2

Data

acceleration of free fall g = 9.81 m s–2

speed of light in free space c = 3.00 × 108 m s–1

elementary charge e = 1.60 × 10–19 C

unified atomic mass unit 1 u = 1.66 × 10–27 kg

rest mass of proton mp = 1.67 × 10–27 kg

rest mass of electron me = 9.11 × 10–31 kg

Avogadro constant NA = 6.02 × 1023 mol–1

molar gas constant R = 8.31 J K–1 mol–1

Boltzmann constant k = 1.38 × 10–23 J K–1

gravitational constant G = 6.67 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2

permittivity of free space ε0 = 8.85 × 10–12 F m–1

1
( = 8.99 × 109 m F–1)
4rf0

Planck constant h = 6.63 × 10–34 J s

Stefan–Boltzmann constant σ = 5.67 × 10–8 W m–2 K–4

Formulae

uniformly accelerated motion s = ut + 12 at 2

v 2 = u 2 + 2as

hydrostatic pressure ∆p = ρg∆h

upthrust F = ρgV

fs v
Doppler effect for sound waves fo = v ! v
s

electric current I = Anvq

resistors in series R = R1 + R2 + ...

1 1 1
resistors in parallel = + + ...
R R1 R2

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GM
gravitational potential ϕ =– r

GMm
gravitational potential energy EP = – r

1 Nm
pressure of an ideal gas p = 3 V 〈c2〉

simple harmonic motion a = – ω 2x

velocity of particle in s.h.m. v = v0 cos ωt

v = ± ω (x02 − x 2)

Q
electric potential V =
4rf0 r

Qq
electrical potential energy EP =
4rf0 r

1 1 1
capacitors in series = + + ...
C C1 C2

capacitors in parallel C = C1 + C2 + ...

t
discharge of a capacitor x = x0 e-RC

BI
Hall voltage VH =
ntq

alternating current/voltage x = x0 sin ωt

radioactive decay x = x0e–mt

0.693
decay constant m =
t1
2

IR (Z1 − Z2) 2
intensity reflection coefficient =
I0 (Z1 + Z2) 2

Stefan–Boltzmann law L = 4πσr 2T 4

Dm Df v
Doppler redshift ≈ ≈c
m f

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2 A cylinder contains 5.12 mol of an ideal gas at pressure 5.60 × 105 Pa and volume 3.80 × 10–2 m3.

(a) Calculate the thermodynamic temperature of the gas.

temperature = ....................................................... K [2]

(b) The average kinetic energy EK of a molecule of the gas is given by the expression

3
EK = kT
2

where k is the Boltzmann constant and T is the thermodynamic temperature.

The gas is heated at constant pressure so that its temperature rises by 125 K.

(i) Show that the new volume of the gas is 4.75 × 10–2 m3.

[1]

(ii) Calculate the increase in internal energy of the gas. Explain your working.

increase in internal energy = ....................................................... J [3]

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(c) (i) Use the information in (b)(i) to calculate the external work done during the expansion of
the gas.

work done = ....................................................... J [2]

(ii) Use the first law of thermodynamics to determine the total thermal energy transferred to
the gas in (b). Explain your reasoning.

energy = ....................................................... J [2]

[Total: 10]

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 8

3 A bar magnet of mass 250 g is suspended from the free end of a spring, as illustrated in Fig. 3.1.

spring

magnet

coil

Fig. 3.1

The magnet hangs so that one pole is near the centre of a coil of wire.
The coil is connected in series with a resistor and a switch. The switch is open.

The magnet is displaced vertically and then allowed to oscillate.

At time t = 0, the magnet is oscillating freely. At time t = 6.0 s, the switch in the circuit is closed.

The variation with time t of the vertical displacement y of the magnet is shown in Fig. 3.2.

2.0

1.5
y / cm
1.0

0.5

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
t/s
–0.5

–1.0

–1.5

–2.0

Fig. 3.2

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(a) For the oscillating magnet, use data from Fig. 3.2 to determine, to two significant figures:

(i) the frequency f

f = ..................................................... Hz [2]

(ii) the energy of the oscillations during the time interval t = 0 to t = 6.0 s.

energy = ....................................................... J [3]

(b) When the switch is closed, the oscillations are damped.

Explain, with reference to Fig. 3.2, whether this damping is light, critical or heavy.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 6]

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 10

4 (a) State Coulomb’s law.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) Two charged metal spheres A and B are situated in a vacuum, as illustrated in Fig. 4.1.

6.0 cm

sphere A sphere B
P

Fig. 4.1

The shortest distance between the surfaces of the spheres is 6.0 cm.

A movable point P lies along the line joining the centres of the two spheres, a distance x from
the surface of sphere A.

The variation with distance x of the electric field E at point P is shown in Fig. 4.2.

10

E / 103 V m–1

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
x / cm

–5

–10

–15

Fig. 4.2

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(i) Use Fig. 4.2 to explain whether the two spheres have charges of the same, or opposite,
sign.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) A proton is at point P where x = 5.0 cm.

Use data from Fig. 4.2 to determine the magnitude of the acceleration of the proton.

acceleration = ................................................. m s–2 [3]

(c) The electric potential gradient is related to the electric field.

Use data from Fig. 4.2 to state the value of x at which the magnitude of the electric potential
gradient is maximum. Give a reason for the value you have chosen.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 9]

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 12

5 A sinusoidal alternating potential difference (p.d.) from a supply is rectified using a single diode.
The variation with time t of the rectified potential difference V is shown in Fig. 5.1.

8
V/V
6

0
0 1 2 3 4 5
t / ms
2

Fig. 5.1

(a) (i) Determine the root-mean-square (r.m.s.) value of the supply potential difference before
rectification.

r.m.s. potential difference = ....................................................... V [2]

(ii) State the type of rectification shown in Fig. 5.1.

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

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(b) The alternating potential difference is rectified and smoothed using the circuit in Fig. 5.2.

C R VOUT

Fig. 5.2

The capacitor has capacitance C of 85 µF and the resistor has resistance R.

The effect of the capacitor and the resistor is to produce a smoothed output potential
difference VOUT. The difference between maximum and minimum values of VOUT is 2.0 V.

(i) On Fig. 5.1, draw a line to show VOUT between times t = 1.0 ms and t = 5.0 ms. [3]

(ii) Determine the time, in s, for which the capacitor is discharging between times t = 1.0 ms
and t = 5.0 ms.

time = ....................................................... s [1]

(iii) Use your answers in (b)(i) and (b)(ii) to calculate the resistance R.

R = ...................................................... Ω [2]

[Total: 9]

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 14

6 A thin slice of conducting material has its faces PQRS and V WXY normal to a uniform magnetic
field of flux density B, as shown in Fig. 6.1.

magnetic field
flux density B

Q R

W X
direction of
motion of electrons

P S

V Y

Fig. 6.1

Electrons enter the slice at right-angles to face SRXY.

A potential difference, the Hall voltage VH, is produced between two faces of the slice.

(a) (i) Use letters from Fig. 6.1 to identify the two faces between which the Hall voltage is
produced.

............................................................... and ................................................................ [1]

(ii) State and explain which of the two faces named in (a)(i) is the more positive.

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) The Hall voltage VH is given by the expression

BI
VH = .
ntq

(i) Use the letters in Fig. 6.1 to identify the distance t.

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

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(ii) The negative charge carriers (electrons) are replaced by positive charge carriers moving
in the same direction towards the slice.

State and explain the effect, if any, of this change on the polarity of the Hall voltage.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 6]

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 16

7 (a) (i) Define magnetic flux.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) State Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

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(b) A solenoid has a coil C of wire wound tightly about its centre, as shown in Fig. 7.1.

coil C

solenoid

+ –
d.c. supply

Fig. 7.1

The coil C has 96 turns.

The uniform magnetic flux Φ, in Wb, in the solenoid is given by the expression

Φ = 6.8 × 10–6 × I

where I is the current, in A, in the solenoid.

Calculate the average electromotive force (e.m.f.) induced in coil C when a current of 3.5 A is
reversed in the solenoid in a time of 2.4 ms.

e.m.f. = ....................................................... V [2]

(c) The d.c. supply in Fig. 7.1 is now replaced with a sinusoidal alternating supply.

Describe qualitatively the e.m.f. that is now induced in coil C.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 8]

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 6

2 A sphere of mass 1.6 × 10–10 kg has a charge of +0.27 nC. The sphere is in a uniform electric field
that acts vertically upwards, as shown in the side view in Fig. 2.1.

SIDE VIEW

electric field lines

plane in which
sphere moves
sphere

Fig. 2.1

The force exerted on the sphere by the electric field causes the sphere to remain at a fixed vertical
height in a horizontal plane.

There is a uniform magnetic field in the region of the electric field. The sphere moves at a speed of
0.78 m s–1 in the horizontal plane. The magnetic field causes the sphere to move in a circular path
of radius 3.4 m, as shown in the view from above in Fig. 2.2.

VIEW FROM ABOVE

electric field lines

3.4 m out of the page

path of sphere

sphere

Fig. 2.2

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(a) (i) Determine the direction of the uniform magnetic field.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Explain why the motion of the sphere in the horizontal plane is circular.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Calculate the strength of the uniform electric field.

electric field strength = ............................................... N C–1 [2]

(c) By considering the magnetic force on the sphere, show that the flux density of the uniform
magnetic field is 0.14 T.

[3]

[Total: 8]

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 8

3 A fixed mass of an ideal gas is initially at a temperature of 17 °C.

The gas has a volume of 0.24 m3 and a pressure of 1.2 × 105 Pa.

(a) (i) State what is meant by an ideal gas.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Calculate the amount n of gas.

n = .................................................. mol [2]

(b) The gas undergoes three successive changes, as shown in Fig. 3.1.

4.0
C
pressure / 105 Pa

3.0

2.0

1.0 B A

0
0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.24 0.28
volume / m3

Fig. 3.1

The initial state is represented by point A. The gas is cooled at constant pressure to point B
by the removal of 48.0 kJ of thermal energy.

The gas is then heated at constant volume to point C.

Finally, the gas expands at constant temperature back to its original pressure and volume at
point A. During this expansion, the gas does 31.6 kJ of work.

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(i) Show that the magnitude of the work done during the change AB is 19.2 kJ.

[2]

(ii) Complete Table 3.1 to show the work done on the gas, the thermal energy supplied to
the gas and the increase in internal energy of the gas, for each of the changes AB, BC
and CA.

Table 3.1

work done thermal energy increase in internal

change
on gas / kJ supplied to gas / kJ energy of gas / kJ

AB – 48.0

BC

CA – 31.6

[5]

[Total: 11]

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 10

4 A pendulum consists of a bob (small metal sphere) attached to the end of a piece of string. The
other end of the string is attached to a fixed point. The bob oscillates with small oscillations about
its equilibrium position, as shown in Fig. 4.1.

string
L

equilibrium
position bob

oscillations

Fig. 4.1 (not to scale)

The length L of the pendulum, measured from the fixed point to the centre of the bob, is 1.24 m.

The acceleration a of the bob varies with its displacement x from the equilibrium position as shown
in Fig. 4.2.

0.4
a / m s–2

0.2

0
–0.06 –0.04 –0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06
x/m

–0.2

–0.4

Fig. 4.2

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(a) State how Fig. 4.2 shows that the motion of the pendulum is simple harmonic.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) (i) Use Fig. 4.2 to determine the angular frequency ω of the oscillations.

ω = .............................................. rad s–1 [2]

(ii) The angular frequency ω is related to the length L of the pendulum by

k
ω =
L
where k is a constant.

Use your answer in (b)(i) to determine k. Give a unit with your answer.

k = .................................... unit .............. [2]

(c) While the pendulum is oscillating, the length of the string is increased in such a way that the
total energy of the oscillations remains constant.

Suggest and explain the qualitative effect of this change on the amplitude of the oscillations.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 8]

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2 (a) State Coulomb’s law.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) Positronium is a system in which an electron and a positron orbit, with the same period,
around their common centre of mass, as shown in Fig. 2.1.

centre of mass

electron positron

Fig. 2.1 (not to scale)

The radius r of the orbit of both particles is 1.59 × 10–10 m.

(i) Explain how the electric force between the electron and the positron causes the path of
the moving particles to be circular.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Show that the magnitude of the electric force between the electron and the positron is
2.28 × 10–9 N.

[2]

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(iii) Use the information in (b)(ii) to determine the period of the circular orbit of the two
particles.

period = ...................................................... s [3]

(c) Positronium is highly unstable, and after a very short period of time it becomes gamma
radiation.

(i) Describe how gamma radiation is formed from the two particles in positronium.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) State one medical application of the process described in (c)(i).

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 13]

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3 (a) Define specific latent heat of vaporisation.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) The specific latent heat of vaporisation of water at atmospheric pressure of 1.0 × 105 Pa is
2.3 × 106 J kg–1. A mass of 0.37 kg of liquid water at 100 °C is provided with the thermal energy
needed to vaporise all of the water at atmospheric pressure.

(i) Calculate the thermal energy q supplied to the water.

q = ...................................................... J [1]

(ii) The mass of 1.0 mol of water is 18 g. Assume that water vapour can be considered to
behave as an ideal gas.

Show that the volume of water vapour produced is 0.64 m3.

[3]

(iii) Assume that the initial volume of the liquid water is negligible compared with the volume
of water vapour produced.

Determine the magnitude of the work done by the water in expanding against the
atmosphere when it vaporises.

work done = ...................................................... J [2]

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(iv) Use your answers in (b)(i) and (b)(iii) to determine the increase in internal energy of the
water when it vaporises at 100 °C. Explain your reasoning.

increase in internal energy = ...................................................... J [2]

(c) Use the first law of thermodynamics to suggest, with a reason, how the specific latent heat
of vaporisation of water at a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure compares with its
value at atmospheric pressure.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 12]

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 10

4 (a) State what is meant by resonance.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) Fig. 4.1 shows a heavy pendulum and a light pendulum, both suspended from the same
piece of string. This string is secured at each end to fixed points.

fixed points

string

heavy pendulum light pendulum

Fig. 4.1

Both pendulums have the same natural frequency.

The heavy pendulum is set oscillating perpendicular to the plane of the diagram. As it
oscillates, it causes the light pendulum to oscillate.

Fig. 4.2 shows the variation with time t of the displacements of the two pendulums for three
oscillations.

heavy
displacement / cm

0 light
0 t/s

Fig. 4.2

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The variation with t of the displacement x of the light pendulum is given by

x = 0.25 sin 5.0rt

where x is in centimetres and t is in seconds.

(i) Calculate the period T of the oscillations.

T = ...................................................... s [2]

(ii) On Fig. 4.2, label both of the axes with the correct scales. Use the space below for any
additional working that you need.

[2]

(iii) Determine the magnitude of the phase difference φ between the oscillations of the light
and heavy pendulums. Give a unit with your answer.

φ = .................................. unit ............... [2]

[Total: 8]

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 12

5 (a) Define the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) Two capacitors, of capacitances C1 and C2, are connected in parallel to a power supply of
electromotive force (e.m.f.) E, as shown in Fig. 5.1.

C1

C2

Fig. 5.1

Show that the combined capacitance CT of the two capacitors is given by

CT = C1 + C2.

Explain your reasoning. You may draw on Fig. 5.1 if you wish.

[3]

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(c) Two capacitors of capacitances 22 μF and 47 μF, and a resistor of resistance 2.7 MΩ, are
connected into the circuit of Fig. 5.2.

12 V
X

2.7 MΩ
Y

22 μF 47 μF

Fig. 5.2

The battery has an e.m.f. of 12 V.

(i) Show that the combined capacitance of the two capacitors is 15 μF.

[1]

(ii) The two-way switch S is initially at position X, so that the capacitors are fully charged.

Use the information in (c)(i) to calculate the total energy stored in the two capacitors.

total energy = ...................................................... J [2]

(iii) The two-way switch is now moved to position Y.

Determine the time taken for the potential difference (p.d.) across the 22 μF capacitor to
become 6.0 V.

time = ...................................................... s [3]

[Total: 11]
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 14

6 (a) State the two conditions that must be satisfied for a copper wire, placed in a magnetic field,
to experience a magnetic force.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) A long air-cored solenoid is connected to a power supply, so that the solenoid creates a
magnetic field. Fig. 6.1 shows a cross-section through the middle of the solenoid.

Z section through
solenoid wires
Y

W
X

Fig. 6.1

The direction of the magnetic field at point W is indicated by the arrow. Three other points are
labelled X, Y and Z.

(i) On Fig. 6.1, draw arrows to indicate the direction of the magnetic field at each of the
points X, Y and Z. [3]

(ii) Compare the magnitude of the flux density of the magnetic field:

● at X and at W .................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

● at Y and at Z. .................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

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(c) Two long parallel current-carrying wires are placed near to each other in a vacuum.

Explain why these wires exert a magnetic force on each other. You may draw a labelled
diagram if you wish.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 10]

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 16

7 (a) State Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) Two coils are wound on an iron bar, as shown in Fig. 7.1.

coil 2 V

iron bar

coil 1 V1

Fig. 7.1

Coil 1 is connected to a potential difference (p.d.) V1 that gives rise to a magnetic field in the
iron bar.

Fig. 7.2 shows the variation with time t of the magnetic flux density B in the iron bar.

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 t / s 0.4

Fig. 7.2

A voltmeter measures the electromotive force (e.m.f.) V2 that is induced across coil 2.

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 17

On Fig. 7.3, sketch the variation with t of V2 between t = 0 and t = 0.40 s.

V2

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 t / s 0.4

Fig. 7.3
[4]

(c) Coil 2 in (b) is now replaced with a copper ring that rests loosely on top of coil 1. The supply
to coil 1 is replaced with a cell and a switch that is initially open, as shown in Fig. 7.4.

iron bar

copper ring

coil 1

Fig. 7.4

(i) The switch is now closed. As it is closed, the copper ring is observed to jump upwards.

Explain why this happens.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Suggest, with a reason, what would be the effect of repeating the procedure in (c)(i) with
the terminals of the cell reversed.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 10]

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