A TECHNICAL REPORT

ON
STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK
EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)

BY

ORISASINA ABIDEMI MARY

(2009007221)

FACULTY OF SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY
EKITI STATE UNIVERSITY, ADO EKITI, EKITI STATE

AT

AKINWUNMI AMBODE PRIMARY HEALTHCARE CENTRE, 19

ANIFOWOSHE STREET, SOMOLU, LAGOS STATE
IN PARTIAL FUFILLMENT FOR THE
AWARD OF
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (BSC) IN MICROBIOLOGY
EKITI STATE UNIVERSITY, ADO EKITI, EKITI STATE

(January to June
2024)
 CERTIFICATION
I, Orisasina Abidemi Mary, bearing Matriculation Number 2009007221, a
student of the Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ekiti State University
(EKSU), Ekiti State, hereby confirm that this technical report presents a
comprehensive overview of my six-month industrial training at Akinwunmi Ambode
Primary Healthcare Centre, situated at 19 Anifowoshe Street, Somolu, Lagos State.
This report outlines the achievements and insights I acquired during my tenure in the
laboratory, and I submit it proudly as a requirement for the successful conclusion of
my program

STUDENT TRAINEE; ORISASINA Abidemi Mary

MATRIC NUMBER: 2009007221
SIGNATURE AND DATE:

…………………………….

UNIVERSITY BASED SUPERVISOR: MR AJAYI O.O

SIGNATURE AND DATE:
………………………..

EKSU SIWES COORDINATOR: DR O. ADETAN

SIGNATURE AND DATE:

………………………………….
 DECLARATION
I, ORISASINA Abidemi Mary, hereby declare that the detailed technical report
presented herein is the result of my own work during my SIWES industrial training
program at Akinwunmi Ambode primary healthcare centre, 19 Anifowoshe Street,
Somolu Lagos State. This report encompasses all work done and carried out during
the training period. I confirm that this report has not been previously submitted to any
institution for award of any degree. All sources referenced in this report have been
duly acknowledged.
 DEDICATION
I dedicate this report on my Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) to
God Almighty, whose unwavering love, protection, and guidance enabled me to
successfully complete this program.
To my dear father, MR ORISASINA ADEKUNLE, your wisdom, guidance, and
belief in me have been a solid foundation throughout my academic journey.
I am forever grateful to my Father for his love, support, and sacrifices.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) for
establishing this enriching program, and to Ekiti State University (EKSU) for
providing the platform for my training.
Special thanks to my industrial-based supervisor, Miss. Chinweokwu Celestina, for
her dedicated guidance throughout the program.
I extend my sincere appreciation to Mrs Pedro, Miss Bello, and the entire staff of
Akinwunmi Ambode primary healthcare centre. Your invaluable training and support
made my experience at the establishment truly enriching.
Furthermore, I am deeply grateful to my Daddy for his unwavering moral and
financial support.
I humbly acknowledge and thank God Almighty whose grace and guidance made this
achievement possible.
Lastly, I would like to thank my institution-based supervisor, Mr. Ajayi O.O for his
support, as well as my friends and colleagues for their encouragement and
camaraderie. Thank you all for your invaluable contributions to my success.
 ABSTRACT
I successfully completed my six-month industrial training program from January 2024
to June 2024 at the Akinwunmi Ambode Primary Healthcare Centre, situated at 19
Anifowoshe Street, Somolu, Lagos. Throughout this period, I was assigned to the
laboratory section where I gained extensive hands-on experience in a wide array of
essential laboratory tests and procedures.
My training provided me with invaluable practical skills in performing various
diagnostic tests. I became proficient in blood sample collection techniques and
handling, ensuring accuracy and patient comfort. I gained practical knowledge in
conducting tests such as Malaria parasite detection, packed cell volume (PCV)
determination, hepatitis B and C screening, random and fasting blood sugar tests,
VDRL and HIV testing, pregnancy tests, full blood count analysis, blood group
typing, genotype testing, and Widal tests.
Under the guidance of experienced laboratory professionals at Akinwunmi Ambode
Primary Healthcare Centre, I not only learned the technical aspects of these
procedures but also developed critical skills in maintaining laboratory equipment,
adhering to safety protocols, and accurately documenting test results. This
comprehensive training significantly enhanced my understanding of clinical
laboratory operations and prepared me to contribute effectively to healthcare services
in the future.
I am grateful for the opportunity to have trained at such a reputable healthcare facility
and for the guidance and support provided by the laboratory staff during my tenure.
This experience has reinforced my passion for laboratory sciences and has equipped
me with the skills necessary to pursue a successful career in this field.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER PAGE
CERTIFICATION ………………………………i
DECLARATION …………………………………ii
DEDICATION ……………………………………iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ………………………………..iv
ABSTRACT ………………………………………………….v
TABLE OF CONTENT ……………………………..vi-vii

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION………………………..1

1.1 Introduction to SIWES…………………….1
1.2 Brief history/background of SIWES …………………….1
1.3 General responsibilities/objectives of
SIWES……………………………………………………1-2
1.4 Benefits of SIWES…………………..2
1.5 Duration of SIWES ……………………..2

CHAPTER TWO: ESTABLISHMENT PROFILE ………………………..3

2.1 brief history and location of the establishment………………………………..3

2.2 CHAPTER THREE: THE LABORATORY…………………..5

3.1 Introduction to the laboratory……………………..6
3.2 Ethics/safety work practice in the laboratory…………………….6
3.3 The laboratory sections/departments 6-7
3.4 lists of equipment in the laboratory and their uses ………….7-8

CHAPTER FOUR: TESTS PERFORMED…………………….9

4.0 The laboratory departments and various tests performed………………….9
4.1 The hematology department………………..9
4.1.1 Blood group………….9-11
4.1.2 Widal test………………11-13
4.1.3 Packed cell volume (PCV) test……………….13-16
4.2 The clinical chemistry department……………….. 16
4.2.1 Fasting and Random blood sugar …………………………….16-18
4.2.2 Urinalysis test………18-19
4.2.3 Pregnancy test………..20-21

CHAPTER FIVE: THE MICROBIOLOGY DEPARTMENT

…………………………………..21
5.0 introduction to the microbiology
department………………………………………..21
5.1 instruments used in the microbiology department…………………..21-22
5.2 types of culture and their preparation………………….22-25
5.3 tests carried out in the microbiology department…………………26
5.3.1 Malaria parasite ……………………………….27
5.3.2 Semen Analysis …………………………………….29-32
5.3.3 High vaginal swab (HVS)…………………………32-33

CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSIONS, CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED, SUMMARY

AND Recommendations……………………….34

6.0 summary…………………………….34
6.1 challenges encountered…………………………34
6.2 conclusion………………………………35
6.3 Recommendations………………………..35
REFERENCES
 CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO SIWES
The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) stands as a comprehensive
and innovative program tailored to offer Nigerian university students a crucial
platform for acquiring practical industry experience. It allows them to apply
theoretical knowledge in real-world settings, fostering the development of essential
skills that bolster their employability. By bridging the gap between academia and
industry, SIWES empowers students to seamlessly transition into the workforce,
making them more appealing to potential employers and enabling them to contribute
effectively to the nation's economic growth.

1.2 BRIEF HISTORY/BACKGROUND OF SIWES

Before the establishment of the scheme, there was increasing concern over the lack
of practical knowledge among graduates from higher education institutions,
highlighting a disconnect between theoretical education and the actual needs of
employers.
In response to this, the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) initiated and introduced the
SIWES scheme in 1973. Its primary goal was to familiarize students with the practical
skills necessary for handling industrial equipment and machinery.
Initially, the ITF fully funded the scheme. However, due to financial constraints, the
ITF withdrew its funding in 1978. Recognizing the importance of skills development,
the federal government transferred management oversight to the National Universities
Commission (NUC) and the National Board for Technical Education (NBTE) in 1979.
In November 1984, management and implementation of the scheme returned to the
ITF, with full funding provided by the federal government. Since then, SIWES has
evolved into a critical component of Nigeria’s tertiary education system, significantly
contributing to the nation’s economic development.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF SIWES

The primary objectives of SIWES are to:
1. It acquaints students with the realities of the work environment, preparing
them for the expectations and challenges they will face in their respective industries.
2. SIWES exposes students to industry-specific techniques, methods, and
technologies that are not typically covered in academic settings, thereby enhancing
their practical skills and knowledge.
3. The scheme provides invaluable opportunities for students to acquire hands-
on industrial skills and experience, thereby increasing their attractiveness to potential
employers.
4. By bridging the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical application,
SIWES enables students to apply what they have learned in real-world scenarios.
5. SIWES facilitates a smoother transition into the workforce by fostering
industry connections and offering a platform for students to network with
professionals in their chosen fields

1.4 BENEFITS OF SIWES

The benefits of SIWES are manifold and impactful. Here are some of the most
significant advantages:
A. Enhanced job placement opportunities: SIWES allows students to gain practical
experience and build valuable industry connections, thereby increasing their chances
of securing employment upon graduation.
B. Acquisition of industrial skills and experience: Students participating in SIWES
acquire hands-on training in various industrial processes and techniques, making them
more attractive candidates to potential employers.
C. Strengthened employer involvement in education: Through SIWES, industries
actively contribute to the education of students by providing guidance, mentorship,
and support, ensuring alignment between academic learning and industry needs.
D. Improved academic performance: SIWES enables students to apply theoretical
knowledge in real-world settings, which enhances their understanding of concepts and
improves their academic performance.
E. Increased confidence and self-esteem: Engaging in SIWES helps students develop
essential skills, competencies, and practical know-how, boosting their confidence and
self-esteem as they prepare to enter the workforce.

1.6 DURATION OF SIWES

 The duration of SIWES varies among institutions, depending on the level of
study and program requirements. Typically, SIWES program lasts between 3-6
months for university students, 4-12 months for polytechnic and college of technology
students, and 4months for college of Education students. The program’s flexibility
allows students to balance their academic responsibilities with the demands of the
SIWES program, ensuring a seamless and enriching experience.
 CHAPTER TWO
ESTABLISHMENT PROFILE
2.1 BRIEF HISTORY AND LOCATION OF THE ESTABLISHMENT.
Akinwunmi Ambode primary healthcare centre is a public hospital established on
May 19, 2016. The centre operates 24/7 providing quality healthcare services to the
community. Founded to deliver comprehensive primary healthcare, it emphasizes
patient-centered care. The hospital aims is to bridge the gap in healthcare delivery,
making quality care accessible to all, regardless of Socio-economic status. Its team
comprises certified and well-educated healthcare professionals, including doctors,
nurses, pharmacists and laboratory scientists.
The primary objective of the centre is to improve community health and wellbeing
through prevention, health promotion, and disease prevention.

LOCATION:
Akinwunmi Ambode primary healthcare centre is located at 19, Anifowoshe street
somolu, orile-shomolu local government Area, Lagos State.
 CHAPTER THREE
3.1 THE LABORATORY
INTRODUCTION TO THE LABORATORY: A laboratory is a specialized facility
equipped for scientific experiments, research, teaching or, for the manufacturing of
drugs and chemicals. In the context of healthcare, a medical or clinical laboratory
specially refers to a lab where tests are performed on clinical specimens to gather
information about a patient’s health. This information aids in the diagnosis, treatment,
and prevention of diseases.

3.2 ETHICS AND SAFETY WORK PRACTICES IN THE MEDICAL

LABORATORY:

1. Refrain from consuming food, beverages, or smoking in the laboratory.

2. Dispose of laboratory waste in a safe and responsible manner.
3. Always wear appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), including lab
coats and gloves.
4. Immediately report any accidents or spills involving infectious materials to the
laboratory supervisor.
5. Wearing an iPod, Bluetooth, or any other device that interferes with hearing is
not allowed.
6. The work area must be kept clean and uncluttered. All chemicals should be
labelled and stored properly.
7. Never pipette anything by mouth.

3.3 THE LABORATORY SECTIONS/DEPARTMENTS:

THE HEMATOLOGY DEPARTMENT:
Hematology is the branch of medical science that focuses on the study, diagnosis,
treatment, and prevention of diseases and disorders related to blood and blood-
forming tissues. It encompasses the examination of blood cells (red blood cells, white
blood cells, and platelets), bone marrow, lymph nodes, and the coagulation (clotting)
system.
 THE CLINICAL CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT:
The Clinical Chemistry Department is a pivotal division within medical laboratories
that specializes in the analysis of bodily fluids, such as blood, urine, and other
biological samples. This department is essential for diagnosing, monitoring, and
managing a wide spectrum of medical conditions.

THE MICROBIOLGY DEPARTMENT:

The microbiology department is a specialized section within medical and scientific
laboratories dedicated to the study, identification, and analysis of microorganisms.

3.4 LISTS OF EQUIPMENT IN THE LABORATORY AND THEIR USES

⮚ MICROSCOPE: This equipment is utilized for examining samples and
magnifying microorganisms that are not visible to the naked eye. Its components
include objective lenses with magnifications of 100x, 40x, and 10x, along with
fine and coarse adjustment knobs.

⮚ MICROHEMATOCRIT CENTRIFUGE: This instrument is used for the

determination of erythrocytes (red blood cells) in the blood and solution. That is,
for the separation of whole blood present in a blood sample.

⮚ MICRO-CENTRIFUGE: This instrument is used for spinning liquid samples as low

as 2 ml or even less at high speeds.
⮚ AUTOCLAVE: This is used for the sterilization process, effectively decontaminating
and eliminating microorganisms from media and equipment.
⮚ REFRIGERATOR: This is used to store samples and specimens, at a specific
temperature to ensure they do not become spoiled.
⮚ MICROPIPETTE: This equipment is used to transfer small volumes from one tube
to another.
⮚ ELECTROPHORESIS MACHINE: It is used for carrying out test on genotype.
⮚ SYRINGE: They are used to give injection and also for collection of blood sample
through venous blood collection in the laboratory practical.
⮚ INCUBATOR: Is used to grow and maintain microbiological cultures or cell
cultures.
⮚ TILES: This is an instrument used for carrying out test which involves mixing
different reagents and rocking to check for agglutination. It is used to carry out
widal test and blood group.
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 TESTS PERFORMED IN THE VARIOUS LABORATORY

DEPARTMENTS.

1.1 THE HEMATOLOGY DEPARTMENT:

The hematology department performs a diverse range of bodily fluids, including
whole blood, serum, urine, and others. The department administers specific tests such
as:
i. Blood group test
ii. Widal test
iii. Packed cell volume (PCV) test

THE BLOOD GROUP

INTRODUCTION:
Blood group testing is a fundamental procedure in medical diagnostics that
determines an individual's blood group type and Rh factor.

PURPOSE:
To identify specific antigens (A, B, AB) and the Rh factor (positive or negative)
present on the surface of red blood cells.

MATERIALS:
Blood sample
Clean grease free tile
Pasteur pipette
Applicator stick

REAGENTS:
Anti-sera A
Anti-sera B
Anti-sera D
Normal saline
Anti-sera for Bloodgrouping

PROCEDURES:
1. The blood sample was collected into an EDTA bottle through venipuncture.
2. Using a Pasteur pipette, 10 µL of blood was carefully placed in three spots on a
tile.
3. Anti-sera A, B, and D were then added meticulously to each spot corresponding
to the ABO grouping system.
4. An applicator stick was used thoroughly mix the blood with each anti-sera
consecutively, ensuring no contamination between spots.
5. Subsequently, the tile was gently rocked from side to side for 3 minutes to
facilitate agglutination.
6. Finally, the results were observed and recorded.

Diagram showing results for ABO Blood grouping

 CONCLUSION
The observed results were interpreted based on the agglutination patterns observed in
each spot on the tile. The presence of the Rhesus factor 'D' in the blood group was
determined using anti-D serum.

THE WIDAL TEST

INTRODUCTION: Typhoid fever is an infectious illness caused by Salmonella
typhi. It is diagnosed using the Widal test, which detects the presence of antibodies
against Salmonella typhi and paratyphi in the serum sample through an antigen-
antibody reaction. The disease spreads through contaminated water or food that has
been exposed to feces from individuals infected with typhoid or from carriers
individuals who harbor the bacteria without displaying symptoms.

AIM:
To detect the presence of Salmonella typhi and paratyphi antigens in patient serum.

MATERIALS:
White tile
Pasteur pipette
Centrifuge
Antigen kit
Stop watch

REAGENTS:
Blood sample
Widal antigen

PROCEDURE:
1. 3-5 mL of blood was obtained from the patient through venipuncture and placed
in a plain bottle.
2. The blood was centrifuged at 3000 revolutions per minute for 5 minutes to
separate the plasma.
3. Using a dropper, antigen kits were carefully dispensed onto the tile.
4. Drops were placed in pairs on the test card spots labeled O, OA, OB, OC and H,
HA, HB, HC.
5. A drop of patient serum was added into each antigen spot using a Pasteur pipette,
and the mixture was thoroughly mixed with an applicator stick.
6. The test card was gently rocked, and the rate of reaction and agglutination were
observed at intervals of 30 seconds, 1 minute, 2 minutes, and 5 minutes.

RESULT:
The result was recorded and the level of agglutination seen determines the severity.
1:320 shows very high level of agglutination
1:160 shows high level of agglutination
1:80 shows medium level of agglutination
1:40 shows little or no agglutination
1:20 shows no agglutination

Widal test showing Agglutination

THE PACKED CELL VOLUME (PCV):
This is the determination of red blood cell in the human body in order to know the
percentage of red blood cells present in the body.

AIM:
To determine the percentage of blood in a patient.

MATERIALS:
Lancet
Blood sample
Heparinized capillary tube
Sealant
Micro-haematocrit centrifuge
Micro-haematocrit reader

PROCEDURES:
1. Fill the capillary tube with well-mixed anticoagulated blood.
2. Use dry cotton wool to wipe off any excess blood from the outside of the
capillary tube.
3. Seal the capillary tube with (plasticine) or a similar sealant.
4. Place the sealed capillary tube in a micro-hematocrit centrifuge.
5. Centrifuge for 5 minutes at 10,000 rpm (revolutions per minute).
6. Allow the centrifuge to come to a stop on its own before opening.
7. Carefully remove the capillary tube from the centrifuge.
8. Use a haematocrit reader to measure the packed cell volume (PCV).
9. Align the base of the blood column with 0 mark on the hematocrit reader.
10. Align the bottom of the plasma meniscus with the 100 mark on the haematocrit
reader.
11. Record the volume of packed cells directly from the PCV reader.

RANGES: Normal range for adult male should be measure between 42-57% while
that of the adult female between 35-47% and for children 50-60%.
Abnormally low PCV refers to anemia and abnormally high PCV refers to
polycythemia.
The micro-haenatocrit centrifuge
 CLINICAL CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
FASTING AND RANDOM BLOOD SUGAR TESTS:
A blood sugar tests is a procedure that measure the amount of sugar, or glucose, in the
patient blood. This is vital for detecting diabetes or tracking existing diabetes. There
are several different types of sugar test.
Fasting blood sugar (FBS) measures blood glucose regardless of when you have not
eaten at least 8 hours. It is often the first test done to check for pre-diabetes and
diabetes. In a fasting state, glucose levels must be between 70 and 100 milligrams per
deciliter (mg/dl). if glucose level rise above 100mg/dl, this indicates prediabetes or
diabetes.
Random blood sugar (RBS) measures blood regardless of when you last ate.
Several random testing is useful because glucose levels in health people do not vary
widely throughout the day. Healthy blood sugar readings under a random test are
usually below 140mg/dl.

AIM: To measure the amount of sugar or glucose in the blood of a patient.

MATERIALS:
Glucometer
Glucometer test strip
Sample collector

PROCEDURE:
1. The blood sample is collected from the thumb of the patient by pricking.
2. The blood is made to drop at the tip end of the glucometer and then left for few
minutes (3-5minutes).
3. The reading is then taken and written down.
 URINALYSIS
Urinalysis is a diagnostic test that examines the content and properties of urine. It
involves analyzing urine samples to detect and measure various substances such as
proteins, glucose, ketones, and white blood cells. Urinalysis is commonly used to
assess kidney function, diagnose urinary tract infections (UTIs), detect certain
medical conditions like diabetes or kidney disease, and monitor overall health. The
test can also provide information about hydration levels and potential drug use.

AIM: To evaluate the physical, chemical, and microscopic characteristics of urine to

provide valuable information about a person's health status.

MATERIALS:
Plastic stick strip
Universal Container

PROCEDURES:
1. Urine sample was collected into a Universal Container.
2. The urine was observed microscopically for its color and turbidity.
3. A chemically treated plastic was dipped into the universal container containing
the urine.
4. The strip was removed, observed and read after 60 seconds and then the result
was recorded.

TEST THAT ARE CHECKED FOR DURING URINALYSIS TEST

1. Color: Determines the appearance which could potentially indicate different
problems. For example, a red hue may be a sign of blood.
2. Clarity: Normally clear, cloudiness may indicates the presence of cells, bacteria,
or muscus.
3. pH: Measures the acidity or alkalinity of the urine.
4. Protein: Presence of protein can indicate kidney disease.
5. Specific gravity: Indicates urine concentration.
6. Ketones: Presence may indicates uncontrolled diabetes or other metabolic
disorders.
7. Glucose: Presence may suggest diabetes.
8. Blood: Detects the presence of red blood cells, which can indicate various
conditions.
9. Bilirubin: May indicate liver disease or other conditions affecting the liver.
10. Leukocytes: It means there is an infection or obstruction of the urinary tract.

PREGNANCY TEST
INTRODUCTION: A pregnancy test is used to detect the presence of the hormone
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) in either blood or urine samples. This
hormone is indicative of pregnancy as it is produced by the placenta following
implantation of the embryo in the uterus. Detection of hCG confirms whether a
woman is pregnant or not.

AIM:
To determine the presence of pregnancy hormone (HCG) in the blood

MATERIALS:
Pregnancy Test Strip
Needle and Syringe
Wet Swab
Cotton Wool
Centrifuge
Clean Test Tube
PROCEDURES:
1. Blood was drawn from the patient via venipuncture into a plain collection tube.
2. The blood sample was centrifuged for 5 minutes to separate the serum from
other blood components.
3. Using a Pasteur pipette, the serum was carefully transferred into a clean test tube.
4. The pregnancy test strip was then immersed vertically into the serum for 5
minutes.
5. After immersion, the strip was removed, and the reaction was observed to
determine the test result.

RESULTS:
A positive result is indicated by the appearance of a line at both the Control region
and the Test region on the strip. A negative result is indicated by a line appearing only
at the Control region. If no lines appear at all, the test is invalid and should be
repeated using a new kit.
 CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 MICROBIOLOGY DEPARTMENT.
INTRODUCTION TO THE MICROBIOLOGY DEPARTMENT
The microbiology department within a medical laboratory is a pivotal division that
significantly contributes to the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of infectious
diseases. It is tasked with processing and examining a diverse array of specimens to
detect and characterize microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and
parasites.

5.1 INSTRUMENTS USED IN THE MICROBIOLOGY LABORATORY:

1. Microscope: For observing microorganisms and other small objects in detail.

2. Inoculating loop: Transfers microorganisms between culture media.

3. Bunsen burner: Sterilizes instruments and equipment, and seals hematocrit tubes.

4. Weighing balance: Measures the weight of reagents and substances with

precision.
5. Spatula: Transfers and manipulates substances in the laboratory.

6. Microscope slide: Holds the specimen or object to be viewed under the

microscope.

7. Cover slip: Placed on top of the microscope slide to enhance viewing and protect
the object.
8. Staining rack: Holds multiple microscope slides for efficient staining
processing.
9. Medium (agar) plate/petri dish: Used to culture microorganisms on a solid
medium.
10. Sensitivity disc: Tests the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents against specific
microorganisms.
11. Beaker: A container for holding or mixing liquids or solids.
12. Autoclave: Sterilizes equipment and media using high-pressure steam.
13. Refrigerator: Stores reagents and culture media to prevent spoilage.

14. Incubator: Provides a controlled environment for microorganisms to grow and

develop.
5.2 TYPES OF CULTURE AND THEIR PREPARATION
There are different types of culture media which includes:
1. C.L.E.D (Cystine-Lactose-Electrolyte-Deficient) agar: A specialized medium for
isolating and identifying certain bacteria.
2. Chocolate agar: A nutrient-rich medium containing blood that supports the growth
of fastidious microorganisms.
3. Blood agar: A medium containing blood that allows for the detection of hemolytic
activity (red blood cell breakdown) by certain microorganisms.
4. Nutrient agar: A general-purpose medium providing essential nutrients for the
growth of a wide range of microorganisms.
5. MacConkey agar: A selective medium used to isolate and differentiate Gram-
negative bacteria, particularly those in the Enterobacteriaceae family.

PREPARATION
1. C.L.E.D Agar:
Cystine Lactose Electrolyte Deficient (C.L.E.D) agar powder is utilized for
preparing this culture medium.
PROCEDURES:
 Weigh out 20g of C.L.E.D agar powder and add it to 500ml of deionized
water.
 Sterilize the mixture by autoclaving at 121°C for 15 minutes.
 Allow the sterilized agar solution to cool to approximately 50°C.
 Aseptically dispense the cooled agar solution into petri dishes.
 Allow the agar to solidify at 37°C.
 Label the petri dishes for identification.
NOTE: The prepared C.L.E.D agar appears light blue in color.

Prepared C.L.E.D Agar

2. CHOCOLATE AGAR:
Culture media preparation uses powered nutrient agar and blood.
PROCEDURES:
 Weigh 20g of nutrient agar powder.
 Dissolve the powder in 500ml of deionized water,
 Sterilize the solution by autoclaving for 15 minutes at 1210C.
 Add 20ml 0f blood to cool to approximately 500C.
 Place the mixture in a water bath for a few minutes.
 Dispense the agar aseptically into a petri dish.
 Allow the agar to solidify at 370C and then label it.
NOTE: If air bubbles appear, use a Bunsen burner to flame and melt them. The
prepared agar will be brown in color.

Prepared chocolate agar

3. BLOOD AGAR:
Nutrient agar is used as the base for preparing this culture medium.
PROCEDURES:
 20g of nutrient agar powder was weighed and dissolved in 500ml of deionized
water.
 The mixture was sterilizied by autoclaving at 1210C for 15 minutes.
 The agar was allowed to cool to approximately 400C.
 20ml of blood was added to the agar solution.
 The mixture was dispensed aseptically into petri dishes.
 The agar was allowed to solidify at 370C, then labelled.

NOTE: The prepared Blood agar appear reddish in color, but not transparent.
 Prepared Blood agar

4. NUTRIENT AGAR:
PROCEDURES:
 20g of nutrient agar powder was weighed and dissolved in 500ml of deionized
water.
 The mixture was sterilized by autoclaving at 1210C for 15minutes.
 The agar was then dispensed aseptically into petri dishes.
 The agar was allowed to cool to room temperature and labelled.
NOTE: The prepared nutrient agar was reported to appear light yellow in color.

Prepared Nutrient Agar

5. MAC CONKEY AGAR

PROCEDURES:
 20g of MacConkey agar powder was weighed and dissolved into a 500ml of
deionized water.
 The mixture was properly sterilized by autoclaving at 1210C for 15minuteSs.
 The agar was then dispensed aseptically into petri dishes and allowed to cool
to room temperature and then it was labeled.
 Prepared MacConkey agar

5.3 TEST CARRIED IN THE MICROBIOLOGY LABORATORY.

The following test are carried out in the microbiology department;
 Malaria Parasites(MP) test

 Semen Analysis

 High Vaginal Swab(HVS) test

5.3.1 MALARIA PARASITE TEST

Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease of human cause by parasite protozoan (a group of
single celled microorganisms), belonging to the genus plasmodium.
Malaria cause symptoms that include: fever, fatigue, vomiting and headache. In
several cases it can cause yellow skin, seizure or death.

AIM: To examine the presence of plasmodium species that causes malaria in the
human body.

MATERIALS:
 Blood sample
 Glass slide
 Microscope
 Field stain A&B
 Tap water

PROCEDURE:
A drop of blood was dropped on a glass slide and smeared, it was allowed for some
minutes to dry, then dipped into stain A (blue stain) for 30-60 seconds and it was
removed and dipped into tap water for rising, the smeared was also dipped into field
stain B (red stain) for some seconds and it was removed and dip into tap water for
rising, then it was allowed to air dry and then one drop of immersion oil was applied
onto the slide, and was observed under the microscope using X100 objectives lens.

INTERPRETATION OF MALARIA PARASITE RESULT, AS VIEW UNDER

THE MICROSCOPE:
 One to eight (1-8) plasmodium species seen in the microscope, the result is
reported as (+1) positive.
 Eight to sixteen (8-16) plasmodium species seen under microscope, the result
is reported as (2+) positive.

5.3.2 SEMEN ANALYSIS

Semen analysis, also referred to as a sperm count test for males, assesses the
health and viability of sperm. Semen is the fluid that includes sperm along
with other sugars and proteins, released during ejaculation.

TEST FOR MALE FERTILITY.

A semen analysis is frequently advised for couples experiencing difficulties

with conception. This test aids in assessing male fertility by identifying
potential issues such as infertility, low sperm count, or sperm dysfunction that
could be causing the problem.

THINGS TO AVOID IN OTHER TO GET THE BEST SAMPLE

 Refrain from ejaculation for 24 to 72 hours before the test.

 Avoid alcohol, caffeine, cocaine, marijuana, and similar drugs for two to five
days before the test.
 Follow healthcare provider instructions regarding hormone medications and
refrain from using them before the test.
 WAYS/METHODS OF COLLECTING SEMEN SAMPLE

 Masturbation
 Sexual intercourse with a condom
 Sexual intercourse using the withdrawal method
 Ejaculation induced by electrical stimulation

Out of all these methods, masturbation is considered the preferred approach to obtain a clean
sample.
 FACTORS THAT CAN AFFECT THE TEST/GOOD TESTING SAMPLES

1. The semen should be maintained at body temperature after collection.

Deviations from this temperature range can lead to inaccurate results.
2. The semen should be transported to the testing facility within 30 to 60 minutes
after collection.

Regarding factors that could impact the test results negatively:

 Exposure of semen to spermicide

 Errors by lab technicians
 Contamination of the sample

PRINCIPLE

According to the American Association for Clinical Chemistry (AACC), it is

recommended to conduct these tests at intervals of at least seven days, spanning a
period of two to three months. Sperm count can fluctuate daily, so averaging multiple
samples provides the most definitive results. A semen analysis assesses three primary
aspects of sperm health:

 Sperm quantity
 Sperm morphology (shape)
 Sperm motility (movement)

MATERIALS
Universal container, microscope slide, cover slip, microscope.

PROCEDURES

 The semen sample was collected and placed in a universal container using the
masturbation technique.
 A drop of the sample was applied to a microscope slide.
 The slide was covered with a cover slip to enclose the sample area.
 The sample was examined under the microscope at X100 magnification.
 The cells were counted and their numbers were recorded.
 RESULT

The following results should be considered:

1. SPERM VOLUME

A normal semen volume should exceed 2ml. Low volume may indicate
insufficient sperm for fertilization, while excess fluid can dilute sperm.

2. SPERM COUNT

Normal sperm count ranges between 20 million to over 200 million per
milliliter, also known as sperm density. Low counts can hinder conception.

3. APPEARANCE

Normal appearance is whitish to gray and opalescent. Red-brown tint may

suggest blood presence, while yellow tint could indicate jaundice or
medication side effects.

4. pH

Normal semen pH ranges from 7.2 to 7.8. pH higher than 8.0 might
indicate infection, while pH below 7.0 may suggest contamination or
blockage of ejaculatory ducts.

5. MOVEMENT

For normal results, over 50% of sperm should exhibit normal motility one
hour after ejaculation. Motility is crucial for sperm to reach and fertilize
the egg; it can be fast (motile), dead (non-motile), or slow (sluggish).
Microscopic view of the sperm cells

5.3.3 HIGH VAGINA SWAB (HVS) TEST

The High Vaginal Swab (HVS) test is conducted in medical microbiology laboratories
to detect specific microorganisms responsible for vaginal infections in females. It is
also utilized in obstetrics and gynecology to examine vaginal discharge for conditions
such as vaginal thrush, bacterial vaginosis, and Trichomonas vaginalis.

REAGENTS
Blood agar, chocolate agar, nutrient agar, vagina discharge.

MATERIALS
Sterile swab stick, agar plate/petri dish, incubator, sensitivity disc, inoculating loop.

PROCEDURE I
 A sterile swab was used to collect a specimen from the patient's vagina.
 The swab was then inoculated onto blood agar and chocolate agar plates.
 The plates were covered, inverted, and placed in an incubator at 37°C for 24
hours.

INTERPRETATION OF RESULT
After 24 hours of incubation at 37°C, the culture showed either no growth,
moderate growth, or heavy growth of pathogenic microorganisms responsible for
vaginal infections.
PROCEDURE II
  The growth from the agar is transferred to a sensitivity agar using an
inoculating loop via the streak plate method.
 The organisms are streaked onto the sensitivity agar.
 Antibiotic sensitivity discs are placed on the agar plate containing the
organisms.
 The agar plate is covered, inverted, and then incubated at 37°C for 24 hours.

INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS

Antibiotics that show no growth of the organism are considered effective in inhibiting
and killing the organism, making them preferable for treating vaginal infections.
Antibiotics that exhibit slight growth of the organism have limited impact on its
growth and should not be relied upon, as they may only temporarily inhibit the
organism. Antibiotics that allow normal growth of the organism have no effect and
are therefore unsuitable for curing vaginal infections.

CHAPTER SIX
CONCLUSION, CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED, SUMMARY AND
RECOMMENDATION
6.0 SUMMARY OF ACTIVITIES

During my tenure at Akinwunmi Ambode Primary Health Care Centre, I had a

memorable and enriching experience, gaining valuable insights and skills related to
my field of study. Initially, I began my responsibilities by managing records at the
laboratory and distributing results to patients during my first week. As I progressed
into my second week, I actively participated in conducting various laboratory tests
such as Widal, Packed Cell Volume (PCV), and Malaria Parasite (MP) tests.
Mastering procedures for tests like High Vagina Swab (HVS), Genotype, and blood
group testing was a gradual process, taking weeks for some and days for others. Each
experience contributed significantly to my understanding of laboratory protocols and
clinical procedures relevant to my course of study.

6.1 CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED

1. One significant hurdle was securing a placement for my siwes program, as
many hospitals, diagnostic centers, and other establishments were not
accepting siwes students.

2. Obtaining convenient and reliable transportation posed a significant challenge.

3. In my initial month at the establishment, I encountered challenges in
distinguishing between certain reagents used in the laboratory, particularly
those like the Widal reagents that appeared very similar.

6.2 CONCLUSION
The knowledge and experience i acquired during the six-month period of this
program are both memorable and invaluable. I effectively applied classroom
teachings to practical work at the establishment, enhancing my understanding of
microbiology. Collaborating with professionals provided me with foundational
knowledge across various aspects of the field. I had the opportunity to engage in
tasks that aren't typically feasible within the school environment.
This program provided me with insight into the workings of the medical field,
offering practical experience that will shape my post-academic and post-
graduation career path.

6.3 RECOMMENDATION
The Siwes program is highly commendable as it provides valuable insights
into students' respective fields of study. I suggest that the federal government
implement a nationwide mandate requiring all companies and establishments to
accept it students enrolled in courses relevant to their operations. Any establishment
that fails to comply should face sanctions, thereby reducing the stress students face in
securing placements for the program.
 Furthermore, I propose that students participating in this program receive
allowances to incentivize their commitment to the workplace. It is crucial for students
to approach their training with seriousness, as this experience significantly contributes
to their professional growth and academic development.

REFERENCES

Seema Sadiq, Aisha Hameed. Dilemma of High Vaginal Swabs (HVS) in

Pregnancy. Poster presented at: RCOG World Congress 2017, March 20-
22, 2017, Cape Town, South Africa.
Daniel Murrell, M.D. — By Jane Chertoff on August 29, 2018.