Paper-I (100 Marks)

I. Atomic Structure and Quantum Chemistry

Electromagnetic spectrum, photoelectric effect, Bohr’s atomic model, wave and
particle nature of matter, de Broglie’s equation, Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle,
wave functions and Born interpretation of wave functions, probability density, Eigen
functions and Eigenvalues, Hamiltonian operator, Schrödinger wave equation and
its solution for particles in one and three dimensional boxes.
II. Electrochemistry
Ions in solution, measurement of conductance and Kohlrausch’s law, mobility of ions
and transport number, conductometric titrations, Debye-Hückel theory and activity
coefficient, determination of activities, Redox reactions, spontaneous reactions,
electrochemical cells, standard electrode potentials, liquid junction potential,
electrochemical series, Nernst’s equation, measurement of pH, electrolytic cells,
potentiometry, reference and indicator electrodes, fuel cells, corrosion and its
prevention.
III. Thermodynamics
Equation of states, ideal and real gases, the van der Waals equation for real gases,
critical phenomena and critical constants, four laws of thermodynamics and their
applications, thermochemistry, calorimetry, heat capacities and their dependence on
temperature, pressure and volume, reversible and non-reversible processes,
spontaneous and non-spontaneous processes, Hess’s law, The Born-Haber cycle,
relations of entropy and Gibbs free energy with equilibrium constant, Gibbs
Helmholtz equation, fugacity and activity.
IV. Chemical Kinetics
The rate and molecularity of reactions, Factors affecting rate of a chemical reaction,
zero, first, second and third order reactions with same initial concentrations, half-
lives of reactions, experimental techniques for rate determination and methods for
determination of order of reaction (integration, half-life, initial rate and graphical
methods), collision theory, transition state theory, Arrhenius equation and rate
equations of complex reactions.
V. Surface Chemistry and Catalysis
Properties of liquids, physical and chemical properties of surface, determination of
surface area. Adsorption and absorption; physical adsorption and chemisorption,
adsorption isotherms, Langmuir adsorption isotherm and Fruendlich isotherm.
Colloids; properties, classification and preparation of colloidal systems. Surfactants,
Phase rule; Gibbs equation of phase rule, one component systems, two component
systems and their examples, Catalysis; homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis,
acid-base and enzyme catalysis.
VI. Fundamentals of Chemometrics
Sampling, significant figures, stoichiometric calculations, measurement errors,
analysis of variance (ANOVA), arithmetic mean, median, mode, standard
deviation/relative standard deviation, confidence limits, Gaussian distribution, least
square method, Statistical tests.
VII. Separation Methods
Solvent extraction; theory of solvent extraction; solvent extraction of metals,
analytical separations, multiple batch extraction and counter current distribution.
Chromatography; theory of chromatography, classification and overview of
chromatographic techniques (paper, thin layer, column and ion exchange
chromatographies). Principle of electrophoresis and its application as separation and
characterization of proteins.
VIII. Basic Inorganic Chemistry
Types of chemical bonding, ionic and covalent bonding, localized bond approach,
theories of chemical bonding, valance bond theory (VBT), hybridization and
resonance, prediction of molecular shapes using valence shell electron pair
repulsion (VSEPR) model, Molecular orbital theory (MOT) applied to diatomic
molecules, delocalized approach to bonding, bonding in electron deficient
compounds, hydrogen bonding, Physical and chemical properties of p-block
elements with emphasis on oxygen, carbon, chlorine, silicon, nitrogen, phosphorus
and some of their representative compounds.
IX. Acids and Bases
Brief concepts of chemical equilibrium, acid–base theories including soft and hard
acid and base (SHAB) concept, relative strength of acids and bases, significance of
pH, pKa, pKb and buffer solutions. Theory of indicators, solubility, solubility product,
common ion effect and their industrial applications.
X. Chemistry of d and f-block elements
General characteristics of d-block elements, historical back ground of coordination
chemistry, nomenclature and structure of coordination complexes with coordination
number 2-10, Chelates and chelate effect. Theories of coordination complexes;
Werner's theory, Valence bond theory (VBT), Crystal field theory (CFT) and
Molecular orbital theory (MOT). Jahn-Teller theorem, magnetic properties, spectral
properties, isomerism, stereochemistry and stability constants of coordination
complexes.
General characteristics of Lanthanides, occurrence, extraction and general principles
of separation, electronic structure and position in the periodic table, lanthanide
contraction, oxidation states, spectral and magnetic properties and uses. General
characteristics of actinides, electronic structure, oxidation state and position in the
periodic table, half-life and decay law.

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Paper-II (100 Marks)

I. Basic Concepts of Organic Chemistry

Bonding and orbital hybridization, Localized and delocalized bonding, Inductive
effect, Dipole moment, Resonance, Hyperconjugation.
II. Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbon
Nomenclature, Physical properties, Preparation and reactions of alkanes, alkenes
and alkynes.
III. Chemistry of Aromatic Compounds
Benzene structure, Aromaticity, Mechanism of electrophilic substitution reaction,
Activating and deactivating substituents, Effect of substituents on orientation and
reactivity.
IV. Chemistry of Functional Groups
Preparation and properties of alcohols, phenols, ethers, and amines with focus on
reaction mechanism and applications. Preparation and reactions of alkyl halides.
Synthetic applications of Grignard reagent. Carbonyl compounds, preparations and
reaction mechanism of aldehydes and ketones and their applications. Carboxylic
acids and their derivatives, acidity of carboxylic acids and effect of substituents on
their acidity, preparation and reactions of carboxylic acids and their derivatives
including acid halides, acid anhydrides, esters and amides.
V. Aliphatic nucleophilic substitution and elimination reactions
Mechanism of nucleophilic substitution reactions. Elimination reactions, Zaitsev rule
and Hofmann rule. Competition between Substitution and elimination reactions.
VI. Stereochemistry
Molecular chirality.Types of stereoisomers. RS and EZ notation. Optical activity,
Stereoselectivity and stereospecificity. Resolution of racemic mixtures.
VII. Organic Spectroscopy
Theory, Principle, instrumentation and applications of UV/Visible, 1H NMR, IR and
Mass spectroscopic techniques.
VIII. Biomolecules
Carbohydrates; Monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides, biological
functions of starch, glycogen, cellulose, and cell wall polysaccharides.
Lipids; Classification and biological importance of lipids. Significance of lipids in
biological membranes and transport mechanisms.
Amino Acids; Chemistry and classification of amino acids. Physical and chemical
properties. Biological significance.
Proteins; Classification. Properties and biological significance.Primary, secondary
tertiary and quaternary structures.
Nucleic Acids; Chemical composition of nucleic acids. Structure and biological
significance of nucleic acids.
Enzymes; Enzyme-substrate interactions and nature of active site, mechanism of
enzyme action, kinetics of single substrate reactions, enzyme inhibition, regulatory
enzymes and allosteric enzymes.
IX. Metabolism
Digestion; absorption and transport of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic
acids. Glycolysis; citric acid cycle, gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis
and photosynthesis.
Biosynthesis of triglycerides, phosphides, steroids and bile acids and ketone bodies.
Biochemical reaction of amino acids: decarboxylation, deamination, transamination
and transmethylation, etc., urea cycle, creatine and uric acid synthesis.
Catabolism of nucleosides, DNA polymerases and other enzymes involved in
metabolism.
X. Chemical Industries
Manufacturing and processing of sugar, cement, glass, paper, fertilizers, soap industries
BOTANY

Algae, Fungi and Bryophytes

Phycology: Distribution, Classification, Structure, Life History and Economic
importance of the main groups of Algae. Mycology and Plant Pathology: Structure,
Reproduction, Classification and
Economic importance of the main groups of Fungi. Diseases of economically
important crops and general principles of their control Bryology: Structure and reproduction of
bryophytes, Evolution of Gametophyte
and Sporophyte.
II. Peteridophyta and Gymnosperms
General account with special reference to structure, life history and affinities of
both Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Ontogeny and structure of seed,
classification and economic importance of Gymnosperms.
III. Anatomy and Embryology
Primary and secondary tissues. Meristems. Secondary growth in dicot stem.
Anatomy of leaf, stem and root. Micro and megasporogenesis, pollination mechanism,
fertilization, development of
Embryo and Endosperm, Seed dispersal.
IV. Taxonomy of Angiosperms
Systems of classification. Rules of botanical nomenclature. Concepts of
speciation. Introduction to modern trends in plant taxonomy: bio-systematic,
chemotaxonomy and numerical taxonomy.General characters and economic
importance of common angiosperm families.
V. Plant Physiology
Plant water relations, Osmotic Quantities, component potentials of water and their
role in transport, water absorption by roots, transpiration. Role of essential mineral
elements and their uptake. Plant hormones. Photoperiodism, Vernalization.
Dormancy and Seed germination.Enzymes. Photosynthesis: Plant pigments, Light reaction,
CO2 fixation, Mechanism of
photophosphorylation. Respiration: Glycolysis, Kreb cycle, Mechanism of oxidative
phosphorylation.
VI. Ecology
Influence of climatic, edaphic and biotic factors on plant growth. Vegetation
sampling techniques. Concepts of ecosystems and their productivity, ecological
energetics, Pyramids (of numbers, biomass and energy), trophic levels, food
chains and food webs.Biogeochemical cycles (Hydrological and Nitrogen).
Succession. Causes and reclamation of soil salinity and water logging in Pakistan. Soil
erosion, its control and soil conservation methods. Deforestation. Biodiversity
conservation.Pollution.VII. Cytology
Cell cycle, cellular morphology, chemistry of cell wall and cell membrane, cell to
cell communication, plant tissue and cell culture, cell senescence and cell death. Ultra-structure
of various cell organelles: Mitochondria, Golgi bodies, Endoplasmic
reticulum, Plastids, Ribosomes, Glyoxysomes, Vaculoes, Nucleus.
VIII. Genetics
Mendelian Genetics, Multiple Alleles, Polygenic inheritance, Gene interaction,
Epistasis and pleiotropy, Sex-linked inheritance, Chromosomal aberrations,
Mutations, DNA repair.
IX. Evolution
Introduction of Evolution, Evolutionary history, Evolution of life, Convergent
Evolution, Divergent Evolution, Parallel Evolution and Natural selection
X. Molecular Biology
Nucleic acids, DNA as hereditary material, DNA replication, Transcription, Genetic
code, Protein synthesis, Genetic engineering and its application, Genetically
Modified Organisms (GMO).

PSYCHOLOGY (100 MARKS)

I. Nature and Scope of Psychology: Definition and scope, Psychology as a Science,

Schools, Perspectives, and Models of Psychology, Recent Trends
II. Biological Basis of Behaviour: Nervous System, Neuron and its function, Central
and Peripheral Nervous System, Endocrine System
III. Sensation and Perception: Sensory process through sense organs, Perception,
Gestalt Principles, Binocular and Monocular cues, Illusions and Extra Sensory
Perception, Determinants of Perception
IV. Learning and Memory: Nature and Forms of Learning, Types of learning: Classical
and Operant Conditioning, Reinforcement, Extinction, Discrimination, Punishment,
Observational Learning, Theories of Learning, Types of Memory, Process of
Memory, Forgetting, Theories of Memory
V. Motivation and Emotion: Homeostasis, Factors affecting Motivation, Biogenic and
Social Motives, Measurement of Human Motivation, Theories of Motivation,
Emotions, Types of Emotions, Physiological changes and Emotion, Theories of
Emotion.
VI. Psychological Assessment: Attributes of Psychological Measures, Validity,
Reliability, Item Analysis, Norms, Modern Test Theory, Selection and Training,
Educational and Clinical Assessment, Ethical Standards and Legal Issues
VII. Personality: Determinants of Personality, Factors in Development of Personality,
Theoretical Perspectives, Traits and Types, Personality Assessment and
Techniques, Cross-Cultural Issues.
VIII. Intelligence: Theories of Intelligence, Types of intelligence (IQ, EQ), Assessing
Intelligence
IX. Social Influence and Group Dynamics: Social Facilitation, Attribution, Conformity,
Obedience, Altruism, Attitudes, Social Norms.
X. Developmental Psychology: Physical, Cognitive, Social and Emotional
development in Childhood, Adolescence, Adulthood and Old Age
XI. Abnormal and Clinical Psychology: Concept and causes of Abnormality, Clinical
Assessment and Intervention, Different disorders such as Schizophrenia, Mood
disorder, Anxiety disorder, Personality disorder, etc. Psychological treatment
including different Therapeutic techniques.
XII. Organizational/Industrial Psychology: Leadership styles, Decision making, Work
motivation, Organizational Culture, Stress and Conflict at Work and its Management,
Organizational Socialization, Job related Attitude, Sexual Harassment, Glass Ceiling,
Human Computer interaction.
XIII. Health Psychology: Beliefs and Behaviour, Models of Health Psychology,
Assessment and Intervention, Models of Stress, Chronic and Terminal Illness, Role
of Social Support.
XIV. Forensic Psychology: Psychology and Law, Investigation, Confession, Eyewitness
Testimony, Working with Offenders, Juvenile Delinquents, Drug Addicts, Sex
Offenders etc.

BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
(100 MARKS)

I. Management Defining Organization, Management, and Management in Organizations

Four Management Functions, Management Roles, Management Skills
Organizational Internal-External Environment Management Planning, Goal Setting, and
Decision Making
Strategic Management Process: Strategy Formulation and Implementation Developing
Organizational Structure and Design
Designing Adaptive Organizations
Managing Change and Innovation
Leadership and Motivation
II. HR Management Role of Human Resource Management in Organizational Performance
Functions of HRM
Process and Methods of Job Analysis
Planning and Forecasting Personnel Needs Recruitment and Selection
Training and Development Performance Management and Appraisal: Methods and Processes
Establishing Strategic Pay Plans
Compensation and Benefits
Ethics, Justice, and Fair Treatment in HR Management Labor Relations and Collective
Bargaining
III. Financial Management An overview of Financial Management
Introduction and significance of financial markets, Differentiation between real assets
and financial assets, Types of Financial Markets, Role of capital and money markets in
economic development, Organizational goals and shareholder wealth maximization
perspective
Time Value of Money
Cost of money and the factors effecting the cost, Interest rate fundamentals and
determinants of market interest rate, Role of Time value of money in finance, Concept
of future value and present value, Making timelines, Annuities, Perpetuities and mixed
stream of cash flows, with and without growth, Present value and future value of cash
flow streams, Compounding Interest; discrete and continuous, Loan amortization
Analysis and Interpretation of Financial Statements
Reading the financial statements, Horizontal and vertical analysis including common
size, ratio, comparative and index number trend analysis, Forecasting financials for
future decision making, Evaluating credit, management, profitability, risk etc using
financial statements
Risk, Return and Introduction to Pricing
Measures of Risks and return, Investment return and expected rate of return, Standalone risk:
standard deviation and coefficient of variation, Risk aversion and
required rate of return, Portfolio risk: Diversifiable vs. Market risk, Security Market Line
and CAPM, Calculating WACC, Discounting process for price determination, Relevant
risk and return for valuation
Cash flow and Budgeting
Significance of budgeting, Making cash budgets, Making financial forecasts, Difference
between profit and cash flow, Read and analyze Statement of Cash flow. Capital Budgeting
Significance of Capital budgeting, Cash flow calculations: incremental cash flows, Capital
budgeting decision rules: NPV, IRR, MIRR, Return, Finding optimal capital
structure, calculating appropriate discount rate, Capital Rationing
IV. Operations and Supply Chain Management
a. Operations Management Operations & Productivity
Operations Management (OM) as one of the Three Core Functions in an
Organization. Significance and contributions of OM in the field of management.
Future trends in OM and differences between goods and services. Operations Strategy in
Global Environment
Developing mission & OM strategies, Critical Success Factors (CSF), Aligning Core
Competencies with CSF
Process Strategy
Four Process Strategies, Process Analysis and Design, Process Mapping, Flow
Diagrams, Process Charts, Service process design, Process Re-engineering
Capacity Planning
Design & Effective Capacity, Capacity Cushion, Capacity considerations, Managing
demand, Capacity Planning, Leading vs Lagging Strategies, Single & Multiple
Product Break Even Analysis for Capacity Planning
Location Strategies
Factors Affecting Location Decisions, Methods for Evaluating Location Alternatives,
Factor Rating Method, Load-Distance Methods, Center of Gravity Method, Service
location Strategy
Layout Strategies
Types of Layout, Layout Design, Fixed Position Layout, Process- Oriented Layouts,
Office Layout, Retail Layout, Assembly Line Balancing
Inventory Management
Role of Inventory in Operations, ABC analysis, Record accuracy, Cycle counting,
Inventory Models, Fixed Period Systems, Continuous Review Systems, Basic EOQ
Inventory Model, Safety Stock, Service Level
b. Supply Chain Management Introduction to supply chain management and logistics
management
What is supply chain management and logistics management, Objectives,
Importance, Examples of supply chain management and logistics management, Decision
phases in supply chains
Supply chain performance
Achieving strategic fit, Challenges in achieving strategic fit, Supply chain cost, Supply
chain quality, Supply chain lead time
Supply chain drivers
Facilities as a driver, Inventory as a driver, Information as a driver, Transportation as
a driver, Sourcing as a driver, Pricing as a driver Balancing supply and demand
Bullwhip effect, Demand collaboration, Information sharing in supply chains, accurate
response strategy
Supply chain coordination
Obstacles in coordination, Vendor managed inventory, Collaborative planning
forecasting and replenishment, Managerial levers to achieve coordination
IT in supply chain management
Role of IT in supply chain management, Customer relationship management, Supplier
relationship management, Risk management in IT, Supply chain IT in
practice
V. Marketing
Introduction to marketing
Developing marketing strategies and plans
Scanning the marketing environment Analyzing consumer markets
Market segmentation
Managing marketing information
Branding
Product life cycle
Pricing
Managing distribution channels
Integrated marketing communications

HISTORY OF PAKISTAN & INDIA

(100 MARKS)

I. Muslim Rule and Heritage in India (712-1857): Political History Arrival, foundation
and consolidation of Muslim rule in India, important rulers of the Slave Dynasty and
the Mughals. The Spirit and legacy of Muslim civilization, Art, Architecture and
literature, Public Administration under Muslim Rules. Sultans, Kings, Economic,
Social, Judicial, Civil and Military system during the Muslim rule, Industry, trade and
commerce under the Muslim patronage, Financial Administration.
II. British Rule in India: 1857-1947: British Imperialism, origin and growth of the East
India Company, Causes and effects of downfall of the Mughal Empire in India, War of
Independence in 1857:Causes and effects.
III. Constitutional and Political Reforms of the British Government (1858-1947)
and growth of the Political Parties –Indian Congress
IV. Muslim Struggle for Independence: Role of Shah Wali Ullah, Syed Ahmad
Shaheed and Sir Syed Ahmed Khan towards regeneration of the Muslim of South
Asia, All India Muslim League, Partition of Bengal, Simla Deputation, Lucknow pact;
Khilafat movement. Nehru Report Quaid-i- Azam’s Fourteen Points.
V. Pakistan Movement: Allama Iqal’s Allahabad Address 1930, and Round Table
Conference. The Congress Rule in the provinces-1937-1939, Lahore Resolution 1940,
various Missions and Plans for the partition of South Asia. Founders of Pakistan:
Quaid-i-Azam, Mohsin-ul-Mulk, Syed Amir Ali, Ali Brothers. Sir Agha Khan, Chaudhry
Rahmat Ali, etc.
VI. History of Pakistan (1947- To Date): Pakistan’s early Challenges—Quaid-i-Azam as
Governor-General, various attempts at constitution making.
VII. Military in Politics: Ayub Khan, Yahya, Zia–ul–Haq and Pervaiz Musharaf regimes,
Civil Military Relationship in Pakistan,
VIII. Separation of East Pakistan: Causes and Effects,
IX. Working of Democracy in Pakistan: Liaquat Ali Khan to Firoz Khan Noon (1947- 1958),
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s Period,(1971-1977),Benazir, Nawaz Sharif ,Revival of
Democracy: 1988-1999, Restoration of Democracy (2008 to date), Role of Major
Political Parties and Pressure Groups in the history of Pakistan.
X. Foreign Policy of Pakistan (1947-1999)