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Second Edition Raymond Ward Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Raymond Ward
ISBN(s): 9781423722779, 1423722779
Edition: 2
File Details: PDF, 1.04 MB
Year: 2005
Language: english
Domestic Central Heating
Wiring Systems and Controls
This page intentionally left blank
Domestic Central Heating
Wiring Systems and Controls
Second edition
Ray Ward
AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON • NEW YORK • OXFORD

PARIS • SAN DIEGO • SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO
Newnes is an imprint of Elsevier
Newnes
An imprint of Elsevier
Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP
30 Corporate Drive, Burlington, MA 01803
First published 1998

Reprinted 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 (three times)
Second edition 2005
Copyright © 2005, Ray Ward. All rights reserved.
The right of Ray Ward to be identified as the author of this work has been
asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988
No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including

photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not
transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the
written permission of the copyright holder except in accordance with the
provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms
of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham
Court Road, London, England W1T 4LP. Applications for the copyright
holder’s written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be
addressed to the publisher
Cover Photography: Stuart Frawley and RJ Heating
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
ISBN 0 7506 6436 3
For information on all Newnes publications visit

our website at: www.newnespress.com
Typeset by Charon Tec Pvt. Ltd, Chennai, India

www.charontec.com
Printed and bound in the United Kingdom
CONTENTS
Preface vii
Acknowledgements ix
1 Guide to use 1
2 Programmers and time switches 4
3 Programmers and time switches with inbuilt or
external sensors or thermostats 63
4 Cylinder and pipe thermostats 79
5 Room, frost and low-limit thermostats 83
6 Motorized valves and actuators 97
7 Boilers – general 113
8 Boilers – electric 116
9 Boilers – gas 118
10 Boilers wiring – oil 194
11 Ancillary controls 214
12 Wiring system diagrams 228
13 Interchangeability guide for programmers
and time switches 261
14 Manufacturers’ trade names and directory 266
Index 275
v
PREFACE
The purpose of this unique book is to provide a comprehensive reference manual for hundreds of items of
heating and control equipment and provide trained engineers with a vitally important resource so that they
will be able to take advantage of the huge changes currently taking place in the heating industry. Since this
book was first published in 1998 the need to be conversant with energy controls has increased considerably
due to the introduction on 1st April 2002, of a revised Part L of the Building Regulations.These regulations
provide for a continuing obligation to install efficient heating equipment and controls.
Part L will continue to be revised; new regulations are to come into force on 1st April 2005 and future
revisions could stipulate that only high efficiency condensing boilers can be installed from around
2007/2008. Clearly the opportunities for qualified installers will exist as the replacement market expands
and this book will prove invaluable in providing the information necessary as systems are changed from
‘old’ gravity systems to a more efficient fully pumped system with full controls.
These regulations demand that efficiency is taken into account when installing a new heating system or
updating existing systems. This will have a major impact on the domestic heating industry and provide
untold business opportunities for installers who educate the consumer on energy efficiency in their homes
and the benefits to the environment due to the reduction in carbon emissions.
In new and existing properties, all new systems are required to be fully pumped whereas existing systems
will require upgrading to meet the new levels of efficiency required when the boiler is replaced. This could
be installing room and cylinder thermostats, timers or thermostatic radiator valves.
There will be occasions when a gravity system cannot be upgraded so when installing a new boiler it will
be necessary to fit controls that ensure that the boiler does not fire when there is no demand for heat. This
is referred to as a ‘boiler interlock’ in the regulations. This will most likely be a room thermostat, a cylinder
thermostat and a motorized valve, e.g. Honeywell ‘C’ Plan system.
Gradually, gravity hot water systems will diminish whilst high efficiency condensing boilers will become
the norm. The range of condensing boilers available to installers is increasing month by month and this is
reflected in this revised edition of this book where the number included has greatly increased. How many
manufacturers take on the challenge of producing a back-boiler to meet efficiency limits remains to be seen
but the replacement market will be immense.
This second edition includes a huge number of additional combination boilers due to the fact that over
two-thirds of boilers sold are combi’s. Also included are controls that have been developed using the latest
technology. These include room thermostats that use radio frequency and so are ‘wire-free’ and also pro-
grammable room thermostats, an option when installing a combination boiler.
Also added to this edition is the SEDBUK rating where this is known. SEDBUK stands for Seasonal
Efficiency of Domestic Boilers in the UK and is the standard for measuring the efficiency of boilers. For
many of the older boilers no data is available. Some models vary on the SEDBUK rating depending on the
output. Some efficiency values are minimal but will cause a boiler to be in a different band. The efficiency
ratings are:
● 90% and above Band A

● 86–90% Band B
● 82–86% Band C
● 78–82% Band D
vii
Preface
● 74–78% Band E
● 70–74% Band F
● Below 70% Band G
More information can be obtained from www.boilers.org.uk or www.heatingcontrols.org.uk
It is intended that those persons with the appropriate skills and knowledge to work safely on electrical
systems use this book. It is not intended for the do it yourself enthusiast or unskilled homeowner. A
reminder is given that only persons registered with CORGI may carry out work on certain aspects of gas
appliances and equipment.
viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author wishes to thank Meryl Brooks for her continued support and assistance in compiling this
revised edition. Also, the manufacturers, who have continued to provide data and allow their diagrams and
illustrations to be reproduced. Thanks also to Richard Hawkes for his diligence in drawing the system
wiring diagrams. Finally, the editorial staff at Elsevier, in particular, Rebecca, Hayley and Matthew, for their
continual guidance and expert advice, which was greatly appreciated.
ix
1
Guide to use
It is essential that this section is read and electromechanical (driven by a motor) or elec-
understood thoroughly prior to use of the tronic. Then the setting programme is indicated,
book. All information supplied is believed to i.e. 24 hour, 5/2 day (weekday/weekend), or 7 day.
be correct, and as such no responsibility can The terms ‘Basic’ and/or ‘Full’ are used if the item
be taken for errors or misuse of information. is a programmer. The term ‘Basic’ means that the
programmer does not have the facility for program-
ming ‘central heating only’ and would be used,
General e.g. in a gravity hot water, pumped central heating
system. The term ‘Full’ means that central heat-
All equipment is listed in numerical and alphabet- ing can be selected without hot water such as is
ical order within its own section, and where items required for a normal fully pumped system. Pro-
are included elsewhere this is mentioned. An index grammers described as ‘Basic/Full’ have the facility
at the back of the book gives additional information. for either option and details are given on how to
alter the programmer as required. The maximum
number of switching options (on/off ), usually per
Manufacturers and trade names day, are given as well as the current rating of the
programmer switch in amps. The rating given will
Over the years manufacturers have merged or been be for a resistive load and a rating for inductive
taken over by other companies and every effort has loads may be given in brackets. Dimensions are
been made to guide the reader to the correct loca- also given in millimetres and this information can
tion for information. However some items were be extremely useful when having to replace an
manufactured under two names, e.g. Apollo boiler obsolete or unavailable model.
was produced by Myson and Thorn but Myson
have since merged with Potterton, therefore a list is
given below of where some difficulties may arise: Programmers and time switches with
inbuilt or external sensors or
(a) ACL, Drayton, Grasslin, Invensys, Motortrol, thermostats
Switchmaster, Tower
(b) Danfoss, Randall Wiring and specification details are broadly
(c) Baxi, Myson, Potterton, Thorn similar to that given for the room thermostats and
(d) Satchwell, Sunvic, Terrier programmers.
(e) Landis & Gyr, Landis & Staefa, Siemens
Reference to the manufacturers’ and trade names

directory in Chapter 14 will also help.
Wiring system diagrams
Diagrams of all usual systems are included plus
those of systems where special requirements may
Programmers and time need to be met. All of the full system diagrams are
switches based on the use of a junction box or wiring centre,
although it is of course possible to connect wiring
These are listed in Chapter 2 in manufacturer into a suitable programmer by following the wiring
order. The first detail is whether the item is through. A full list of wiring diagrams included is
1
given at the beginning of Chapter 12. Important wiring may be given as standard colour flex conduct-
note: for clarity all earth connections have been ors and these are as follows:
omitted but must be made where required.
2-port 5-wire (or 4-wire without earth),

Cylinder and pipe, room and spring return
frost thermostats Brown Energize motor, usually to open valve
Blue Neutral
The room and frost thermostat details are listed Green/yellow Earth (if fitted)
separately to those of the cylinder and pipe thermo- Orange Live-in for auxiliary switch
stats, although the information given is similar. Grey Live-out from auxiliary switch when
It can be assumed that all thermostats are suitable valve energized
for 240V unless stated otherwise. The terminal
identification is given as follows: Note: In the 2-wire auxiliary switch the orange
and grey leads can be reversed.They may also have
Common The ‘live in’ terminal. In the case of a the colour coding black-black, white-white, or black-
room thermostat, e.g. this would be white, depending upon age and manufacturer.
from the ‘heating on’ terminal of the
programmer in most cases.
Demand This contact will be ‘made’ to the 2-port 6-wire (or 5-wire without earth),
common when the thermostat is call- spring return, (excluding Sunvic
ing or demanding heat. SZ1302/2302)
Satisfied This terminal will be ‘made’ to the
common when the thermostat has As above with extra:
reached the required temperature or
White Live-out from auxiliary switch when valve
is ‘satisfied’.
de-energized. Orange and grey must be
Neutral Room thermostats – should be wired
wired correctly as above. If this wire is
where shown as this enables the heat
spare then it must be made electrically
anticipator to function and therefore
safe.
make the thermostat more accurate
and sensitive to alteration in tempera-
ture fluctuation.
Cylinder thermostats – required for 3-port diverter – priority, spring return
Potterton PTT1 and PTT2.
Brown Energize motor to open closed port
(usually energized to open port to
Also included are the available scale settings, the central heating)
dimensions in millimetres, and the current rating Blue Neutral
of the thermostat contacts. Green/yellow Earth (if fitted)
Motorized valves 3-port mid-position

Besides providing for wiring details of motorized Orange From cylinder thermostat
valves and actuators as below, information is also demand and to boiler and pump.
included regarding port layout of 3-way valves, Note that pump may need to be
current rating of auxiliary switch, if fitted, and pipe wired into boiler if boiler has
sizes available. pump over-run requirement.
Where the motorized valve or actuator is of White/brown From programmer ‘central heat-
a common type, e.g. 2-port spring return, diverter ing on’ via room thermostat if
(3-port priority) or mid-position 3-port, then fitted.
2
Guide to use
Grey From cylinder thermostat satis- (c) Whether for fully pumped systems only
fied and also from ‘hot water off’ (d) Wall or floor mounted, or back boiler unit
of programmer if possible. (e) SEDBUK rating.
Without this second connection
then ‘central heating only’ could The wiring of standard boilers is usually of two
not be selected if programmer methods. Either a simple switched live, or, in the
is of the Full control type. case of a boiler with pump overrun, a permanent
Blue Neutral live, switched live and pump live. Some back boiler
Green/yellow Earth (if fitted) units may require a permanent live to enable the
bulbs on the fire front to work when the boiler is
off.The wiring of combination boilers is usually via
Boilers a voltage-free switch of a time clock.
The problem with boilers and associated informa-

tion is deciding which ones should be included and Ancillary equipment
how old. We have attempted to include all boilers
that were still in production in 1989 and to date, Brief details of domestic compensator systems,
therefore some boilers over 15 years old may be boiler energy controls and similar are given and
included, although it is felt that boilers beyond this these are listed at the beginning of the section.
time are unlikely to be incorporated into an updated
system.
Besides wiring, the following information on
boilers is included:
(a) Heat exchanger material

(b) Suitability for sealed systems
3
2
Programmers and time switches
ACL FP Electromechanical 24 hour Full programmer

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Clock module available as a spare.

L N HW HW CH CH
MAINS ON OFF ON OFF On/off 4
H106 W113 D65
(a) Fully pumped 2 2 port motor open/close valves Switch rating 6A
links 4–9, 5–7
(b) Fully pumped 2 2 port spring return valves, 1
3-way mid-position valve, Satchell Duoflow
Switchmaster Midi and Drayton Flowshare link
1–4–9 and 5–7
(c) Tower or ACL Biflo mid-position valve link 1–4–9
(d) Terminal 3 is a spare terminal
ACL MP Electromechanical 24 hour Basic

programmer

L N
MAINS
HW
ON
CH
ON
On/off 4
H106 W113 D65
(a) Link 1–4 and 6–11 for all systems except (b) Switch rating 6A
(b) Tower or ACL Biflo mid-position valve link 1–4
(c) Terminals 3, 7 and 8 are spare terminals
ACL TC Electromechanical 24 hour time switch


L N see ON
MAINS note On/off 4
H160 W113 D65
(a) Link L–4–6 for 240V control Switch rating 10A
(b) Link 4–6 for voltage-free switching – input to
terminal 4
(c) Terminals, 2, 8, 9, 10 and 11 are spare terminals
ACL TC/7 As TC with 7-day clock fitted
4
ACL LP 111 Electronic 24 hour time switch

N L 1 2 3 4 On/off 2
H93 W148 D31
MAINS COM OFF ON SPARE Switch rating 2A (1A)
Voltage-free switching unless L–1 linked
ACL LP 112 Electronic 24 hour Basic/Full programmer

N L 1 2 3 4 On/off 2
H93 W148 D31
MAINS HW CH HW CH Switch rating 2A (1A)
OFF OFF ON ON
Move slider at rear of programmer to G for Basic
control or P for Full control
ACL LP 241 Electronic 24 hour Basic/Full programmer

N L 1 2 3 4 On/off 2
H93 W148 D31
OFF OFF ON ON
Facility for setting hot water and heating at different control or P for Full control
times in Full mode
ACL LP 522 Electronic 5/2 day Basic/Full programmer

N L 1 2 3 4 On/off 2
H93 W148 D31
MAINS HW HW CH CH Switch rating 2A (1A)
OFF OFF ON ON
times in Full mode
ACL LP 711 Electronic 7 day time switch

N L 1 2 3 4 On/off 2
H93 W148 D31
ACL LP 722 Electronic 7 day Basic/Full programmer
N L 1 2 3 4 On/off 2
H93 W148 D31
OFF OFF ON ON Move slider at rear of programmer to G for Basic
Facility for setting hot water and heating at different time control or P for Full control
from each other every day in Full mode
5
ACL LS 111 Electronic 24 hour time switch

N L 1 2 3 4 On/off 2
H81 W165 D44
ACL LS 112 Electronic 24 hour Basic programmer

N L 1 2 3 4 On/off 2
H81 W165 D46
MAINS COM OFF HW CH
ON ON
Switch rating 2A (1A)
ACL LS 241 Electronic 24 hour Basic/Full programmer

N L 1 2 3 4 On/off 2
H87 W170 D47
MAINS HW CH HW CH
OFF OFF ON ON
Turn screw at rear of programmer to G for Basic
control or P for Full control
ACL LS 522 Electronic 24 hour Basic/Full programmer

N L 1 2 3 4 On/off 2
H87 W170 D47
OFF OFF ON ON
Facility for 5/2 day setting control or P for Full control
ACL LS 711 Electronic 7 day time switch

N L 1 2 3 4 On/off 2
H87 W170 D47
MAINS COM OFF ON SPARE
ACL LS 722 Electronic 7 day Basic/Full programmer

N L 1 2 3 4 On/off 2
H87 W170 D47
MAINS HW CH HW CH
OFF OFF ON ON
time from each other every day in Full mode
6
ACL 2000 As Tower T 2000
Barlo EPR1 As ACL LS 522
Crossling Controller As Landis & Gyr RWB 2
Danfoss 3001 As Horstmann 425 Coronet
Danfoss 3002 As Horstmann 425 Diadem
Danfoss CP 15 Electronic 24 hour or 5/2 day Basic/Full

programmer
E N L 1 2 3 4 5 6 On/off 3
H88 W135 D38
MAINS HW CH HW CH SPARE Switch rating 3A (1A)
OFF OFF ON ON
Danfoss CP 75 Electronic 7 day or 5/2 day Basic/Full

programmer
E N L 1 2 3 4 5 6 On/off 3
H88 W135 D38
OFF OFF ON ON
Danfoss FP 15 Electronic 24 hour or 5/2 day Basic/Full

programmer
E N L 1 2 3 4 5 6 On/off 3
H88 W135 D38
OFF OFF ON ON
Facility for setting hot water and central heating at

different times to each other
Danfoss FP 75 Electronic 24 hour or 5/2 day Basic/Full

programmer
E N L 1 2 3 4 5 6
On/off 3
MAINS HW CH HW CH SPARE H88 W135 D38
OFF OFF ON ON Switch rating 3A (1A)
7
Danfoss MP 15 Electronic 24 hour or 5/2 day Basic

programmer
E N L 1 2 3 4 5 6 On/off 3
H88 W135 D38
OFF OFF ON ON
Danfoss MP 75 Electronic 7 day or 5/2 day Basic

programmer
E N L 1 2 3 4 5 6 On/off 3
H88 W135 D38
OFF OFF ON ON
Danfoss TS 15 Electronic 24 hour or 5/2 day time switch

N L 1 2 3 4 On/off 3
H88 W135 D38
N L COM OFF SPARE ON Switch rating 3A (1A)
MAINS
Danfoss TS 75 Electronic 7 day or 5/2 day time switch

N L 1 2 3 4

On/off 3
N L COM OFF SPARE ON H88 W135 D38
MAINS Switch rating 3A (1A)
Danfoss-Randall SET 1E Electronic 24 hour time switch

E N L 1 2 3 4 5 6 On/off 2
H98 W158 D36
MAINS SPARE OFF COM ON Switch rating 3A (1A)
Danfoss-Randall SET 2E Electronic 24 hour Basic programmer
E N L 1 2 3 4 5 6 On/off 2
H98 W158 D36
MAINS HW COM HW CH COM CH Switch rating 3A (1A)
ON OFF ON OFF
Voltage-free switching unless L–2–5 linked
8
Danfoss-Randall SET 3E Electronic 24 hour Basic/Full programmer

E N L 1 2 3 4 5 6 On/off 2
H98 W158 D36
ON OFF ON OFF
Danfoss-Randall SET 3M Electromechanical 24 hour Basic/Full

programmer
E N L 1 2 3 4 5 6 On/off 2
H98 W158 D63
MAINS HW COM HW CH COM CH
240 V ON OFF ON OFF
Switch rating 3A
Fit link supplied for Basic control
Danfoss-Randall FP 975 Electronic 7 day Basic/Full programmer

E N L 1 2 3 4 5 6 On/off 3
H99 W150 D42
OFF ON OFF ON
Move slider at rear for Basic control
With facility for 5/2 day setting
Danfoss Randall TS 975 Electronic 7 day time switch

E N L 1 2 3 4 5 6 On/off 3
H99 W150 D42
MAINS SPARE OFF COM ON Switch rating 3A (1A)
Drayton Tempus 1 Electronic 24 hour time switch

E N L 1 2 3 4 On/off 2
H84 W140 D46
MAINS COM ON OFF SPARE Switch rating 3A (1A)
Drayton Tempus 1 MK2 Electronic 24 hour/5/2 day time switch
N L 1 2 3 4 On/off 3
H99 W153 D36
Note wiring is different to original Tempus 1
9
Drayton Tempus 2 Electronic 24 hour time switch

E N L 1 2 3 4 On/off 2
H84 W140 D46
MAINS COM ON OFF SPARE Switch rating 3A (1A)
Drayton Tempus 2 MK2 Electronic 5/2 day or 7 day time switch

N L 1 2 3 4 On/off 3
H99 W153 D36
MAINS COM OFF ON SPARE
Note wiring is different to original Tempus 2
Drayton Tempus 3 Electronic 24 hour Basic/Full programmer

E N L 1 2 3 4 On/off 2
H84 W140 D46
MAINS HW CH HW CH
OFF OFF ON ON
For Basic control remove plug from rear of
programmer
Drayton Tempus 4 Electronic 24 hour Basic/Full programmer
E N L 1 2 3 4 On/off 2
H84 W140 D46
OFF OFF ON ON For Basic control remove plug from rear of
Facility for 5/2 day setting programmer
Drayton Tempus 6 Electronic 24 hour or 5/2 day Basic/Full

programmer
N L 1 2 3 4 On/Off 3
H99 W153 D36
OFF OFF ON ON

Drayton Tempus 7 Electronic 7 day Basic/Full programmer

E N L 1 2 3 4 On/off 2
H84 W140 D46
OFF OFF ON ON
For Basic control remove plug from rear of
Facility for setting hot water and heating at different programmer
times daily in Full mode
10
Drayton Tempus 7 MK2 Electronic 5/2 day or 7 day Basic/Full

Programmer
N L 1 2 3 4 On/off 3
H99 W153 D36
OFF OFF ON ON

Eberle 606 Electromechanical 24 hour Basic

programmer
E 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 On/off 2

E L N HW SPARE CH SPARE N
MAINS ON ON
Terminals 2–7 are internally linked
Eberle 607 Electromechanical 24 hour time switch with

pump switch
E 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 On/off 2

E L N HW SPARE CH SPARE N
MAINS ON ON
Eberle 608 Electromechanical 24 hour priority

programmer
For diagram see Figure 2.13, page 58 On/off 2
Eberle 609 See Eberle 633
Eberle 610 and 610/15 Electromechanical 24 hour time switch

E 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 On/off 2

E L N ON SPARE N
MAINS
11
Eberle 633 (supercedes 609) Electromechanical 24 hour Full programmer

E 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 On/off 2
H193 W105 D72
E L N HW HW CH CH L
MAINS ON OFF ON OFF
Link L–7 unless used in conjunction with Honeywell

V4073 6-wire mid-position valve (with external relay)
Flash 31031 (FP 124) Electromechanical 24 hour time switch

N N L 1 On/off 36
H84 W167 D44
N MAINS ON
Switch rating 6A
Flash 31032 (FP 224) Electromechanical 24 hour Basic

programmer
N N L 1 2 On/off 36
H84 W167 D44
MAINS HW CH
ON ON
Switch rating 6A
Flash 31033 (FP 324) Electromechanical 24 hour Full programmer

N N L 1 2 On/off 36
H84 W167 D44
N MAINS ON ON
Switch rating 6A
Flash 31731 (FP 17) 7 day version of 31031 with up to 6 on/offs per
day
day
day
Glow-Worm M2525 Electromechanical 24 hour Basic programmer

1 2 3 4 5 On/off 2
H118 W209 D55
L N E CH HW
MAINS ON ON
12
Glow-Worm Mastermind As Landis & Gyr RWB 2
Grasslin QE 1 See Tower QE 1
Grasslin QE 2 See Tower QE 2
Grasslin Towerchron QM 1 Electromechanical 24 hour time switch

N L 1 2 3 4 On/off 48
H85 W156 D42
MAINS SP OFF COM ON Switch rating 5A (2A)
Link L–3 for 240 V switching
Grasslin Towerchron QM 2 Electromechanical 24 hour Basic/Full

Programmer
N L 1 2 3 4 On/off 48
H85 W156 D42
MAINS HW CH HW CH
OFF OFF ON ON
Switch rating 5A(2A)
For Full control remove red pin in back of programmer
Harp HGC1
Electronic check cost programmer
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 E N L
On/off 2
GAS VALVE HW COM HW CH COM CH E N L H134 W205 D48
FOR COST ON OFF ON OFF MAINS
MONITORING Switch rating 5A (2A)
Hawk HTC1
See Switchmaster 980
Honeywell ST499A
Electronic 24 hour Full programmer
8 6 5 3 N L
With off/timed/continuous options.
COM HW COM CH N L
ON ON MAINS On/off 2
H100 W100 D38
13
Honeywell ST699B As ST699C, with off/once/twice/continuous

options
Honeywell ST699C Electronic 24 hour Full programmer

8 7 6 5 4 3 N L With off/timed/continuous options.

COM HW HW COM CH CH N L
On/off 2
OFF ON OFF ON MAINS H100 W100 D38
Honeywell ST799 7 day version of ST699B

If weekday-weekend programming is required, cut
and remove link LK1. After replacing programmer
press ‘Reset’ immediately power is turned on.
Honeywell ST6100A Electronic 24 hour time switch

N L 1 2 3 4 On/off 3
H95 W145 D52
N L COM OFF SPARE ON Switch rating 3A (3A)
MAINS
Honeywell ST6100C Electronic 7 day time switch

N L 1 2 3 4 On/off 3
H95 W145 D52
N L COM OFF SPARE ON
MAINS
Honeywell ST6200A Electronic 24 hour Basic programmer

N L 1 2 3 4 On/off 2
H95 W145 D52
N L HW CH HW CH Switch rating 3A (3A)
MAINS OFF OFF ON ON
Honeywell ST6300A Electronic 24 hour Full programmer

N L 1 2 3 4 On/off 2
H95 W145 D52
N L HW CH HW CH
MAINS OFF OFF ON ON
14
Honeywell ST6400C Electronic 7 day Full programmer

N L 1 2 3 4 On/off 3
H95 W145 D52
MAINS OFF OFF ON ON
Facility for setting hot water and heating at different

times from each other
Honeywell ST6450 Electronic 5/2 day Full programmer

N L 1 2 3 4 On/off 3
H95 W145 D52
N L HW CH HW CH
MAINS OFF OFF ON ON

times
Honeywell ST7000A Electronic 24 hour Basic programmer

CH ON 4 On/off 2
HW ON 3 H95 W122 D27
HW OFF 2 Switch rating 2A (2A)
LIVE L
The unit is battery powered and so no neutral is

required
Honeywell ST7000B Electronic 24 hour time switch

ON 3 On/off 2
OFF 2 H95 W122 D27
LIVE L Switch rating 2A (2A)
required
Honeywell ST7100 Electronic 24 hour Full programmer
8 7 6 5 4 3 Facility for setting hot water and heating at differ-

ent times to each other during 5/2 day
HW HW COM CH CH COM
ON OFF ON OFF On/off 3
N L H95 W150 D49
SPARE MAINS
Voltage-free switching unless L–3–6 linked Terminals

are provided for earth and neutral connections
15
Horstmann 423 Amber Electromechanical 24 hour Full programmer
INTERNAL Designed for use on fully pumped system using change

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 EXTERNAL over thermostats and motor open/close motorized
valves without end switches.
On/off 2
MAINS SUPPLY
E CYLINDER ROOM
L
N
STAT STAT
H177 W85 D57
PUMP
CALL SAT CALL SAT Switch rating 6A
NE L
MOTORISED
VALVES
M M
BOILER
N E L
Figure 2.1
Horstmann 423 Amethyst 710

Electromechanical 24 hour Full programmer
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
On/off 2
L N N HW HW CH CH SPARE H177 W85 D57
MAINS OFF ON OFF ON Switch rating 6A
Amethyst 7 has off/constant/auto control
Amethyst 10 has off/constant/twice/all day control
Horstmann 423 Coral

Electromechanical 24 hour Basic
programmer
On/off 2
INTERNAL
H177 W85 D57
EXTERNAL
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Switch rating 6A
E
MAINS SUPPLY
E
L
N
ROOM STAT
E
N L
PUMP
E
N L
BOILER
Figure 2.2
If a room thermostat is to be fitted remove link 7–8
16
Horstmann 423 Diamond Electromechanical 24 hour Basic

programmer
5 N 1 2 On/off 2
H105 W83 D57
SPARE N L HW Switch rating 6A (2A)
ON
6 L 3 4

SPARE L L CH
ON
(a) Terminals L–1–3 have a bridging link which can be

removed to provide separate switch and motor
terminal connections
(b) Terminals 5 and 6 are provided for linking and have
no internal connections to the time control
Horstmann 423 Emerald Electromechanical 24 hour time switch

N 1 2 5 On/off 2
H105 W83 D57
N SPARE SPARE SPARE
L 3 4 6

L COM ON SPARE
Terminals L–3 are linked internally but this can be

removed for voltage-free switching
Horstmann 423 Leucite 10 Electromechanical 24 hour Full programmer

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 On/off 2
H177 W85 D57
L N HW HW COM CH COM CH
MAINS ON OFF ON OFF
Link 5–7
Horstmann 423 Pearl 6 Electromechanical 24 hour time switch

N 1 2 5 On/off 2
H105 W88 D57
N SPARE SPARE SPARE
L 3 4 6

L COM ON SPARE
Terminals L–3 are linked internally but this can be

Horstmann 423 Pearl 16 As Pearl 6, but 16A (3A) switch rating
Horstmann 423 Pearl Auto 6 and 16 As Pearl, with off/constant/auto control

See also SMC programmers
17
Horstmann 423 Ruby Electromechanical 24 hour time switch
E Specifically designed for warm air units.

5 N On/off 2
N
1 2 H105 W88 D57
L
3 4
6 L
FAN CONTROL FAN

SWITCH
BURNER
Figure 2.3
Horstmann 423 Sapphire Electromechanical 24 hour priority

programmer
For diagram see Figure 2.14, page 59
On/off 2
H177 W85 D57
Switch rating 6A
Horstmann 423 Topaz Electromechanical 24 hour time switch
Specifically designed for night set-back On/off 2

thermostat. H105 W88 D57
ROOM STAT WITH

423 TOPAZ SET-BACK
E
MAINS SUPPLY
N N
5
L L 3 4 6
E CONTROLLED
SUPPLY TO
L BOILER/PUMP
MANUAL ETC.
N
ON/OFF
SWITCH
Figure 2.4
Horstmann 424 Amber Electromechanical 24 hour Full programmer

For diagram see Figure 2.1 Designed for use on fully pumped system, using change
over thermostats and motorized valves without end
switches.
On/off 2
H177 W85 D57
Switch rating 6A
18
Horstmann 424 Amethyst 7 Electromechanical 24 hour Full programmer

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 On/off 2
H177 W85 D57
L N N HW HW CH CH SPARE Switch rating 6A
MAINS OFF ON OFF ON
Horstmann 424 Coral Electromechanical 24 hour Basic

programmer
For diagram see Figure 2.2 On/off 2
H177 W85 D57
Switch rating 6A
Horstmann 424 Diamond Electromechanical 24 hour Basic

programmer
L1 2 On/off 2
H130 W87 D57
MAINS L HW Switch rating 6A (2A)
ON
N 3 4 5

MAINS N L CH SPARE
ON
Terminals L–3 are linked internally
Horstmann 424 Emerald Electromechanical 24 hour time switch

L1 2 On/off 2
H130 W87 D57
MAINS L SPARE
N 3 4 5
See also SMC programmers

MAINS N COM ON SPARE
Terminals L1–3 are linked internally but this can be

Horstmann 424 Gem Electromechanical 24 hour Full programmer

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 On/off 2
H177 W86 D57
L N N HW COM HW CH COM CH L Switch rating 6A
MAINS ON OFF ON OFF
Link 5–8–10
Horstmann 424 Leucite Electromechanical 24 hour Full programmer
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 On/off 2
H177 W86 D57
L N HW HW COM CH COM CH Switch rating 6A
MAINS ON OFF ON OFF
Link 5–7
19
Horstmann 424 Pearl Electromechanical 24 hour time switch

L1 2 On/off 2
H130 W87 D57
MAINS L SPARE Switch rating 16A (3A)
N 3 4 5

MAINS N COM ON SPARE
Terminals L1–3 are linked internally but this can be

Horstmann 424 Pearl Auto As Pearl, with off/constant/auto control
Horstmann 424 Sapphire Electromechanical 24 hour priority

programmer
H130 W87 D57
Horstmann 424 Topaz
Electromechanical 24 hour time switch

For diagram see Figure 2.4
Specifically designed for use with night setback
thermostat.
On/off 2
H130 W87 D57
Horstmann 425 Coronet
Electromechanical 24 hour time switch
E N L 1 2 3 4 5 6

On/off 2
E N L SPARE ON COM OFF
MAINS H107 W152 D39
Horstmann 425 Diadem

Electromechanical 24 hour Basic/Full
programmer
E N L 1 2 3 4 5 6

On/off 2
E N L HW COM HW CH COM CH
MAINS ON OFF ON OFF H107 W152 D39
Voltage-free switching unless L–2–5 linked See 425 TIARA
20
Horstmann 425 Tiara As 425 Diadem but without neon indicators
FULLY PUMPED GRAVITY HOT WATER, To set programmer for Basic/Full control, turn
HOT WATER & PUMPED CENTRAL interlock screws as shown
CENTRAL HEATING HEATING
HW CH HW CH
24 hrs 24 hrs
all day all day
twice twice
off off
Figure 2.5
Horstmann 517 Electronic 7 day time switch

E N L 1 2 3 4 5 6 On/off 3
H101 W175 D45
E N L SPARE ON COM OFF Switch rating 3A (1A)
MAINS
Horstmann 525 Electronic 24 hour Basic/Full programmer

E N L 1 2 3 4 5 6 Facility for setting hot water and heating at different
times to each other daily in Full mode.
H101 W175 D45
Horstmann 525 7D
For Full mode switch on power to the programmer, remove the switch over plate and move slide switch to
extreme left. Move slide switch three positions to the right and re-fit switch cover plate. For Basic mode
move the slide switch to the extreme right and fit gravity cover plate and switch on power.
E N L 1 2 3 4 5 6 Electronic 7 day Basic/Full programmer

E N L HW COM HW CH COM CH Facility for setting hot water and heating at different
MAINS ON OFF ON OFF
times from each other every day in Full mode.
On/off 2
H101 W175 D45
Convert to Full/Basic mode as 525
Horstmann 525 Zone
As 527 7D but outputs labelled Zone 1 and Zone
2 instead of HW and CH
21
Horstmann 581 Senior Electronic 24 hour time switch

Typical wiring diagram ROOM THERMOSTAT Designed for use by the elderly on systems utilizing
High Low
Set-back Resistor
combination boilers. It has a night-set back facility
M and is supplied with a suitable room thermostat
(Eberle 3545) for which wiring instructions are given.
N L 1 2 3 4 5 6 The usual on/off times are featured as high/low.
High/low 2
H101 W175 D45
Heating
Output
Mains Hot Water Output
Summer
Supply [Model 582 only]
Switch
Figure 2.6
Horstmann 582 Senior Electronic 24 hour Basic/Full programmer
As 581 but with additional hot water switching On/off 2

See Figure 2.6 H101 W175 D45
Convert to Full/Basic as 525
Horstmann C 11 Electronic 24 hour time switch

N L 1 2 3 4 On/off 3
H84 W150 D29
MAINS COM OFF ON
Link L–2 for 240 V control
Horstmann C 17 Electronic 7 day time switch
7 day version of C11
Horstmann C 21 Electronic 24 hour Basic/Full programmer

N L 1 2 3 4 On/off 3
H84 W150 D29
MAINS HW CH HW CH
OFF OFF ON ON
For basic control remove blue link on back of
Hot water and central heating can be programmed programmer
separately
Horstmann C 27 Electronic 7 day Basic/Full programmer
Hot water and central heating can be programmed 7 day version of C21
separately for each day of the week.
22
Horstmann C 121 Electronic 24 hour Basic/Full programmer

As C21 except cannot programme hot water and
central heating separately
Horstmann C 127 Electronic 7 day Basic/Full programmer

As C27 except cannot programme hot water and
central heating separately
Horstmann H 11 Electronic 24 hour time switch

E N L 1 2 3 4 5 6 On/off 3
H101 W163 D33
E N L SPARE ON COM OFF Switch rating 3A (1A)
MAINS
Horstmann H 17 Electronic 7 day time switch

E N L 1 2 3 4 5 6 On/off 3
H101 W163 D33
E N L SPARE ON COM OFF
MAINS
Horstmann H 21 Electronic 24 hour Basic/Full programmer

E N L 1 2 3 4 5 6 On/off 3
H101 W163 D33
MAINS ON OFF ON OFF
To change from Basic to Full move slider at rear
Voltage-free switching unless L–2–5 linked of programmer
Horstmann H 27 Electronic 7 day Basic/Full programmer

E N L 1 2 3 4 5 6 Facility for setting hot water and heating at different
times from each other every day in Full mode.
Voltage-free switching unless L–2–5 linked H101 W163 D33
Horstmann H 27 Z As H27 but outputs labelled Zone 1 and Zone 2

instead of HW and CH
23
Horstmann H 37 Electronic 7 day Full programmer

E N L With one hot water channel and two heating zone
channels.
MAINS ON OFF ON OFF ON OFF
240 V ZONE 1 ZONE 2 ZONE 3 On/off 3
Although the programmer commissioning switch has a
H101 W163 D33
gravity position it should not be selected Switch rating 3A (1A)
Horstmann H 121 Electronic 24 hour Basic/Full programmer

E N L 1 2 3 4 5 6 On/off 3
H101 W163 D33
MAINS ON OFF ON OFF
Horstmann SC1 Centaur Electronic 24 hour time switch

1 N On/off 3
2 SPARE H71 W142 D30
3 ON
4 LIVE

required
Horstmann SC 7 Centaur 5/2 day version of SC1 with same wiring and
specification
Horstmann TC 1 Centaur Electronic 24 hour Basic programmer

1 N On/off 3
2 CH ON H71 W142 D30
3 HW ON Switch rating 5A (1A)
4 LIVE IN

required
Horstmann TC 7 Centaur 5/2 day version of TC 1 with same wiring and

specification
24
Ideal STD. ISC-1 Electromechanical 24 hour Basic/Full

Programmer
N L 1 2 3 4 On/off 2
H105 W181 D77
N L SPARE CH SPARE HW Switch rating 3A (1A)
MAINS ON ON
Invensys SM 1 Electromechanical 24 hour time switch
N L 1 2 3 4 On/off 2
H83 W138 D55
N L COM OFF ON SPARE Switch rating 2A (1A)
MAINS

Internal electronic operation
Invensys SM 2 Electromechanical 24 hour Basic/Full

programmer
N L 1 2 3 4 On/off 2
H83 W138 D55
N L HW CH HW CH
MAINS OFF OFF ON ON
Internal electronic operation
Landis & Gyr RWB 1 Electromechanical 24 hour Basic/Full

programmer
N L 3 4 On/off 2
H80 W135 D38
N L HW CH Switch rating 10A (2A)
MAINS ON ON
For Full control turn screw at rear of programmer
to horizontal
Landis & Gyr RWB 2 Electromechanical 24 hour Basic/Full

programmer
N L 1 2 3 4 On/off 2
H80 W135 D38
N L HW CH HW CH
MAINS OFF OFF ON ON
For Full control turn screw at rear of programmer
to horizontal
Landis & Gyr RWB 2 MK2 As RWB 2 with internal electronic operation.
Landis & Gyr RWB 2.9 As RWB 2, but without neon indicators
25
Landis & Staefa RWB 7 Electronic 24 hour, 5/2 day, 7 day time switch
N L 1 2 3 4 On/off 2
H85 W140 D35
N L SPARE COM OFF ON Switch rating 6A (2A)
MAINS
Landis & Staefa RWB 9 Electronic 24 hour, 5/2 day, 7 day Basic/Full
programmer
N L 1 2 3 4 On/off 2
H85 W140 D35
N L HW CH HW CH
MAINS OFF OFF ON ON
To change from Full to Basic move dip switch on
rear of programmer to ‘10’ position
Landis & Gyr RWB 20 Electronic 7 day Basic/Full programmer

N L 1 2 3 4 On/off 3
H87 W135 D40
L HW CH HW CH
MAINS OFF OFF ON ON
For Full control cut link at rear of programmer
The unit is battery powered so no neutral is required.
times daily in Full mode
Landis & Gyr RWB 30 Electromechanical 24 hour time switch

N L 1 2 3 4 On/off 2
H80 W135 D38
MAINS
Landis & Gyr RWB 40 Electronic 24 hour Basic/Full programmer

N L 1 2 3 4 On/off 3
H90 W115 D44
N L HW CH HW CH
MAINS OFF OFF ON ON
For Full control cut link at rear of programmer
Landis & Gyr RWB 50 Electronic 24 hour time switch

N L 1 2 3 4 On/off 3
H90 W115 D44
N L SPARE COM OFF ON
MAINS
26
Landis & Gyr RWB 100 Electronic 24 hour time switch

N L 1 2 3 4 On/off 2
H80 W135 D31
MAINS
Landis & Gyr RWB 102 Electronic 24 hour Basic programmer

N L 1 2 3 4 On/off 2
H80 W135 D31
N L HW CH HW CH
MAINS OFF OFF ON ON
Note that heating only is not available and no

connection need to be made to terminal 1 as, e.g., for
a mid-position valve
Landis & Gyr RWB 152 Electronic 5/2 day time switch
N L 1 2 3 4 On/off 2
H80 W135 D31
MAINS
Landis & Gyr RWB 170 Electronic 7 day time switch

N L 1 2 3 4 On/off 2
H80 W135 D31
MAINS
Landis & Gyr RWB 200 Electronic 24 hour Basic/Full programmer

N L 1 2 3 4 On/off 2
H80 W135 D31
N L HW CH HW CH
MAINS OFF OFF ON ON
Landis & Gyr RWB 252 Electronic 5/2 day Basic/Full programmer
N L 1 2 3 4 On/off 2
H80 W135 D31
MAINS OFF OFF ON ON
27
Landis & Gyr RWB 270 Electronic 7 day programmer

N L 1 2 3 4 On/off 2
H80 W135 D31
MAINS OFF OFF ON ON
Landis & Staefa RWB 2E As RWB 2 with internal electronic operation
Landis & Staefa RWB 30E As RWB 30 with internal electronic operation
Myson MEP1c Electronic 24 hour or 5/2 day or 7 day time

switch
N L 1 2 3 4 On/off 3
H100 W160
N L SPARE OFF COM ON
MAINS Switch rating 3A (3A)
Myson MEP2c Electronic 24 hour or 5/2 day or 7 day

Basic/Full programmer
N L 1 2 3 4 On/off 3
H100 W160
N L HW CH HW CH
MAINS OFF OFF ON ON
Myson Microtimer 1 Electronic 24 hour Basic/Full programmer

N N MAINS On/off 2
L L MAINS H100 W165 D50
7 HW OFF Switch rating 2A (2A)
6 HW ON 9 To adjust from Full to Basic system, remove pro-
4 CH OFF 10 grammer from backplate and move system select
3 CH ON 11
SPARE switch to required position
A connection block is provided for neutrals
Myson Microtimer 7 Electronic 7 day Basic/Full programmer

N N MAINS On/off 2
L L MAINS H100 W165 D50
7 HW OFF Switch rating 2A (2A)
6 HW ON 9 To adjust from Full to Basic system, remove pro-
4 CH OFF 10
grammer from backplate and move system select
3 CH ON 11
SPARE switch to required position
A connection block is provided for neutrals
28
Potterton 423 As Horstmann 423 Diamond
Potterton 424 As Horstmann 424 Diamond
Potterton EP 2000 Electronic 24 hour Basic/Full programmer

A B C D N L 1 2 3 4 5 On/off 2
H100 W157 D46
SPARE MAINS HW CH HW CH L Switch rating 6A (2A)
OFF OFF ON ON
To adjust from Basic to Full move slider from 10
Link L–5. A connection block is provided for neutrals to 16 position and turn screw to vertical on rear
and earths of programmer
Potterton EP 2000 MK 2 Electronic 24 hour Basic/Full programmer

A B C D N L 1 2 3 4 5 On/off 2
H104 W161 D49
SPARE MAINS HW CH HW CH L
OFF OFF ON ON
To adjust from Basic to Full move slider on rear
Link L–5. A connection block is provided for neutrals of programmer from 10 to 16 position
and earths
Potterton EP 2001 Electronic 24 hour Basic/Full programmer

A B C D N L 1 2 3 4 5 Facility for 5/2 day setting.

SPARE MAINS HW CH HW CH L On/off 2
OFF OFF ON ON H104 W160 D41
Link L–5. A connection block is provided for neutrals Switch rating 6A (2A)
and earths To adjust from Basic to Full move slider from 10
to 16 position on rear of programmer with battery
removed
Potterton EP 2002 Electronic 5/2 day Basic/Full programmer
5/2 day version of EP 2000 MK2
Potterton EP 3000 As EP 2000 specification but with 7 day program-

ming facility
Potterton EP 3001 As EP 2001 specification but with 7 day program-

ming facility and allows for hot water and central
heating to be set for different times daily
29
Potterton EP 3002 Electronic 7 day Basic/Full programmer
Facility for setting hot water and heating for different

times daily.
7 day version of EP 2000 MK2
Potterton EP 4000 Electronic 7 day time switch

A B C D N L 1 2 3 4 5 On/off 2
H100 W157 D46
SPARE MAINS SP OFF SP ON COM
Voltage-free switching unless L–5 linked. A connection
block is provided for neutrals and earths
Potterton EP 4000 MK2 Electronic 24 hour time switch

A B C D N L 1 2 3 4 5 On/off 2
H104 W161 D49
SPARE MAINS SP OFF SP ON COM Switch rating 2A (1A)
Potterton EP 4001 Electronic 5/2 day time switch

A B C D N L 1 2 3 4 5 On/off 3
H104 W160 D41
Potterton EP 4002 Electronic 5/2 day time switch
5/2 day version of EP 4000 MK2 with 3 on/offs

per day

A B C D N L 1 2 3 4 5 On/off 3
H104 W160 D41
30
7 day version of EP 4000 MK2 with 3 on/offs per

day
Potterton EP 6000 Electronic 7 day Basic/Full programmer

A B C D N L 1 2 3 4 5 Facility for setting either hot water or heating at
different times daily and the other channel 5/2 day in
OFF OFF ON ON Full mode.
Link L–5. A connection block is provided for neutrals On/off 3

and earths H104 W164 D51
To adjust from Basic to Full move slider from 10
to 16 position on rear of programmer with battery
removed
Potterton EP 6002 Electronic 7 day Full programmer

A B C D N L 1 2 3 4 5 Facility for setting hot water and heating for different
times to each other daily.
OFF OFF ON ON On/off 3
Link L–5. A connection block is provided for neutrals H104 W161 D49
and earths Switch rating 2A (1A)
Potterton Mini-Minder As Landis & Gyr RWB 2
Potterton Mini-Minder E Electronic 24 hour Basic/Full programmer

N L 1 2 3 4 On/off 2
H105 W164 D51
MAINS HW CH HW CH
240V OFF OFF ON ON
To change Basic/Full set both sliders to OFF and
Link L–5. A connection block is provided for neutrals turn selector at rear to required position
and earths
Potterton Mini-Minder Es Electronic 24 hour time switch

N L 1 2 3 4 On/off 2
H105 W164 D51
MAINS SPARE COM OFF ON
240V
Proheat FP 1 As Flash 31031
31
Randall Mk. 1 Electromechanical 24 hour Basic

programmer
L N E OUT IN L N L N A B On/off 2
H100 W200 D68
MAINS ROOM PUMP BOILER SPARE
STAT
Randall Mk. 2 R6 Electromechanical 24 hour Basic

programmer
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 On/off 2
H216 W102 D57
L L N HW CH SPARE DO NOT Switch rating 5A
ON ON USE
Link 1–2
Randall 102 Electromechanical 24 hour Basic

programmer
1 2 3 E 5 6 On/off 2
H135 W112 D69
HW CH COM E N L Switch Rating 6A
ON ON MAINS
Voltage-free switching unless 3–6 linked
Randall 102 E Electronic 24 hour Basic programmer

1 2 3 E 5 6 On/off 6
H136 W102 D47
HW CH COM E N L Switch rating 3A
ON ON MAINS
Randall 102 E5 Electronic 5/2 day Basic programmer
1 2 3 E 5 6 On/off 3
H136 W102 D47
ON ON MAINS
32
Randall 102 E7 Electronic 7 day Basic programmer

1 2 3 E 5 6 On/off 3
H136 W102 D47
ON ON MAINS
Randall 103 Electromechanical 24 hour time switch

1 2 3 E 5 6 On/off 2
H135 W112 D69
ON SPARE COM E N L
MAINS
Switch rating 6A
Randall 103 E Electronic 24 hour time switch

1 2 3 E 5 6 On/off 6
H136 W102 D47
ON SPARE COM E N L
MAINS
Switch rating 3A
Randall 103 E5 Electronic 5/2 day time switch

1 2 3 E 5 6 On/off 3
H136 W102 D47
ON SPARE COM E N L
MAINS
Switch rating 3A
Randall 103 E7 Electronic 7 day time switch

1 2 3 E 5 6 On/off 3
H136 W102 D47
ON SPARE COM E N L
MAINS
Switch rating 3A
Randall 105 Electromechanical 24 hour Basic

programmer
For use with the ACL/Tower Biflo mid-position valve.
On/off 2
For diagram see Figure 2.24, page 61 H135 W112 D69
Switch rating 10A
33
Randall 106 Electromechanical 24 hour priority

programmer
H135 W112 D69
Switch rating 10A
Randall 151 Electromechanical 24 hour time switch

1 2 3 E 5 6 On/off 2
H135 W112 D69
ON OFF COM E N L
MAINS Switch rating 15A

1 2 3 E 5 6 On/off 6
H136 W102 D47
ON OFF COM E N L
MAINS
Switch rating 8A

1 2 3 E 5 6 On/off 3
H136 W102 D47
ON OFF COM E N L
MAINS
Switch rating 8A

1 2 3 E 5 6 On/off 6
H136 W102 D47
ON SPARE COM E N L
MAINS

1 2 3 E 5 6 On/off 3
H136 W102 D47
ON SPARE COM E N L
MAINS
34
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“Yes, there will be fine sport,” the woman repeated, her dark eyes
flashing with a cruel light. “Ah! They have caught another. See! Two!
—three more! Look! they are trying to escape; they are seized by
the lictors. One looks as if she would be a sweet mouthful for the
lion. I must hasten to find out who they are.”
The woman turned away, and Hyacintha could distinguish three
figures being borne off by the guards, one a girl of her own age, the
others two older women.
“They refused to do homage on their knees at the sacrifice,” a voice
said near them. “The vile wretches! It seems they can never be
stamped out.”
“No,” laughed another man.
“They swarm like lizards on a sunny wall. They say the Governor in
Britain has done good service, and several of the reptiles have been
caught and made an end of. The Emperor has vowed he will never
stop till he has got rid of the whole brood, and those fellows in that
caravan will be happy to carry out his intentions!”
A laugh greeted this sally, and, as if in reply, a loud roar from the
captive lion sounded through the Forum.
Then the laugh was repeated, and Clœlia and Hyacintha, as they
moved away, heard the cry of the people answering the roar of the
lions.
“Away with the Christians! to the lions let them go! Away with them
from the face of the earth! Away with them!”
Hyacintha caught the cry, and there came back to her thoughts of
the hill-side outside her native city, of the earnest, watching gaze of
Ebba, and of the news of Alban’s death, which had been brought
into the atrium by her father.
And it was the same here in Rome; the Christians must be killed;
they must all be stamped out, like so many “lizards on a sunny wall,”
as the man had said.
Death, then, was here—as everywhere—and was lying like a shadow
over the sunlit Forum, with all its throngs of people, intent on
business or pleasure.
The circular stalls of the bookseller and the scrolls of popular authors
attracted Hyacintha.
Then there were the keen-eyed, sharp-featured money-lenders,
seated at Medius Janus with their clerks around them. Here might be
seen young Romans, who wasted life and substance in all the luxury
and folly of the baths, trying to raise loans at an enormous rate of
interest, some successful, departing with a jaunty air, their slaves
following them; others gathering their robes about them and slinking
off with a look of despair in their faces, to plunge deeper and deeper
into the sea of self-indulgence and misery which it caused.
Clœlia drew Hyacintha onward, for she saw she attracted attention,
and many bold dark eyes were turned towards her.
“We must hasten,” she said; “let us skirt the Forum to the left, where
the crowd is less, and we shall reach the House of the Vestals.”
As they got into a quieter thoroughfare those who were passing
gave way; then a body of lictors appeared, and a most stately,
queenlike figure, clothed in a long stole, which reached to her feet,
moved through the street, with two female attendants.
The lady’s eye fell upon Hyacintha, whose remarkable beauty was
likely to arrest any one’s attention. By a little movement of the foot-
passengers, Hyacintha was pushed out of the line of those who were
standing aside, and a lictor roughly called to her to—
“Stand back!” touching her with no gentle hand on the shoulder.
Then the lady paused.
“Nay,” she said, “do not be rough with the maiden;” and she looked
down upon Hyacintha with a smile, which seemed to raise her
drooping spirits, as the sun raises the head of a flower after a storm.
It was but momentary, and the lady passed on.
“Who is that beautiful lady?” Hyacintha asked.
“She is the Vestal Maxima, the very lady whom you desire to see,”
Clœlia said. “I dare not speak, for the vestals must never be
addressed by the commoner folk when they walk abroad; they are
always guarded by lictors, as you see. But let us follow; we shall
reach the House of the Vestals in a short space now.”
“Oh!” Hyacintha exclaimed, “I am glad that gracious lady is my
father’s kinswoman; her smile is so beautiful. It is a great honour, I
think, that I may one day be a Vestal Maxima.”
“A long time ere that day comes,” said Clœlia. “Ten years must pass
ere you are allowed to take any especial or high office in the temple,
and then it is not every vestal who attains the high rank of Maxima.”
“No,” said Hyacintha, humbly. “I know that well, but there is hope
that it may be my honourable post one day.”
Clœlia nodded her head, and then Hyacintha, feeling that the time of
parting was near, said—
“I pray you to be kind to my brother Casca; he is far tenderer than I
am, and loves quiet and study. As soon as Caius lets it be known to
my father that he is under your roof he will reward you, for he is a
noble, and can command money and treasures.”
Clœlia’s colour rose.
“I need not money or treasures,” she said, “nor aught at thy father’s
hands. Be not afraid, I will tend thy sickly brother till his wound be
healed, and Caius will settle the rest. Our fare is simple, and we
know nought of the luxuries of the Romans of to-day. We belong to
a far stronger race, a race which I fear me is dwindling down from
giants to pigmies. I have, thank the gods, a son who fears neither
storm nor tempest; sword nor famine. He is known as the bravest of
the brave, thank the gods!”
Clœlia’s speech made poor Hyacintha feel as if she had said
something that had unwittingly offended her new friend. Her tender
heart was a little wounded, and she hastened to say—
“I know well how brave good Caius is. I know that we owe our lives
to him. If we had been aboard Burrhus’s vessel, we should have
perished. Oh yes! I know how brave he is, and I shall keep the
memory of his goodness for ever in my heart. We shall meet
sometimes, for my father saith the young disciples of the goddess
have leave to come and go under guard.”
“Yes, we shall meet,” Clœlia said, “but there is a great gulf between
a vestal and one in my position. We are nearly at the porch of the
cloisters now. What if they do not receive thee?”
The possibility now presented itself that in the travel-stained little
maiden, whose robe was far from fresh, and whose chief covering
and ornament were her golden-brown tresses tied back by a plait to
which hung a veil that had been drenched with sea spray and torn in
several places, the grand lady vestal might not recognise a child of
the noble and wealthy Severus. But it was too late now to draw
back. They had crossed the threshold of the cloisters, and two
guards demanded their business.
“We seek an audience with the noble lady, Terentia Rufilla, the Vestal
Maxima.”
“What credentials have you?” asked a small woman in a purple robe
and dark veil.
“I come from my father, the noble Severus, of the house of Rufilla,”
Hyacintha said, in her sweet silvery tones. “I am to be admitted to
be a disciple of the goddess, to serve in her temple.”
“Forsooth, you are bold enough,” said the woman, who called to
another in the same dress.
“Here, Julia, here! This child says she is come to be admitted to the
discipleship.”
“Send her off,” was the scornful reply; “she looks like it, forsooth.
Verily, send her off, nor waste thy own time in prating. Why, child,
those who aspire to such an office as this do not come to present
themselves like beggars.”
Hyacintha’s breast heaved, and tears sprang to her eyes.
Clœlia now spoke—
“The maiden has suffered perils on the way from Britain. She was
brought with her brother to my house three days ago. The ships
were beset by pirates, and everything the maiden possessed is lost.
My son, the brave Caius, brought a small galley safe into the Portus
Augusti a few days past, and he can tell you of the truth of my
story.”
“I wear upon my breast,” Hyacintha faltered, “a pierced gold coin
attached to a chain. This coin bears on it the letters of my father’s
house, and his name.
“I bore with me,” she continued, “a letter and many precious things
addressed to the great lady, Terentia Rufilla, but the pirate ship
boarded that on which my baggage was placed, and I reached Rome
in a sorry plight.”
There was now a very perceptible change in the manner of the two
women. The family of Rufilla was one to win respect, and the elder
said—
“Will it please you to follow me?”
These words were addressed to Hyacintha, and she was about to
obey when the sound of steps in the long cloisters made the women
turn. And there, coming from the shadows into the dim light where
they stood, was the same graceful, dignified lady who had passed by
them on their way from the Forum. Terentia Rufilla was no longer
young—indeed, it was impossible for the virgins to attain the highest
office at a very early age. Ten years had to pass as a noviciate, and
ten more was generally considered as a necessary probation before
the honour of Vestal Maxima could be aspired to.
The servants and attendants all bowed low as the lady approached,
and Hyacintha’s heart beat so loudly that she could almost hear it.
“What brings you hither, my daughter?” the lady asked.
“I am the daughter of Severus, of the house of Rufilla,” said the little
maiden. “I crave to be admitted to the service of the temple, and my
father has sent me hither from the city of Verulam in Britain.”
“Thy father! Yes, a post brought in despatches from Verulam
yesternight, and there was a letter from thy father, Severus.
Welcome, my daughter,” the lady said, bending over the little
shrinking figure. “Welcome; and I will receive thee here and examine
thee on some matters necessary to be known ere thy training begin.
How old art thou?”
“I am eleven years old, lady,” Hyacintha said.
“Eleven! Ten is the accustomed age. Thy companions have mostly
entered upon their services at ten, but we will not let that hinder us,
if other matters prove convenient. Is that good woman related to
thee?”
“Nay, lady,” said Clœlia, advancing; and then, encouraged by
Terentia’s kindly manner, Clœlia drew nearer, and, bowing low,
kissed the hand extended to her.
“And canst thou tell me aught of this maiden?” Terentia asked.
Clœlia, in a few words, gave the account of the perils by sea which
the maniple under Burrhus had met. She did not forget to extol the
merits of her son Caius, and to let it be known that by his skilful
seamanship one galley had been saved. “The maiden has lost
everything she possessed; because her sick, weakly, brother was
aboard my son’s galley, and she spent the days with him, and
returned to the vessel of Burrhus by night under the care of his lady
Cornelia. The pirate attacked them at sundown, and soon
overpowered the men under Burrhus, while Caius, seeing it hopeless
to help men in their cups, and fearing this maiden might meet a fate
worse than death, set his little vessel’s head to the breeze and
escaped.”
The lady listened with courteous attention, and then taking
Hyacintha’s hand, she said—
“I will now receive her into the house of the vestals consecrated to
the service of the goddess. Has she an attendant?”
“Yes,” Hyacintha exclaimed, “I have one attendant, but she remains
at the house of the good Clœlia.”
“And so may she remain. Of what nation is she—a Briton?”
“Nay, gracious lady,” Hyacintha said, “she is of Roman birth, and her
family are to be found here.”
“Seek them out then,” said the Vestal, “and let her return to them. I
must commit thee, child, to the care of those who will clothe thee in
the proper habit, and to-morrow at dawn thou shalt be led to our
high priest, who shall examine thee, and then consecrate thee for
thy high office in the temple of the goddess.”
Clœlia understood that the time for leaving Hyacintha was come,
and she bade her farewell, making a low reverence to the stately
lady, who, taking Hyacintha by the hand, was leading her away,
when she turned quickly—
“I pray you, Clœlia, commend me to my brother Casca, and let me
know of his welfare. I pray you assure him of my affection.”
“It shall be as you desire,” Clœlia said, as she turned to pursue her
way towards her home on the further side of the Forum.
Hyacintha was led through the cloisters, up a staircase by which the
upper floor was reached, to a small hall where several vestals were
seated, employed in weaving a fine tissue embroidered with gold
and silver, which was used for the service of the altar.
As the Vestal Maxima entered the hall the sound of voices ceased,
and the maidens rose as a token of respect.
“I desire to speak with Lucia, who is the custodian of the robes. I
need the garments for this young girl, who is the daughter of the
noble Severus of my own patrician house, and who is sent hither
from the wilds of Britain, to be restored to the high rank her family
has ever held in Rome.” Then turning to Lucia, who had answered a
summons from an inner hall, separated by a heavy purple curtain
from the larger one, the Vestal Maxima continued—
“Take this maiden, and clothe her in becoming garments, Lucia. See
that she rests well and has proper food, and just before dawn, when
I am leaving the temple, bring her to my presence, where she will
meet the priest and be received as a disciple. Till then,” she said,
waving her hand, “I give her into your keeping.”
Hyacintha was a little surprised at the change in the manner and
bearing of the maidens the instant their superior was out of hearing.
They had stood in respectful silence, with their silks and threads in
their hands, and their tongues, like their fingers, had come to a
pause. But both were now in active operation again. They clustered
round Hyacintha, asking her questions, which she, from imperfect
acquaintance with the colloquial language which they spoke, could
hardly understand. It is true that the Romans of noble birth in Britain
had kept most strictly to their native tongue, regarding the British
language as that of slaves. Still, there were differences then, as now,
in dialect—those differences which we call provincial—and thus
Hyacintha found it far easier to understand the lady Terentia than
these vestal maidens, who were as yet only disciples, and chattered
in the fashion of young creatures in every age and in every country,
clustering round the new arrival like a flock of pigeons round an
addition to the dovecot.
Lucia, who was older and more considerate, said—
“Peace, will you deafen the child with your rattle! It is truly like the
brawling of a brook down the hill-side. Peace, and return to your
tasks.”
Dazed and bewildered, Hyacintha suffered Lucia to lead her away,
but when on the other side of the purple curtain she began to
breathe more freely.
“You are tired, child, and need rest,” Lucia said. “See, I will measure
you for a stole, and cut off your hair, and then you shall have a
refreshing bath, and lie on one of the couches till it is time for
supper. After that meal is over I will fit your garments again on you,
and at dawn you shall be taken to the door of the temple to meet
the priest.”
Hyacintha was quite passive under Lucia’s hands, and as she
operated on her she talked of the vestal’s life, of the insubordination
of some of the disciples, of the serious defalcation of two professed
vestals, and of the fearful punishment which had been awarded
them.
Hyacintha listened with a mingled awe and amazement to all she
heard.
“Yes,” Lucia said, as one by one the golden-brown tresses dropped
to the marble floor. “Yes, there have been terrible scenes amongst
us, and I often think that children like you, who come hither, know
but little of all that lies hidden within these walls.”
“But,” said Hyacintha, “is it not the most noble and beautiful life for
any woman to keep the sacred fire for ever burning for the Roman
people all over the world. Surely, it is nobler and more beautiful than
to live only for things which when attained make none happy.”
“Happy! Ah, my child, happiness is like the bow across the wide
Campagna. You see its many-coloured arch and hasten to reach it,
and, lo! it is gone; the nearer you think you get to it, the further it
seems. But the gods are kind to us poor mortals, and our goddess
Vesta does not forget us. You are but a child, a young child,” Lucia
said, surveying Hyacintha as she stood up before her in a loose
underrobe, with all her marvellously lovely hair gone, and the little
slender figure, beautifully formed, giving the appearance of extreme
youth.
“I am nearly twelve years old!” Hyacintha said.
“Twelve years old. Ah!” Lucia said, with an appraising critical glance,
“there is something in your eyes which tells of thought and reflection
which a child under ten years of age could not possess. And what
hands and feet! Only a Roman patrician could show such. Well, if
you are ready, we will go to the bath that is always required before
the stole can be worn.”
“I would fain keep the token of my birth, and that I am the daughter
of Severus,” Hyacintha said, as she saw Lucia casting aside in a heap
all her travel-stained garments, and the chain which she had worn
round her neck with the coin attached to it.
“I know not whether you will be permitted to retain it,” Lucia said,
“but I will put it in this casket, and consult the Vestal Maxima. And
now let us go to the bath.”
CHAPTER VIII.
DISCIPLESHIP.
Hyacintha slept soundly after her bath, and a supper of fruit and
delicately-baked bread, crisp and fresh, after the fashion of our
modern biscuits. A draught of the pure water from the spring on the
hill above the house of the vestals was refreshing, and it was the
daily duty of the vestals to draw it for the service of the house and
the temple.
Hyacintha was awoke by Lucia’s voice.
“It is nearing the dawn,” she said; “the cock has crowed twice, and I
see the first signs of Aurora’s coming feet in the eastern sky. Now
arise, little maiden, and I will dress you for your presentation to the
priest.”
Hyacintha sprang up at once, and after another ablution of clear cold
water, the attendant vestal put upon her little feet a pair of sandals,
and the fine robe which she was to wear under the stole. The stole
itself and the fillet which was to bind her hair the vestal placed in a
basket, and then telling Hyacintha to follow her, she led the way to
the chamber of Terentia Rufilla.
This chamber was nearly adjoining the temple, and to reach it, it
was necessary to descend again and cross the large atrium, now
almost dark, except for the faint light of a lamp which hung in the
large porta or gateway.
The sunshine could not reach this stately hall, which consisted of
eight Corinthian columns of veined marble, with pure white bases.
The state apartments were on this lower storey of the vestals’
house, and as the floor was thirty feet below the Nova Via, with the
walls resting against the Palatine, it must have been very damp and
chill; the pure air of heaven could never reach it; and in spite of
double walls, double floors, and hot-water currents—of which
distinct traces are left—it could not have been a healthy abode.
The living rooms from which Hyacintha and Lucia had descended
were, perhaps, more salubrious, but the Imperial Palace, rising at
that time one hundred and fifty feet above the building, must have
always over-shadowed the whole house, and prevented the light
from entering, as well as the air.
A heavy curtain was drawn aside by one of the servants of the
temple, and the next moment Hyacintha found herself in the
presence of the Vestal Maxima, her father’s kinswoman.
She had been keeping watch that night in the temple, and wore a
different and more elaborate dress—as the sign of her high vocation
—than that in which Hyacintha had seen her on the preceding
evening.
The Vestal Maxima wore a long stole of snow-white linen, drooping
gracefully to her feet. A loose hood, falling a little from the back of
the head, displayed a close-fitting cap, bound with gold fillets, and
lay in easy folds over her shoulders. A large pallium, of a deep violet
colour, was gathered over her left arm, and wound closely round her
waist. Terentia Rufilla was in the autumn of her life, and when the
little novice made her profound reverence, as Lucia had instructed
her to do, a smile, which was half pitying and half admiring, spread
over her noble countenance.
“Welcome, little maiden,” she said. “Thy name is of Greek origin, and
scarcely one to be registered as a vestal. Was that name chosen by
the noble Severus?”
“I know not, lady,” said Hyacintha. “Methinks my mother chose it
because she loved the flower and its sweet scent, but I cannot tell.”
“It will, perhaps, be better to register thy name as Severa, and yet
Hyacintha suits thee so well, I think it must stand.
“Hyacintha Severa, the daughter of the noble Severus,” she said,
waving her hand to the maidens; “lead the way.”
The maidens turned towards an entrance to the chamber opposite to
that by which Lucia had entered, and as two of their number held
the curtain aside, the others passed through, chanting a low
monotonous song as they went.
The sun had risen now, and the sky above the temple court was
bright, and of the indescribably lovely blue of early day.
The light fell upon the vestals’ white garments till they glistened like
snow, and upon the short clustering curls of little Hyacintha’s head
till they shone like gold.
The procession crossed the court and ascended a flight of wide and
very shallow steps, shadowed by the portico, on which were seen, in
bas-relief, many figures, illustrating the past history of the vestals,
from the earliest date to the time of which I write.
A nation’s history was almost told by these figures, to which
Hyacintha did not even raise her eyes, so engrossed was she with
the first sight of the temple of her dreams.
At last they were within the sacred building, where in the gloom and
shadows the sacred light of the fire upon the altar shone like a star
of glory.
Hyacintha had eyes for nothing but that light—that clear lambent
light—shed by the sacred and never-to-be-extinguished fire, which
had been brought down from high heaven and preserved here by
those consecrated and set apart for the office.
The child’s heart thrilled with a sense of awe, and a gentle sigh
escaped her. She clasped her hands, and looking up to the opening
in the temple roof to the clear azure sky, her eyes filled with tears,
which one by one fell upon her bare hands and arms in crystal
drops.
The Vestal Maxima noticed this unwonted expression of feeling, and
her thoughts went back to the day—now thirty years ago—when
she, too, had entered the temple for the first time to be presented to
the priest.
The prime of youth was over for her; the “sacred fire” had grown
dim. The heavenly light and warmth had, she knew, waned. At her
noble heart there was an aching void, and there was a hungry
yearning for something—for some one—which was not satisfied. As
she looked at the little earnest enthusiast by her side, she wondered
if all the long years of temple service which stretched before her
would be as barren of real satisfaction and true peace as hers had
been.
Terentia Rufilla saw at a glance that Hyacintha, the daughter of
Severus, was not of the ordinary type of the maidens over whom
she held rule. Many of them came with no serious thought of
responsibility; many with positive distaste, and simply because the
vocation was chosen for them by their parents, and they had no
choice in the matter.
It was confessedly a grand office, this of the vestal virgins, in the
eyes of the world. To be a vestal was to bear about the imprimatur
of patrician birth and noble ancestry. No plebeian might ever wear
that snow-white stole, or aspire to the high office of a Vestal
Maxima.
This pride of rank and personal aggrandisement were often the
distinguishing characteristics of the vestal virgins. As they passed
through the public streets, the way was cleared for them by
attendant lictors. If by chance they met a slave on his way to the
arena or the fire, and he prayed for mercy, the vestal could procure
his pardon. Her word was enough, and the life of the criminal was
spared!
All these things conspired to feed the self-importance and vanity of
many women; and then there was their palatial atrium, and their
own chambers, which were furnished with all things befitting the
high rank of Roman ladies.
Terentia Rufilla had seen many of the proud ones brought low, and
the vain and frivolous ones made shipwreck. The cases of the latter
were rare, but there had been such, even during her time of office,
and her heart might well be heavy as she thought over them.
The beauty and rare simplicity of her little kinswoman had touched
her from the first moment of their meeting, and now as she led her
up to the old priest, who was awaiting them in a side vestibule, she
felt a yearning tenderness and love for Hyacintha which made her
silvery voice almost mournful as she said—
“I bring you the daughter of the noble Severus, to be consecrated
for the service of the goddess and of Rome, in this temple.”
The priest, an old man, who had received the candidates for many,
many years, went through the usual form of questions as to
Hyacintha’s willingness to take the solemn oath he tendered to her.
The child understood but little of the meaning of much that was said
to her, but she knew that the penalty was death if she should break
her vow.
As she knelt before the old priest her childlike transparent soul
received no impression but that she was never to have any other
home than the temple; and she wished for no other. She was to
learn to spin and weave the sacred curtains and veils for the altar,
and she desired nothing better.
She was to submit herself entirely to the rule of the Vestal Maxima
and those of the sacred virgins whom she should appoint to watch
over her and instruct her. She was to be under training for eight or
ten years, as the Vestal Maxima should see good, and then her full
consecration would take place, and she would take her turn in
watching in the temple at night and feeding the sacred fire—which
only the fully consecrated were ever allowed to do.
“And now, beloved,” the priest said, “Hyacintha, the daughter of the
noble Severus, I give thee entrance as a disciple, to be educated for
a vestal priestess, to minister in sacred things, and to do for the
Roman people what the law has appointed.”
Then Hyacintha took the vow in the prescribed form, and, rising, the
Vestal Maxima invested her with the stole, and bound a purple fillet
round her head; then bending with an irresistible impulse, she kissed
the pure sweet brow of her little kinswoman, and with a reverence
to the priest, she committed her to the care of Lucia, and, followed
by the band of vestals, chanting low as they went, she slowly left
the temple.
Hyacintha’s new life was hardly what she had pictured it would be;
what seemed so solemn and grave a responsibility to her, was an
everyday routine to many of her companions.
The appointed tasks were done, and the appointed work fulfilled,
and then Hyacintha was free to wander about in the gardens, which
sloped up the Cælian Hill, and where the pure cold water of the
spring was drawn of which Hyacintha had drunk a refreshing draught
on the first evening of her arrival.
Lucia had committed the little Hyacintha to the especial care of a
Roman maiden, who had nearly passed her time of probation, and
would soon be allowed to take charge of the sacred fire in the
stillness of the night.
When this vestal, who was named Chloe, went abroad with her
lictors in attendance, Hyacintha often accompanied her; and when
the autumn and winter was passed, and the glory of the Roman
spring broke over the Campagna, strewn broadcast with the flowers
of every hue, Hyacintha’s spirits seemed to rise to meet it, and the
child’s heart within her beat with a gladness which it had not known
since she left her northern home a year before.
Clœlia had paid her several visits; and once or twice, under the
charge of an older vestal, she had seen her brother.
Casca was still living in Clœlia’s house, awaiting more definite orders
from his father, which had not yet arrived. For though the posting
service of the Romans was wonderfully arranged and carried out,
whole months must elapse before the perils and losses of his
children could reach the ear of Severus. It would, indeed, be a
downfall to his pride to know that both his son and daughter had
reached Rome robbed of all the possessions which had been
provided for them, as meet for the children of a man holding high
office in the Roman city of Verulam.
Casca was well content. He attended the schools, and listened with
the most profound interest to the orations delivered daily from the
Rostra, where the eloquence of distinguished scholars was in itself
an education.
The military training, on account of his wound, would not have been
possible for Casca under any circumstances, and he rejoiced with all
his heart to be spared the discipline.
The boy’s gentleness and goodness won more and more upon
Clœlia’s heart, and while Casca wrote upon parchment wise sayings,
which he gathered from the teaching of the philosophers and poets,
Clœlia would, when the boy paused for a few minutes to rest his
hand, tell him stories of old Roman valour and adventure, which was
a delight to her to recount and to Casca to hear.
Never had a winter passed so rapidly for Casca; and when, with
lengthening days, the outdoor life of the city began again, neither
Clœlia nor Casca was altogether pleased to think that their long
evenings in the little atrium of the Villa Caius were over.
“Who can foresee what another winter may bring,” Clœlia said. “The
noble Severus will surely send orders for your future, and if he
decrees it, you must leave my humble roof. I know not when I shall
see Caius again; he is never at rest on shore, and must ever be
fighting pirate or storm. The gods have preserved him hitherto—it
may be that they will not forsake him while I, his mother, live. And
for the rest, sons are made for something better than to sit with
folded hands by their mother’s side. That, at least, is not the place
of a true Roman.”
It was a sunny morning, early in March, when Casca set forth for the
school with a bundle of papers and vellum rolls, fastened together
and hung across his shoulder.
He yet wore the short toga prætexta which reached below the knee,
and the golden bulla, which was a hollow ball of gold, hung round
his neck.
Casca had easily obtained admission to the school, which was
presided over by a master who had no fear that the son of Severus
would fail to recompense him for his trouble. And, indeed, there was
something very winning in the gentle boy. His nervous temperament
and dislike of all scenes of bloodshed and warfare had irritated his
warlike father, but they were qualities which endeared him to the
scholar and the poet, and Casca had become a great favourite in the
schools, and was remarkable for his ability and quickness in learning.
It was now many months since the martyrdom of Alban, and Casca
began to think of that dreadful scene which his father compelled him
to witness as a hideous dream. The persecutions of the Christians
still raged, but in Rome there was so much space and so wide an
area that the boy had not necessarily been brought in contact with
the scenes which were continually enacted in the Coliseum.
To-day there was a chariot race in the Circus Maximus, and when
the morning school was over one of Casca’s companions invited him
to stroll with him in that direction, in the hope of getting near the
race. The Circus Maximus was of such enormous extent that this
was no easy matter.
The arena had in the centre a group of columns and obelisks on a
raised platform, and round this the chariots raced. The judges sat
here, and those to whom the chariots and horses belonged, moved
round and round, shouting and waving their hands, and encouraging
those who were in the arena to urge on their fiery horses to the
utmost speed.
The spring sunshine illuminated the temple and buildings on either
side of the arena. The tiers of seats were filled with a vast multitude
all in holiday attire, while the Emperor and his suite occupied a
vantage-ground above the rows of seats on the right hand of the
arena.
These seats were reached by long flights of steps which divided the
long line into twelve compartments, and the two boys found some
vacant places near the end and commanding a view of the whole
arena, though perhaps a distant one.
It is difficult to picture anything more beautiful than the aspect of
the Circus Maximus on a day like this. The range of mountains which
seemed to shut it in at the further end, were seen in distinct outline
against the clear blue sky—the clear and beautiful sapphire blue of
Italy, which is never seen in our northern climates.
The dark line of the foliage of spiral cypresses and round-topped
pines set off the snowy whiteness of the marble pillars to which they
made a background, and Casca was more fascinated by the
grandeur of the place itself than interested in watching the race.
Something in the boy’s heart seemed to respond to the beauty
around him; and while his friend Fulvius was excited to frenzy at the
hairbreadth success which one of the chariots won, Casca was lost in
his own meditations, from which he was awoke by the over-turning
of one of the unsuccessful carriages, and the cry of pain, which
sounded through the first shout of victory.
“The charioteer was killed!” he heard a voice near him say, “and the
horses will never be worth a silver coin again. So much the worse for
Cassianus, who owns them.”
The fallen horses and the dead charioteer were hastily removed, and
then another race was proclaimed by the herald. And again there
was breathless anxiety as to the result.
Casca turned presently at the sound of a voice, which seemed
familiar.
“Do not push him roughly; he will make way!”
“A cursed dog of a Jew!” was the answer, “standing, forsooth, in the
way of a noble.”
“Turn him out!” and then two lictors, who were stationed at the
entrance of every one of the galleries, seized the old man roughly by
the shoulder, and pushed him before them to the outside of the
Circus.
Casca forgot the race and the shouts which proclaimed another
victory, forgot Fulvius, and that he had agreed to remain with him
and return to supper with him, and followed the old man, who was
leaning on the arm of a woman whose voice had been familiar.
“Do not push him roughly,” the voice now said. It was the voice of
Ebba, the slave of his mother Cæcilia.
Casca followed the pair at a little distance, till he was beyond the
shouts of the crowd which was thronging the entrances to the
Circus.
Then he laid his hand on Ebba’s arm. She started, and turned round
—
“Is it possible!” she exclaimed; “but do not speak to me, dear
master.”
“Speak! yes, I must speak, and learn whence you came, and who
has brought you hither.”
“Nay, not here, not here; it is dangerous for you and me here.”
“Come on, my daughter,” moaned old Ezra, “come on, nor delay, for
this is no place for us. Young man, what is your business?”
“I will come, father,” said Anna, “I will come. I would you had
heeded me, and never come near the race.”
“Ah, but I furnished the harness—the gold—for the chariot of
Cassianus, and now”——
“Hush, I pray you, father,” Anna whispered. “We are watched.” Then
turning to Casca, she said—
“To-morrow, at dawn, near the fountain of Egeria, that is near to the
temple of Vesta, to-morrow.”
And then Anna hurried on, and Casca was accosted by a man.
“Do you know the woman and the old man?”
Casca shook his head. “The old man is a stranger to me, but not the
woman,” was the rejoinder.
“I would have you beware, Casca, the son of Severus: that woman is
one of the Christians, though she lives with an old Jew, a dealer in
precious stones and pearls, a charlatan and sorcerer. Beware!”
“I know not,” said Casca, with some dignity, “why you should issue
these commands against me.”
“I have the best reason. I have to-day, by the special messenger
from Verulam, received commands from your father, the noble
Severus, that you are to be committed to my care till you come to
man’s estate. I went to seek you at the house of Clœlia Pudentia,
and she bade me seek you at the schools, and thence again I was
sent to the Circus Maximus. Return with me and watch the race out.”
“Nay!” Casca said, “I have had quite enough of the race.”
“You will prefer the Coliseum to-morrow,” the man said, with a
malignant smile. “There is fine sport coming on there, to which I bid
you. But you must see my credentials for thus accosting you. If you
will not return to the Circus, accompany me to my house at the foot
of the Quirinal Hill, and I will lay before you your father’s letter.
Surely you have heard my name—Antonius Scæva—I hold a high
office in the Emperor’s household. I am as well known as the
Palatine,” he said, with a cynical smile.
Casca accompanied his new companion rather reluctantly, and
listened to his somewhat bombastic talk with disgust.
He would greatly have preferred remaining with Clœlia, in the quiet
retirement of her humble home. He dreaded the return to the life
that he had led at Verulam, and yet the commands of his father, he
knew too well, could not be set aside, and he had no alternative but
to obey.
Antonius’s house was one of the most magnificent in the valley
below the Quirinal and Esquiline Hills.
Besides the spacious atrium, or large outer court, there was a third
large peristyle, from which immense apartments opened, furnished
in the most magnificent style. There were carpets from Eastern
looms, and many coloured curtains of purple and gold embroidery,
from Babylon. Curious carving in ivory and metal were on every side;
and Antonius said, as he led Casca to one of the most magnificent
chambers—
“Well, there is no great hardship in taking up your abode with me.
The emperor himself is pleased to frequent this house, and we are
ready with a banquet for him at any moment. A penalty, you may
say, to pay for imperial favour. Now we will take that couch and
throw aside these parchments, and have a light repast.”
Antonius clapped his hands, and as if by magic a retinue of slaves
appeared, bearing all kinds of refreshments, in silver and gold cups
and flagons, with dishes of all the viands then most in favour with
the luxurious Romans, the degenerate representatives of the noble
and hardy race which had laid the foundation of the great empire,
even now hastening to its fall!
Antonius led the usual life of the Roman nobles of that time. He
lounged, drank, and played for high stakes at the gaming-tables at
the baths. He sauntered into the Forum, and listened to some
favourite orator, or later in the day he attended the Court, and either
drove in his gaily-decorated chariot, or sauntered in the gardens
where the beauty and fashion of Rome resorted. Then he would bid
guests to his supper, who were never unwilling to respond to his
invitation, for his board was always spread with sumptuous fare, and
the emperor himself was frequently announced by heralds as
deigning to confer the favour of his presence upon Antonius.
When Antonius had dismissed the slaves and attendants, he said—
“Here is your father’s letter. He begs me to make a Roman of you,
and mentions that by reason of robbers by land, and pirates by sea,
you had arrived in a sorry plight. You can be equipped by my people
in native attire, and it is time that you left off that prætexta, if your
father’s version of your age be true—near fifteen. He says, and truly,
that you are small and slender, and a contrast to him in all things.
He does not think you will make a soldier.”
Antonius laughed. “And I agree with him; we must turn you into a
Roman, befitting in manners and appearance your high rank. You
have a sister a vestal, I hear.”
“Yes, a young sister received as a disciple,” Casca said.
“A vestal’s brother must needs be careful to do her honour, and you
must submit yourself to the hands of my dresser, and acquire some
accomplishment, play on some instrument, as well as play high at
other games. The Emperor may look kindly on you, and I will get
you a place in his household.”
Then Antonius yawned, and lazily stretching himself on his luxurious
couch, leaned over a few parchments and made a cabalistic sign on
one or two, and then settled himself to his siesta.
Meantime Casca was reading his father’s letter, which Antonius had
tossed to him, and there was also a short one addressed to himself.
He knew already the contents of that written to Antonius, but
Severus’s counsel to his young son may bear to be transcribed here
as a specimen of paternal counsel in those days of Roman decline.
“Severus, pro-consul at Verulam, to my son Casca, greeting.
“My son,—News has reached me of your disasters by sea and land
on your journey towards Rome. This will reach you by the hand of
the noble Antonius, who will by his goodness receive you into his
household, to prepare you to take office in that of the Emperor
himself. You refused the study of arms, to my great disquiet,
therefore you must now study diligently to shape your manners after
those of the young nobles at Rome. You must learn to sing, game,
and become an adept on some instrument of music. You must study
dress and deportment, and lie as occasion requires, when the
flattery of your superiors demand it. My office in this distant
province, amidst these barbarous tribes, has obliged me to live the
life of the soldier only. You refused that life, therefore you must
cultivate that of the courtier.
“Have no more intercourse with the woman at whose house you
lodged. I have directed that gold should be given her. Her son Caius
did his part well, but, alas for Burrhus and his maniple! they are
prisoners and slaves, and we doubt if a ransom would avail if
offered. We must leave them to the gods.
“I have received news also from my noble kinswoman Terentia
Rufilla, that my daughter finds favour in her eyes, and that her
beauty and wisdom are far beyond her years.
“Her mother and yours sends greeting. Beware of the vile reptiles
calling themselves Christians; it is told me that they swarm in Rome
like ants. Here in Verulam we have done good work amongst them,
and thanks are due to Valens and Claudius, who crushed out a
goodly number in the forest beyond Radburn. The chief Amphibalus
was done to death by stoning, and when the cell was opened on the
morning after his execution, to our great astonishment the woman
Agatha and the miserable slave Ebba were found dead.
“Claudius lighted a pyre at once and the bodies were burned to
ashes, before we knew we were saved the trouble of roasting them
alive. We had been counselled to try burning, as execution by the
sword, and even stoning, bore small fruit. Again, I say, beware of
the Christians as of lepers and the plague.
“Vale!”
Neither of these letters was in the hand of Severus, who could wield
the sword and battle-axe, but hardly a pen. They were written on
the parchment roll in a clear hand by the man who fulfilled an office
which we should call that of secretary to the Governor’s court.
As Casca read this letter, his face betrayed surprise and emotion,
which Antonius, lying back with half-closed eyes, was not slow to
discern.
“I crave leave,” Casca said, “to return whence I came till the
morrow. I have books and parchments which I must have carried
hither, and I must see good Clœlia, the mother of Caius, and take
leave of her.”
“Well, be it so,” was Antonius’s reply, in a lazy tone. “Meet me in the
Coliseum to-morrow, when there will be some sport with thy father’s
enemies, the Christians. By Jove!” Antonius said, “I care not whether
they live or die, though we should miss some sport if there were no
more to be thrown to the beasts. Vale! Vale!” he exclaimed, waving
his hand, and leaving Casca free to depart.
CHAPTER IX.
DAYSPRING.
Clœlia received the news of Casca’s immediate departure with that

self-repression which at the time of greatest trial characterised the
old Roman matron.
The inevitable was accepted, and she merely said—
“It was but likely that your noble father should desire to place you
amongst the nobles, but you depart to scenes of license, I fear, and
to see the hunt after pleasure put before honour and the welfare of
Rome. It was not always thus. There were times when the sons of
our great city strove after all those gifts which should make them
her worthy protectors and defenders. They call Rome now the
mistress of the world, but her children have grown weak since the
arms of their great mother have embraced so many strangers and
aliens. I would, my son Casca, that you were to be committed to one
even of less exalted rank than Antonius, who, if report speaks truly,
lives the life of luxury and ease which is as a canker-worm at the
root of the gourd.”
Casca’s tender, gentle spirit was touched at the emotion which
Clœlia could not entirely hide under her quiet calm manner.
“I would that I could stay with you, dear Clœlia,” said the boy. “I am
not fitted for the life to which I go.”
“There is no choice for us; a son must obey his father; and it may be
that in some time of need the mother of Caius may stand you in
good stead, as once the son did, when he rescued you and your
sister from the pursuing sea-robbers and brought you safe into port.
If the time ever comes when you need Clœlia, she will not fail you.”
Clœlia embraced Casca affectionately as she spoke, and then she
bestirred herself to prepare the evening meal, which they were to
eat together for the last time.
Casca thought it wisest to keep the appointment with Ebba to
himself. He intended to leave the house long before dawn, and to
return to make final arrangements for his departure later in the day.
The strange announcement in his father’s letter of the death of both
Agatha and Ebba seemed a mystery he could not unravel. He knew
nothing of Agatha, nor could he believe that it was Ebba who was
with her in a cell at Radburn, and that both women should be found
dead when the prison door was opened.
Certain it was, however, that he had seen Ebba at the Circus—he felt
sure he could not be mistaken. She knew him, and addressed him as
“Master,” and he wanted no further proof.
How she came to Rome, and why she was with the old Jew, he
could not understand, and he was anxious for the meeting at the
fountain of Egeria, below the Cælian Hill.
It was quite dark when Casca left Clœlia’s house the next morning,
except, indeed, for the light of the stars, which had not yet begun to
fade before the dawn.
When the boy reached the deserted and silent Forum, faint streaks
of the coming day were just enough to show the outline of the
columns which supported the façade of the temples, and the statues
which surrounded the pillars.
There were a good many sleepers about the steps of the temple and
plinths of the statues. The outside garment or toga was rolled up for
a pillow, and the poor Roman citizens, who lived, for the most part,
desultory lives out of doors, and earned a scanty pittance by helping
to unlade the mules which came in from the country to supply fruit
and milk and vegetables to the city, never desired easier or more
luxurious couches! Then Casca threaded his way cautiously along till
he took the narrow path which wound by the temple of Vesta to the
Cælian Hill. In the hush before the dawn every sound was distinctly
heard—the ripple of running waters—the low splash of fountains—
the fall of solitary footsteps. Once there was the sound of a band of
revellers, who were returning to one of the palaces in the Palatine,
after a night of wild bacchanalian license. The noise grew nearer,
passed below the place where Casca stood, and then grew fainter
and fainter, and died away in the distance. Then there was a low
sullen roar, which was often heard in the stillness of a Roman night—
the lions roaring at daybreak for their prey, the food which would be
supplied to them in the arena before sunset, when the Christians
who might have been in captivity in some of the adjoining cells
would be brought out to die!
Casca pursued his way, leaving the temple of Vesta behind him,
pausing every now and then to look back at the place where his little
sister was one day to minister, to keep the sacred fire burning, for
the safety and welfare of the Roman people all over the world.
The boy’s heart went out in loving tenderness towards Hyacintha,
and he longed for one hour of free intercourse, such as they used to
have in the villa of Severus, in Verulam.
The footpath between the gardens was very narrow, and wound in
and out, till the summit of the Cælian Hill was reached. Here Casca
paused again, and was soon conscious that a figure clothed in a long
dark stole and hood was seated on a fragment of stone waiting for
him. It was, indeed, Ebba, the Christian Anna, who advanced to him,
saying—
“Dear master, the son of my lord the noble Severus, I greet you with
humble affection. I have been yearning to see you, for I knew that
you were in Rome, and I have watched and waited, and now you are
here!”
“Good Ebba,” exclaimed Casca, “I am right glad to find you here. But
tell me how it has come about.”
“I was delivered from death by Claudius, your noble-hearted friend,
who bade me see my dear young mistress, and tell her that he had
fulfilled his vow. But I have never dared to present myself at the
temple, or the house of the vestals, for I might perchance bring
trouble upon my dear young mistress, for I am a baptised Christian.”
Casca started back—
“A Christian!” he exclaimed. “There is greater peril here than in
Verulam. There is a fresh outbreak of persecution, and a number are
to be thrown to the beasts this very day.”
“I know it,” Anna said, in a firm voice. “The life that my Lord has
given back to me I will guard, nor rashly deliver myself up. But, oh!
my young master, why will you not accept the cross and bear it after
Jesus?
“He is rising over the world,” Anna continued, “like yonder light,
which proclaims the near approach of the sun. He is coming to flood
this sinful world with righteousness, even as the golden flood of
sunrise is bathing the Alban Hills.” As she spoke, she pointed with
her hand to the scene stretched out before them, as they stood
under the shadow of the ilex trees, and looked down upon the
prospect, which lay like a vision of beauty, rather than a reality of
this lower world, in all its loveliness. For one by one the peaks of the
Alban Hills rose from the plain, and a rosy flush touched the highest
of all, where the old temple of Jupiter once stood, the common
meeting-place and shrine of the early Latin race. Soon the
Campagna smiled in the early level rays of the sun, and everything
became imbued with life!
Casca was strangely moved as Anna said—
“Here, or at Verulam in the caves, or in the forests of Britain, the
Lord is the light. Oh! my noble Casca, I pray you bathe your soul in
His light, and you will have peace and joy in His presence!”
Casca folded his arms and looked out upon the shining landscape,
wondering much that the slave-girl should have become a woman
on whose face was written a high and noble resolve, the outcome of
the reality and fervour of her faith.
“Yes!” she continued, “I am now living in the Jews’ quarter, on the
slope of the hill. I hear from them the words of their prophets and
sibyls, and I know that these foretold the coming of the Saviour of
the world. They did not know Him, and he was nailed to the cross,
like a malefactor, by the Roman Governor’s order, in the province of
Judæa. The Jews clamoured for His life, as the Romans clamour for
the lives of the Christians. And He laid it down, to take it again,
dying for Roman and Greek, Jew and Christian, Briton and Druid,
alike.”
“I would I could believe,” Casca sighed, “for there is a hunger of the
soul nothing can satisfy. But, Anna, this may be a fable or a
phantom, this Christ of whom you speak.”
“Nay, dear master, He is no fable and no phantom. He lives in us and
we live in Him. But——”
She broke off suddenly, for two figures clothed in the purest white
garments were seen ascending the hill with light, agile steps. The
taller of the two bore a pitcher on her head, with the grace with
which only the women of Italy know how to carry a burden. Her
young companion had no burden. She had gathered a large bunch
of the pale violet anemone which carpets the turf in every Roman
garden in spring, and had fastened it under the fillet with which her
short shining curls were bound.
“Two vestals!” Casca said, springing to his feet. “The younger one is
—yes, surely it is—Hyacintha!”
In another moment the brother and sister stood face to face.
Hyacintha gave him a rapturous greeting.
“Chloe!” she exclaimed, “this is my brother Casca.”
Chloe, who had set down her pitcher, smiled pleasantly. And then,
with a wild cry of joy, Hyacintha discovered that Anna, her Ebba of
other times, was with her brother.
“We have come to draw the water from the spring,” she exclaimed;
“little did I think I should find you here. Oh, Ebba, tell me how you
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