each condition are
described below.
Depth Stop: The built-in depth sensor of the LISST-100X is used
to check the current depth to determine if it is less than the desired
Stop depth. The averaged depth from the last sample acquired is
used as the current depth. If the depth is less than the threshold the
sampling will stop. If the depth is not less than the threshold the
program will continue sampling as per the configuration. If the
Start Condition is a Depth Start the program will wait 30 seconds
and then return to looking for the Depth Start Conditions. The
delay is to keep the instrument from starting and stopping too
quickly as the instrument is moving up and down. If the Start
Condition is Depth Start the Base program will return to checking
for the Start Conditions. For all other Start Conditions the when
the current depth is less than the threshold the program will stop
and return to the L100X:> prompt.
Time Stop: The program will check the current time after each
sample or burst and compare it to the Start Time. If the Start Time
is equal to or later than the current time the program will stop and
return to the L100X:> prompt.
External Mechanical Switch Stop: After each sample or burst
the status of the Switch lever is checked. If the switch lever is in
the off or “0” position sampling will stop. If the Start Condition is
a Switch Start the program will return to checking the start
condition. For all other Start conditions the program will stop and
External Digital Input Stop: The status of the Dig 1 input is
checked after each sample or burst. If the voltage at the input is
less than 0.7 volts the sampling will stop. If the Start Condition is
a Digital Input Start the program will return to checking the start
condition. For all other Start conditions the program will stop and
Fixed Number of Samples: The program will acquire a fixed
number of samples before stopping. For the Fixed Sample Rate
mode the number of samples saved is checked after each sample is
saved. In the Burst mode the number of samples is checked only
after each burst. Therefore it may be possible to save more
samples than specified. When the number of sample to be saved
has been reached the program will stop and return to the L100X:>
prompt.
Maximum Memory or Low Battery: The Maximum Memory or
Low Battery Stop condition will continue to sample until the
memory capacity has been reached or when the battery voltage has
dropped to less than 6 volts. The program will continue to sample
until one of these conditions is met. It will then return to the
L100X:> prompt.

LISST-100X Command Summary
Display Commands
DD Display current Disk Directory
DS Display current status information
DB Display Current Battery Voltage
HE Display general help messages and command list
Setup Commands
OM x Set Operating mode.
ST x Set Start Condition.
TD x Set Start Condition Data
SP x Set Stop Condition
PD x Set Stop Condition Data
SI x Set Sample interval
MA x Set samples per average equal to x
BI x Set Burst Interval
SC mm/dd/yy hh:mm:ss Set Clock with time and date, where mm=month,
dd=day, yy=year, hh=hour(24 format), mm=minute,
ss=seconds, Example: ST 01/05/2005 21:05:03
SB x Set Samples per Burst
Acquisition/Action Commands
DL filename Grab sample and transmit it
GO Start Data collection using current parameters
GX Grab sample and transmit it
YS YMODEM offload of file at 115K Baud
ZS Acquire 20 samples and transmit them.
Used by SOP Acquire Background.
ZZ Go into deep sleep mode (minimum power
consumption)

LISST-100X Command Details
Display Commands
DB Display Battery Voltage
Syntax: DB or db
Description: The current battery voltage is displayed to the screen.
Example: input: DB
output: Current Battery voltage: 8.90 volts
DD Display Disk Directory

Syntax: DD or dd
Description: Display current disk directory in DOS type format. Includes total bytes used
and bytes available.
Example: input: DD
results: L100x:>dd
LISST-100X Disk Directory
Volume in drive C is NONAME

Volume Serial Number is 778B-155F
Directory of C:\
L040305_.BIN 4,136 03-05-04 6:30p
L183705.BIN 1,672 03-05-04 6:37p
2 file(s) 5,808 bytes 0 dir(s) 15,933,440 bytes

free L100x:>
DS Display current status information

Syntax: DS or ds
Description: The instrument settings and status are displayed to the screen.
Example: input: DS
output:
LISST-100X Current Status and Settings
Serial number = 1004
Operating Mode: Burst Mode
Start Condition: Time Start at 03/10/04 09:22:00
Stop Condition: Fixed Number Stop at 1 samples
Measurements per Average: 10
Sample Interval: 1
Burst Interval: 1
Samples per Burst: 0
Battery Voltage is 8.90
Current Date/Time: Wednesday, March 10, 2004 10:18:49
input: DS 1
output:
LISST-100X Current Status and Settings
SN = 1004
OM = 2
ST = 2
TD = 03/10/04 09:22:00
SP = 5
PD = 1
MA = 10
SI = 1
BI = 1
SB = 0
BB = 0
CT = 0
IC = 0
Current Time = 03/10/04 10:18:49
Battery = 890
Switch = 0
Memory= 15005640
HE Display general help messages and command list

Syntax: HE or he
Description: Displays the list of command to the screen.
Example: input: HE
output: LISST-100X Commands (followed by 30 lines of text)
Setup Commands
OM Set Operating Mode

Syntax: OM x or om x
Description: Sets the Operating Mode to one of the following types:
1 = Real Time Mode
2 = Burst Mode
3 = Fixed Rate Mode
OM command only without a parameter will initiate a prompt for the

Operating mode.
Example: input: OM 3
output:
MA Set measurements per average

Syntax: MA x or ma x

Where x = number of samples per average
Description: Each recorded or displayed measurement is based on an average of

measurements. The number of measurements per average is set using the SA
command.
If no value follows command, prompts will be displayed for the value.
Example: input: MA 10
Cautions: None
ST Set Start Condition

Syntax: ST x or st x, where x is the start condition code:
Description: The ST command sets the start condition to be used when the GO command
is issued. The start condition options are:
1 = Depth Start
2 = Time/Date Start
3 = Mechanical Switch Start
4 = Digital Input Start
5 = Delay Start
Example: input: ST 5
TD Set Start Condition Data

Syntax: TD x or td x, where x is the start condition data :
Description: The TD command sets the start condition data to be used when the GO
command is issued. The start condition data is used with the Start Condition
setting. For example, if the Start Condition is Depth Start (option 1) the
input will be start depth in meters. If the start condition is set to Time/Date
Start (option 2) the input for TD will be the start date and time. If the Start
Condition is Delay Start (option 5) the input will be time delay in seconds.
The TD setting is ignored for Mechanical Switch Start (option 3) or Digital
Input Start(option 4).
Example: input: TD 12/31/05 23:59:59 or TD 3600
SP Set Stop Condition

Syntax: SP x or sp x, where x is the stop condition code:
Description: The SP command sets the stop condition to be used when collecting data.
The stop condition options are:
1 = Depth Stop
2 = Time/Date Stop
3 = Mechanical Switch Stop
4 = Digital Input Stop
5 = Fixed Number of Samples Stop
6 = Maximum memory or Low Battery Stop
Example: input: SP 5
PD Set Start Condition Data

Syntax: PD x or pd x, where x is the start condition data :
Description: The PD command sets the start condition data to be used when the collection
data. The stop condition data is used with the Stop Condition setting. For
example, if the Stop Condition is Depth Stop (option 1) the input will be stop
depth in meters. If the stop condition is set to Time/Date Stop (option 2) the
input for TD will be the stop date and time. If the Stop Condition is Fixed
Number Stop (option 5) the input will be the number of samples to collect
before stopping. The TD setting is ignored for Mechanical Switch Stop
(option 3) or Digital Input Stop(option 4).
Example: input: PD 12/31/05 23:59:59 or PD 3600
SB Set Samples per Burst

Syntax: SB x or sb x where x is the number of samples per burst.
Each sample it taken at the sample interval set by the SI command.

Example: input: SB 10
SC Set Clock with time and date

Syntax: SC mm/dd/yy hh:mm:ss or st mm/dd/yy hh:mm:ss
Where mm=month, dd=day, yy=year, hh=hour(24 format),mm=minute,
ss=seconds
If no values follow the “SC” or “sc” command, prompts for entering the time
and date will be displayed.
Example: input: SC 01/05/2001 21:05:03
Acquisition/Action commands
DL Delete file from Compact Flash Module

Syntax: DL filename or dl filename where filename is the name of the file to be
deleted.
Description: DL command is used to delete file from the Compact flash module.
Wildcards such as *.* can be used.
Example: Input: DL L159*.dat
Output: Are you sure (Y/N)…

Cautions: WARNING: Make sure that the file being delete has already been offloaded
before deleting the file. Once the file is delete it can not be recovered.
GO Start Data Collection using current Settings

Syntax: GO or go
Description: Starts Fixed Rate or Burst Mode Data collection using current settings.
Example: Input: GO
Output: Waiting for start conditions…
Cautions: To stop acquisition before it is complete press the Stop button or CTRL-C.
GX Grab sample and transmit it

Syntax: GX or gx
Description: Acquires single averaged sample and displays the result to the screen.
Example: Input: GX
Output: {
…. 32 ring values + 8 Aux parameters
}
Notes: The GX command does not store the sample to a datafile.
YS YMODEM Offload
Syntax: YS filename or ys filename where filename is the name of the file to be
offloaded.
Description: Offloads file from Compact Flash Module to PC using YMODEM offload at
115 Kbaud
Example: Input: YS L1391205.dat
Output: Starting…
Notes: The YS will initiate the YMODEM offload on the instrument. A YMODEM
file transfer must be started on the PC to accept the data. HyperTerminal can
accept YMODEM file transfers at 115K baud.
ZS Grab 20 samples and transmit it

Syntax: ZS or zs
Description: Acquires 20 averaged sample and displays the result to the screen. The ZS
command is used by the LISST-SOP program when acquiring a background.
Example: Input: ZS
Output: {
…. 32 ring values + 8 Aux parameters
}
repeat 20 times
Notes: The ZS command does not store the sample to a datafile.

ZZ Go into deep sleep mode (minimum power consumption)
Syntax: ZZ or zz
Description: Sends LISST-25X in to low power sleep mode. Instrument will wake up
every 10 seconds and wait for a response. If there is no response with in 2
seconds, the instrument will return to sleep mode.
Example: Input: ZZ
Output: Deep Sleep… Enter zz to wake up
Deep Sleep… Enter zz to wake up
Deep Sleep… Enter zz to wake up
Cautions: The background scattering data and other settings are not affected by the ZZ
command.

Performance Optimization
This section contains information on optimizing the performance

of the LISST-100X.
Background As was discussed in earlier sections, the LISST-100X uses a
Scatterfile and its custom detector to measure light scattered at small angles from
Importance particles in water. In order to measure only the scattered light
contributed by the particles, a measurement of the background
scattering must be obtained. This background scattering can
come from a number of areas. Scratches on the windows,
imperfections on the optics, and other sources all contribute to the
scattered light. By subtracting this background scattering from
the measured data, a true measurement of the light scattered from
the particles can be obtained. The measurement of background
scattering has come to be called a "ZSCAT". The name comes
from the fact that the measurement is obtained using water with
zero "scatterers" or particles.
It is very important that clean and bubble free water is used. The
water can be fresh or salt water. For most applications, it has
been found that steam-distilled water is sufficient. Steam-
distilled water is typically available in one-gallon containers. We
have found that this distilled water tends to be a bit cleaner than
typical bottled or packaged water. We buy steam-distilled
drinking water and filter it through a 0.2µm filter.
Watch for Another consideration when acquiring a background is
outgassing "outgassing" causing small bubbles to form on the instrument and
windows. Bubbles on the windows will greatly modify the
scattering pattern, rendering the background useless. Be sure to
remove any bubbles from the windows before acquiring a
background scatterfile. Use a squirt bottle or pipette to blow the
bubbles off the window.
A small volume horizontal chamber has been provided for
submerging the optics while acquiring a background. It is
inserted between the windows of the optics. The instrument
should be placed horizontally on the supplied white plastic
supports. Roughly 120 milli-liters of water is needed to fill the
chamber.
Clean optics end Because the area surrounding the windows is submerged, it is
before acquiring a important to thoroughly clean and rinse this part of the instrument
background before acquiring a background.
Toothbrush, liquid soap and water works well for cleaning
the optical end of the instrument; do not use abrasive
powders, they will scratch optics and destroy instrument
performance.

Avoid Direct Direct sunlight should also be avoided when obtaining a
sunlight background. The unit is relatively insensitive to sunlight;
however, bright light can increase the noise in the measurement
and give a false background scattering measurement. It is
recommended that the end of the instrument be shrouded with a
dark cloth during the acquisition of the background. In general,
the background should be taken in conditions that match the
deployment conditions as closely as possible.
The low concentration limit of LISST-100X is very sensitive to
the quality of the background scatterfile. For this reason, when
working in near-surface or mid-depth water, it is very important
that a good background file be obtained with very clean water.
As particle concentrations increase, the relative signal-to-
background noise ratio also increases, thus reducing the
importance of the background. However, Background
Scatterfiles should always be done before an experiment.
Plastic bags, Tupperware or clean containers of any kind can be
used to acquire a background. The instrument’s optics end can be
submerged in them vertically, as long as the optics are completely
submerged and there is no blockage of the windows by bubbles or
other objects.
Backgrounds Scatterfiles should always be done before each
data collection.

Optical Alignment The background scatterfile is the best source of information on
the current health of the LISST-100X. It provides information on
the current functionality of all of the major systems including
laser, ring detector, data collection electronics, and optical
alignment. The LISST-100X is a sensitive optical device. The
laser must be aligned such that the focused spot is centered on the
hole in the center of the ring detector. If this alignment in not
correct the instrument will not function correctly. The
background file can easily provide the user with information
about the status of the alignment.
In order to check the status of an instrument you will need to

open the most current background scatter file, as well as the
factory background scatter file (factory_zsc_xxxx.asc), where
xxxx is the instrument serial number. The files are space
separated and will easily open up in Excel or other spreadsheets.
Once you have opened the files you will see that they consist of
40 rows and 1 column of data.
The first indicator of an alignment problem is a severe drop in the

currently transmitted laser power (row 33) when compared to the
factory laser power. The laser power and laser reference values
(row 36) will change over time but they should track together. If
the value of the laser power:laser reference ratio for your current
background measurement is less than 50% of the laser
power:laser reference ratio from the factory background file,
misalignment may be occurring.
The second indictor of misalignment is high value on the inner

rings. The inner rings are shown on the left side of the
background display. The most important rings for misalignment
indication are rings 1-4 in the background scatter file. As the
focused laser starts to move away from the center of the ring
detector it will scatter more light onto the inner rings. This will
cause the inner ring values to be much higher than the factory
values, and is also the reason for the decrease in transmitted laser
power.
It must be noted that low laser power or high inner rings may not
always indicate misalignment. Low laser power can also occur
because the windows or water is dirty or if there are bubbles on
the window. Large particles or bubbles can cause the inner rings
to be higher than factory values. All of the other possibilities
must be eliminated before the conclusion of misalignment can
be reached.
The transmit optics on the LISST-100X do allow for the

possibility of the user adjusting the alignment. A written
procedure can be provided for this procedure. However, it is
highly recommended that the need for re-alignment be discussed
with a trained Sequoia Scientific technical service representative
before attempting this procedure.
Instrument Mounting, Storage and Maintenance
This section contains information on mounting, storing and

maintaining the LISST-100X.
Mount the The LISST-100X measures scattered light to obtain particle size
instrument distributions. Therefore it is important to keep particles from
Horizontal sticking to the window surface. The first line of defense it to
keep the window surface vertical by mount the instrument
horizontally. This is most critical when the water motion is slow.
When working in rivers or towed application the orientation is
not as critical.
The center section of the main pressure case has a slightly smaller
diameter than the ends. The smaller diameter section is the
suggest mounting area. The U-shaped mounting block provided
with the instrument fit this diameter and can be used for mounting
the instrument.
Clamps for mounting the instrument are also available from
Sequoia. See the accessories page on our website: [xx insert acc
page here].
Isolate from all To reduce the corrosion of the aluminum parts a zinc anode is
other metal attached to the Connector endcap. This anode must be exposed to
the water for it to be effective.
When mounting the instrument be sure to electrically isolate the
instrument from all other metal. Any contact with other metal
can greatly increase the rate of corrosion. Isolate the instrument
with rubber or plastic to keep the LISST-100X from being the
sacrificial anode for the mounting hardware.
A set of stainless steel clamps with rubberized interiors ships as
part of the instrument package. Use these or the plastic clamps for
mounting, and make sure that no metal is in direct contact with
the pressure housing or other components of the instrument. If
you lose the spare clamps, replacement clamps are available for
purchase from Sequoia.

Storage notes Again it must be emphasized that the LISST-100X is a sensitive
instrument. When not in use, the instrument should be stored in a
well padded case. For longer storage (year or so), the
communication cable should be disconnected and the battery
pack should be removed. If you do not wish to remove the battery
or disconnect it, battery life can be prolonged with the use of the
Low Power Sleep Mode. In this mode the instrument will use no
more than 10% of a typical battery life over a 6 month duration.
To put the instrument in to low power sleep mode choose Put

LISST to Sleep from the LISST menu. To get the lowest power
consumption the Communications cable must be disconnected
from the instrument and the Switch Lever on the endcap must be
in the “1” position.
As has been noted earlier, the condition of the windows is critical

to the performance of the LISST-100X. Care must be taken when
cleaning the windows. The windows and the instrument should
be rinsed thoroughly with fresh water after each deployment. The
windows should be cleaned with a soft cloth or lens tissue.
Liquid detergent/soap and water may be used. For removing
grease spots, finger prints, etc, alcohol may be used. Do not use
stronger solvents such as Acetone or Toluene.
Abrasive powders must never be used near the optics

windows; they will scratch the windows and degrade
instrument performance.
O-rings that seal the mating parts of the instrument must be

maintained and inspected regularly. Whenever the connector end
cap is removed, check the O-ring for any cuts or marks, and clean
and lightly grease the O-ring before installing the end cap. Spare
end cap O-rings have been provided. O-rings are inexpensive
items that provide an invaluable service; replace them if in any
doubt about their condition. When replacing the O-ring, be sure
to clean the O-ring groove thoroughly with cotton-swabs etc.
making sure that no fibers or particles of dirt are left after the
cleaning.

The LISST-100X should not require any adjustment or
calibrations. The pressure and temperature sensors can be re-
calibrated if desired. The performance of the instrument can be
checked with the use of a sample of particles of a known size
distribution. Such samples ship as part of the instrument
package. Standard particles can be obtained from manufacturers
of standard particles, such as Whitehouse Scientific (xx) or PTI
(xx).
Comparison of the LISST-100X's performance with that of
other particle-size measuring devices that are not based on
laser diffraction may result in inconsistencies because the
instruments may measure different properties of the particles
to interpret particle size.
Maintenance Notes
Battery Power and The main battery is mounted to the connector end cap. SEQUOIA
Access supplies the custom 9V battery packs for use with the LISST-
100X instrument. The use of batteries other than these may void
your warranty. When using laboratory power supplies, the user
must exercise extreme caution in using correct polarities on the
external 3-pin connector. Reverse polarities or misconnection
may damage the electronics, the repair of which would not be
covered under the warranty.
The step-by-step procedure for accessing and replacing the battery
pack is described below.

STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE: CHANGING THE BATTERY
Step Action Result

1 • Place the LISST-100X in a horizontal position.
U-blocks have been provided for this purpose.
2 • Disconnect all cables from the end cap.

3 • Install caps on connectors to protect pins. Caps installed on the
Caps MUST be installed on connectors before submerging into water. connectors.
4 • Remove the six recessed bolts from the end cap. The recessed bolts
Use the Allen wrench provided. The threads of the bolts have been removed from the
coated with an anti-seize compound. Spare bolts are included with end cap.
the LISST-100X.
5 • Insert the three long bolts into the threaded holes next to the hold- The three long bolts
down screws. are inserted.
6 • Next, remove the end cap by gently threading the long bolts in End cap and battery
evenly. They will bottom out against the edge of the pressure removed from the
housing and slowly force out the connector endcap. When the O- case.
ring becomes visible, grasp the ring attached to the end cap with
standoffs and pull gently away from the case. Slight rotation will
sometimes be helpful.
The end cap has an O-ring seal on the inside diameter of the case.
The compression of the O-ring seal contributes to the effort required
to remove the end cap.
The end cap should remain parallel to the end of the case. Tipping
of the end cap can cause binding.
Do Not Pry the End Cap Off.
WARNING: The endcap and battery cable assembly will still be
connected to the main electronics. The assembly can only be
removed a few inches from the end of the pressure case.
7 • To expose the battery and battery cable connectors, remove the Battery is visible.
Velcro wrap.
8 • To remove the battery, release the Velcro wrap and loosen the nuts Battery removed and
on the threaded rods. Remove the plate. Do not remove the replaced.
threaded rods. Disconnect the power cord from the battery and
remove it from its place between the rods.
Before removing the battery, make note of its orientation so that the
replacement battery can be positioned similarly.

9 • Insert the new battery in exactly the same orientation as the old
battery. Tighten the nuts on the threaded rods to finger tightness.
Re-apply wrap allowing for access to the power connectors.
Make sure that the battery does not overhang the edge of the end
cap diameter. If the battery is offset, the end cap may not seat
properly, making installation difficult.
10 • Re-Connect the white female 2-pin connector to the white male 2- Power on.
pin connector. Connecting these connectors will apply power to the
electronics module. Once power is applied the instrument begin
running and the L100X:> prompt will be displayed. It may be
necessary to put the instrument into low power sleep mode after the
battery is reconnected.
11 • Re-wrap the battery with the Velcro wrap. Adjust the position of the Battery wrapped up.
connectors to minimize the diameter of the assembly. If the
connectors are not arranged properly it will be difficult to insert the
battery into the pressure case.
12 • Before installing the end cap into the case, clean and lightly grease O-ring greased and
the O-ring. You may want to remove it and inspect it for any cuts or inspected for any
defects. defects.
Use clean fingers to apply o-ring grease. Paper or cloth can leave
fibers on the o-ring which can cause the o-ring to leak. The inside
diameter of the case should be similarly cleaned and lightly greased.
13 • Install the end cap into the case by first lining up the holes in the end The end cap installed
cap with the threaded holes in the case. into the case and the
A slight twisting motion will help the o-ring obtain a good seal. This case is now sealed.
will also allow the bolt holes to be lined up.
14 • Applying uniform force, push the end cap into the case. After the End cap is back in
end cap is inserted, slightly rotate the end cap. place.
15 • Install the bolts, tightening evenly, until they are snug but not tight. End cap is secured in
Do not over tighten. The stainless steel screws can damage the place with the bolts.
threads of the aluminum case if over tightened. The end cap has a
radial O-ring seal and is not dependent on the tightness of the
screws for sealing.

Technical Specifications
• Parameters measured/derived
Particle Size distribution
Total Volume Concentration
Optical Transmission
Depth
Temperature
• An external analog input (0-2.5V)
• Two external digital I/O ports (5V logic)
• Optical path length: 5 cm standard, 2.5 cm optional
• Optical transmission: 12 bit resolution
• Particle size range: Type B: 1.25 - 250 micron diameter, Type C: 2.5 –500 micron
• Resolution: 32 size classes, log-spaced
• Data storage memory: 128MB (1.6 million samples) standard, expandable to 1 GB
• Maximum sample speed: 1 size distributions per second (standard)
• Temperature-sensor range: -10 to 45oC resolution: 0.01o C
• Depth Sensor range: 0 to 300 m of H2O, resolution: 0.08 m of H2O
• External power input: 12V nominal (6 to 15V)
• Dimensions: 13.33 cm (5.25") ∅ x 80.7 cm (31.75") L
• Weight in air: 12 kg (25 lb)
• Weight in water: 4 kg (8.5 lb)
• Depth rating: 300 m (standard)
• Connector Endcap screws: Socket head cap screws #8-32 3/4” long
• Endcap O-ring: Parker Part # 2-244

Index
Alignment ............................................................... 60 Mounting.................................................................62
Background Operating Mode ...............................................18, 42
acquiring............................................... 16, 27, 28 burst ..................................................................43
importance ........................................................ 16 Fixed sample rate ..............................................43
Battery real time ......................................................39, 43
drain ................................................................. 10 Path Reduction Module ............................. See PRM
life .................................................................... 10 Precautions .............................................................12
replacement ...................................................... 65 Pressure Sensor ....................................................... 9
BioBlock PRM ........................................................................75
battery replacement .......................................... 86 Scattering Angles
configuring ....................................................... 85 computing .........................................................71
installation ........................................................ 83 in air ..................................................................72
operating........................................................... 85 in water .............................................................73
Connectors Size Ranges .......................................................67, 70
diagrams ........................................................... 76 computing .........................................................71
Corrosion................................................................ 62 Sleep Mode
Data put to sleep ........................................................26
deleting from LISST-100X .............................. 31 wake up .............................................................14
offloading ......................................................... 30 Software
Data Processing installation.........................................................14
Raw data ........................................................... 32 Specifications ..........................................................67
real time............................................................ 39 Standard Particles ..................................................64
Data Storage Format Start Conditions .....................................................44
asc files ............................................................. 39 depth start..........................................................48
log files ............................................................. 39 external digital input .........................................48
processed data .................................................. 75 external mechanical switch ...............................48
psd files ............................................................ 39 time delay..........................................................48
raw data ............................................................ 74 time start ...........................................................48
Error Messages Stop Conditions ......................................................45
could not find [Instrumentxxxx]....................... 88 depth stop ..........................................................49
no valid query response .................................... 87 external digital input .........................................49
External I/O Ports external mechanical switch ...............................49
analog ............................................................... 10 fixed number of samples ...................................49
digital ................................................... 10, 48, 49 low battery ........................................................49
External Power Supply ......................................... 10 maximum memory ............................................49
Laser Power time stop ...........................................................49
low.............................................................. 16, 29 Storage ....................................................................63
low transmitted ................................................. 60 Sunlight ...................................................................59
Laser Reference ..................................................... 60 Temperature Sensor ............................................... 9
Laser Transmission ......................................... 74, 75 Troubleshooting
Maintenance ........................................................... 64 cannot connect ..................................................87
Misalignment ................................................... 29, 60

Appendix A: Instrument Specific Documentation
Instrument Model Number
Instrument Serial Number
Instrument Manufacture Date
Instrument Memory Capacity
Instrument Accessories
Instrument Owner
Auxiliary Parameters
The table below lists the auxiliary parameter labels and calibration constants. These values are saved
in the LISST.INI file. They can be viewed and/ or edited using the “Edit Calibration Constants” from
the DataFrames menu.
Auxiliary Parameter Display Label Multiplier Offset Units

Parameter 1 Laser Power mW
Parameter 2 Battery 0.01 0 volts
Parameter 3 External Instrument volts
Parameter 4 Laser Reference mW
Parameter 5 Depth 0.01 meters depth
Parameter 6 Temperature 0.01 0 Deg. C
Parameter 7 Day*100 + Hour 1 0
Parameter 8 Minutes*100 + seconds 1 0
Volume Conversion Constant
Constants for Firmware

These constants are entered at the factory to be resident in the instrument firmware.
Parameter Number Parameter Multiplier Offset

Parameter 1 Battery Volts
Parameter 2 Depth
Parameter 3 Temperature
Instrument Reference Data:

Ring Values 1 Laser Power (counts) =
1–5 2 Laser Reference Power (counts) =
(counts) 3
4
5 Verified by:

Appendix B: Data Storage Format and Size Ranges
Size Ranges, Angles of Observation and Data Storage Format
Size Ranges There are 32 size ranges logarithmically placed from 1.25 - 250
microns in diameter, or 2.5 – 500 microns (the upper size in each
bin is 1.180 times the lower).
The table below shows the lower and upper limit of each size bin
in microns, together with the median size (also in microns) for
each size bin for type B and C instruments.
Type B Type C
Size bin # Ring # Lower Upper Median Lower Upper Median
1 32 1.25 1.48 1.36 2.50 2.95 2.72
2 31 1.48 1.74 1.60 2.95 3.48 3.20
3 30 1.74 2.05 1.89 3.48 4.11 3.78
4 29 2.05 2.42 2.23 4.11 4.85 4.46
5 28 2.42 2.86 2.63 4.85 5.72 5.27
6 27 2.86 3.38 3.11 5.72 6.75 6.21
7 26 3.38 3.98 3.67 6.75 7.97 7.33
8 25 3.98 4.70 4.33 7.97 9.40 8.65
9 24 4.70 5.55 5.11 9.40 11.1 10.2
10 23 5.55 6.55 6.03 11.1 13.1 12.1
11 22 6.55 7.72 7.11 13.1 15.4 14.2
12 21 7.72 9.12 8.39 15.4 18.2 16.8
13 20 9.12 10.8 9.90 18.2 21.5 19.8
14 19 10.8 12.7 11.7 21.5 25.4 23.4
15 18 12.7 15.0 13.8 25.4 30.0 27.6
16 17 15.0 17.7 16.3 30.0 35.4 32.5
17 16 17.7 20.9 19.2 35.4 41.7 38.4
18 15 20.9 24.6 22.7 41.7 49.2 45.3
19 14 24.6 29.1 26.7 49.2 58.1 53.5
20 13 29.1 34.3 31.6 58.1 68.6 63.1
21 12 34.3 40.5 37.2 68.6 80.9 74.5
22 11 40.5 47.7 43.9 80.9 95.5 87.9
23 10 47.7 56.3 51.9 95.5 113 104
24 9 56.3 66.5 61.2 113 133 122
25 8 66.5 78.4 72.2 133 157 144
26 7 78.4 92.6 85.2 157 185 170
27 6 92.6 109 101 185 218 201
28 5 109 129 119 218 258 237
29 4 129 152 140 258 304 280
30 3 152 180 165 304 359 331
31 2 180 212 195 359 424 390
32 1 212 250 230 424 500 460

The following lines of code in MATLAB will compute the lower, upper and median size in
microns of each bin for both instrument types. See also this article on Sequoia’s homepage:
http://www.sequoiasci.com/Articles/ArticlePage.aspx?pageid=150
rho=200^(1/32);
bins(:,1) = 1.25*rho.^([0:31]); %lower limit for type B
bins(:,2) = 1.25*rho.^([1:32]); % upper limit for type B
bins(:,3) = sqrt(bins(:,1).*bins(:,2)); %mid-point for type B
bins(:,4) = 2.5*rho.^([0:31]); %lower limit for type C

bins(:,5) = 2.5*rho.^([1:32]); % upper limit for type C
bins(:,6) = sqrt(bins(:,4).*bins(:,5)); %mid-point for type C
The following lines of code in MATLAB will compute the lower, upper and median angles (in
degrees) for the VSF measurement in air and water:
B_all = logspace(0,log10(200),33)*0.1; %create 33 logspaced

angles over a 1:200 dynamic range starting at 0.1degrees (type B
LISST).
B_all = B_all';
ANGLES_O2(:,1) = B_all(1:32);%The lower limits are the first 32
(of 33)
ANGLES_O2(:,2) = B_all(2:33);%The upper limits are the last 32
(of 33)
ANGLES_O2(:,3) =
sqrt(ANGLES_O2(:,1).*ANGLES_O2(:,2));%Midpoints.
C_all = logspace(0,log10(200),33)*0.05; %create 33 logspaced

angles over a 1:200 dynamic range starting at 0.05degrees (type
C LISST).
C_all = C_all';
ANGLES_O2(:,4) = C_all(1:32);%The lower limits are the first 32
(of 33)
ANGLES_O2(:,5) = C_all(2:33);%The upper limits are the last 32
(of 33)
ANGLES_O2(:,6) =
sqrt(ANGLES_O2(:,4).*ANGLES_O2(:,5));%Midpoints.
ANGLES_H2O = ANGLES_O2./1.33;%Create angles in water using the

refractive index of water

Angles in air Angles (in Degrees) for the VSF measurement in air are shown in
the table below.
See also Sequoia’s homepage:

http://www.sequoiasci.com/Articles/ArticlePage.aspx?pageId=177
Type B Type C
Ring # Size bin # Lower Upper Median Lower Upper Median
1 32 0.100 0.118 0.109 0.050 0.059 0.054
2 31 0.118 0.139 0.128 0.059 0.070 0.064
3 30 0.139 0.164 0.151 0.070 0.082 0.076
4 29 0.164 0.194 0.179 0.082 0.097 0.089
5 28 0.194 0.229 0.211 0.097 0.114 0.105
6 27 0.229 0.270 0.249 0.114 0.135 0.124
7 26 0.270 0.319 0.293 0.135 0.159 0.147
8 25 0.319 0.376 0.346 0.159 0.188 0.173
9 24 0.376 0.444 0.409 0.188 0.222 0.204
10 23 0.444 0.524 0.482 0.222 0.262 0.241
11 22 0.524 0.618 0.569 0.262 0.309 0.284
12 21 0.618 0.729 0.671 0.309 0.365 0.336
13 20 0.729 0.861 0.792 0.365 0.430 0.396
14 19 0.861 1.02 0.935 0.430 0.508 0.467
15 18 1.02 1.20 1.10 0.508 0.599 0.552
16 17 1.20 1.41 1.30 0.599 0.707 0.651
17 16 1.41 1.67 1.54 0.707 0.834 0.768
18 15 1.67 1.97 1.81 0.834 0.985 0.906
19 14 1.97 2.32 2.14 0.985 1.16 1.07
20 13 2.32 2.74 2.52 1.16 1.37 1.26
21 12 2.74 3.24 2.98 1.37 1.62 1.49
22 11 3.24 3.82 3.52 1.62 1.91 1.76
23 10 3.82 4.51 4.15 1.91 2.25 2.07
24 9 4.51 5.32 4.90 2.25 2.66 2.45
25 8 5.32 6.28 5.78 2.66 3.14 2.89
26 7 6.28 7.41 6.82 3.14 3.70 3.41
27 6 7.41 8.74 8.05 3.70 4.37 4.02
28 5 8.74 10.31 9.49 4.37 5.16 4.75
29 4 10.31 12.17 11.20 5.16 6.09 5.60
30 3 12.17 14.36 13.22 6.09 7.18 6.61
31 2 14.36 16.95 15.60 7.18 8.47 7.80
32 1 16.95 20.00 18.41 8.47 10.00 9.21

Angles in water Angles (in Degrees) for the VSF measurement in water are shown in
the table below.
See also Sequoia’s homepage:

http://www.sequoiasci.com/Articles/ArticlePage.aspx?pageId=178
Type B Type C
Ring # Size bin # Lower Upper Median Lower Upper Median
1 32 0.075 0.089 0.082 0.038 0.044 0.041
2 31 0.089 0.105 0.096 0.044 0.052 0.048
3 30 0.105 0.124 0.114 0.052 0.062 0.057
4 29 0.124 0.146 0.134 0.062 0.073 0.067
5 28 0.146 0.172 0.158 0.073 0.086 0.079
6 27 0.172 0.203 0.187 0.086 0.102 0.093
7 26 0.203 0.240 0.221 0.102 0.120 0.110
8 25 0.240 0.283 0.260 0.120 0.141 0.130
9 24 0.283 0.334 0.307 0.141 0.167 0.154
10 23 0.334 0.394 0.362 0.167 0.197 0.181
11 22 0.394 0.465 0.428 0.197 0.232 0.214
12 21 0.465 0.548 0.505 0.232 0.274 0.252
13 20 0.548 0.647 0.596 0.274 0.324 0.298
14 19 0.647 0.764 0.703 0.324 0.382 0.351
15 18 0.764 0.901 0.829 0.382 0.451 0.415
16 17 0.901 1.063 0.979 0.451 0.532 0.489
17 16 1.063 1.255 1.155 0.532 0.627 0.578
18 15 1.255 1.481 1.363 0.627 0.740 0.682
19 14 1.481 1.747 1.609 0.740 0.874 0.804
20 13 1.747 2.062 1.898 0.874 1.031 0.949
21 12 2.062 2.433 2.240 1.031 1.217 1.120
22 11 2.433 2.871 2.643 1.217 1.436 1.322
23 10 2.871 3.389 3.119 1.436 1.694 1.560
24 9 3.389 3.999 3.681 1.694 1.999 1.841
25 8 3.999 4.719 4.344 1.999 2.359 2.172
26 7 4.719 5.568 5.126 2.359 2.784 2.563
27 6 5.568 6.571 6.049 2.784 3.286 3.025
28 5 6.571 7.754 7.138 3.286 3.877 3.569
29 4 7.754 9.151 8.424 3.877 4.575 4.212
30 3 9.151 10.80 9.941 4.575 5.399 4.970
31 2 10.80 12.74 11.73 5.399 6.371 5.865
32 1 12.74 15.04 13.84 6.371 7.519 6.921

Raw Data Storage The values in the raw data file (.DAT extension ) are stored in the
Format order shown in the table below.
Elements Parameter
1:32 Light intensity on detectors 1 through 32

33 Laser transmission Sensor
34 Battery voltage in raw counts
35 External Auxiliary input 1 (0 to 5V = 0 to 4096)
36 Laser Reference sensor
37 Pressure in raw counts
38 Temperature in units of 100ths of degrees C
39 (Day*100 + Hour) at which data taken
40 (Minutes*100 + Seconds) at which data taken

Processed Data The values in the processed data file (.ASC extension) are stored
Storage Format in the order shown in the table below. Each sample is stored in
one row.
Elements Parameter
1:32 Volume concentration (in µl/l) for size class 1 through 32.
NOTE: The volume concentration is computed under the

assumption that the volume conversion constant was
measured over a 5 cm path length. If you are using a path
reduction module (PRM), the concentrations in columns 1
through 32 will not be correct. However, you can correct it
simply by multiplying the volume concentration by a factor
of 2, 5 or 10 for data obtained with 50, 80, and 90% PRM’s
respectively.
33 Laser transmission Sensor [mW]
34 Battery voltage in calibrated units [V]
35 External Auxiliary input 1 in calibrated units [mW]
36 Laser Reference sensor in calibrated units [mW]
37 Pressure in calibrated units [m]
38 Temperature in calibrated units [C]
39 (Day*100 + Hour) at which data taken
40 (Minutes*100 + Seconds) at which data taken
41 Computed optical transmission over path
42 Beam-attenuation (c) [m-1].
NOTE: The beam attenuation is computed under the

assumption that the path length is 50 mm (0.05 m). If you are
using a path reduction module (PRM), the beam attenuation
will NOT be correct. However, the optical transmission is
still correct, so you can compute the beam attenuation using
the following expressions:
c = -ln(optical transmission)*(1/0.025 m) if you are using a
50% PRM (25 mm path length).
c = -ln(optical transmission)*(1/0.01 m) if you are using an
80% PRM (10 mm path length) and
c = -ln(optical transmission)*(1/0.005 m) if you are using a
90% PRM (5 mm path length).
An alternative option is to multiply the beam attenuation in

column 42 with 2, 5 and 10 for data obtained with 50, 80,
and 90% PRM’s respectively.

Appendix C: Connector Pinouts for LISST-100X
The LISST-100X has 3 separate underwater connectors: A 5-pin, a 6-pin, and a 3-pin
connector. The photograph above shows the placement of each connector. The text below
describes detailed wiring for each connector.
Communications and Power Connector (5 pin connector)
Connector Manufacturer: Impulse Enterprise, Inc. San Diego, CA, USA

Connector Part Number (Bulkhead): MCBH (WB)-5-MP Stainless Steel
Mating Cable Part Number: MCIL-5-FS
Connector Pin # Use

1 Power/Serial Ground
2 External Power In (+9V nom. 6-12V)
3 Power/Serial Ground
4 Serial Out (to DB-9 Pin 2)
5 Serial In (to DB-9 Pin 3)

Auxiliary Input Connector (6 pin connector)

Connector Pin # Use

1 Digital Ground
2 Digital In #1
3 Digital In #2
4 No Connection
5 Analog In (0 to 2.50V max)
6 Analog Ground
BioBlock Connector (3 pin connector)

Connector Pin # Use

1 Signal Ground
2 Signal (Open/Closed)
3 Battery Sense

Appendix D: LISST-SOP Software Button Description
Button Label Description
Runs the instrument for Real-Time operation.
Open Real-Time Note: instrument must be already configured for real-time sampling and
Session be running (i.e. not hibernating). [To wake from hibernation, choose Wake Up
LISST from LISST menu.]
Open raw or processed file. Depending on extension of file requested to

Open
open, the appropriate procedure is started.
Queries the instrument for its current configuration and displays the
Query Instrument
information to the screen.
Offload Offloads stored data to a file for later processing.
Erases the datafile by resetting the datafile pointer, (variable D in former

Erase
versions), to zero.
Sends a CTRL-C to the instrument to stop a running program. Also sends

Stop
PCLR 10 to turn off main power.
Set Instrument Sets the internal instrument clock to match the currently connected
Clock computer clock
Opens the Instrument Sampling Configuration window where operating

Operating Modes
mode and sampling schemes can be configured.
Opens the real-time background collection windows where background-

Collect Background
scattering files can be collected in real-time.
When the instrument communication has not been initialized the

Connect/Disconnect button will be a red light. Pressing the button will
Connect/Disconnect toggle the communications status. When the Connect/Disconnect button
is showing a green light the instrument communication has been
initialized. Pressing the button will disconnect the instrument.
Pressing the Open Terminal button will bring up the terminal window for
Open Terminal
communication with the instrument including Start and Stop buttons.
The Program Settings button bring up the general settings windows for
Program Settings setting display parameters and other software settings, such as File
Output, Com Port settings, and Plot .
When viewing processed data the Print button will be activated. Pressing
Print
the button will send the current display to the printer.

Appendix E: Software Upgrade Installation Procedure
The following procedure describes the installation of the LISST-SOP Version 4.65 software for users
who have previously received an instrument with Version 3.xx software. Instruments shipped after
August 19, 2002 were shipped with a version of the SOP software and do not require the following
procedures.
Step 1) Download Install file: The LISST-SOP Version 4.65 is available from the Sequoia Scientific
web site (http://www.sequoiasci.com/library/downloads/login.aspx). The file downloads are
restricted to registered web-site users only. You can register for download by filling out the form on
the website. Future visits to the download page can be accessed by entering the email and password
selected at the time of registration. Choose the file labeled “LISST-100X SOP version 4.65 installer”.
Save this file to disk.
The LISST-SOP_Install.EXE file is a self-extracting Zip file that contains the files required to install
the LISST-SOP software. This will include SETUP465.EXE, LISST1004.TTB, InstrumentData.txt,
and some instrument specific files for the example instruments #1004 and #1005. Run the program
and press OK to extract the files into a temporary folder of your choice. Before running the
SETUP465.EXE program there are a few tasks that must be performed.
Step 2) Configure Instrument Specific Files: The downloaded install file contains some generic
instrument specific files. These files will need to be replaced with files from the folder containing the
previous version of the LISST software.
Copy the RingArea_1xxx.ASC file and the Factory_ZSC_1xxx.ASC files from the previous version’s
folder or the floppy disk sent with the instrument to the LISST-SOP install folder. The xxx should be
replaced with the serial number of the instrument. For example, for unit 1001 the files should have
the following names, RingArea_1001.ASC file and Factory_ZSC_1001.ASC.
Some older versions of the software did not use this naming convention. If there are no files with
serial numbers in the name copy the RingArea_B.ASC (or RingArea_C.ASC for type C instruments)
to the new folder and rename it using the serial number naming convention as shown above.
Similarly, copy and rename the Factory_ZSC.ASC file.
If multiple instruments are to be used with the LISST-SOP copy a RingArea and Factory_zsc file for
each instrument to the new folder. The example files for instruments 1004 and 1005 can be deleted if
desired.
Step 3) Edit InstrumentData.txt: The InstrumentData.Txt file contains a listing of a few basic
properties of each instrument to be used with the LISST-SOP software. Open the file using any text
editor such as Notepad. The file contains five comma-delimited columns of numbers.
The first column is the four-digit serial number of the instrument. The serial number cannot contain
any letters, only numbers. The second column is the instrument type (A, B, or C). Type A is the early
5-500 micron unit (discontinued). Type B is the 1.25-250 micron unit. Type C is the 2.5-500 micron
unit. The third column is the memory size. The options are either 529000 (standard) or 2102000
(2Mb upgrade) for the original LISST-100. For the LISST-100X instrument enter 2102000. The
fourth column is the Volume Conversion Constant. This value is instrument specific and can be
found in the LISST.INI file in the C:/Windows directory from the previous installation. It can also be
found by selecting “Edit Calibration Constants” in the previous versions. The fifth column is an

indicator for the LISST-100X type instruments. Place an X in this column for the LISST-100X
instruments and leave it blank for the LISST-100 instruments. Save the changes to the
InstrumentData.Txt file. If you have multiple instruments, copy the numbers from these instrument’s
InstrumentData.txt files to the same file.
Step 4) Edit LISST.INI: The LISST-SOP software is designed to support the use of multiple
instruments. The LISST.INI file contains the calibration values for the auxiliary parameters for each
instrument to be used. Before installing the LISST-SOP rename the LISST.INI file in the Windows
folder to LISSTV3.INI and copy it to the temporary install directory.
Open the LISSTV3.INI file with Notepad. Also open the LISST.INI file in the temporary install
directory. In the new LISST.INI file there will be two instrument specific sections labeled
[LISST1004] and [LISST1005] these sections will need to be replaced with the correct calibration
values for each instrument. Each instrument will have its own section with a heading that is
[LISSTxxxx] where xxxx is replace with the serial number of the instrument. The previous version
LISSTV3.INI will have a section labeled [Instrument1]. This section can be copied from the old
LISST.INI file for each instrument and placed into the new LISST.INI file. Save the changes to the
new LISST.INI file. During the setup of the software this file will be copied to the Windows folder.
The existing LISST.INI file will be renamed LISST.old.
Step 5) Run Setup465.EXE and configure software: Run the Setup465.exe program from the
floppy drive. From the Start menu select Run and enter A:/Setup465.exe. A Welcome screen will
appear. Choose Next to continue to the Destination Directory screen. The default directory is
C:\Program Files\Sequoia\LISST100. Use the Browse button to choose a different directory. Once a
directory is chosen press Next. Press Next again to start the install process. When it is completed
press OK to finish and exit the setup program.
From the Start menu navigate to Programs then Sequoia Scientific then LISST100. If a desktop icon
is desired, right click on LISST and choose “Send To” and then “Desktop as icon”. This will create
an icon on the desktop for later use.
Note: The “Start In” directory must be the same as the LISST.EXE program. Start the program by
double clicking on the icon or choosing LISST from the Start menu. From the File menu choose
Settings. Select the File Locations tab. The directory shown should be the same as the installation
directory. If it is not, use the Browse button to navigate to the correct directory. The default directory
is C:\Program Files\Sequoia\LISST100.
Step 6) Configure and Install Base program (for original LISST-100 instruments only): The
LISST-100X no longer uses a Base Program. The following description is for older style LISST-100
instrument that do require a Base Program.
The Base program is a combination of all of the previous TTB programs. The LISST-SOP program
is used to choose the desired settings that are then used to command the Base program. Before
loading this program on to each LISST instrument we must first configure it with the correct serial
number and memory size.
Open the LISST1004.TTB program with any text editor such as Notepad. Change the serial number
to match your instrument serial number at Line 1815. If the instrument is configured with a 2MB
memory upgrade you will also need to change Lines 10010 and 13620. At these lines there are two
lines of code. One line has REM in front of it. To switch lines move the REM from one to the other.
Save the file as LISSTxxxx.TTB where xxxx is the serial number of the instrument. This step should
be repeated for each instrument.
Note: Some instruments may have custom features such as the options Conductivity and Temperature
sensor. These instruments will require a custom Base program that has been modified to work with
the instrument. Contact Sequoia Scientific for more details at info@SequoiaSci.com.
After changing the serial number, this program can then be loaded into the instrument. Before
installing the program into the instrument using the new LISST software, connect the
communications cable and establish a connection using the new Terminal window of the LISST
software. To open the terminal window choose Terminal Window from the Communications menu.
Make sure that no programs are running, the OK> prompt is displayed. The clear any resident
program by issuing a NEW command.
To install the new base program from the LISST-SOP program select the Send Program option from
the LISST menu. A file selection dialog box should be displayed. Choose the program that is to be
loaded on to the instrument and select OK. A transfer status display will appear as the program is
loaded. To confirm the loading, issue a LIST command from the Terminal Window.
The software and instrument are now ready to use.

Appendix F: Horizontal Chamber Installation Procedure
Step 1) Before installing the Small Volume Horizontal

Chamber first clean the windows of the LISST-100X.
On older versions of the LISST-100X it will also be
necessary to remove the endcap ring and standoffs on
the optics endcap. Remove the three screws on the ring
and then unscrew the standoffs. Remove the Spacer and
push the Slider into toward the center of the chamber.
Step 2) Carefully insert the Chamber into the optical

path of the LISST-100X. Be careful not to touch the o-
rings to either glass windows. The Slider should mate to
the cone shape of the transmit optics. By reaching in
from the top of the chamber push the Slider out until the
chamber is up against the optics endcap. The o-ring in
the slider should just be starting to engage with the wall
of the chamber. It may be necessary to press on the top,
bottom and sides of the Slider to get it to slide out with
out binding.
Step 3) Once the slider is positioned such that the O-ring

is engaging in the wall of the chamber the Spacer can be
inserted between the outside wall of the chamber and the
lip of the Slider. The tapered side of the spacer should go
against the Slider lip. This will cause compression of the
o-rings and seal the chamber.
Step 4) The chamber can now be filled with clean

water. It is highly recommended to do a
background scatterfile after assembly to make sure
that the windows are still clean. It is NOT
necessary to have water around the chamber; only
IN the chamber.

Appendix G: BioBlock Installation and Use
The BioBlock Anti-Biofouling Shutter system is a bolt-on option that is available for the LISST-25X, LISST-
100, and LISST-100X. Copper disks are placed very near the optical widows. The copper discourages any
biology from growing on the optical windows. The BioBlock is self-contained with its own battery pack. It
uses a 5V logic signal from the dedicated BioBlock connector on the LISST-100X connector endcap. This
appendix is separated into three parts. The first section covers the installation of the BioBlock onto the LISST-
100X. The second section discusses configuring the firmware in the instrument to recognize the BioBlock and
use it during data collection. The third section
discusses general maintenance such as cleaning and
battery replacement.
Please note that the installation and maintenance of

the BioBlock on the older LISST-100 instruments
is very similar to the procedures described here for
the LISST-100X. However, the BioBlock
configuration in the firmware is very different. If
you are using an older version LISST-100 please
contact your authorized Sequoia representative for
a more correct procedure for using the BioBlock
with the LISST-100.
The figure on the left shows the fully assembled
BioBlock on the LISST-100X.
Installation Instructions for the LISST-100X
Step 1) The BioBlock for the LISST-100X is shipped

fully assembled and ready to mount onto the LISST-
100X. Please note that the main body of the BioBlock
can be used on the LISST-25X and LISST-100 in
addition to the LISST-100X. Therefore it is important
to specify which type of instrument the BioBlock will be
used with at the time the order is placed. The photo on
the right shows the assembled BioBlock next to the
LISST-100X. The BioBlock is shown in the Closed
(windows covered) position. This position is best for
correctly positioning the unit during installation. The
BioBlock should be removed from the LISST-100X in
the Closed position to facilitate re-installing it at a
later date. The BioBlock may be commanded to go
to the Closed position prior to installation by
connecting it to the LISST-100X and using the
LISST-100X software. Do not manually rotate the
crank arm that drives the shutter.
The BioBlock has two main parts. The main
cylindrical body contains the motor, batteries, and
electronics. Mounted to the end of the main body is
the translating shutter assembly with copper plates.
The shutter assembly is attached to the rotating crank
arm with a plastic arm.

Step 2) The figure above shows how the BioBlock is
inserted between the triangular Crossbar Standoffs of
the LISST-100X. Before installing the BioBlock we
must first remove one of the screws on the endcap.
Rotate the LISST-100X to match the photo. The two
endcap screws should be above the Crossbar Standoff
on the left. One is threaded into the endcap and the
other is longer and threaded into the instrument
housing. Remove the shorter screw such that the
threaded screw hole is empty. This is the most
clockwise screw of the pair. This threaded hole will be
used to hold the BioBlock in place.
Step 3) Slowly slide the BioBlock shutter assembly

straight down between the Crossbar Standoffs and the
windows (the LISST-100X sample volume), taking
care not to drag the copper plates across the windows.
The assembly is designed to fit snugly between the
Crossbar Standoffs. If the fit is too tight the plastic
sides of the assembly may be lightly sanded until the
parts fit together easily. Holding the BioBlock body
firmly against the LISST-100X, and ensuring that the
shutter assembly is centered in the LISST-100X
sample volume, install and tighten the mounting
screw. This screw is provided with the unit and is not
the screw that was removed in Step 2.
Step 4) Use large tie-wraps to secure the BioBlock body

to the LISST-100X, as shown in the photo on the right.
The tie-wraps should be placed over the bolts extending
from the mounting brackets. Trim excess ends of tie-
wraps.
Step 5) Connect the BioBlock cable to the LISST-

100X. Verify normal operation by cycling the
system using the LISST.EXE software. The
BioBlock shutter should position itself smoothly
during cycling, with no binding. If necessary,
loosen the mounting screw slightly and adjust the
position of the BioBlock slightly to improve
operation, and then re-tighten the screw.

Configuring and Operating the BioBlock on the LISST-100X
The LISST-100X comes pre-configured for use with the BioBlock. There is a dedicated 3-pin BioBlock
connector on the endcap and the firmware is designed to utilize the BioBlock shutter during sampling. The
only thing remaining is to inform the firmware that the BioBlock has been installed. To do this a simple two
letter command has been added to tell the instrument the BioBlock is attached. The command is BB (short for
BioBlock). The summary of the command is below.
BB BioBlock Configuration and Test Command

Syntax: BB or bb
Description: Configure the BioBlock Connection Setting and send test commands.
Example: input: BB 1
output: BioBlock is now connected!
Input options:
0 = BioBlock is not connected.
1 = BioBlock is connected.
10 = BioBlock is connected and issues a command to close the BioBlock.
11 = BioBlock is connected and issues a command to open the BioBlock.
As shown in the shown in the table above the BB command has multiple input options. In addition to telling
the firmware that the BioBlock is connected, the command can also be used for testing the operation of the
BioBlock. For example, issuing a BB 10 command will enable the connection and send the command to close
the BioBlock. A BB 11 command will also enable the connection and send an open command.
During normal sampling the BioBlock will be commanded to open before each sample is collected. After the
sample is recorded the time until the next sample is computed. If the time remaining is less than 30 seconds
the BioBlock will remain open. If the time is greater than 30 seconds the BioBlock will close and then reopen
two seconds before the next sample.
When using the Real Time mode of the LISST-SOP software, the BioBlock will not be commanded to open at
the beginning of sampling. Therefore it must be manually opened using the BB 11 command.
To issue the BB command, open the Terminal window on the standard LISST-SOP Windows software. At the
L100X:>> prompt type BB followed by the input option. Pressing Enter will set the BioBlock connection and
issue any open or close commands. If a Display Status (DS) command is now issued the listing of the
instrument status will now include a message that the BioBlock is now connected.
The BioBlock uses two standard alkaline D batteries for power. The electronics inside the BioBlock includes a
battery monitor. If the voltage of the battery is too low a signal will be sent to the LISST-100X. If LISST-
100X sees that the BioBlock battery is low it will command the BioBlock to remain open. By monitoring the
battery, the BioBlock can be left in the open position before the battery voltage is too low.

BioBlock Battery replacement
The BioBlock uses two standard Alkaline D cells to power its operation. The following procedure can be used
to replace the batteries. It is recommended that the batteries be replaced before each extended deployment and
that the procedure is carried out indoor on a workbench.
The following tools are needed:

Screwdriver.
2 Alkaline replacement D cells.
O-ring grease (if O-ring needs greasing).
Spare O-ring is O-ring needs to be replaced (spare O-rings ship with each BioBlock).
Step 1) Disconnect the cable attaching the BioBlock to the LISST-100X at the BioBlock. The BioBlock can
remain connected to the LISST-100X if desired.
Step 2) Remove the three screws holding the connector endcap to the main body of the BioBlock. These
screws are 4-40UNC socket head cap screws that are 5/8 inches long.
Step 3) Carefully remove the endcap from the main body by gently pulling on the endcap with a slight twisting
motion. Be careful not to pull the assembly out too far. Wires connect this endcap to the internal circuitry
and therefore the travel is limited.
Step 4) The two batteries are held in place by a battery mount attached to the connector endcap. Remove the
batteries and replace with fresh alkaline batteries. If desired wrap each battery with electrical tape to keep it in
place during installation. Please note that the battery mount is flexible and when inserted in to the housing the
squeeze on the batteries will increase to insure a good connection. Make sure that the tape does not impede the
batteries from sliding and making good contact.
Step 5) Check the O-ring on the connector endcap. The surface should be clean and free of cuts. If needed,
add a very light coating of O-ring grease to make assembly easier. The O-ring is a Parker O-ring #2-133.
Step 6) Carefully slide the battery assembly into the housing. It should be possible to rotate the assembly after
installation to line up the screw holes.
Step 7) Install the three screws holding the endcap in place. Tighten the screws to just slightly tighter than
finger tight. The sealing of the endcap is *NOT* dependent on the tightness of the screws. Since the
metal screws are threaded into plastic it is easy to over tighten the screws and strip the threads in the housing.
Do not over tighten the screws.
Step 8) Reattach the cable to the LISST-100X and test the operation using the BB 11 and BB 10 commands.
The commands can be issues through the Terminal window of the LISST-SOP software.

Appendix H: Technical Assistance & Troubleshooting
Q: I think that I have a problem with my data and/or my data processing and would like you to have a look at
them - can you do that? What data do I need to send to you?
A: We'll be happy to look at your data and help you figure out what is going on. We ALWAYS need the
following from you:
1) The raw data (the file(s) with either a .DAT or a .LOG extension).
2) The zscat file you used for processing your data.
3) The serial number of the instrument you are using.
If you are returning data from more than one instrument, please send them in separate emails, with data from
only one instrument in each email, and the subject line clearly indicating instrument type and serial number.
Email the data to your local Sequoia distributor, together with a detailed explanation of what you were doing
and how the data were collected. If you purchased the instrument directly from Sequoia, email the data to
info@SequoiaSci.com.
PLEASE NOTE: We cannot use the .psd or .asc files produced by the LISST-SOP for
troubleshooting – do not include these in your email. We can only help you if you supply the
information listed in 1-3 above.
Q: When I try to query the instrument I get this error:
A: In addition to checking the cable, power and serial port settings, make sure that the instrument is not
running. Open up the terminal window and confirm that no program is running. If a program is running, stop it
by clikcing the stop button, close the terminal window and try to query the instrument again.
Q: I cannot connect to my LISST-100X. The communication cable is connected to my computer as well as my

LISST-100X and the LISST-SOP is running, but I am unable to talk to the instrument.
A: Check the following:

1) First, make sure that the instrument is not already programmed and waiting for a start event to
appear (see the Q&A immediately above this one).
2) Do not use a netbook for connecting to a LISST-100X. It will generally not work. If you are using
a netbook, switch to a desktop, a laptop, or a notebook computer (in that preferred order) running the
LISST-SOP.
Note for DELL users: It is known that some DELL computers have an error in their BIOS that
makes it difficult to connect to the serial port, either directly if it exists or via a USB-serial adapter if
no serial port exists. If you are using a DELL computer, check on DELL’s website (www.dell.com)
if a BIOS upgrade is available for your particular model. If an upgrade is available, download and

install it and try connecting again before proceeding further. It is not known if this problem also
exists for computers from other manufacturers.
3) If possible, connect directly to an actual serial port (i.e. do not use a USB-Serial adapter unless
absolutely necessary) and check if this makes a difference.
4) Close the LISST-SOP and open up the MOTOCROSS program. This program is located in the
LISST100 directory on your computer (motocross.exe). Be sure that the selected communication port
is correct and that its settings are correct.
5) Check the connectivity of the communication cable. You will need 2 paperclips and a voltmeter.
You also need to consult the connector diagram for the 5-pin connector, both the male bulkhead
connector and the cable end (see Appendix C). Make sure that the cable is connected to the serial port
of the PC and proceed as follows:
- Check the voltage between pins 1 and 2 on the communication cable. You may need the paperclips
to extend the measuring pins of the voltmeter to make a proper contact inside the cable. The voltage
should read 12 V. If it does not, the cable may be defect.
- Short the female pins 4 and 5 on the communication cable using one or both paperclips. Type some
characters into MOTOCROSS. They should appear on the screen. If they do not, the cable may be
defect.
-Measure the voltage between pins 3 and 4 of the male bulkhead 5-pin connector on the LISST-100X.
The voltage will be 0 most of the time, and should spike to between -5 to -9V every 2 minutes for
about 2 seconds. It can be challenging to maintain contact for 2 minutes, so take care to ensure
constant contact, and then watch the voltmeter continuously.
6) Remove the end cap, and disconnect the main battery. Measure the battery voltage on the main
battery. It should be above 6V and close to 9V for a new battery. If it is below 6V replace the battery
and try again.
7) Locate the test point TP2 (minus) and P12 (plus) on the connector endcap board. Measure the
voltage between the 2 test points. This voltage should be the same as for the battery.
8) Locate the right hand side of D2 and measure the voltage between the right side of D2 and TP2.
Voltage must be present.
9) If there is still no connection, contact your local distributor or Sequoia directly at

info@sequoiasci.com. Be sure to include your full contact info as well as instrument serial number. It
is also useful for us to know when was the last time you talked to the instrument and what the
instrument has been doing since last time you talked to it (e.g. in storage, deployed in the field,
shipped to another location etc.). Also let us know the results of each of the tests above.
Q: When I try to program the instrument I get this error (note: [Instrument1335] will change depending on the
serial number of your instrument):

A: Go to your C:\WINDOWS folder and search for the LISST.INI file. Open it up in Notepad or a similar text
editor. Make sure that the section containing your instrument calibration constants are located in the file. It not,
copy them from the LISST.INI file that was included on the ship disk for your instrument. Then re-save the
edited LISST.INI file in C:\WINDOWS.

Warranty
STATEMENT OF LIMITED, EXTENDED WARRANTY
This Statement of Limited, Extended Warranty applies to the products ("Products") being purchased by
("Customer") from Sequoia Scientific, Inc. ("SEQUOIA") pursuant to PO
(the "Order"). The Products include, but are not necessarily limited to, the following:
LISST-100X Particle Size Analyzer Serial Number #

SEQUOIA and Customer agree as follows:
1. Limited Warranty
SEQUOIA warrants that upon delivery by SEQUOIA (a) the Products will be free from defects in materials and workmanship, (b) the
Products will perform substantially in accordance with SEQUOIA's applicable specifications, and (c) any Products (or components or
parts thereof) that are manufactured by SEQUOIA do not infringe any U.S. patent or copyright.
2. Correction of Non-Compliance
If any Product does not comply with the warranties set forth in 1(a) and 1(b) above, SEQUOIA will, at its option, either (a) repair the
Product, (b) replace the Product, or (c) refund the purchase price paid by Customer to SEQUOIA for the Product; provided that
Customer gives SEQUOIA written notice of the noncompliance within one (1) year after SEQUOIA's delivery of the Product (as the
same may be extended for repaired or replacement Products as provided for herein, the "Warranty Period"). If Customer does not give
SEQUOIA such written notice within the Warranty Period, then such warranties will be satisfied in full. Customer will cooperate with
SEQUOIA's efforts to repair or replace any noncomplying Product. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, Customer will
comply with SEQUOIA's request for return of any such Product to SEQUOIA (in which event SEQUOIA will pay for round-trip
shipment within the United States) or for access to accomplish the repair or replacement on Customer's premises. As to any Product
repaired or replaced by SEQUOIA, the Warranty Period will end upon the later of one (1) year after SEQUOIA's delivery of the
original Product or 90 days after SEQUOIA's delivery of the repaired or replacement Product. Any Product, component, part or other
item replaced by SEQUOIA becomes the property of SEQUOIA.
3. Infringement Indemnification
If any Product does not comply with the warranty set forth in 1(c) above, SEQUOIA will defend and indemnify Customer against any
third-party claim asserted in any proceeding against Customer based on this noncompliance; provided that Customer gives SEQUOIA
prompt written notice of the claim, SEQUOIA has exclusive control over the defense and settlement of the claim, Customer provides
such assistance as SEQUOIA may request in connection with the defense and settlement of the claim (in which event SEQUOIA will
reimburse the reasonable out-of-pocket costs incurred by Customer to provide such assistance), Customer does not settle the claim
without the prior written consent of SEQUOIA and, upon SEQUOIA's request, Customer returns the Non-Complying Product to
SEQUOIA for modification, replacement or a refund of the purchase price paid by Customer to SEQUOIA for the Non-Complying
Product, less a reasonable allowance for Customer's use prior to return.
4. Exclusive Warranties
THE WARRANTIES SET FORTH IN PARAGRAPH 1 ABOVE ARE EXCLUSIVE AND IN LIEU OF ALL OTHER
WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. SEQUOIA DISCLAIMS ANY AND ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED
(INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE, AND ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY ARISING FROM COURSE OF PERFORMANCE, COURSE OF
DEALING, OR USAGE OF TRADE) OTHER THAN THOSE SPECIFICALLY SET FORTH IN PARAGRAPH 1.
5. Exclusive Remedies
CUSTOMER'S RIGHTS AND REMEDIES SET FORTH IN PARAGRAPHS 2 AND 3 ABOVE ARE EXCLUSIVE AND IN LIEU
OF ANY AND ALL OTHER RIGHTS AND REMEDIES FOR ANY BREACH OF OR OTHER FAILURE TO COMPLY WITH
ANY WARRANTY WITH REGARD TO ANY PRODUCT.
6. No Consequential Damages
SEQUOIA will not be liable for any indirect, incidental, special or consequential damages, any cover, or any loss of revenue, profit,
data or use.
7. Limitations of Liability

SEQUOIA's liability (whether in contract, tort, or otherwise; and notwithstanding any fault, negligence, strict liability or product
liability) with regard to any Product (including, but not limited to, any breach of or default under the Order by SEQUOIA) will in no
event exceed the purchase price paid by Customer to SEQUOIA for such Product. Further, SEQUOIA will not be liable for, or be in
breach of or default under the Order on account of, any delay or failure to perform as a result of any cause, condition or circumstance
beyond SEQUOIA's reasonable control.
8. Statute of Limitations
Customer will not commence any action based on breach of warranty with respect to any Product more than 18 months after
SEQUOIA's delivery of such Product.
9. Software
The Products may include or be delivered with certain computer programs, databases or other software that is proprietary to SEQUOIA.
SEQUOIA hereby grants Customer a nonexclusive license to use such software solely for the purpose of operating Products. Customer
will not: use any such software for any other purpose; modify, adapt, translate, or create derivative works based on any such software;
or disassemble, decompile or reverse engineer any such software. No title to or ownership of any software or intellectual property
rights are transferred to Customer.
10. U.S. Government Restricted Rights Notice
All software, data, technical information, and written materials provided by SEQUOIA are provided with restricted rights. Use,
duplication, or disclosure by the government is subject to restrictions as set forth in subparagraph (c)(1)(ii) of the Rights in Technical
Data and Computer Software clause at 48 C.F.R. § 252.227-7013 or in subparagraph (c)(2) of the Commercial Computer Software-
Restricted Rights clause at 48 C.F.R. § 52.227-19, as applicable. Portions of these items may be unpublished. SEQUOIA reserves all
rights under applicable copyright laws.
11. Controlling Document
In the event of any conflict or inconsistency between any provision of this Statement of Limited Warranty and any other provision of
the Order, the provision of this Statement of Limited Warranty will control.
12. Controlling Law
This Statement of Limited Warranty will be governed by the laws of the State of Washington without reference to its rules relating to
choice of law, except to the extent preempted by the laws of the United States. The U.N. Convention on Contracts for the International
Sale of Goods will not apply.
CUSTOMER: Sequoia Scientific, Inc.
By:_____________________________________ By:_____________________________________
Title:____________________________________ Title:____________________________________

6945709

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

6945709

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

6945709

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

LISST-100X

Particle Size Analyzer

2700 Richards Road, Suite 107

Welcome to the LISST-100X Particle Size Analyzer

Using this manual

Section One contains an introduction to the LISST- 100X

Section Two provides a detailed set of instructions for using

Factory Technical Service Representatives

Please read APPENDIX H: TECHNICAL

5 LISST – 100X User’s Guide

The LISST-100X instrument uses the technique of laser

The laser diffraction method for sizing particles was invented in

LISST – 100X User’s Guide 6

The conversion of the multi-angle scattering to size distribution

"Optimal scaling of the inverse Fraunhofer diffraction

Simpler descriptions of principles and practice are offered in a

7 LISST – 100X User’s Guide

The volume distribution is obtained by inverting the above

If the measurements E are consistent with Ee , the estimates of Ne

LISST – 100X User’s Guide 8

The LISST-100X instrument is a laser diffraction device. It

The instrument is capable of autonomous operation. For such

After recovery of the instrument, small-angle scattering data are

The principal measurement—angular scattering distribution— is

General layout This self-contained instrument consists of the following parts: a

9 LISST – 100X User’s Guide

When not in use, use the Low Power Sleep mode of

LISST – 100X User’s Guide 10

11 LISST – 100X User’s Guide

Section Section 2 is divided in to two main sections. The first section is

LISST – 100X User’s Guide 12

13 LISST – 100X User’s Guide

LISST – 100X User’s Guide 14

15 LISST – 100X User’s Guide

LISST – 100X User’s Guide 16

The RealTime mode is used for real-time size distribution displays.

LISST – 100X User’s Guide 18

19 LISST – 100X User’s Guide

LISST – 100X User’s Guide 20

21 LISST – 100X User’s Guide

LISST – 100X User’s Guide 22

23 LISST – 100X User’s Guide

LISST – 100X User’s Guide 24

25 LISST – 100X User’s Guide

LISST – 100X User’s Guide 26

The following topics are covered with Step by Step instructions.

27 LISST – 100X User’s Guide

Step Action Result

2 • Connect communications cable and run LISST-SOP Communications program

When the BEGIN Collect button is pressed 20 samples

LISST – 100X User’s Guide 28

29 LISST – 100X User’s Guide

Step Action Result

• Press the OK button to accept the current selection.

LISST – 100X User’s Guide 30

5 Deleting Files from memory

31 LISST – 100X User’s Guide

Step Action Result

Only the serial numbers of the instruments loaded into

LISST – 100X User’s Guide 32