Chapter 1: Variables: File creation (txt): Chapter 7 (SQL):

print ("The " + cake_name + "is $ " + cake_price) a = "Singapore Zoo" filename = "hello" 1) SELECT Username from users, DOB as Birthday FROM
inventory { "choco": 20, "vanilla": 15} print (a[:3]) → first 3 characters file = open(filename, "w") USERS;
print (inventory ["choco"]) print (a [-3:]) → last 3 characters row = var 1 + "," + var 2 2) SELECT Username from users, DOB as Birthday FROM
In print statements all arguements must be string (x print (a [5:9]) → prints "pore" file.write crow) # write row to file USERS WHERE DOB < “1990 - 01-01”;
float/ integer) file. close 3) SELECT content, Likes
ratings = [5, 4,3] a = a.replace [ "z", "B") → replaces z with B FROM Posts
sum_ratings = sum(ratings) a = q.replace ("o", "a") → replaces all Os with a File creation (csv): INNER JOIN Users ON Post. UserID = Users. UserID
(output = Singapore Zaa) import csv WHERE users. username = 'James Lee' ;
a = a.replace(" o", "a", 1) → replaces first occurrance of filename = "cute.csv" 4) SELECT Location, COUNT(*) as count
Chapter 2:
o to a with open (filename, "w", newline = " ") as fp: From Users
add + subtract - multiply * divide (float) / power ** (for
(output = singapare zoo) csv_w= csv.writer (fp) GROUP BY Location;
square root use **0.5 or math.sqrt()) divide (int) //
a = a + "bay" → adds bay at the end csv_w.writerow('var1', 'var 2') #creating titles 5) ON Users.UserID = Friende.userIDI
modulus/ remainder %
a = a[:10]+ “ bay ”+ a [10:] → adds bay in the middle row = [var1, var 2] WHERE Users. Username LIKE "James Lee";
if: else:
csv_w.writerow(row) 6) SELECT * from HR;
Try: except ValueError: List: 7) SELECT DISTINCT position FROM HR ORDER BY
list_a = [ 'a' 'b', 'c', 'e'] File reading: position;
Chapter 3: for i in range(1,11) list. a [3]= 'd' → replaces 'e' with 'd' data = [ ] 8) SELECT X,Y,Z,
i=0 print(i) list_a. insert ( 3, 'd') →adds 'd' before 'e' with open('cute.txt', 'r') as fp: A as B
while i<x [11 is last number + 1, 11-1 = number of list_a.remove('e') / list_a. pop (3) → removes'e' for line in fp: FROM HR
i+=1 times loop should run] line_data = line. strip(). Split (',') 9) SELECT COUNT(*) FROM HR WHERE sex = 'M' ;
print (i) Dictionary: line_data [3] = float (line data [3]) 10) SELECT MIN (salary) AS 'min pay',
a_dict = { 'city': 'sg', 'flower': 'orchid' } x=0 MAX(salary) AS 'max pay'
list.append(i) [list is name of list, i is name of variable] a_dict [ 'location'] = 'bay' → adds new key and value for i in data: AVG(salary) AS' Avg pay'
print (f" The mean number of the entered is: { mean }") a_dict [ 'flower'] = 'rose' → replaces value for an existing if i[3] >37.5: FROM HR;
mean = sum (list) / len (list) key x+=1 11) SELECT *
del a_dicy [ 'city'] / a_dict. pop ('city') → removes valve FROM HR
and key data= [ ] WHERE salary BETWEEN 20000 AND 30 000;
Chapter 4: Chapter 5: a_dict['country'] = a_dict. pop ( 'city') month = [xxx] 12) WHERE position = 'Supervisor' OR position = 'manager"; /
for char in word: attraction = "Singapore Zoo" * string is immutable Item = [xxx] WHERE position IN('supervisor', 'manager');
for char in v: print (attraction [10:14]) → for i in range (len (item)) : 13) WHERE NOT (Position = 'Supervisor' OR position =
output: "zoo" Chapter 6: row = [] manager'); / WHERE position NOT IN (' supervisor', 'manager');
list_a = [] from datetime import date % Y → Year for m in month: 14) WHERE name LIKE ‘% o%'; [ contains the letter 'o']
def satisfaction (n): list_a = [ "Zoo", "Garden"] to_day = date. today () % m → month sales = int (input (xxx)) WHERE name LIKE '% y’ [name ends with the letter y]
for i in range print (list_a [0]) → output: "Zoo" print (to_day) → 2024-11-29 % d → day row.append(sales)
(1,n+1): print (today. year) → 2024 % H → hour data. append(row)
try: sales_L= [xxx] print (to-day. month) → 11 % M → Minute print ("Sale for item 1 in March", data[1][2])
a = int (input sales_m =[xxx] print (today.day) → 29 % S → second
(xxx)) month = [xxx] Miscellaneous: writelines() → Writes a list of strings to the file. Each
list-a.append (a) c_dict = {} import datetime / from datetime import datetime readlines() → Reads all the lines from the file and string in the list is written as is; must include newline
c_dict['L'] = sales _L to_day = datetime.date.today() / to_day = returns them as a list of strings characters (\n) explicitly if you want line breaks
except ValueError: c_dict['m'] = sales_m datetime.datetime.today() deadline()→ Reads a single line from the file and write() → Writes a single string to the file. Use this for
print (xxxx) c_dict [ 'month'] = month x = datetime.delta(days =1) returns it as a string smaller, incremental writes
return list_a for i in range (len(sales _L)): [days can be weeks/hours/minutes/seconds and 1 read() → Reads the entire file content as a single string writerow() → Writes a single row to a CSV file. Each
print ("In { }, L get $ { } while m can be positive/negative] readrow() → Reads a single row from a CSV file element of the row is written to a separate column.
n = int(input (xxx)) gets $ {}." . format(c_dict [ print (“One day later: ”, to_day + x) readrows() → May refer to reading multiple rows at once writerows() → Writes multiple rows to a CSV file.
print(satisfaction (n)) 'months' ] [ each ], c_dict['L"] (not a standard method in Python) Each row is a list, and all rows are written at once
independence = datetime(year =1965, month =8, day
[each], c_dict['m'] [each]))
=9) dp: operators:
age = to_day - independence x = 3.14159 >,<,>=,<=,==,!=
from datetime import datetime, date, time, timedelta age_in_years = age.days/365.25 y = 2.71828
moment datetime.now() Increment: +=,-=,*=,/=
print(f"x: {x:.2f}, y: {y:.2f}")
print (moment) → output: 2024 - 11 - 29 15:23:45 % a → day of the week (short form)
print (moment. strftime ( "%d / %m / %Y")) % A → day of the week
print (moment. strftime ("%H : % M")) % B → Month
Chapter 8: (Pandas) Chapter 9: Chapter 10: Pie Chart:
df. head Describing data: Understanding data: Scatterplot: import pandas as pd
df. shape → no. of rows and columns df. describe() df. index import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
df. shape [1] → no. of columns df. corr() df.values channel_1_data = df[df["Distribution
df. columns.tolist () → column name df.quatile ([0.5,0.7, 0.8, df.xxx | df ['xxx'] df = pd.read_csv("job_market.csv") Channel"] == 1]
df.dtypes → type of data in each column 0.90]) df. loc [ Row No] plt.figure(figsize=(12, 6)) goods_columns = ['Cold Food', 'Dairy',
df [df-duplicated()] → shows duplicated records df.mean() df. loc[ Row No, 'colname'] plt.scatter(df['year'], df['recruitment_rate'], 'Grocery', 'Frozen']
df-isna() →null records df.median() df.iloc[rowno.] label='Recruitment Rate') distribution =
df isna().sum() → no. of null records df.mode () df.iloc[row, col] plt.title('Overall Recruitment Rate', channel_1_data[goods_columns].sum()
df.describe → statistical summary df.std() df [df.colname > xxx] fontsize=14) plt.pie(distribution, labels=distribution.index,
df-head (5) → first 5 records df. min() df-iloc[df.colname >xxx & xxxx] plt.xlabel('Year', fontsize=12) autopct='%1.1f%%', startangle=90,
df. tail (2) → last 2 records df. max() plt.ylabel('Recruitment Rate', fontsize=12) colors=plt.cm.Paired.colors)
df. columms.str. strip()→ remove white space df sum() plt.show() plt.title("Distribution of Goods in Channel 1",
df.dropna() → remove null values df.groupby() fontsize=14)
df.drop(columns = ['x', 'y']) categories = df["categories"].unique() # plt.axis("equal")
df. xxx. astype (str) → convert to string df.iloc[144: 147,] (147 = last row plus 1) Get unique categories plt.show()
df. drop_duplicates (subset = ['xxx'], keep = 'last', df.iloc[2:5, 1:6] colors = ['blue', 'orange', 'green'] # Colors
inplace=True) df [[ 'xxx', 'xxx']] for the groups Bar Chart:
df['xxx']. unique() df.iloc[ : , [0,1,2]] for category, color in zip(categories, channel_1_data = df[df["Distribution
dft'xxx']. nunique () → count of unique values colors): Channel"] == 1]
df ['xxx']. notnull().sum() df.groupby ('room-type') [ 'price' ]. std (). max(). category_data = df[df["categories"] == goods_columns = ['Cold Food', 'Dairy',
df [df ['xxx'] == 'xxx']. count() df. groupby('Distribution Channel').sum().sum (axis=1). category] 'Grocery', 'Frozen']
df. replace ("xxx" , "xxx", inplace=True) sort _value (ascending = False) plt.scatter(category_data["year"], distribution =
df. rename (columns = { 'xxx'='xxx'}, inplace=True) df.groupby (df ['sales'] > 1000). min() category_data["recruitment_rate"], channel_1_data[goods_columns].sum()
df [(df ['xxx'>10) | (df ['xxx'] == 'xxx')] label=category, color=color) distribution.plot(kind='bar', color='skyblue')
plt.title("Total Distribution of Goods in
Line Chart: Channel 1", fontsize=14)
average_resignation = df.groupby("year plt.xlabel("Goods", fontsize=12)
["resignation_rate"].mean().reset_index() plt.ylabel("Total Quantity", fontsize=12)
plt.plot(average_resignation["year"], plt.xticks(rotation=45, ha='right')
average_resignation["resignation_rate"], plt.show()
color='blue', label='Average Resignation
Rate') Heatmap:
plt.title("Average Resignation Rates Over import pandas as pd
the Years", fontsize=14) import seaborn as sns
plt.xlabel("Year", fontsize=12) import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
plt.ylabel("Average Resignation Rate", correlation_matrix = df.corr()
fontsize=12) sns.heatmap(correlation_matrix, annot=True,
plt.legend() cmap='coolwarm', fmt='.2f', linewidths=0.5)
plt.show() plt.title("Correlation Matrix Heatmap",
fontsize=14)
plt.show()

Seaborn:
Bar plots Correlation heatmaps
Box plots Boxplots and violin plots
Violin plots Pair plots (visualizing relationships between
Strip plots multiple variables)
Count plots Regression plots (fitting regression lines to
Distribution plots (e.g., data)
histograms, KDEs)