Array

 Collection of similar types of data items stored at contiguous memory

locations.
 Considered as derived data type.
 Simplest data structure where each data element can be randomly
accessed by using its index number.

 Example: To store the marks in 10 subjects, need not define different

variables
 Define an array to store the marks in each subject
 The array marks[10] defines the marks of the student in 10 different
subjects
 Properties of the Array
 Each element of array are same data type and carries a same size i.e.
int = 4 bytes
 Elements of the array are stored at contiguous memory locations
 Elements of the array can be randomly accessed since the address of
each element of the array is calculated with the given base address and
the size of data element
 Example, in C language, the syntax of declaring an array:
 int iarr[10];
 char carr[10];
 float farr[5]
 Need of using Array
 Require to store a large number of data of similar type.
 To store such amount of data, large number of variables need to be defined
 It would be very difficult to remember names of all the variables while
writing the programs
 Instead of naming all the variables with a different name, it is better to define
an array and store all the elements into it.
 Program
 Program without array:  Program by using array:

#include <stdio.h> #include <stdio.h>

int main () {
void main () {
int marks[6] = {56, 78, 88, 76, 56, 89};
int marks_1 = 56, marks_2 = 78, marks_3 = 88,
int i;
marks_4 = 76, marks_5 = 56, marks_6 = 89;
float avg;
float avg = (marks_1 + marks_2 + marks_3 +
for (i=0; i<6; i++ ) {
marks_4 + marks_5 +marks_6) / 6.0 ;
avg = avg + marks[i];
printf(“%f”, avg);
}
} avg = avg/6.0;
printf(“%f”, avg);
return 0;
}
 Advantages of Array
 Array provides the single name for the group of variables of the same type

 Easy to remember the name of all the elements of an array

 Traversing an array is a very simple process

 Any element in the array can be directly accessed by using the index.
 Memory Allocation of the Array
 All the data elements of an array are stored at contiguous locations in the main
memory
 Name of the array represents the base address or the address of first element in the
main memory
 Each element of the array is represented by a proper indexing
 Accessing Elements of an Array
 To access any random element of an array it needs the following information:
 Base Address of the array.
 Size of an element in bytes.

 Address of any element of a 1D array can be calculated by using the following

formula:
 Byte address of element A[i] = base address + size * ( i - first index)

 Example: In an array, A[-10 ..... +2 ], Base address (BA) = 1001, size of an

element = 2 bytes, find the location of A[-1].
L(A[-1]) = 1001 + [(-1) - (-10)] × 2
= 1001 + 18
= 1019
 Program
Function to reverse an array
void rvereseArray(int arr[], int start, int end) {
int temp;
while (start < end) {
temp = arr[start];
arr[start] = arr[end];
arr[end] = temp;
start++;
end--;
}
}
Input : arr[] = {4, 5, 1, 2}
Output : arr[] = {2, 1, 5, 4}
 Program
Move all zeroes to the end of array

void moveZerosToEnd(int arr[], int n) { void pushZerosToEnd(int arr[], int n) {

// Count of non-zero elements // Count of non-zero elements
int count = 0; int count = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
if (arr[i] != 0) if (arr[i] != 0)
swap(arr[count++], arr[i]); arr[count++] = arr[i];
} while (count < n)
Input : arr[] = {1, 2, 0, 0, 0, 3, 6} arr[count++] = 0;
Output : 1 2 3 6 0 0 0 }
Input : arr[] = {1, 2, 0, 0, 0, 3, 6}
Output : arr[] = {1, 2, 3, 6, 0, 0, 0}
 Program
Rearrange array such that even index elements are smaller and odd index
elements are greater
void rearrange(int arr[], int n) {
for (int i = 0; i < n - 1; i++) {
if (i % 2 == 0 && arr[i] > arr[i + 1])
swap(arr[i], arr[i + 1]);
if (i % 2 != 0 && arr[i] < arr[i + 1])
swap(arr[i], arr[i + 1]);
}
}
Input :arr[] = {6, 4, 2, 1, 8, 3}
Output :arr[] = {4, 6, 1, 8, 2, 3}
 Program
Given an array of integers, update every element with multiplication of previous
and next elements with following exceptions.
a) First element is replaced by multiplication of first and second.
b) Last element is replaced by multiplication of last and second last.

Example:
void modify(int arr[], int n) {
Input: arr[] = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
if (n <= 1) return;
int prev = arr[0]; Output: arr[] = {6, 8, 15, 24, 30}
arr[0] = arr[0] * arr[1]; arr[] = {2*3, 2*4, 3*5, 4*6, 5*6}
for (int i=1; i<n-1; i++) {
int curr = arr[i];
arr[i] = prev * arr[i+1];
prev = curr;
}
arr[n-1] = prev * arr[n-1];
}
 Program Input: arr[] = {10, 4, 3, 50, 23, 90}
Output: 90, 50, 23
Find the three largest elements in an array

void print3largest(int arr[], int size) { else if (arr[i] > second) {

int i, first, second, third; third = second;
if (size < 3) { second = arr[i];
printf(" Invalid Input "); }
return; else if (arr[i] > third)
} third = arr[i];
third = first = second = INT_MIN; }
for (i = 0; i < size ; i ++) { printf("Three largest elements are %d
if (arr[i] > first) { %d %d\n", first, second, third);
third = second; }
second = first;
first = arr[i];
}
 Program
Find minimum difference between any two elements in a given array

int findMinDiff(int arr[], int n) {

Example:
int diff = INT_MAX;
Input : {1, 5, 3, 19, 18, 25};
for (int i=0; i<n-1; i++)
for (int j=i+1; j<n; j++) Output : 1
if (abs(arr[i] - arr[j]) < diff) Minimum difference is between 18 and 19
diff = abs(arr[i] - arr[j]);
printf("%d", diff); Input : {30, 5, 20, 9};
} Output : 4
Minimum difference is between 5 and 9
 Memory layout of multi-
dimensional arrays
 What memory layout to use for storing the data, and
 How to access such data in the most efficient manner

 Computer memory is inherently linear: A one-dimensional structure, mapping

multi-dimensional data on it can be done in several ways.
 Programmer notation for matrices: rows and columns start with zero, at the top-
left corner of the matrix.
 Row indices go over rows from top to bottom
 column indices go over columns from left to right
 Memory layout of multi-
dimensional arrays
 Row-major
Pputs the first row in contiguous memory, then the second row right after it,
then the third, and so on.
 In row-major layout, column indices change faster.

 Column-major
 puts the first column in contiguous memory, then the second, etc.
 In column-major layout, row indices change faster.
 Calculate Memory Addresses in
2D-Arrays
 The 2-dimensional arrays are stored as 1-dimensional arrays in the computer’s
memory.
 There are two ways to achieve this:
 Row-major Implementation
 Column-major Implementation
 Calculate Memory Addresses in
2D-Arrays
 The 2-dimensional arrays are stored as 1-dimensional arrays in the computer’s
memory.
 There are two ways to achieve this:
 Row-major Implementation
 Column-major Implementation
 Calculate Memory Addresses in
2D-Arrays
 Address of [I, J]th element in row-major = B + W[C(I – Lr) + (J – Lc)]

 Address of [I, J]th element in column-major = B + W[R(J – Lc) + (I – Lr)]

 Note that:
 B is the base address (address of the first block in the array).
 W is the width in bytes (size in bytes for each element in the array).
 Lr is the index of the first row.
 Lc is the index of the first column.
 R is the total number of rows.
 C is the total number of columns.
 Problem
Each element of an array arr[15][20] requires ‘W’ bytes of storage. If the
address of arr[6][8] is 4440 and the base address at arr[1][1] is 4000, find the
width ‘W’ of each cell in the array arr[][] when the array is stored as column
major wise.

Address of [I, J]th element in column-major = B + W[R(J – Lc) + (I – Lr)]

4440 = 4000 + W[15(8 – 1) + (6 – 1)]
4440 = 4000 + W[15(7) + 5]
4440 = 4000 + W[105 + 5]
4440 = 4000 + W[110]
W[110] = 440
W=4
 Problem
A matrix ARR[-4…6, 3…8] is stored in the memory with each element
requiring 4 bytes of storage. If the base address is 1430, find the address of
ARR[3][6] when the matrix is stored in Row Major Wise.

Number of columns, C = 8 – 3 + 1 = 6.
Address of [I, J]th element in row-major = B + W[C(I – Lr) + (J – Lc)]
Address of ARR[3][6] = 1430 + 4[6(3 – (-4)) + (6 – 3)]
Address of ARR[3][6] = 1430 + 4[6(3 + 4) + 3]
Address of ARR[3][6] = 1430 + 4[6(7) + 3]
Address of ARR[3][6] = 1430 + 4[42 + 3]
Address of ARR[3][6] = 1430 + 4[45]
Address of ARR[3][6] = 1430 + 180
Address of ARR[3][6] = 1610
 Problem
A matrix A[m][m] is stored in the memory with each element requiring 4
bytes of storage. If the base address at A[1][1] is 1500 and the address of
A[4][5] is 1608, determine the order of the matrix when it is stored in Column
Major Wise.

Address of [I, J]th element in column-major = B + W[R(J – Lc) + (I – Lr)]

1608 = 1500 + 4[m(5 – 1) + (4 – 1)]
1608 = 1500 + 4[m(4) + 3]
1608 = 1500 + 16m + 12
1608 = 1512 + 16m
16m = 96
m=6
 Problem
A matrix P[15][10] is stored with each element requiring 8 bytes of storage. If
the base address at P[0][0] is 1400, determine the address at P[10][7] when the
matrix is stored in Row Major Wise.

Address of [I, J]th element in row-major = B + W[C(I – Lr) + (J – Lc)]

Address at P[10][7] = 1400 + 8[10(10 – 0) + (7 – 0)]
Address at P[10][7] = 1400 + 8[10(10) + 7]
Address at P[10][7] = 1400 + 8[100 + 7]
Address at P[10][7] = 1400 + 8[107]
Address at P[10][7] = 1400 + 856
Address at P[10][7] = 2256
 Problem
A matrix A[m][n] is stored with each element requiring 4 bytes of storage. If
the base address at A[1][1] is 1500 and the address at A[4][5] is 1608,
determine the number of rows of the matrix when the matrix is stored in
Column Major Wise.

Address of [I, J]th element in column-major = B + W[R(J – Lc) + (I – Lr)]

1608 = 1500 + 4[R(5 – 1) + (4 – 1)]
1608 = 1500 + 4[4R + 3]
1608 = 1500 + 16R + 12
1608 = 1512 + 16R
16R = 96
R=6
 Problem
The array D[-2…10][3…8] contains double type elements. If the base address
is 4110, find the address of D[4][5], when the array is stored in Column Major
Wise.

Number of rows, R = 10 – (-2) + 1 = 13.

Address of [I, J]th element in column-major = B + W[R(J – Lc) + (I – Lr)]
Address of D[4][5] = 4110 + 8[13(5 – 3) + (4 – (-2))]
Address of D[4][5] = 4110 + 8[13(2) + (4 + 2)]
Address of D[4][5] = 4110 + 8[26 + 6]
Address of D[4][5] = 4110 + 8[32]
Address of D[4][5] = 4110 + 256
Address of D[4][5] = 4366
 Problem
An array AR[-4 … 6, -2 … 12], stores elements in Row Major Wise, with the
address AR[2][3] as 4142. If each element requires 2 bytes of storage, find the
Base address.

Number of columns, C = 12 – (-2) + 1 = 12 + 2 + 1 = 15.

Address of [I, J]th element in row-major = B + W[C(I – Lr) + (J – Lc)]
4142 = B + 2[15(2 – (-4)) + (3 – (-2))]
4142 = B + 2[15(2 + 4) + (3 + 2)]
4142 = B + 2[15(6) + 5]
4142 = B + 2[90 + 5]
4142 = B + 2[95]
4142 = B + 190
B = 3952
 Problem
A square matrix M[][] of size 10 is stored in the memory with each element
requiring 4 bytes of storage. If the base address at M[0][0] is 1840, determine
the address at M[4][8] when the matrix is stored in Row Major Wise.

Address of [I, J]th element in row-major = B + W[C(I – Lr) + (J – Lc)]

Address at M[4][8] = 1840 + 4[10(4 – 0) + (8 – 0)]
Address at M[4][8] = 1840 + 4[10(4) + 8]
Address at M[4][8] = 1840 + 4[40 + 8]
Address at M[4][8] = 1840 + 4[48]
Address at M[4][8] = 1840 + 192
Address at M[4][8] = 2032
 Problem
A matrix B[10][7] is stored in the memory with each element requiring 2
bytes of storage. If the base address at B[x][1] is 1012 and the address at
B[7][3] is 1060, determine the value ‘x’ where the matrix is stored in Column
Major Wise.

Address of [I, J]th element in column-major = B + W[R(J – Lc) + (I – Lr)]

1060 = 1012 + 2[10(3 – 1) + (7 – x)]
1060 = 1012 + 2[10(2) + 7 – x]
1060 = 1012 + 2[20 + 7 – x]
1060 = 1012 + 2[27 – x]
1060 = 1012 + 54 – 2x
1060 = 1066 – 2x
-2x = -6
x=3
 Problem
A square matrix A [m × m] is stored in the memory with each element
requiring 2 bytes of storage. If the base address at A[1][1] is 1098 and the
address at A[4][5] is 1144, determine the order of the matrix A[m × m] when
the matrix is stored in Column Major Wise.

Address of [I, J]th element in column-major = B + W[R(J – Lc) + (I – Lr)]

1144 = 1098 + 2[m(5 – 1) + (4 – 1)]
1144 = 1098 + 2[m(4) + 3]
1144 = 1098 + 8m + 6
1144 = 1104 + 8m
8m = 40
m=5
 Problem
A character array B[7][6] has a base address 1046 at 0, 0. Calculate the
address at B[2][3] if the array is stored in Column Major Wise. Each
character requires 2 bytes of storage.

Address of [I, J]th element in column-major = B + W[R(J – Lc) + (I – Lr)]

Address at B[2][3] = 1046 + 2[7(3 – 0) + (2 – 0)]
Address at B[2][3] = 1046 + 2[7(3) + 2]
Address at B[2][3] = 1046 + 2[21 + 2]
Address at B[2][3] = 1046 + 2[23]
Address at B[2][3] = 1046 + 46
Address at B[2][3] = 1092
 Problem
Each element of an array A[20][10] requires 2 bytes of storage. If the address
of A[6][8] is 4000, find the base address at A[0][0] when the array is stored in
Row Major Wise.

Address of [I, J]th element in row-major = B + W[C(I – Lr) + (J – Lc)]

4000 = B + 2[10(6 – 0) + (8 – 0)]
4000 = B + 2[10(6) + 8]
4000 = B + 2[60 + 8]
4000 = B + 2[68]
4000 = B + 136
B = 3864
 Problem
A two-dimensional array defined as X[3…6, -2…2] requires 2 bytes of storage
space for each element. If the array is stored in Row Major Wise order,
determine the address of X[5][1], given the base address as 1200.

Number of columns, C = 2 – (-2) + 1 = 5.

Address of [I, J]th element in row-major = B + W[C(I – Lr) + (J – Lc)]
Address of X[5][1] = 1200 + 2[5(5 – 3) + (1 – (-2))]
Address of X[5][1] = 1200 + 2[5(2) + (3)]
Address of X[5][1] = 1200 + 2[13]
Address of X[5][1] = 1200 + 26
Address of X[5][1] = 1226
 Program
Interchange any two Rows &
Columns in the given Matrix

void interchangerow(mat[][n], col) { void interchangecol(mat[][n], row) {

scanf("%d %d", &r1, &r2); scanf("%d %d", &c1, &c2);
for (i = 0; i < col; ++i) { for (i = 0; i < row; ++i) {
/* first row has index is 0 */ /* first column index is 0 */
temp = mat[r1 - 1][i]; temp = mat[i][c1 - 1];
mat[r1 - 1][i] = mat[r2 - 1][i]; mat[i][c1 - 1] = mat[i][c2 - 1];
mat[r2 - 1][i] = temp; mat[i][c2 - 1] = temp;
} }
} }
 Program
Sort Rows of the Matrix in
Ascending & Columns in
Descending Order

Arranging rows in ascending order Arranging the columns in descending order

for (i = 0; i < m; ++i) for (j = 0; j < n; ++j)
for (j = 0; j < n; ++j) for (i = 0; i < m; ++i)
for (k =(j + 1); k < n; ++k) for (k = i + 1; k < m; ++k)
if (mat[i][j] > mat[i][k]) { if (mat[i][j] < mat[k][j]) {
tmp = mat[i][j]; tmp = mat[i][j];
mat[i][j] = mat[i][k]; mat[i][j] = mat[k][j];
mat[i][k] = tmp; mat[k][j] = tmp;
} }
 Pointer to Array
 Pointer to an array is also known as array pointer.
 Using the pointer the elements of the array are accessed.
 Example:
int arr[3] = {30, 40, 50};
int *ptr = arr;
 pointer ptr that holds address of 0th element of the array.
 Likewise, it can be declared a pointer that can point to whole array rather than
just a single element of the array.
 Syntax:
data type (*var name)[size of array];
 Declaration of the pointer to an array:
int (* ptr)[5] = NULL; // pointer to an array of five numbers
 subscript has higher priority than indirection
 Pointer to Array
Example:
Output:
// C program to demonstrate pointer to an array.
10
20
#include <stdio.h>
30
int main() {
40
// Pointer to an array of five numbers
50
int(*ptr)[5];
int arr[5] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
int i = 0;
// Points to the whole array b
ptr = &arr;
for (i = 0; i < 5; i++)
printf("%d\n", *(*ptr + i));
return 0;
}
 Pointer to Array
// C program to understand difference between Output:
// pointer to an integer and pointer to an p = 0x7fff4f32fd50, ptr = 0x7fff4f32fd50
// array of integers. p = 0x7fff4f32fd54, ptr = 0x7fff4f32fd64
#include<stdio.h>
int main() {  p: is pointer to 0th element of the array
int *p; // Pointer to an integer arr
int (*ptr)[5]; // Pointer to an array of 5 integers  ptr is a pointer that points to the whole
int arr[5]; array arr.
p = arr; // Points to 0th element of the arr.  base type of p is int
ptr = &arr; // Points to the whole array arr.  base type of ptr is ‘an array of 5
printf("p = %p, ptr = %p\n", p, ptr); integers’.
p++; ptr++;  pointer arithmetic is performed relative
printf("p = %p, ptr = %p\n", p, ptr); to the base size,
return 0;  ptr++, the pointer ptr will be shifted
} forward by 20 bytes.
 Pointer to Array
// C program to illustrate sizes of Output:
// pointer of array p = 0x7ffde1ee5010, ptr =
#include<stdio.h> 0x7ffde1ee5010
int main() { *p = 30, *ptr = 0x7ffde1ee5010
int arr[] = { 30, 50, 60, 70, 90 }; sizeof(p) = 8, sizeof(*p) = 4
int *p = arr; sizeof(ptr) = 8, sizeof(*ptr) = 20
int (*ptr)[5] = &arr;
printf("p = %p, ptr = %p\n", p, ptr);
printf("*p = %d, *ptr = %p\n", *p, *ptr);
printf("sizeof(p) = %lu, sizeof(*p) = %lu\n",
sizeof(p), sizeof(*p));
printf("sizeof(ptr) = %lu, sizeof(*ptr) = %lu\n",
sizeof(ptr), sizeof(*ptr));
return 0;
}
 Pointers and 2-D Arrays
 Access each element by using two subscripts
 First subscript represents the row number and
 Second subscript represents the column number
 The elements of 2-D array can be accessed with the help of pointer notation
also
 Suppose arr is a 2-D array, can access any element arr[i][j] of the array using
the pointer expression *(*(arr + i) + j)
 Pointers and 2-D Arrays
 int arr[3][4] = { {1, 2, 3, 4}, {5, 6, 7, 8}, {9, 10, 11, 12} };

 Memory in a computer is organized linearly

 Not possible to store the 2-D array in rows and columns
 The concept of rows and columns is only theoretical
 Actually, a 2-D array is stored in row-major order i.e. rows
are placed next to each other
 Pointers and 2-D Arrays
 Each row can be considered as a 1-D array
 A two-dimensional array can be considered as an array of
one-dimensional arrays
 arr is an array of 3 elements where each element is a 1-D
array of 4 integers
 Name of an array is a constant pointer that points to 0th 1-D
array and contains address 5000
 Since arr is a ‘pointer to an array of 4 integers’,
 according to pointer arithmetic the expression arr + 1 will
represent the address 5016 and
 expression arr + 2 will represent address 5032.
 arr points to the 0th 1-D array, arr + 1 points to the 1st 1-D
array and arr + 2 points to the 2nd 1-D array
 Pointers and 2-D Arrays
In general:
 arr + i points to ith element of arr
 on dereferencing, it will get ith element of arr which is of course a 1-D array
 expression *(arr + i) gives the base address of ith 1-D array
 pointer expression *(arr + i) is equivalent to the subscript expression arr[i]
 So, *(arr + i) which is same as arr[i] gives us the base address of ith 1-D array
 Pointers and 2-D Arrays
In general:
th th
 *(arr + i) - arr[i] - Base address of i 1-D array -> Points to 0 element of ith

1-D array
 Both the expressions (arr + i) and *(arr + i) are pointers, but their base type are

different
 base type of (arr + i) is ‘an array of 4 elements’
 while the base type of *(arr + i) or arr[i] is int
 Pointers and 2-D Arrays
 To access an element of 2-D array, access any jth
element of ith 1-D array
 base type of *(arr + i) is int and it contains the
address of 0th element of ith 1-D array
 get the addresses of subsequent elements in the ith
1-D array by adding integer values to *(arr + i)
 Example:
 *(arr + i) + 1 will represent the address of 1st element
of ith 1-D array and
 *(arr+i)+2 will represent the address of 2nd element
of ith 1-D array
 *(arr + i) + j will represent the address of jth element
of ith 1-D array
 On dereferencing this expression, can get the jth
element of the ith 1-D array
 Pointers and 2-D Arrays
Print the values and address of elements of a 2-D array Output:
#include<stdio.h> Address of 0th array =
int main() { 0x7ffe50edd580 0x7ffe50edd580
int arr[3][4] = {{ 10, 11, 12, 13}, {20, 21, 22, 23}, 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 13
{30, 31, 32, 33} Address of 1th array =
}; 0x7ffe50edd590 0x7ffe50edd590
int i, j; 20 20 21 21 22 22 23 23
for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) { Address of 2th array =
printf("Address of %dth array = %p %p\n", 0x7ffe50edd5a0 0x7ffe50edd5a0
i, arr[i], *(arr + i)); 30 30 31 31 32 32 33 33
for (j = 0; j < 4; j++)
printf("%d %d ", arr[i][j], *(*(arr + i) + j));
printf("\n");
}
return 0;
}
 Array of pointers
 “Array of pointers” is an array of the pointer variables
 Also known as pointer arrays.
 Syntax:
 int *var_name[array_size];

 Declaration:
 int *ptr[3];
 Array of pointers
#include <stdio.h>
Output:
const int SIZE = 3;
Value of arr[0] = 10
int main() {
Value of arr[1] = 20
int arr[] = { 10, 20, 30 };
Value of arr[2] = 30
int i, *ptr[SIZE];
for (i = 0; i < SIZE; i++)
{
ptr[i] = &arr[i];
}
for (i = 0; i < SIZE; i++) {
printf("Value of arr[%d] = %d\n", i, *ptr[i]);
}
return 0;
}
 Array of pointers
#include <stdio.h>
Output:
const int size = 4;
Amit
int main() {
Amar
char* names[] = {
"Amit", Ankit
"Amar", Ashish
"Ankit",
"Ashish"
};
int i = 0;
for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
printf("%s\n", names[i]);
}
return 0;
}
 Pointer to Structure
 To access members of a structure using int main() {
pointers struct person *pPtr, p1;
 use the -> operator. pPtr = &p1;
printf("Enter age: ");
#include <stdio.h> scanf("%d", &pPtr->age);
struct person { printf("Enter weight: ");
int age; scanf("%f", &pPtr->wt);
float wt; printf("Displaying...\n");
}; printf("Age: %d\n", pPtr->age);
printf("Weight: %f", pPtr->wt);
return 0;
}