DGKISMUN’24 LOK SABHA

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LETTER FROM THE EXECUTIVE BOARD

Dear Delegates,
Message from the chair:
As the Chair/Speaker of the Lok Sabha Committee for MUN'24, I am honored to lead this
distinguished assembly in your esteemed company. My name is Divye Dhamu, and I proudly
hail from the vibrant city of Mumbai. Currently pursuing A2 Commerce, I eagerly anticipate
participating in this exceptional opportunity with each of you.
I want to underscore that your participation in this committee promises an enriching journey
marked by knowledge, camaraderie, and substantive discussions. The Lok Sabha Committee
holds a pivotal role in shaping our nation's future, presenting esteemed delegates like yourselves
with a unique opportunity to actively contribute to this consequential process. Moreover, I am
dedicated to fostering an inclusive and supportive environment throughout the conference,
allowing you to engage with delegates from diverse backgrounds and forge meaningful
connections that extend beyond our sessions.
Above all, it is essential to recognize that MUN signifies more than mere accolades; it signifies
personal growth, a heightened comprehension of global issues, and the cultivation of skills
essential for future leadership. Embrace this experience with an open mind, and I am confident
that you will depart MUN'24 with a profound sense of accomplishment and inspiration.

Message from the co-chair:

I extend a warm welcome to you all to the esteemed Lok Sabha. It is an honor to address such a
distinguished assembly of young leaders. My name is Ethan Sequeira, and at just 15 years old, I
am deeply passionate about our nation's political landscape and its dynamic history.

India, as you know, has faced numerous struggles. From gaining independence in 1947 to
navigating economic challenges, social inequalities, and the ongoing battle against corruption,
our nation has shown remarkable resilience.

Personally, witnessing the efforts to improve education and healthcare has left a lasting impact
on me. The digital divide and the quest for quality education for all are challenges I see as crucial
for our future.

As we gather here today, let us remember the importance of democratic values and work
collectively towards a brighter, more inclusive India. I look forward to our discussions and the
innovative ideas that will emerge from this assembly.

Regards,
The Executive Board of Lok Sabha

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INTRODUCTION OF THE COMMITTEE

What is Lok sabha?

The Lok Sabha is the Lower House of India’s bicameral Parliament. Literally meaning the
“House of the People”, the Lok Sabha has been envisaged as the House of the Parliament,
composed of directly elected representatives of the Indian populace. In the Indian Constitutional
Framework, it has been assigned a pivotal role in the legislative process, including the enactment
of laws, the formulation of the Union budget, and the articulation of the democratic will of the
people. The Lok Sabha is composed of representatives of people chosen by direct election on the
basis of Universal Adult Suffrage. The Constitution of India allows for a maximum of 550
members in the House, with 530 members representing the States and 20 representing the Union
Territories. At present, the Lok Sabha has 543 seats filled by elected representatives. The term of
the Lok Sabha, unless dissolved, is five years from the date appointed for its first meeting.
However, while a proclamation of emergency is in operation, this period may be extended by
Parliament by law for a period not exceeding one year at a time and not extending in any case,
beyond a period of six months after the proclamation has ceased to operate. In the 2024 Lok
Sabha elections the Election Commission of India (ECI) is conducting elections for 543 seats.
Presently, Shri Om Birla serves as the esteemed Speaker of the Lok Sabha, presiding over its
proceedings and maintaining decorum. Shri Narendra Modi is the leader of the house, and the
current party control is National Democratic Alliance (NDA).

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Agenda 1-Analyzing government’s autocratic

inclinations influence on Indian democratic values,
economic growth, and electoral bonds transparency
 Introduction: India, the world's largest democracy, has been navigating a complex
political landscape in recent years. There has been increasing scrutiny of the Indian
government's actions and policies, with some observers suggesting that certain measures
reflect autocratic inclinations. This perception arises from various legislative,
administrative, and political moves that critics argue consolidate power in the executive
branch at the expense of democratic institutions and norms. The implications of these
tendencies are far-reaching, influencing not only the health of India’s democracy but also
its economic growth and the transparency of electoral processes.

This analysis will delve into the intricacies of these interlinked issues. We will examine:

 Autocratic inclinations (dictatorship) : What constitutes dictatorial tendencies in a

democratic system and how they manifest in India.
 Impact on democratic values: How these inclinations disrupt fundamental democratic
principles, such as freedom of speech, dissent, and fair elections.
 Influence on economic growth: The correlation between democratic institutions,
economic prosperity, and the potential consequences of autocratic leanings.
 Electoral bonds transparency: The role of this financial instrument in political funding
and how it relates to accountability and democratic processes.

By dissecting these components, we aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of the

potential challenges facing India and the broader implications for its future.

Key Terms

To facilitate our discussion, let's define some key terms:

 Autocratic inclinations: A tendency towards centralized power, suppression of dissent,

and erosion of checks and balances.
 Democratic values: Fundamental principles like freedom of speech, assembly, and
religion; fair elections; and the rule of law.
 Economic growth: The increase in a nation's economic output over time, often measured
by GDP.
 Electoral bonds: A financial instrument introduced in India to allow anonymous
donations to political parties.

In the following sections, we will explore how these elements intersect and influence India's
current state.

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 BACKGROUND INFORMATION
The Birth of Indian Democracy

India's journey to becoming the world's largest democracy is a remarkable tale of struggle, vision,
and perseverance. While the roots of democratic principles can be traced back to ancient India,
the modern democratic system was established post-independence.

Foundations of Indian Democracy

 Ancient India: The concept of 'Sabha' and 'Samiti' in ancient Indian republics exhibited
elements of democratic governance, with assemblies playing a crucial role in decision-
making.
 British Colonial Rule: While colonial rule was authoritarian, it inadvertently introduced
democratic concepts like representative government and elections. The Indian National
Congress, formed in 1885, emerged as a platform for nationalist aspirations and
democratic ideals.
 Independence Struggle: The struggle for independence under the leadership of
Mahatma Gandhi was deeply rooted in democratic principles, emphasizing non-violence,
equality, and self-determination.

The Constitution and Universal Franchise

 Constitution Making: After independence, India embarked on the task of drafting a

constitution that enshrined democratic values. The Constitution of India, adopted in 1950,
established a federal republic with a parliamentary system.
 Universal Adult Franchise: India took the bold step of granting voting rights to all adult
citizens, regardless of caste, religion, or gender. This was a radical move at the time and
laid the foundation for a truly representative democracy.

Challenges and Consolidation

 Diverse Nation: India's diversity posed significant challenges to nation-building and

democratic consolidation. However, the country's leaders successfully navigated these
complexities.
 Electoral Process: Regular elections, free and fair electoral processes, and the peaceful
transfer of power became hallmarks of Indian democracy.
 Democratic Institutions: Strong and independent institutions, such as the judiciary, the
Election Commission, and a free press, have played a crucial role in safeguarding
democracy.

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In essence, India's democracy is a product of a long historical evolution, marked by the fusion of
ancient traditions, colonial experiences, and the vision of its founding fathers. The country's
commitment to democratic principles has endured despite various challenges, making it a beacon
of hope for democracies worldwide.

BJP’S dictatorial leanings

Concerns about the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) leading India toward dictatorship and
threatening democracy stem from several actions and policies perceived to centralize power,
undermine democratic institutions, and restrict civil liberties. Here are some detailed reasons
behind these apprehensions:

1. Centralization of Power

Concentration of Executive Authority:

 Critics argue that the BJP, particularly under Prime Minister Narendra Modi, has
increasingly centralized decision-making power within the Prime Minister's Office
(PMO), marginalizing other branches of government and key institutions.

2. Undermining Democratic Institutions

Judiciary:

 Allegations of undermining judicial independence through the appointment process and

influence over judicial decisions have been raised. High-profile cases and appointments
have sparked debates about judicial autonomy.

Media:

 There are concerns about media freedom being curtailed through pressure on journalists,
media houses, and regulatory bodies. Instances of raids on media offices and attacks on
journalists have been cited as efforts to stifle dissenting voices.

Parliament:

 The BJP has been accused of bypassing parliamentary procedures by passing significant
legislation without adequate debate and scrutiny. The frequent use of ordinances and the
passage of bills without thorough discussion are seen as undermining the legislative
process.

3. Restricting Civil Liberties

Freedom of Speech and Expression:

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 Laws such as the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) and sedition laws have
been used to detain activists, journalists, and political opponents, raising concerns about
the suppression of dissent.

Protests and Public Gatherings:

 Crackdowns on protests, such as those against the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA)
and the farmers' protests, have involved police action and restrictions on public
gatherings, leading to accusations of suppressing democratic expression.

4. Electoral Practices

Electoral Bonds:

 The introduction of electoral bonds, which allow anonymous donations to political parties,
has been criticized for reducing transparency in political funding and potentially
benefiting the ruling party disproportionately.

Campaign Conduct:

 Accusations of using state machinery for electoral gains, such as through extensive use of
public resources for political campaigning and the alleged misuse of law enforcement
agencies against political rivals, have been made.

5. Nationalism and Identity Politics

Communal Polarization:

 The BJP's emphasis on Hindu nationalism and policies perceived to favor the majority
community have been seen as deepening societal divisions and marginalizing minorities.
Incidents of communal violence and hate speech have exacerbated these concerns.

Legislative Actions:

 Laws like the CAA, which provides a pathway to citizenship for non-Muslim refugees
from neighboring countries, have been criticized for undermining the secular principles
of the Constitution.

6. Handling of Dissent

Surveillance and Privacy:

 The government has been accused of using surveillance technologies to monitor and
intimidate political opponents, activists, and journalists. Concerns over privacy violations
have been heightened by incidents like the Pegasus spyware controversy.

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Use of Law Enforcement:

 There have been instances of law enforcement agencies, such as the Enforcement
Directorate and the Central Bureau of Investigation, being used to target political
opponents, which critics argue is an attempt to silence dissent and consolidate power.

How has the government justified this accusation:

The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) has defended itself against accusations of leading India toward
autocracy and undermining democracy by presenting various justifications. Here are the key
arguments the BJP has used to support its position:

1. Democratic Mandate

Electoral Victories:

 The BJP emphasizes its strong electoral mandate, having won substantial majorities in
national and state elections. They argue that their repeated electoral success reflects
popular support for their policies and governance style.

2. Economic Reforms and Development

Economic Growth:

 The BJP claims to focus on economic development, citing initiatives like the Goods and
Services Tax (GST), Make in India, and the promotion of foreign direct investment (FDI).
They argue these reforms are necessary for modernizing India's economy and creating
jobs.

Infrastructure Development:

 Significant investments in infrastructure projects, such as road construction, rural

electrification, and urban development, are highlighted as examples of effective
governance aimed at improving the country's development.

3. Anti-Corruption Measures

Transparency and Accountability:

 The BJP points to its efforts to combat corruption, including the implementation of direct
benefit transfer (DBT) schemes, the introduction of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code
(IBC), and measures to reduce black money. They argue these steps are designed to
increase transparency and accountability in government.

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4. National Security and Stability

Security Measures:

 The BJP defends its strong stance on national security, including the abrogation of Article
370 in Jammu and Kashmir and actions against terrorism. They argue that these measures
are necessary to ensure national security and integrity.

Law and Order:

 The party justifies its strict law enforcement policies as essential for maintaining law and
order, preventing violence, and ensuring the safety and security of citizens.

5. Social Welfare Programs

Welfare Schemes:

 The BJP highlights various social welfare schemes, such as the Pradhan Mantri Awas
Yojana (housing for all), Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (clean India mission), and the Jan
Dhan Yojana (financial inclusion). They argue these programs are aimed at improving
the quality of life for the poor and marginalized.

6. Democratic Engagement

Citizen Participation:

 The BJP emphasizes its efforts to engage citizens directly through initiatives like the
MyGov platform and Mann Ki Baat, a radio program where Prime Minister Modi
addresses the nation. They argue these initiatives promote democratic engagement and
transparency.

7. Judicial Reforms

Judiciary and Legal Reforms:

 The party argues that its efforts to streamline judicial processes and reduce pendency of
cases are aimed at improving the efficiency and effectiveness of the legal system, thereby
strengthening the rule of law.

8. Media and Freedom of Expression

Media Freedom:

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 The BJP denies allegations of curbing press freedom, arguing that India has a vibrant and
diverse media landscape. They point to critical media coverage and the presence of
opposition voices as evidence of a free press.

9. Addressing Minority Concerns

Inclusive Policies:

 The BJP claims to pursue policies aimed at the welfare of all communities, including
minorities. They cite initiatives such as scholarships for minority students and schemes
for the economic development of minority communities.

10. Electoral Reforms

Electoral Integrity:

 The party defends the introduction of electoral bonds as a means to ensure cleaner
political funding by reducing cash donations and encouraging bank transactions. They
argue that this system is more transparent and accountable than previous practices.

Conclusion

The BJP justifies its actions and policies by emphasizing its electoral mandate, economic and
social development initiatives, anti-corruption measures, and efforts to enhance national security.
The party argues that these actions are intended to strengthen democratic institutions, promote
transparency, and improve governance. While acknowledging the criticisms, the BJP maintains
that its policies are necessary for India's progress and stability, positioning itself as a party
committed to democratic principles and the nation's development.

 Previous incidents:
Background: The Emergency Period in India (1975-1977)

The most significant instance when India experienced autocratic rule was during the Emergency
period from June 25, 1975, to March 21, 1977. This 21-month period marked a substantial
deviation from democratic governance, leading to widespread political and social ramifications.

Context Leading to the Emergency

1. Political Instability:
o Economic Struggles: The early 1970s saw economic challenges, including high
inflation, unemployment, and food shortages, which led to public discontent.
o Political Unrest: Growing political opposition, student movements, and labor
strikes across the country challenged the government’s authority.
2. Judicial Verdict:

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o Indira Gandhi's Conviction: On June 12, 1975, the Allahabad High Court found
Prime Minister Indira Gandhi guilty of electoral malpractices and invalidated her
1971 election. This judgment threatened her position as Prime Minister.
3. Call for Resignation:
o Opposition Movements: Prominent leaders like Jayaprakash Narayan called for
nationwide protests demanding Indira Gandhi's resignation. The increasing
momentum of these protests added to the political pressure.

Declaration of Emergency

 Proclamation: On June 25, 1975, President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed, on the advice of
Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, declared a state of Emergency under Article 352 of the
Indian Constitution, citing internal disturbances.
 Suspension of Civil Liberties: Fundamental rights, including freedom of speech and
expression, were suspended. Censorship of the press was imposed, and political
opponents were arrested.

Key Features of the Emergency

1. Censorship:
o Media Control: The press was heavily censored, and publications critical of the
government were banned. Journalists were arrested, and newspaper offices were
raided.
2. Political Repression:
o Arrests: Thousands of opposition leaders, activists, and dissenters were detained
without trial under preventive detention laws like the Maintenance of Internal
Security Act (MISA).
o Abuse of Power: Reports of police brutality and human rights abuses became
common during this period.
3. Forced Sterilizations:
o Population Control: A controversial family planning program led by Sanjay
Gandhi, Indira Gandhi’s son, resulted in forced sterilizations, particularly
targeting poor and marginalized communities.
4. Constitutional Amendments:
o Changes to the Constitution: The government passed several amendments,
including the 42nd Amendment, which curtailed judicial review and increased the
power of the executive.

End of the Emergency

 Political Pressure: Growing domestic and international criticism, combined with the
resilience of the Indian democratic spirit, put pressure on the government.
 General Elections: In January 1977, Indira Gandhi announced elections to be held in
March. The Emergency was officially lifted on March 21, 1977.

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 Electoral Defeat: The Congress Party, led by Indira Gandhi, suffered a crushing defeat
in the general elections, and the Janata Party, a coalition of opposition parties, came to
power. Morarji Desai became the Prime Minister.

Aftermath and Legacy

 Restoration of Democracy: The new government restored democratic institutions and

processes. The abuses of the Emergency were investigated, and some of the repressive
measures were repealed.
 Judicial and Political Reforms: The experience led to greater awareness and measures
to safeguard democracy. Subsequent amendments and judicial decisions reinforced the
protection of fundamental rights and the independence of institutions.
 Political Repercussions: The Emergency left a lasting impact on Indian politics, leading
to skepticism about concentrated power and an increased emphasis on democratic
accountability.

The Emergency period remains a crucial chapter in Indian history, demonstrating the fragility of
democratic institutions and the potential for autocratic rule. It serves as a stark reminder of the
importance of safeguarding democratic values, civil liberties, and the rule of law. The legacy of
the Emergency continues to influence political discourse and governance in India, underscoring
the need for vigilance against any attempts to undermine democratic principles.

Justification of the 1975 Emergency by Indira Gandhi and the Congress Party
(Brief)

When Indira Gandhi and the Congress Party declared the Emergency on June 25, 1975, they
provided several justifications for this move:

1. Internal Disturbances:
o Law and Order: The government claimed a breakdown of law and order due to
widespread strikes, protests, and social unrest, which threatened to disrupt the
functioning of the state.
o Economic Stability: Strikes and protests were said to be paralyzing the economy,
necessitating strong measures to restore stability.
2. National Security:
o Conspiracies: Allegations were made that opposition leaders were involved in
conspiracies to destabilize the country, working with external forces against
India's sovereignty.
o Naxalite Threat: The rise of the Naxalite insurgency was cited as a significant
threat that required decisive action.
3. Political Instability:
o Opposition Movements: The government argued that opposition movements,
especially those led by Jayaprakash Narayan, were creating political instability
and attempting to overthrow a democratically elected government.
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o Electoral Verdict: The Allahabad High Court's decision invalidating Indira

Gandhi’s election was portrayed as a politically motivated move aimed at
destabilizing the government.
4. Development and Progress:
o Economic Reforms: The Emergency was justified as necessary for implementing
economic reforms and ensuring rapid development without disruptions from
strikes and protests.
o Discipline and Efficiency: It was promoted as a period of increased discipline
and efficiency in governance.
5. Preservation of Democracy:
o Defending Democracy: Ironically, the Emergency was presented as a measure to
defend democracy against internal threats, with the argument that temporary curbs
on freedoms were essential for long-term democratic stability.
6. Social Justice:
o Garibi Hatao (Eradicate Poverty): The government emphasized its commitment
to social justice, arguing that the Emergency allowed for the implementation of
policies benefiting the poor and marginalized without interference.

These justifications were disseminated through controlled media and propaganda, while political
repression and legislative changes aimed to neutralize opposition and legalize the government's
actions during the Emergency.

 Electoral Bonds

Electoral bonds are a financial instrument for making donations to political

parties in India. They were introduced by the Government of India in 2018
as a part of its efforts to reform the process of political funding. These bonds
aim to promote transparency in the funding of political parties and reduce
the use of black money in elections.

How Electoral Bonds Work

1. Purchase:
o Electoral bonds can be purchased by any Indian citizen or company incorporated
in India.
o They are available for purchase in denominations of ₹1,000, ₹10,000, ₹1,00,000,
₹10,00,000, and ₹1,00,00,000.
o Bonds can only be bought from specified branches of the State Bank of India
(SBI).
2. Conditions:
o Buyers must fulfill Know Your Customer (KYC) norms at the time of purchase.
o The bonds are valid for 15 days from the date of issuance, within which they can
be donated to any political party.

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3. Redemption:
o Political parties can redeem the bonds within the 15-day validity period by
depositing them into their designated bank accounts.
o Only parties registered under Section 29A of the Representation of the People Act,
1951, and those that secured at least 1% of the votes polled in the last general or
state election are eligible to receive donations through electoral bonds.
4. Tax Benefits: Donations through electoral bonds qualify for tax deductions.

Pros of Electoral Bonds

1. Transparency in Funding:
o The use of banking channels ensures that the transactions are traceable,
potentially reducing the flow of black money in political funding.
o Donors have to comply with KYC norms, making the sources of funds traceable.
2. Reduction in Cash Donations:
o By providing a formal mechanism for political donations, electoral bonds can
reduce the reliance on cash donations, which are often unaccounted for.
3. Privacy for Donors:
o Electoral bonds provide anonymity to donors, protecting them from potential
political retribution or coercion.
4. Simplified Process:
o The bond system simplifies the process of donating to political parties, making it
easier and more streamlined.
5. Level Playing Field: Theoretically, electoral bonds can create a more level playing field
for political parties by reducing the dependence on large, undisclosed donations.

Cons of Electoral Bonds

1. Lack of Public Transparency:

o While the government can track donors through KYC norms, the public remains
unaware of the sources of political funding, raising concerns about transparency.
o Critics argue that this opacity can enable undue influence by wealthy individuals
and corporations.
2. Potential for Misuse:
o The anonymity of donors can be misused to channel illicit funds into the political
system.
o There is a concern that the ruling party, which has access to donor information,
could potentially misuse this information for political gains.
3. Favoring Big Corporations:
o The system may disproportionately benefit larger corporations and individuals
who can afford significant donations, potentially skewing political influence in
their favor.
4. Undermining Smaller Parties:
o Smaller political parties, which may not have access to large donors, could be
disadvantaged under this system, affecting the level playing field in elections.
5. Concerns of Accountability:
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o The anonymity provision can reduce accountability, as neither the public nor
regulatory authorities can easily scrutinize the relationship between donors and
political parties.

Impact on India

1. Political Landscape:
o The electoral bond system could change the dynamics of political funding,
making it more institutionalized but also raising concerns about fairness and
influence.
o Larger political parties may have an advantage due to their ability to attract
significant donations, potentially leading to a concentration of power.
2. Electoral Integrity:
o The impact on electoral integrity depends on the balance between transparency
and privacy. While the system aims to reduce black money, the lack of public
disclosure can raise questions about the integrity of the funding process.
3. Public Trust:
o Transparency is key to public trust in the political process. The current opacity
regarding donor identities could undermine public confidence in the electoral
system.
4. Economic Implications:
o Electoral bonds can formalize political donations and potentially lead to cleaner
election finance, positively impacting the overall economic environment by
reducing corruption.
o However, if misused, they could perpetuate crony capitalism, where businesses
donate in expectation of favorable policies or contracts.

Recent Developments

The Supreme Court of India has struck down the electoral bond scheme as unconstitutional,
citing concerns about transparency and the disproportionate influence of corporate donors. This
decision has significant implications for political funding in India.

In conclusion, electoral bonds were introduced with the intention of cleaning up political
funding, but their implementation raised concerns about transparency and accountability. The
Supreme Court's ruling reflects the ongoing debate about the balance between facilitating
political donations and ensuring public scrutiny of political funding.

Suggested moderated caucus topics:

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1. Impact of Centralized Power on Democratic Institutions

2. Economic Consequences of Autocratic Governance
3. Transparency in Electoral Bonds: Balancing Privacy and Accountability
4. Effect of Autocratic Policies on Civil Liberties and Political Opposition
5. Public Trust and Governance: The Role of Media and Civil Society
6. Comparative Analysis of Democratic Reforms and Autocratic Tendencies
7. Legal and Constitutional Measures to Counter Autocratic Inclinations
8. Impact of Autocratic Governance on Electoral Fairness and Integrity
9. Government Accountability and Judicial Oversight
10. Public Perception and Response to Autocratic Governance

Agenda 2- Assessing the viability of one nation, one

election (ONOE) and examining the caste census and
reservation policies in India

Introduction

The idea of One Nation, One Election (ONOE) means conducting the Lok Sabha, and all Vidhan
Sabha (state assemblies) elections together, once in five years. This excludes elections of
panchayats, state municipalities and by-elections. The initiative will need a constitutional
amendment, which will require ratification by 50% of the states.
PM Modi is one of the main proponents of the ONOE concept, but it is not a new one: India has
followed ONOE in the past, with elections in the year 1952, 1957, 1962 and 1967 based on this
concept. A Law Commission Report (1999) by Justice BP Jeevan Reddy first brought this
concept to parliament, now considered in a discussion paper for NITI Aayog (2017) by Bibek
Debroy and Kishore Desai.
These results have indicated two things: first, a dominant party at the Centre can carry
momentum to states, but it’s not easy to maintain it for a long period. And second, given
individual state dynamics, it’s not easy for India to persist with simultaneous elections. Forcing
elections into synchronicity is not just a technical matter of adjusting legislative terms, but it
involves significantly curtailing the rights of the states.
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At present, there are a few that vote for a new state government at the same time as the country
selects a new union government. These few are Andhra Pradesh, Sikkim, and Odisha, who are
scheduled to vote at the same time as the April/May Lok Sabha election.
Maharashtra and Haryana will vote later this year (2024), as will Jharkhand, while the Union
Territory of Jammu and Kashmir must hold its first Assembly election in six years before
September 30(2024), in line with the recent Supreme Court order on restoration of statehood.
The rest follow a non-synced five-year cycle; Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and
Telangana, for example, were among those voting at different times last year (2023).

 Background of One nation one election

Just after independence, Simultaneous elections were conducted for the Lok Sabha and the state
assemblies simultaneously. This was true for elections in 1952, 1957, 1962, and 1967. But this
was discontinued because, in 1968-69, some State Legislative Assemblies were dissolved earlier
due to various reasons.
Currently, elections to the state assemblies and the Lok Sabha are held separately. That is,
whenever the current government’s five-year term either ends or whenever the legislature is
dissolved. The terms of the Legislative Assemblies and the Lok Sabha may or may not
synchronize with one another. For instance, Rajasthan faced elections in late 2018, whereas
Tamil Nadu will go to elections only in 2021.
On average, 5-7 assembly elections occur in a year. Due to the problems it creates, the election
commission suggested the formation of a system so that elections to the state assembly and Lok
Sabha can be held simultaneously.
The Law Commission of 1999 headed by Justice Reddy also recommended going back to
simultaneous elections. The 79th report of the parliamentary standing committee in 2015 has
reiterated the support for simultaneous elections.
The idea of simultaneous elections was floated again by Prime Minister Modi in 2016. Since
then, the ruling Bharatiya Janata party has made a strong argument for simultaneous polls.
A working paper on simultaneous elections was prepared by Niti Aayog in 2017. Even the law
commission brought a working paper in 2018 and said that at least five constitutional changes
would be required to make simultaneous elections a possibility.
Recently, BJP leader Mr Naqvi has called upon the political parties to consider simultaneous
elections. However, many of the opposition parties still oppose the idea.

Discussion on the need for one nation one election

Simultaneous elections have been drawing the attention of political parties and their leaders for
quite some time now. The argument in favor of simultaneous elections is that frequent elections
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burden the government exchequer. Also, asynchronous elections lead to disruption of

government machinery causing hardship to citizens. The frequent use of government officials
and security forces adversely affects the discharge of their duties and frequent imposition of
the Model Code of Conduct (MCC) causes policy paralysis and slows down the pace of the
developmental programs.

Effect of Imposition of Model Code of Conduct

 Model Code of Conduct (MCC) is a set of guidelines applicable to political parties,

candidates, the election machinery, Government agencies, to ensure free and fair
elections.
 Imposition of the MCC refrains the Government from:
 Announcing any financial grants;
 Laying foundation stones etc., of projects or schemes of any kind except by civil servants;
 Promises of construction of roads, provision of drinking water facilities, etc.
 Making any ad hoc appointments in Government, Public Undertakings, etc.
However MCC does not leave the state or the nation in complete state of paralysis as ECI allows
the ongoing projects for which beneficiaries have been identified before the MCC becomes
operative.
 The ECI does not refuse approval for schemes undertaken for dealing with emergencies,
calamities, welfare measures for the aged, etc.
 Moreover MCC is restricted only to the constituency or the state going to polls therefore
In view of this MCC cannot be blamed for a complete administrative paralysis.
 Many a time vital schemes get delayed by ongoing elections even though the MCC is not
in operation in the entire State/Country. The schemes are delayed till the completion of
the election process, resulting in deficit of Governance.

What is stated in the Indian constitution about ONOE-

Considering the feasibility of conducting elections for both the House of the People and State
Legislative Assemblies simultaneously, it is worthwhile to examine the current provisions in the
Constitution and other laws pertaining to elections and government stability in general.

Article 83- Duration of Houses of Parliament

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The Council of States shall not be subject to dissolution, but as nearly as possible one-third of the
members thereof shall retire as soon as may be on the expiration of every second year in
accordance with the provisions made in that behalf by Parliament by law.
(2) The House of the People, unless sooner dissolved, shall continue for 1 [five years] from the
date appointed for its first meeting and no longer and the expiration of the said period of 1 [five
years] shall operate as a dissolution of the House:
Provided that the said period may, while a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation, be
extended by Parliament by law for a period not exceeding one year at a time and not extending in
any case beyond a period of six months after the Proclamation has ceased to operate.

Article 85 Sessions of Parliament, prorogation and dissolution of Indian

Constitution-
Clause 1- The President shall from time to time summon each House of Parliament to meet at
such time and place as he thinks fit, but six months shall not intervene between its last sitting in
one session and the date appointed for its first sitting in the next session.
Clause 2- The President may from time to time—
(a) Prorogue the Houses or either House;
(b) Dissolve the House of the People.

Article 172- Duration of State Legislatures

Clause(1)Every Legislative Assembly of every State, unless sooner dissolved, shall continue for
five years from the date appointed for its first meeting and no longer and the expiration of the
said period of five years shall operate as a dissolution of the Assembly: Provided that the said
period may, while a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation, be extended by Parliament by
law for a period not exceeding one year at a time and not extending in any case beyond a period
of six months after the Proclamation has ceased to operate.
Clause(2)The Legislative Council of a State shall not be subject to dissolution, but as nearly as
possible one-third of the members thereof shall retire as soon as may be on the expiration of
every second year in accordance with the provisions made in that behalf by Parliament by law.

Article 174- Sessions of the State Legislature, prorogation and dissolution

Clause (1) The Governor shall from time to time summon the House or each House of the
Legislature of the State to meet at such time and place as he thinks fit, but six months shall not

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intervene between its last sitting in one session and the date appointed for its first sitting in the
next session.
Clause (2) The Governor may from time to time
(a) Prorogue the House or either House;
(b) Dissolve the Legislative Assembly

Article 356- President's Rule

Article 356 of the Constitution of India is based on Section 93 of the Government of India Act,
1935.
According to Article 356, President’s Rule can be imposed on any state of India on the grounds
of the failure of the constitutional machinery. This is of two types:
 If the President receives a report from the state’s Governor or otherwise is convinced or
satisfied that the state’s situation is such that the state government cannot carry on the
governance according to the provisions of the Constitution.
 As per this Article, President’s Rule can be imposed if any state fails to comply with all
directions given by the Union on matters it is empowered to.
In simple words, President’s Rule is when the state government is suspended and the central
government directly administers the state through the office of the governor (centrally appointed).
It is also called ‘State Emergency’ or ‘Constitutional Emergency’.

Reports and Discussions Available on Simultaneous Elections

The idea of simultaneous elections has been discussed by the ECI since 1983. It has been
supported by many reports such as 170th Report of Law Commission of India “Reform of
Electoral Laws” (1999), and the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Personnel, Public
Grievances, Law and Justice in its 79th Report suggested to hold simultaneous elections for
long term good governance. No report by govt. agencies against the holding of simultaneous
election could be found by law commission.

First Annual Report of the Election Commission of India, 1983

 Report supported holding simultaneous election due to reduced expenditure, effective use
of manpower and Human Resource, continuous elections also affects the day to day

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functioning of the govt. both at state and the centre creating hardships for common
people as the entire administrative machinery freezes.
 Separate election also result in duplication of expenditure.
 The Elections Commission in the report suggested that a stage has come for evolving a
system by convention, if it was not possible or feasible to bring about a legislation for
holding election simultaneously.

170th Report of the Law Commission of India, Reform of Electoral Laws (1999)

 The report highlighted that elections after 1967 got disturbed due to frequent use of
Article 356 of the Constitution, the dissolution of the State Assembly by the Governor on
recommendation of the Chief Minister of the State which was a case of exception instead
became a norm.

Working paper by NITI Aayog

 Working paper titled “Analysis of Simultaneous elections: the What, Why and
How” by Niti Ayog highlighted the importance of simultaneous election which focused
on heterogeneous needs of the nation as the national parties will focus on regional issues
and regional parties will fight for national issues

.
There are many more reports such as
 Report of the National Commission to Review the Working of the
Constitution, 2002 (NCRWC Report)
 255th Report of the Law Commission of India "Electoral Reforms", (2015)
 79th Report of Parliamentary Standing Committee, 2015

Simultaneous Elections Elsewhere:

South Africa- elections to national as well as provincial legislatures are held simultaneously for
five years and municipal elections are held two years later.
Sweden- elections to the national legislature (Riksdag) and provincial legislature/county council
(Landsting) and local bodies/municipal Assemblies (Kommunfullmaktige) are held on a fixed
date i.e. second Sunday in September every fourth year.

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Germany-Bundestag (i.e. Lower House) cannot simply remove the Chancellor with a vote of
no-confidence, as the opponents must not only disagree with his or her governance but also agree
on a replacement (constructive vote of no-confidence).
This Basic law of the Federal Republic of Germany, 1949 set up has provisions with regard to
elections and stability of the Government, which are definitely imitable.
United Kingdom (Fixed Term Parliament)-Parliament of Westminster introduced a fixed term
for the Parliament by enacting Fixed Term Act 2011, which provides a term of 5 years for
general elections.
The Act 2011 specifies that early elections can be held only if a motion for it is agreed either by
at least two-thirds of the whole House or without division; or if a motion of no confidence is
passed and no alternative government is confirmed by the Commons within 14 days thereof.

Effects on Democracy due to ONOE-

One of the objections to simultaneous elections is that they may conflict with the democratic and
federal principles outlined in the Constitution.
SC in Kihoto Hollohan v/s Zachichu 1993 and In Kuldip Nayar v/s Union Of India 2006
calls 'Democracy as a part of the basic structure of our Constitution; and rule of law and free and
fair elections are basic features of democracy’ and observed that “Parliamentary democracy and
multi-party system are an inherent part of the basic structure of Indian Constitution’’.

Principle of the basic structure

'Basic Structure' is a judicial innovation which was used for the first time in the case of
Kesavananda Bharati & Ors. V/s State of Kerala 1973.
Principle of basic structure has evolved over the years. Features were added over time through
various SC verdicts which gave progressive judgment and innovated to preserve the basic
substance of the constitution. Cases that led to these amendments
 Sajjan Kumar vs. State of Rajasthan 1965
 Minnerva mills v/s Union of India 1980
 Indira Gandhi v/s Raj Narain case 1975
 In S.R. Bommai v. Union of India, 1994
 I.R. Coelho V/s. State of T.N, 2007

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Arguments in favor of one nation one election

Cost Savings- Holding all elections together would save a significant amount of money. India
spends a substantial sum on conducting elections. India’s 2019 Lok Sabha election was
estimated to cost around ₹60,000 crore (approximately $8 billion).
1. Cost Savings- Holding all elections together would save a significant amount of money.
India spends a substantial sum on conducting elections. India’s 2019 Lok Sabha election
was estimated to cost around ₹60,000 crore (approximately $8 billion).
2. Better utilisation of financial resources by political parties- Simultaneous elections
will reduce the campaign expenditure of political parties and the candidates. This
will help smaller regional parties in better management of financial resources.
3. Reduced duration of ‘model code of conduct’-Frequent imposition of the Model Code
of Conduct (MCC) during polls stalls all development work for months at a time. It
will reduce ‘policy paralysis’ that results from the imposition of the Model Code of
Conduct during election time.
4. Focus on governance instead of being in ‘election mode’- One nation one election”
will ensure continuity of policies and programmes of the central and state governments. It
will reduce disruption of normal public life as political rallies will be kept to a minimum.
It will improve the delivery of essential services to public.
5. Increase of administrative efficiency- During elections the entire state machinery as
well as high-ranking officers from other States who also deputed as observers in the poll-
bound State focuses on conducting a free and fair electoral process which impacts the
everyday administration because officials are engaged in polling duties. ‘One nation one
election’ will increase efficiency of administrative system.
6. Improvement of Internal security- Frequent Deployment of security forces during
elections is use a considerable size of armed police forces which can otherwise be better
deployed for better management of internal security problems like naxalism.
7. Reduced use of ‘black money’- Elections involve considerable expenditure by
prospective candidates most of which is black money. ‘One nation one election’
will reduce the circulation of black money in economy.
8. Reduction of populist measures-Frequent elections forces the political class to think in
terms of immediate electoral gains rather than focus on long-term programs and
policies which impacts the focus of governance and policymaking. Simultaneous
elections would reduce the populist measures.
9. Increase of voter turnout- According to the Law Commission, simultaneous elections
will increase voter turnout because it will be easier for people to cast many votes all at
once.

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10. Improvement in social harmony- Frequent elections perpetuate caste, religion, and
communal issues across the country as elections are polarising events that have
accentuated casteism, communalism, and corruption. Simultaneous elections would
reduce the fault lines between communities created due to multiple elections.

Arguments against One Nation One Election

1. Simultaneous elections are against the federal structure of the Constitution. It forces the
voter to think of national and state issues at the same plane, and will take away the gains
made by regional parties over the years and favour national parties, they say.
2. Amending Articles 174 and 356 – which deals with ‘Provisions in case of failure of
constitutional machinery in State’, or President’s rule – will alter the basic structure of
the Constitution and will impinge on federalism.
3. The international examples given by those pro-ONOE – like Sweden, Belgium and South
Africa – cannot be compared to a country like India, whose population and area is many
times that of the smaller countries.
4. Dilution of Tenth Schedule – the anti-defection law – will lead to horse trading.
5. ONOE is not feasible: if a central government that is made up of a coalition faces a
situation where an ally pulls out, and the government falls, elections will have to be
conducted in all state governments, too, within six months, even if there is no issue in
those states. And vice-versa.
6. Argument about MCC paralysing policy making is overstated and untrue – it only stops
ruling parties from using the government machinery for electoral gains.

Constitutional challenges in Implementation of ONOE

 Articles 83 and 172 of the Constitution, which guarantees five years to every elected Lok
Sabha and Assembly respectively, ‘unless sooner dissolved’ will have to be amended.
 Articles 85(1) and 174(1) stipulate that the intervening period between the last session of
the House of the People / State Legislative Assemblies and the first Session of the
subsequent House / Assemblies shall not exceed six months. So if ONOE comes in –
what happens if there is a hung Assembly/Parliament situation? What if a government
falls due to a no-confidence motion? What if a representative dies one year into their
tenure?

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 Article 356, which deals with President’s rule, may need to be amended. Article 356
comes into force only if there is a failure of constitutional machinery in a state – so for
President’s rule to be put in place for the sake of simultaneous elections is problematic.
 The Tenth Schedule of the Constitution – which is the anti-defection law – will have to
be reconsidered if Assemblies and the Lok Sabha must ensure continuous governance for
five years, if the ruling party does not have a large mandate.

Suggested Moderated caucus topics-

1. Analysing the Constitutional Implications of Implementing ONOE-

discuss the potential impacts of a single election system on constitutional principles and
federal structures.
2. Evaluating the Economic Benefits and Challenges of ONOE-
Examine the financial implications, including cost savings and economic efficiency, of
conducting simultaneous elections.
3. Assessing the Impact of ONOE on Voter Turnout and Engagement-Explore how a
single election system might affect voter participation and interest.
4. Considering the Administrative and Logistical Challenges of ONOE-Identify potential
issues related to the organization, management, and execution of concurrent elections.
5. Examining the Effects of ONOE on Political Stability and Governance-Evaluate how a
unified election system might influence political stability and the effectiveness of
governance.
6. Comparing ONOE with Other Election Systems in Terms of Fairness and
Representation-Analyze how a single-election system stacks up against other electoral
formats regarding equity and representation.
7. Exploring Legal and Legislative Requirements for Implementing ONOE-Discuss the
necessary legal and legislative changes required to adopt a one-nation, one-election
system.
8. Investigating the Impact of ONOE on Political Parties and Campaigns-Assess how a
unified election system might alter the dynamics of political parties and their campaign
strategies.
9. Evaluating International Experiences and Models of Simultaneous Elections-Review case
studies and models from other countries that have implemented similar election systems.
10. Addressing Public Perceptions and Misconceptions about ONOE-Discuss how public
opinion and misconceptions about a single-election system might affect its
implementation and acceptance.

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Examining the caste census and reservation policies in India

What is census?
Census is the total process of collecting, compiling, analyzing and disseminating demographic,
economic and social data of all persons in a country at a specific period of time. Census in India
is conducted at regular intervals of 10 years.
Every Census in independent India from 1951 to 2011 has published data on Scheduled Castes
and Scheduled Tribes, but not on other castes. Before that, every Census until 1931 had data on
caste. Hence there has been demands for Socio-economic caste census to be conducted for 2021.

Origin of census-
The origin of the Census in India goes back to the colonial exercise of 1881.
Census has evolved and been used by the government, policymakers, academics, and others to
capture the Indian population, access resources, map social change, delimitation exercise, etc.
However, as early as the 1940s, W.W.M. Yeatts, Census Commissioner for India for the 1941
Census, had pointed out that “the census is a large, immensely powerful, but blunt instrument
unsuited for specialized inquiry.”

What is caste census?

In India, a caste census refers to the collection of demographic data that categorizes individuals
based on their caste affiliations. The last caste-based census in India was conducted in 1931
during the British colonial era. Since then, there have been periodic calls for a new caste census
to update information on caste demographics, particularly to inform policies related to
affirmative action (reservation) and social welfare programs.
The primary objective of a caste census in India is to obtain accurate data on the distribution and
socio-economic status of various caste groups. This information is crucial for determining the
effectiveness of existing reservation policies, which allocate quotas in education, government
jobs, and legislative bodies to historically disadvantaged castes (Scheduled Castes, Scheduled
Tribes, and Other Backward Classes).
However, the proposal for a caste census in India is often contentious and has sparked debates on
issues such as data privacy, caste-based discrimination, and political representation.

First Caste Census as SECC (Socio-Economic and Caste Census):

SECC was conducted for the first time in 1931.SECC is meant to canvass every Indian family,
both in rural and urban India, and ask about their:

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Economic status, so as to allow Central and State authorities to come up with a range of
indicators of deprivation, permutations, and combinations of which could be used by each
authority to define a poor or deprived person.
It is also meant to ask every person their specific caste name to allow the government to re-
evaluate which caste groups were economically worst off and which were better off. SECC has
the potential to allow for a mapping of inequalities at a broader level.

Caste survey in Bihar

On October 2, 2023 the Bihar government published the ‘Bihar Caste-based Survey 2022’,
which shows that extremely backward classes (EBCs) and other backward classes (OBCs)
together add up to nearly 63% of the 13-crore population, making it the largest caste group in the
State. Chief Minister Nitish Kumar who belongs to the OBC Kurmi caste (2.87%) and has
nursed the EBCs for his political survival, had first raised the demand for a State caste survey in
2019.

Findings in Bihar survey

What was the procedure adopted in the Caste Survey?

The survey was carried out in two phases, which each had its own criteria and objectives.

First Phase:
During this phase, the number of all households in Bihar were counted and recorded.
Enumerators were given a set of 17 questions which were to be mandatorily answered by the
respondent.

Second Phase:
During this phase data on people living in the households, their castes, sub-castes, and socio-
economic conditions were collected.

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However, filling the Aadhaar number, caste certificate number and ration card number of the
head of the family, were optional.

Indian Reservation System

India’s reservation system, rooted in the country’s age-old caste system, aims to
provide equitable access to government jobs, educational institutions, and legislatures for
historically disadvantaged sections of the population. Originating as a means of addressing
historical injustices based on caste identity, the reservation system operates as a quota-based
affirmative action, often referred to as positive discrimination. Governed by government policies
backed by the Indian Constitution, it has undergone significant evolution over the years.

Historical Background
The idea of caste-based reservations was initially conceived by William Hunter and Jyotirao
Phule in 1882. However, it was formalized in 1933 with the introduction of the “Communal
Award” by British Prime Minister Ramsay Macdonald, which provided separate electorates for
various religious and caste groups, including Dalits. Post-independence, the reservation system
initially focused on Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) but expanded to include
Other Backward Classes (OBCs) in 1991 based on the recommendations of the Mandal
Commission.

Mandal Commission and Constitutional Amendments

Mandal Commission
In December 1978, the President of India appointed the Mandal Commission under the
chairmanship of B. P. Mandal. The commission was tasked with identifying socially and
educationally backward classes and recommending measures for their advancement. The Mandal
Commission found that approximately 52% of India’s population belonged to Other Backward
Classes (OBCs). Based on its findings, the commission recommended that 27% of government
jobs be reserved for OBCs. The Mandal Commission’s recommendations sparked widespread
debate and protests across the country.

Constitutional Amendments
 The 77th Amendment Act of 1995 introduced a new clause, Article 16(4A), enabling the
state to provide reservation in promotions for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled
Tribes (STs) in public services if they are not adequately represented.
 The 81st Amendment Act of 2000 inserted Article 16(4B), allowing states to carry
forward unfilled vacancies reserved for SCs/STs to the succeeding year, thereby
bypassing the 50% reservation cap.

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 The 85th Amendment Act of 2001 modified Article 16(4A) to provide consequential
seniority to SCs and STs Candidates promoted by reservation.
 These amendments expanded the scope of reservation policies and addressed issues
related to promotions, seniority, and unfilled vacancies for SCs and STs.

Advantages of caste census

 Data for Effective Policy Planning: Helps governments formulate targeted policies and
programs to address socio-economic disparities among different caste groups.
 Accurate Resource Allocation: Ensures equitable distribution of resources, benefits, and
opportunities based on actual socio-economic conditions of various caste communities.
 Monitoring Affirmative Action: Facilitates evaluation and monitoring of affirmative
action (reservation) policies intended for Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes
(STs), and Other Backward Classes (OBCs).
 Identifying Marginalized Groups: Helps in identifying and addressing the needs of
marginalized and vulnerable caste groups that may require specific interventions.
 Promoting Social Justice: Supports efforts towards promoting social justice by providing
data on caste-based discrimination and inequalities.
 Understanding Demographic Trends: Provides insights into demographic trends and
changes within caste communities, aiding in long-term planning and development
strategies.
 Educational Planning: Helps in planning and implementing educational policies,
scholarships, and initiatives tailored to different caste groups to improve access and
quality of education.
 Employment Strategies: Assists in formulating employment strategies and skill
development programs targeted at uplifting economically weaker sections within various
caste communities.

Disadvantages of caste census

 Caste based political mobilisation- The data can be used by the political parties for their
narrow political gains. This will encourage caste based mobilisations in the country. As
India seek to eliminate and weaken the notion of caste, a caste census would only
strengthen it. There will be from every caste group for share in the power at the cost of
administrative efficiency.
 Hardening of caste identities may hamper growth of national integration- There have
been concerns that counting caste may help solidify or harden identities. Due to these
repercussions, nearly a decade after the SECC, a sizable amount of its data remains
unreleased or released only in parts.

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 Strengthen demands for further reservations- Caste census may increase demand for
larger or separate quotas. For instance, Patels, Gujjars, Jats and other castes are
demanding reservations. The caste census might induce more such demands in future.
The census would put pressure on the SC to lift the 50% ceiling.
 Collection of caste data is not an easy task- Enumerating the caste numbers in India is a
complex task as the same caste is spelt in different ways in different states. Also one
caste maybe extremely backward in one state and can be backward in the other state.

Moderated caucus topics

 Data Privacy Measures: Discuss safeguards for individual privacy during caste data
collection.
 Impact Assessment of Reservations: Analyze effectiveness in promoting social equality
and economic empowerment.
 Political Opposition: Address challenges and opposition to implementing caste-based
reservation policies.
 International Support Role: Discuss how global bodies can aid India's inclusive policy
efforts.
 Gender and Caste: Explore intersectional challenges and opportunities within
reservation policies.
 Education Equality Strategies: Propose reforms ensuring equal educational access
across caste demographics.
 Economic Empowerment Goals: Evaluate reservations' role in fostering economic
empowerment and entrepreneurial ventures.
 Administrative Hurdles: Discuss challenges in implementing and monitoring
reservation policies effectively.
 Regional Disparity Solutions: Address regional variations in reservation policy impact
and implementation strategies.
 Sustainability of Policies: Debate strategies for ensuring long-term viability and
relevance of reservation policies.

Conclusion
While the proposal of One Nation One Election was one of the targets in the manifesto of BJP in
the year 2019, there still exist many challenges to the system. These challenges are conceptual,

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financial, constitutional, and even logistical. The struggle is to implement the proposal to a
country as vast as India; a country that holds great cultural and topographical differences. A caste
census may not sit well with the goal of a casteless society, but it may serve as a means of
addressing inequities in society.

Bibliography
https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/caste-census
https://forumias.com/blog/upsc-current-affairs-news/caste-based-census-in-india/
https://lawandotherthings.com/caste-census-and-sub-classification-within-reservations/
https://www.studyiq.com/articles/indian-reservation-system/
https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/caste-census-in-bihar-1
https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/decoding-one-nation-one-
election
https://www.civilsdaily.com/story/one-nation-one-election-prospects-and-challenges/

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