ELP332 ELECTRIC DRIVES LABORATORY

1st SEMESTER, JULY-DEC 2024

LABORATORY MANUAL

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

IIT DELHI
 Electrical Engineering Department
I.I.T DELHI
ELP332 Electric Drives Laboratory (1st Sem. 2024-25)
General Instructions on Experiments and Assessment
1. There are two cycles of experiments: each cycle is having five experiments.
2. Attendance in the laboratory is compulsory. If the experiment is not completed in the
allotted time, students may check up with the technician-in-charge of the laboratory to fix
up some mutually convenient extra time to complete the experiment.
3. Students should be aware of the power distribution system and also the emergency tripping
systems in the laboratory. Also they are advised to practice the safety lessons and first
aid required in emergency. All students shall wear only covered shoes while working
in the laboratory.
4. Students are supposed to carry out necessary tests to obtain the required performance of
the machine and also the parameters required for the experiments and computer simulation.
Before energizing any of the machines, students should get the connections checked by the
Faculty-In-Charge/Technician-In-Charge/Research Assistants available in the laboratory.
All the observations in the experiment including the readings and plots/graphs must be
shown to the Faculty-In-Charge/Research Assistants and their signature shall be obtained
in the observation sheets/graphs.
5. Students should submit the completed report of the previous experiment before starting of
the experiment during next turn. The report shall comprise of the objective, connection
diagrams, meter/machine details, observations and graphs/plots (in original signed by
Faculty-In-Charge/Research Assistants), calculations, results, and conclusions. One report
is sufficient for one experiment from a group. The students in a group shall write the reports
in rotation. In drawing connection diagrams, use scales (do not draw by hand).
6. The assessment of the student for grading will be based as follows:

• Lab reports in cycle 1 and 2 – 8*7.5 = 60 marks

• Viva – at the end of cycle 2 – 15 marks
• Lab exam – 20 marks
• Attendance marks – 5 marks (no repeat experiment, no buffer day experiment, non-
negotiable)
• Grading will be relative. Marks will not be normalized within a group, and it will be
according to performance in viva/lab exam.
• Attendance policy: As per institute rule.
 ELP332 Electric Drives Laboratory
Jul-Dec 2024

List of Experiments
Cycle 1
1. Performance study and measurement of a DC shunt motor during braking operation with the
following methods (a) Dynamic braking and (b) Plugging (reverse current braking).Conduct
suitable tests to get the parameters of the DC machine.
Simulate the braking performance of the DC shunt motor in a digital computer.

2. Performance study of Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) fed induction motor drive with constant
V/f operation. Study current and Voltage waveforms at the AC output at different speed of the
motor along with their harmonic spectrum. Conduct suitable tests to get the parameters of the
Induction motor.
Simulate the VSI fed Induction motor drive in a digital computer.

3. Performance study and measurement of a three phase induction motor during braking with the
following methods (a) Dynamic braking (b) Plugging and (c) Capacitor braking. Conduct suitable
tests to get the parameters of the Induction motor.
Simulate the starting performance of the Induction motor in a digital computer.

4. Performance study and measurement of a DC motor with single phase and three phase diode
bridge rectifier inputs. Study current and Voltage waveforms in the AC as well as DC side at
different load conditions along with their harmonic spectrum. Conduct suitable tests to get the
parameters of the DC machine.
Simulate the DC motor drive with single phase and three phase diode bridge rectifier inputs in a
digital computer.

5. Study of PMBLDC motor including converter, control, sensors etc. Measure parameters of the
motor and inductance for different position of rotor.
Cycle 2
6. Performance study of slip ring induction motor with rotor resistance control. Study the variation
of torque and speed of the induction motor with various values of resistance and series combination
of resistance and capacitance. Conduct suitable tests to get the parameters of the Induction motor.
Simulate the rotor resistance controlled induction motor drive in a digital computer.

7. Performance study and measurement of a three-phase induction motor during starting with the
following methods (a) Direct on-line start (b) Autotransformer start (c) Star-Delta starter. Conduct
suitable tests to get the parameters of the Induction motor.
Simulate the starting performance of the Induction motor in a digital computer.

8. Performance study of 3 phase PMSM at variable frequency with constant torque and constant
power operation. Study of PMSM drive including converter, control, sensors etc. Measure
parameters of the PMSM like resistance, back emf etc. Conduct tests at different speeds.
 Cycle 1
Experiment 1
Performance Study of a DC Shunt Motor during Braking Operation
Objective:
• Performance study and measurement of a DC shunt motor during braking operation
with the following methods (a) Dynamic braking and (b) Plugging (reverse current
braking).
• Conduct suitable tests to get the parameters of the DC machine.
• Simulate the braking performance of the DC shunt motor in a digital computer.

Apparatus Required:

S.No Apparatus Rating Quantity

1 DC Shunt motor
2 Braking Resistance
3 Ammeter
4 Voltmeter
5 Multi-meter
6 Tachometer
7 Rectifier
8 Single phase auto-transformer
9 Stop watch
10 DPDT Switch
11 Rheostat

Theory:

The braking of dc motor and its load can be done by using either (i) mechanical (friction)
braking or (ii) electric braking. In mechanical braking, the motor is stopped due to the friction
between the moving parts of the motor and the brake shoe i.e. kinetic energy of the motor is
dissipated as heat. Mechanical braking has several disadvantages including non-smooth stop and
greater stopping time.

In electric braking, the kinetic energy of the moving parts is converted into electrical energy
which is dissipated in a resistance as heat or alternatively, it is returned to the supply source. For
DC shunt as well as series motors, the following three methods of electric braking are normally
used:

(i) Rheostatic or Dynamic braking

(ii) Plugging
 (iii) Regenerative braking

(i) Rheostatic (or) Dynamic Braking: In this method, the armature of the running motor is
disconnected from the supply and is connected across a variable resistance Rb. However,
the field winding is left connected to the supply. The armature, while slowing down, rotates
in a strong magnetic field and, therefore, operates as a generator, sending a large current
through resistance Rb. This causes the energy possessed by the rotating armature to be
dissipated quickly as heat in the resistance. As a result, the motor is brought to standstill
quickly.
The braking torque can be controlled by varying the resistance Rb. If the value of
Rb is decreased as the motor speed decreases, the braking torque may be maintained at a
high value. At a low value of speed, the braking torque becomes small and the final
stopping of the motor is due to friction.

(ii) Plugging: In this method, connections to the armature are reversed so that motor tends to
rotate in the opposite direction, thus providing the necessary braking effect. When the
motor comes to rest, the supply must be cut off otherwise the motor will start rotating in
the opposite direction.

Note that armature connections are reversed while the connections of the field winding are
kept the same. As a result the current in the armature reverses. During the normal running
of the motor, the back e.m.f. Eb opposes the applied voltage V. However, when armature
connections are reversed, back e.m.f. Eb and V act in the same direction around the circuit.
Therefore, a voltage equal to V + Eb is impressed across the armature circuit. In order to
 limit the current to safe value, a variable resistance Rb is inserted in the circuit at the time
of changing armature connections.

(iii) Regenerative Braking: In the regenerative braking, the motor is run as a generator. Here
back e.m.f Eb becomes greater than the supply voltage. As a result, the kinetic energy of
the motor is converted into electrical energy and returned to the supply.

Circuit Diagrams:

1. Dynamic Braking:

+ _ _ 1 2 + _
A + _A A
+
Rext
220 V + Z A +
ZZ Rb
DC SUPPLY v V
- -
Shunt AA
_ Regulator

1' 2'
Fig 4. Circuit diagram for dynamic braking

2. Plugging:
 + _ _ 1 2 _
A + _A + A
+
Rext
220 V + Z ZZ A +
DC SUPPLY v
Rb
V _
- - 220 V
Shunt AA AC Supply
+
_ Regulator 1-Φ
Rectifier Variac
1' 2'
Fig 5. Circuit diagram for plugging

3. Swinburne’s Test:
+ _ + _
A _A
+
Rext
+ A
220 V Z ZZ
DC SUPPLY v
-
Shunt AA
_ Regulator

Fig 6. Circuit diagram for Swinburne’s Test

4. Armature Resistance & Inductance:

A
A
220 V
AC Supply
V
Single phase AA
Variac

Fig 7. Circuit diagram for finding armature inductance

Procedure:

(a) Dynamic Braking:

 1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram in Fig 4.
2. In order to limit the starting current make sure that the external resistance is in
maximum position.
3. By keeping the DPDT switch in 1-1’ position Switch ON the DC supply to the motor.
4. As the machine picks up speed, the external resistance can be cut down.
5. When the motor reaches its rated speed note down the armature voltage.
6. Braking resistance value should be such that the current in the armature circuit does
not exceed the rated armature current.
7. Throw the DPDT switch from position 1-1’ to 2-2’ so that dynamic braking takes effect.
8. Note down the peak value of the armature current during braking.
9. Note down the time taken by the motor to stop completely after braking is initiated.
10. Switch OFF the dc supply and keep the rheostat in the armature circuit in maximum
position.
11. Repeat the experiment with different values of braking resistance and note down the
time taken by the machine to stop.

(b) Plugging:

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram in Fig 5.

2. In order to limit the starting current make sure that the external resistance is in
maximum position.
3. By keeping the DPDT switch in 1-1’ position Switch ON the DC supply to the motor.
4. As the machine picks up speed, the external resistance can be cut down.
5. The plugging voltage should be kept at a desired value with the help of the single phase
auto transformer. (Note: The plugging voltage should be between 25 to 50 V)
6. Make sure that the plugging voltage should add to the armature voltage.
7. Braking resistance value should be such that the current in the armature circuit does
not exceed the rated armature current.
8. When the motor reaches its rated speed, throw the DPDT switch from position 1-1’ to
2-2’ so that the plugging takes effect.
9. Take readings of plugging voltage and peak armature current.
10. Note down the time taken by the motor to stop completely after braking is initiated.
11. Switch OFF the dc supply and keep the rheostat in the armature circuit in maximum
position.
12. Repeat the experiment with different values of plugging voltage applied and note down
the time taken by motor to stop in each case.

(c) Swinburne’s Test:

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram in Fig 6.

2. Start the motor and bring it up to rated speed with the help of external rheostat and
shunt regulator on no load.
 3. Note down the supply voltage V, Supply Current I, armature current Ia.

(d) Retardation Test:

1. Make the connection as per the circuit diagram in Fig 6.

2. Start the motor and bring it up to rated speed with the help of external rheostat and
shunt regulator on no load.
3. Remove the armature from the supply by opening the DPDT switch and keep the Shunt
field ON.
4. Note down the time taken by the motor to stop completely.

(e) Armature and Field Winding Parameters:

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram in Fig 7.

2. Apply a small AC voltage to the armature such that current should not exceed the rated
armature current of the machine.
3. Note down the readings of the ammeter and the voltmeter.
4. Measure the resistances of the armature and field winding.
Observations:
1. Dynamic Braking:

Initial Speed of the Motor =

S.No Braking Resistance (Ω) Braking Time (sec) Peak Armature Current (A)

2. Plugging:

Initial Speed of the Motor =

Braking Resistance =

S.No Plugging Voltage (V) Braking Time (sec) Peak Armature Current (A)

3. Swinburne’s Test:

S.No V(V) I (A) Va (V) Ia (A) Speed (rpm)

 4. Retardation Test:

Time taken by the motor to stop completely with field winding ON =

5. Armature and Field parameters:

S.No Va (V) Ia (A)

Armature Resistance Ra =
Field Resistance Rf =

Calculations:
1. From Swinburne’s Test find out the constant losses of the dc motor.
2. To find the inertia (J) of the rotor from retardation test, use the constant losses obtained
from the Swinburne’s test.
3. The armature inductance can be found as we know the armature impedance and resistance.

Simulation:
Simulation of the plugging can be done as follows:
1. Initial armature current, motor speed and field current are known.
dI
2. Ra I a + La a + Rb I a = Eb + V ------------- (1)
dt
Where Eb = K  I f
d (I 2 R )
TL = J = − a b = − KI f I a --------------------- (2)
dt 
Solve the above two simultaneous equations and obtain  and Ia vs. Time.
Compare the braking time with the experimental value and comment on the discrepancies.

Quiz:

1. Which is the most energy efficient method of braking and why?

2. Why should plugging be done with a large external resistance connected in series with the
armature?
3. Can dynamic braking be implemented in a series motor drive? Explain.
4. Can series motor be braked by regenerative braking? Why.

Precautions:
1. Make sure that there are no loose connections.
 2. Always the external resistance in the armature circuit should be in maximum position at
the starting of the motor.

References:
1. “Fundamentals of Electric Drives” by G.K. Dubey, Narosa Publication House, 2nd Edition
2001.
2. “A First Course on Electric Drives” by S.K. Pillai, New Age International Limited
Publishers, 2nd Edition.
 Experiment 2

Performance study of Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) fed induction motor

drive with constant v/f operation
OBJECTIVE:
• Performance study of Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) fed induction motor drive with constant V/f
operation. Study current and Voltage waveforms at the AC output at different speed of the motor
along with their harmonic spectrum.
• Conduct suitable tests to get the parameters of the Induction motor.
• Simulate the VSI fed Induction motor drive in a digital computer.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No Apparatus Rating Quantity
1 3-phase Induction Machine
2 Variable voltage- variable frequency AC drive
3 Power Analyser

MOTIVATION:
In many industrial applications, the speed control is required to be varied either in steps or smoothly. In
certain special applications such as textile and mining industry a group of motors is required to be run at
different speeds with extremely good accuracy. In such applications d.c. shunt motor is being used because
of its characteristics and easy speed control. However, the use of squirrel cage induction motor is desirable
due to its well-known advantages over all other motors namely, rugged construction, low maintenance and
high efficiency. The problem however, is that the speed of induction motor cannot be controlled easily. It
requires additional expensive equipment. The knowledge of a system whereby speed is controlled by
varying the frequency is important for applied engineers. The system is best suited for applications such as
mining, chemical industries and textiles.

THEORY:
From Faraday’s law, the air gap component of the armature voltage in an AC machine is proportional to
the peak flux density in the machine and electrical frequency. Thus, neglecting the voltage drop across the
armature resistance and leakage reactance, the stator voltage can be written as,
 f   B peak 
Va =  e    Vrated (1)
 f rated   Brated 
where Va is the amplitude of the armature voltage; f e is the operating frequency;
B peak is the peak flux density; f rated , Brated , Vrated are the corresponding rated values.
The speed of induction motors can be precisely controlled by frequency control and can be made
independent of variation in supply voltage, field current and load. Therefore, keeping V =V , Eq.(1) can
a rated
be rewritten as
 f 
Bpeak =  rated  Brated (2)
 fe 
This demonstrates the constant voltage, variable frequency operation. In this mode, a machine operating in
saturation at rated voltage and frequency, any reduction in frequency will lead to further increase in flux
density. Higher flux density will result in increased core loss and higher machine currents. Therefore, for
frequencies less than or equal to rated frequency, the machine is operated at constant flux density, i.e.
B =B . This makes the Eq. (1) as
peak rated

 f  Va Vrated
Va =  e  Vrated  = (3)
 f rated  fe f rated
This is constant voltage per hertz (V/f) operation. It is typically maintained from rated frequency to the low
frequency at which armature resistance drop becomes significant component of the applied voltage. For
frequencies higher than the rated with the voltage at its rated value, the air-gap flux density will drop below
its rated value {referring Eq (1)}. Thus, to maintain the rated flux density the voltage has to be increased,
which may result in insulation failure. Therefore, for frequencies above the rated frequency the terminal
voltage is kept at rated value. Assuming that machine cooling is not affected by rotor speed, the maximum
permissible terminal current will remain constant at its rated value Irated. Therefore, for the frequencies
below rated frequency the machine power will be proportional to feVratedIrated. Fig. 1 shows the typical
torque-speed characteristics with variable frequency drive.

T
Vs= Constant

-n nb n

-T

Fig. 1 Torque –speed curve

 Constant torque region Constant power region

Power
Torque

Speed

Fig 2. Operating regions with v/f control

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

1. Variable frequency Operation:

V/f Control Controller

fe Ve

E1 +
A1 s1 La
s3 s'1 s'3 s'5 A
E2
Three
Phase
VDC Lb B Induction
Three
Phase A2 Variac
Motor
E3 Lc
415V C
Supply -
IC
A3 s6 s'4 s'6 s'2

Rectifier Inverter

+ V
A
220V DC DC
supply Generator
Resistive
- Load

Fig 3. Connection diagram for variable frequency AC Drive

2. No-Load and Blocked Rotor Tests:

 FLUKE

VOLTAGE
PROBE
R
0-10A MI

VOLTAGE
PROBE

0-500V MI
V
Y

CURRENT PROBE
B

Fig 4. Circuit diagram for No-Load Test

PROCEDURE:
1. Fig. 3 shows the connection diagram for speed control of induction motor using variable frequency
AC drive.
2. Apply the rated voltage to AC drive using variac.
3. As soon as the rated voltage reach rated AC voltage, the green indicator will start glowing.
4. Push the start button and slowly increase the speed controller knob to observe the rise in induction
motor speed.
5. Record the results (speed, frequency, stator voltage, stator current, harmonics and power factor)
using Power Analyzer at different speed and tabulate the readings.
Tests for finding Parameters:
No-Load Test:
1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in Fig 4.
2. Apply rated voltage to the motor with the variac.
3. Tabulate the readings of no-load voltage, current, power, power factor and speed.
Blocked Rotor Test:
1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in Fig 4.
2. Block the rotor so that it doesn’t rotate and apply small voltage such that rated current starts to
flow.
3. Tabulate the readings of no-load voltage, current, power and power factor.
Reduced Voltage Test:
1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in fig 4.
2. Supply the rated voltage and rated frequency to motor terminals, after giving the proper
connection through three phase auto-transformer
3. Now gradually reduce the input voltage to such a value till the slip of the induction motor falls
to a value of 10%.
4. Note down the power consumed by the motor, speed at each applied voltage.
5. Plot the speed versus power curve and the Y-intercept of the curve will give the constant losses
of the induction motor.
Retardation Test:
1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in Fig 4.
2. Apply rated voltage to the motor with the variac and bring motor upto rated speed.
3. Switch-off the motor and note down the time taken by the motor to stop completely.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
1. No-Load Test:

S.No Vin Iin Power PF Speed

2. Blocked Rotor Test:

S.No Vin Iin Power PF

3. Reduced Voltage Test:

S.No Vin Iin Power PF Speed

4. Retardation Test: Time taken to stop=

5. V/f control operation:

S.No Vin Iin Power PF Frequency Speed Harmonics V/f ratio

POST-EXPERIMENTAL QUIZ
1. What will be the change in torque speed characteristics of the induction motor if there is change in
V/f ratio
2. Can higher starting torque be obtained at very low frequencies? Comment on the basis of the
observations.
3. Can constant torque speed characteristics be achieved at different frequencies?
4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of this method of speed control?
5. How are the equivalent circuit parameters affected by frequency?
 6. What is the effect of variation of frequency on maximum torque, starting torque, slip at maximum
torque, if V/f is kept constant?
7. At constant V/f, is the developed power at all frequency same at rated input current?

REFERENCES:
[1] S K Bhattacharya “Electrical machines” New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Pub. Co. Ltd.,©2009.
[2] Arthur Eugene Fitzgerald, Charles Kingsley, Stephen D. Umans “Electrical Machinery” Tata
McGraw-Hill publishing company Limited, New Delhi, India,2009
[3] Mohamed Abdus Salam “Fundamentals of electrical machines” Oxford Alpha Science 2005
[4] Say, M.G. "Alternating Current Machines" Fifth Edition. London: Pitman (1983).
 EXPERIMENT NO. – 3

Performance study of a three phase induction motor during braking

operation
OBJECTIVE:

Performance study and measurement of a three phase induction motor during braking with the
following methods
• Dynamic braking
• Plugging and
• Capacitor braking.
Conduct suitable tests to get the parameters of the Induction motor.
Simulate the braking performance of the Induction motor in a digital computer.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S .No Apparatus Quantity Rating

1) 3-Phase
Autotransformer.

2) TPDT switches.

3) Diode rectifier.

4) Capacitor bank.

5) Tachometer
6) Multi-meter
7) AC Ammeter.

8) 1-phase Wattmeter.

9) 3-Phase Induction
Motor.
Motor Rating:
THEORY:
In this experiment, braking of a 3‐phase induction motor will be implemented using the following
three methods:

(a) Capacitor braking

(b) DC dynamic braking
(c) Plugging

For all these methods of braking, please refer to the book [1].

CAPACITIVE BRAKING:
• When three-phase balanced capacitors of suitable value are connected across the terminals
of a three-phase induction machine driven externally at constant speed, voltages are
induced in the machine windings, assuming residual flux exists in the magnetic circuit of
the machine (see Fig 3). Excitation is sustained by the terminal capacitors, while magnetic
saturation limits the induced voltages. This phenomenon, referred to as capacitor self-
excitation, can also be observed if only one capacitor of suitable value is connected across
two of the three terminals of the machine with the third kept open.
• Capacitor self-excitation may be exploited for purposes of dynamic braking of induction
motors following disconnection of the supply. As the motor is still running, high transient
currents can flow in the machine windings producing a braking torque. Kinetic energy in
the motor is dissipated as copper losses in the machine windings. Self-excitation process
under no-load condition is explained through Fig.3. The intersection point shifts
downwards as speed decreases.
• The value of the capacitance required to cause self-excitation is shown to decrease with
increased speed (Fig. 1). Further, at any particular speed the induced self-excited voltage
increases with the capacitance [3].

Fig. 1. Fig. 2
 Fig. 3
DC DYNAMIC BRAKING:
In this form of braking, the AC supply to the stator winding is switched off and an appropriate DC
voltage is applied across any two out of the three stator terminals. This creates a stationary flux in
the air gap. The rotor is rotating at a given speed at this time and is very likely to have a residual
magnetism. Motion of the rotor in this field induces voltage in the rotor winding. Machine
therefore works as a generator. Generated energy is dissipated in the rotor circuit resistance, thus
giving dynamic braking. Fig. 5 shows the speed-torque characteristics of an IM, with the slip scale
reversed (Since equivalent Slip = 1 - s). Slip at which maximum braking torque occurs is at
SmT = 1 – smT and smT is the point of maximum torque for induction motor. For a given load torque
TL , operating point shift from A during normal operation to B when DC dynamic braking is
applied. With external resistance the initial braking torque can be increased and speed
corresponding to maximum braking torque can be increased.

Fig. 5
PLUGGING:
Plugging is one of the electrical braking methods applicable in induction motor. The principle of
traditional plug braking, is that changing the direction of revolving magnetic field to oppose the
direction of former magnetic field by changing the phase sequence of three-phase voltages supply
to the stator windings, and then the motor will be brought to a halt by opposing torque in a short
time. As the rotor always tries to catch up with the rotating field, it can be reversed rapidly simply
by interchanging any two of the supply leads. If the leads on the stator windings are reversed
suddenly, the direction of rotation of the stator field is reversed. The resulting slip is larger than
one. The motor will come to an abrupt stop. Very rapid reversal is possible using plugging but
large cage motors can only be plugged if the supply can withstand the very high currents involved,
which are even larger than when starting from rest. Moreover, there is a possibility of reversing
the rotation of motor if it fails to remove the braking as soon as the motor speed reached to zero
rpm. As shown in Fig. 6, operating point shifts from motoring mode shown by cross to a new point
in plugging region. With addition of external resistance initial braking toque can be increased.

Fig. 6
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Fig. 11
PROCEDURE:

List of Tests to be performed for calculating motor parameter:

1. No-Load Test on induction motor.
2. Blocked rotor test on induction motor.
3. Reduced voltage test on induction motor.
4. Stator winding resistance test on induction motor.
5. Retardation test on induction motor.
NO LOAD TEST:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram given by Fig. 7.
2. Apply rated voltage of 380V to the induction motor through the three-phase VARIAC.
3. Note down the readings, power, input voltage, input current, power factor, speed.

BLOCKED ROTOR TEST:

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram given by Fig. 8.
2. By adjusting the three-phase VARIAC allow rated current through the machine with rotor
blocked.
3. Note down the readings, power, input voltage, input current, power factor.

REDUCED VOLTAGE TEST:

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram of no load test given by Fig. 7.
2. Apply rated voltage to the machine by using three-phase VARIAC.
3. Now gradually reduce the voltage in steps of 20V until 10% of slip.
4. Note down the readings, power, input voltage, input current, speed, power factor at every
step.

RETARDATION TEST:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram of no load test given by Fig. 7.
2. Run the machine under no load condition by applying rated voltage through VARIAC, and
note down the readings of no load voltage and no load speed of the machine.
3. Switch off the supply, note down the time for the speed of the machine to drop to zero.

CAPCITIVE BRAKING:
1. Make the as per the circuit diagram given in Fig. 9. Run the machine under no load
condition by applying voltage around 100V through VARIAC, and note down the readings
of no load voltage and no load speed of the machine.
2. At steady state, switch over the TPDT switch to connect the motor terminal across capacitor
bank.
3. Note the time required and capacitor value in the form of table.
 4. Repeat the same procedure for other combinations of capacitor available i.e 10 µF,440 V.

DC DYNAMIC BRAKING:
1. Make the as per the circuit diagram given in Fig. 10.
2. Run the machine under no load condition by applying rated voltage through VARIAC, and
note down the readings of no load voltage and no load speed of the machine.
3. At steady state, switch over the TPDT switch to connect the motor terminal to DC supply
(about 30 V) across any two terminals.
4. Note the time required and DC Voltage value in the form of table.
5. Repeat the procedure above for different DC voltages i.e 10 V and 20 V also.
6. Removed the switch from DC Supply as soon as the motor comes to rest.

PLUGGING:
1. Make the as per the circuit diagram given in Fig. 11.
2. Run the machine under no load condition by applying rated voltage through VARIAC, and
note down the readings of no load voltage and no load speed of the machine.
3. At steady state, switch over the TPDT switch to connect the motor terminal such that any
two terminals are interchanged.
4. Note the time required and AC supply voltage value in the form of table.
5. Remove the switch from the plugging connection as soon as the motor comes to rest.
6. Repeat the procedure above with different values of reduced voltages i.e. 300V and 200V.

EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS IN A TABULAR FORM:

NO LOAD TEST:

Vin(V) Iin(A) Pin(W) P.F Speed

BLOCKED ROTOR TEST:

Vin(V) Iin(A) Pin(W) P.F

REDUCED VOLTAGE TEST:

Vin(V) Iin(A) Speed(RPM) Pin(W) Pin - 3*Ia^2*Rs(w)

RETARDATION TEST:
Time (in sec.) taken for the machine to come to rest from the no load speed =

Moment of inertia of the machine: Pf&w = (2Π/60)2*J*N*dN/dt

CAPACITIVE BRAKING:
Sl.no Capacitor Voltage Speed Time to stop Comments
Rating (V) (RPM) (sec.)

DC DYNAMIC BRAKING:
Sl.no DC Supply Speed(RPM) Braking Time to
Voltage(V) Voltage Current (A) stop(sec.)
(V)

PLUGGING:
Sl.no AC Voltage(V) Braking Speed(RPM) Time to stop(sec.)
Current
(A)

CALCULATION:
• No-load test and Block rotor test results is used to determine Induction motor equivalent
circuit parameter.
• Reduced voltage test results is used to calculate friction and windage loss in the Induction
Motor.
• Retardation test results is used to calculate the time required for the motor to come to
standstill from no-load speed.
• Moment of inertia (J) of Induction Motor is calculated using Reduced and Retardation test.
SIMULATION:
The simulation can be done by using the model of induction motor available in the SIMULINK.
The parameters needed to be entered in the SIMULINK model could be found out by carrying out
five test as mentioned above in the procedure section. For plugging operation, only the forcing
function has to be changed from ABC to BAC and rest of the things remain the same. In the
simulation, Speed vs Torque, Current vs Time, Speed vs Time are to be obtained.
QUIZ:
(1) Is regenerative braking feasible in an induction m/c?
(2) Analyse DC dynamic braking for the two cases:
(a) one phase open
(b) two stator phases started and DC supply applied between the other terminal and short‐circuited
terminal.

REFERENCES:
1. Dubey,G.K., Fundamentals of Electrical Drives, Narosa Publication,2nd edition,2001.
2. S. Sreenivasa Murthy, Gunnar J. Berg, Chandra S. Jha, and Ajay K. Tandon, A Novel
Method of Multistage Dynamic Braking of three phase induction motor, IEEE Transaction
on Industrial Applications, Vol. Ia-20, No. 2, March/April 1984.
 Experiment 4
STUDY OF DC SHUNT MOTOR WITH SINGLE PHASE AND THREE
PHASE DIODE BRIDGE RECTIFIER
OBJECTIVE:

a) Performance study and measurement of a DC shunt motor with single phase and three phase
diode bridge rectifier inputs. Study current and voltage waveforms in the AC as well as DC
side at different load conditions along with their harmonic spectrum.

b) Conduct suitable tests to get the parameters of the dc machine.

c) Simulate the DC shunt motor with single phase and three phase diode bridge rectifier inputs in
a digital computer.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Apparatus Type Range Quantity

Variac
Power Analyser
Multimeter
Tachometer
Ammeter
Rectifier board

THEORY:

NAME PLATE RATINGS:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

Fig1: Connection Diagram

PROCEDURE:

Swinburne’s Test / No Load Test:

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram in fig1.
2. Apply rated voltage to the DC motor through the three-phase VARIAC.
3. Note down the readings of power, input voltage, input current, speed.

Retardation Test:

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram of no load test fig1.
2. Run the machine under no load condition by applying rated voltage through VARIAC, and
note down the readings of no load speed of the machine.
3. Switch off the supply, note down the time for the speed of the machine to drop to zero.

EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS:

Armature resistance:………ohms

SWINBURNE’S TEST:

Vin(V) Iin(A) Pin(W) Speed

RETARDATION TEST:

Time taken by motor to drop to zero speed from……… rpm is…….seconds.

TEST WITH SINGLE PHASE INPUT:

AC input AC input Motor input Motor input % THD of Input pf

voltage current voltage current input
current

TEST WITH THREE PHASE INPUT:

AC input AC input Motor input Motor input % THD of Input pf

voltage current voltage current input
current

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Care must be taken while loading the machine, i.e., current should not exceed the rated
value of either of the machines.
2. Machine should be given voltage through a VARIAC slowly to avoid high starting current.

EXPERIMENTAL QUIZ:

1. Why Auto Transformer is being used?

2. Which rectifier has better harmonic performance and why?

REFERENCES:

1. Fundamentals of Electric Drives by Gopal K. Dubey, Narosa publication, 2nd edition,

2001.
 EXPERIMENT NO. 5

Study of PMBLDC motor

OBJECTIVE:
Study the Permanent magnet brushless DC (PMBLDC) motor coupled with DC motor
• Study the structure of PMBLDC motor drive in detail (i.e. converter, motor, control, sensors)
• Measure the parameters such as inductance, resistance and back-EMF constant.
• Measure the inductance for different positions of the rotor.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S .No Apparatus Quantity Rating

1) 1-ph Variac
2) Rectifier board
3) Ammeter(MI)
4) Oscilloscope
5) Multimeter
6) Tachometer
7) Differential Probe
Motor Rating:

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION:

Fig.1. BLDC Drive System

A BLDC motor drive system is shown in Fig.1. It can be seen that the total drive system consists
of the BLDC motor, power electronics converter, sensor and controller. The BLDC motors are
predominantly surface-magnet machines with wide magnet pole arcs. The stator windings are
usually concentrated windings. The permanent magnet produces a square waveform distribution of
flux density around the air-gap (1) & (2). In order to obtain a smooth output torque, the back-EMF
waveform should be wider than 120⁰ electrical degrees.

Fig.2. Hall sensor output compared with back EMF for three-phase BLDC motor. Switching of Hall sensor
output coincides with the respective coil’s back EMF crossing the zero point in a sensorless motor (3)
 Fig.2. shows an example of Hall sensor signals with respect to back EMF and the phase current.
Fig.3. shows the switching sequence that should be followed with respect to the Hall sensors. Every 60
electrical degrees of rotation, one of the Hall sensors changes the state. Given this, it takes six steps to
complete an electrical cycle. In synchronism, with every 60 electrical degrees, the phase current
switching should be updated, thus following the six-step commutation. However, one electrical cycle
may not correspond to a complete mechanical revolution of the rotor. The number of electrical cycles to
be repeated to complete a mechanical rotation is determined by the rotor pole pairs. For each rotor pole
pairs, one electrical cycle is completed. So, the number of electrical cycles/rotations equals the rotor pole
pairs. Each commutation sequence has one of the windings energized to positive power (current enters
into the winding), the second winding is negative (current exits the winding) and the third is in a non-
energized condition. Torque is produced because of the interaction between the magnetic field generated
by the stator coils and the permanent magnets. Ideally, the peak torque occurs when these two fields are
at 90° to each other and falls off as the fields move together. In order to keep the motor running, the
magnetic field produced by the windings should shift position, as the rotor moves to catch up with the
stator field.
The inverter is usually responsible for the electronic commutation and current regulation. For the
six-step current control, if the motor windings are Y-connected without the neutral connection, only two
of the three phase currents flow through the inverter in series. This results in the amplitude of the DC
link current always being equal to that of the phase currents. The PWM current controllers are typically
used to regulate the actual machine currents in order to match the rectangular current reference
waveforms.

ha hb hc Emf_a Emf_b Emf_c

0 0 1 0 -1 +1

1 0 1 +1 -1 0

1 0 0 +1 0 -1

1 1 0 0 +1 -1

0 1 0 -1 +1 0

0 1 1 -1 0 +1

Fig.3. Hall sensor logic Table

 It is well known that the excitation waveforms for three phase trapezoidal BLDCM take the form
of square wave current waveforms with 120° conduction interval. Ideal torque generation needs at least
120° wide range flat-tap phase back EMF and 120° rectangular current waveform. Although the phase
currents are expected to flow in only two phase windings at any given instant, at each discrete
commutation instant, there is a short interval that current flows in all three phases. This is because the
phase currents cannot decay to zero nor rise to an expected value in no time due to the existence of
winding inductance and the finitude of voltage source. So at these moments, the torque output is related
to all three phases. Usually, the non- commutation phase cannot remain constant, with either a spike or
a dip, due to different decay time and rise time of the other two commutation phases. Hence, torque
ripple happens at each commutation instant.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

1-ph DC
Controlled V PMBLDC
Motor
AC Supply DSO

Diode
Rectifier

220 V

Fig.4. Circuit for Back-Emf test

1-ph
Controlled
AC Supply V PMBLDC

Diode
Rectifier

Fig.5. Circuit for Resistance Measurement

 V

A
1-ph
Controlled
PMBLDC
AC Supply

Fig.6. Circuit for Impedance Measurement

PROCEDURE:

Note down the rating of BLDC and DC Machine.

a) BACK EMF TEST
1. The circuit is to be connected as shown in the Fig. 4
2. The DC motor is to be run at rated speed of the BLDC and the profile of the back emfs
along with the values have to be recorded using an oscilloscope.
3. Speed is to be recorded using tachometer.
4. Steps 2 and 3 are to be repeated for two different speeds.
5. Back-emf constant is calculated using Formula 1) in Appendix A.

b) RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT
1. The circuit is to be connected as shown in the Fig. 5.
2. A small DC voltage is to be applied.
3. Readings of voltage and current are to be recorded to calculate resistance for all three
phases of BLDC.

c) INDUCTANCE MEASUREMENT
1. The circuit is to be connected as per the circuit diagram in Fig. 6.
2. AC input voltage is to be applied.
3. Readings of voltage and current are to be recorded to calculate impedence for all three
phases of BLDC.
 4. Inductance is calculated using Formula 2) in Appendix A.

d) DEMONSTRATION OF HALL SENSOR OUTPUTS

Three hall sensor outputs should be connected to the oscilloscope. Make a table and check the
authenticity of hall sensor outputs and the working of BLDC Motor. Hall sensor is a very sensitive
device. Please do this experiment under supervision.

REFERENCES:

1. R.Krishnan, Permanent magnet and brushless DC motors, Prentice Hall Publications.

2. T.J.E. Miller, Brushless Permanent Magnet and Reluctance Motor Drives, Oxford Science
Publications.
3. http://www.digikey.com/en/articles/techzone/2013/jun/controlling-sensorless-bldc-
motors-via-back-emf
APPENDIX A

Formula Used:
1) Back Emf Constant, Ke

Volts[v]
Ke =
speed[rad / sec]

With a BLDC motor, line-to-line voltage is measured. So to convert to the phase voltage value,
the line-to-line voltage is divided by √3 =1.73.
Ke(line − to − line)
Ke( phase) =
1.73
2) Inductance, L

Z 2 − R2
L=
2 * * f
 Cycle 2
EXPERIMENT 6
STUDY OF SLIP RING INDUCTION MOTOR WITH ROTOR
RESISTANCE CONTROL

OBJECTIVE:

a) Performance study of slip ring induction motor with rotor resistance control. Study the variation of
torque and speed of the induction motor with various values of resistance.
b) Conduct suitable tests to get the parameters of the Induction motor.
c) Simulate the rotor resistance controlled induction motor drive in a digital computer.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Apparatus Type Range Quantity

Variac
Multimeter
Wattmeter
Ammeter
Tachometer

THEORY:

Starting performance and speed of Slip ring induction motor can be controlled by adding external
resistance to its rotor terminal through slip rings.
Typical applications are in cranes and hoist where motor is started at heavy load.
In this method of speed control of three phase induction motor external resistance are added on rotor side.
The equation of torque for three phase induction motor is
2
sE 2 R2
T
R2 + (sX 2 ) 2
2

The three phase induction motor operates in low slip region .In low slip region term (sX2) 2 become very
very small as compared to R2. So, it can be neglected and also E2 is constant. So the equation of torque
after simplification becomes,
2
sE 2
T
f  R2
Now if we increase rotor resistance R2 , torque decreases but to supply the same load torque must remain
constant. So, we increase slip, which will further results in decrease in rotor speed. Thus by adding
additional resistance in rotor circuit we can decrease the speed of three phase induction motor. The main
advantage of this method is that with addition of external resistance starting torque increases and power
factor improves. But this method of speed control of three phase induction motor also suffers from some
disadvantages:
1. The speed above the normal value is not possible.
2. Large speed change requires large value of resistance and if such large value of resistance is added
in the circuit it will cause large copper loss and hence reduction in efficiency.
3. This method cannot be used for squirrel cage induction motor.

TEST:
Following test are performed on the given motor:
1. No load test
2. Blocked rotor test
3. Retardation test
4. Rotor resistance speed control test

NAME PLATE RATINGS:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

Fig1: For No Load Test

 Fig2: Blocked Rotor Test

Fig3: Rotor resistance speed control test

PROCEDURE:

No Load Test and Reduced voltage test :

4. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram in fig1.

5. Apply rated voltage to the induction motor through the three-phase VARIAC.
6. Gradually decrease voltage and observe the readings.
7. Note down the readings of power, input voltage, input current, speed.

Blocked Rotor Test:

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram in fig2.

2. By adjusting the three-phase VARIAC allow rated current through the stator when rotor is blocked.
3. Note down the readings of power, input voltage, input current.

Retardation Test:

4. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram of no load test fig1.
5. Run the machine under no load condition by applying rated voltage through VARIAC, and note
down the readings of no load speed of the machine.
6. Switch off the supply, note down the time for the speed of the machine to drop to zero.

Rotor resistance speed control test:

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram in fig3.

2. Apply rated voltage to the induction motor through the three-phase VARIAC.
3. Vary the rotor resistance at no load and observe the change in speed.
4. Note down the readings of power, input voltage, input current.
EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS:

NO LOAD TEST and REDUCED VOLTAGE TEST:

Vin(V) Iin(A) Pin(W) Speed

BLOCKED ROTOR TEST:

Vin(V) Iin(A) Pin(W)

RETARDATION TEST:

Time taken by motor to drop to zero speed from……… rpm is…….seconds.

ROTOR RESISTANCE SPEED CONTROL TEST: (at no load)

Vin(V) Iin(A) Pin(W) Speed(rpm) Rext(ohms)

PRECAUTIONS:

3. Care must be taken while loading the machine, i.e., current should not exceed the rated value of
either of the machines.
4. Machine should be given voltage through a VARIAC slowly to avoid high starting current.

EXPERIMENTAL QUIZ:

1. What is the application of Slip ring induction machine?

2. What value of external resistance to be added to make starting torque equals to maximum
torque?
3. Which performance characteristics get affected by adding external resistance?

REFERENCES:
2. Fundamentals of Electric Drives by Gopal K. Dubey, Narosa publication, 2nd edition, 2001.
 Experiment 7
STUDY OF 3-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR STARTING TRANSIENTS
OBJECTIVE:

d) Study of 3-phase Induction Motor Starting Transients with the following Starting methods and
record current transients and compare the following:
i. DOL starting
ii. Y -  starting
iii. Autotransformer starting

e) Measure the parameters of the induction machine by conducting no-load and blocked rotor
tests at rated voltage and at rated current.

f) Simulate Squirrel Cage Induction Motor in software with the above starting methods.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Apparatus Type Range Quantity

Variac
Multimeter
Wattmeter
Ammeter
TPDT switch
Tachometer
Star Delta Starter

THEORY:

Starting of Induction Motors:

Various methods can be used to reduce starting currents of induction motor.
• Star-Delta-Starting
• Auto-transformer-Starting
• Starting via chokes or resistors
• Starting using electronic soft starters
• Starting using frequency converter
In this experiment, we will study a few of them

1. Direct Online Starting:

Here, the motor is started by being subjected to the full voltage of the power supply.
Consequently, high starting current flows through the motor. This type of starting is suitable for
small motors below 5 HP (3.75 kW). It is not a preferred method of starting.

2. Star-Delta starters
This is applicable for a delta connected motor. To reduce the starting current of the motor,
it is however, configured in a star connection during starting. The voltage applied to the individual
motor windings is therefore reduced by a factor of 1/√3 (= 0.58) while the starting line current is
reduced to one third of the direct on line starting current. During running condition, the motor is
switched over to a delta connection thereby applying full voltage across the motor.
Due to the reduced starting torque, the star-delta-connection is suitable for drives with a high
inertia mass with a load torque which is low or only increases with increased speed. It is preferably
used for applications where the drive is subjected to a lower load torque at starting i.e. fans,
centrifuges, pumps, ventilators, etc.

3. Autotransformer-starting
An autotransformer starter enables the start of squirrel-cage motors using a reduced starting
current, since the voltage is reduced during start. Contrary to a star-delta starter, only three motor
connections are required.

TEST:

Following test are performed on the given motor:

5. No load test
6. Blocked rotor test
7. Retardation test
8. DOL Starting
9. Star Delta Starting
10. Auto transformer starting.

NAME PLATE RATINGS:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

Fig1: For No Load Test

Fig2: Blocked Rotor Test

 Fig3: For DOL and autotransformer start

Fig4: For star delta start

PROCEDURE:

No Load Test:
8. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram in fig1.
9. Apply rated voltage to the induction motor through the three-phase VARIAC.
10. Note down the readings of power, input voltage, input current, speed.
Blocked Rotor Test:

4. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram in fig2.

5. By adjusting the three-phase VARIAC allow rated current through the stator when rotor is
blocked.
6. Note down the readings of power, input voltage, input current.

Retardation Test:

7. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram of no load test fig1.
8. Run the machine under no load condition by applying rated voltage through VARIAC, and
note down the readings of no load speed of the machine.
9. Switch off the supply, note down the time for the speed of the machine to drop to zero.

STARTING METHODS:
DOL STARTING:
1. Connect the Induction motor as per the circuit diagram in fig3
2. Make auto transformer voltage to machine rated value.
3. Note down the values of starting current in ammeter.

STAR-DELTA STARTING:
1. Connect the Induction motor as per the circuit diagram in fig4
2. Connect the star delta starter kit in between supply and motor.
3. Make auto transformer voltage to machine rated value and press the green button in the
kit.
4. Note down the values of starting current in ammeter.

AUTO TRANSFORMER STARTING:

1. Connect the Induction motor as per the circuit diagram in fig3
2. Make auto transformer voltage to machine rated value.
3. Note down the values of starting current in ammeter.

EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS:

NO LOAD TEST:

Vin(V) Iin(A) Pin(W) Speed

BLOCKED ROTOR TEST:

Vin(V) Iin(A) Pin(W)

RETARDATION TEST:

Time taken by motor to drop to zero speed from……… rpm is…….seconds.

STARTING METHODS:

Turns ratio input Line starting Line current DOL / starting Line current Υ-Δ
voltage (V) auto transformer (A) (A)
40
57.7
60
70
80
90
100

PRECAUTIONS:

5. Care must be taken while loading the machine, i.e., current should not exceed the rated
value of either of the machines.
6. Machine should be given voltage through a VARIAC slowly to avoid high starting current.

EXPERIMENTAL QUIZ:

4. Why Direct on Line starting method is not preferred?

5. Which ratio of auto transformer will give the starting performance same as in star delta
method and why?
6. What is the relation between starting currents of DOL, star delta starter and auto
transformer start?
7. What is the relation between starting Torques of DOL, star delta starter and auto
transformer start?

REFERENCES:

3. Fundamentals of Electric Drives by Gopal K. Dubey, Narosa publication, 2nd edition

,2001.
 EXPERIMENT NO. 8

Performance study of 3 phase PMSM

OBJECTIVE:

• Performance study of 3 phase PMSM.

• Study of PMSM drive including converter, control, sensors etc.
• Measure parameters of the PMSM like resistance, back emf etc. by conducting tests at
different speeds.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S .No Apparatus Quantity Rating

1) 1-ph Variac
2) Rectifier board
3) Ammeter(MI)
4) Oscilloscope
5) Multimeter
6) Tachometer
7) Differential Probe

Motor Rating:
 PM MACHINE
A
A

V
AA (0-300) V 1-ph AC Supply

F FF DIODE RECTIFIER
FLUKE
A

+
-
220 V DC
Fig. 1. Circuit diagram for PMSM drive coupled with DC motor

CONSTRUCTION AND PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION:

PMSM has:
(1) sinusoidal or quasi-sinusoidal distribution of magnet flux in the airgap;
(2) sinusoidal or quasi-sinusoidal current waveforms;
(3) quasi-sinusoidal distribution of stator conductors; i.e. short-pitched and distributed stator windings.
The quasi-sinusoidal current waveforms are achieved through the use of p.w.m. inverters which may be
'current regulated' to produce the best possible approximation to a pure sinewave. The use of short-
pitched, distributed or concentric windings is exactly the same as in a.c. motors.
The sinusoidal or quasi-sinusoidal currents in the stator windings generate a magnetic field which
interacts with the magnetic field produced by the permanent magnet. These interaction of magnetic fields
produce torque.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

Fig.2. Circuit for Back-Emf test

Fig.3. Circuit for Resistance Measurement

Fig.4. Circuit for Impedence Measurement

PROCEDURE:

Note down the rating of PMSM and DC Machine.

a) BACK EMF TEST
1. The circuit is to be connected as shown in the Fig. 2.
2. The DC motor is to be run at rated speed of the PMSM and the profile of the back emfs along
with the values have to be recorded using an oscilloscope.
3. Speed is to be recorded using tachometer.
 4. Steps 2 and 3 are to be repeated for two different speeds.
5. Back-emf constant is calculated using Formula 1) in Appendix A.

b) RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT
1. The circuit is to be connected as shown in the Fig. 3.
2. A small DC voltage is to be applied.
3. Readings of voltage and current are to be recorded to calculate resistance for all three phases of
PMSM.

c) INDUCTANCE PROFILE
1. The circuit is to be connected as per the circuit diagram in Fig. 4.
2. AC input voltage is to be applied.
3. Rotor of PMSM is rotated manually and for different angles of rotation ranging from 0 to 360
degree, readings of voltage and current are to be recorded to calculate impedence at each position.
4. Inductance is calculated using Formula 2) in Appendix A.
5. Inductance profile (Inductance vs Angle of rotation) is drawn.

REFERENCES:
1. R.Krishnan, Permanent magnet and brushless DC motors, Prentice Hall Publications.
2. T.J.E. Miller, Brushless Permanent Magnet and Reluctance Motor Drives, Oxford Science
Publications.

APPENDIX A
Formulae Used:

1) Back Emf Constant, Ke

Volts[v]
Ke =
speed[rad / sec]

With a BLDC motor, line-to-line voltage is measured. So to convert to the phase voltage value, the line-
to-line voltage is divided by √3 =1.73.
Ke(line − to − line)
Ke( phase) =
1.73
2) Inductance, L
Z 2 − R2
L=
2 * * f