ACLC COLLEGE OF MEYCAUAYAN

WATER MANAGEMENT

A Report on Sustainable Resource Management for the Subject

Prepared by:

Aidan Hernandez

Dan Genove

Jena Alejo

Jethro G. Mayonila

John Angeles

Submitted to:

Ms. Annabelle Moratal

November 4, 2024

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 Table of Contents

Overview of the Resource………………………………………………..………….……04

● Definition…………………………………………………………………………….04

● Historical Backround……………………………………………………………….04

● Importance………………………………………………………………………….05

● Types and Forms…………………………………………………………………..05

● Global and Local…………………………………………………………………...06

Current Issues……………………….………………………………..……………………07

● Challenges………………………………………………………………………….07

● Causes of Decline………………………………………………………………….07

● Environmental Impact……………...………………………….…………………..08

● Societal Impact……………………………………………….…………………….08

● Statistics…………………………………………………………………………….09

● Trends Over Time…………………………………….………...………………….09

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Sustainable Practices……………………………………………………..………….……11

● Examples……………………………………………………………………………11

● Benefits………………………………………………….…………………………..12

● Policy Frameworks…………………………………………………………………12

● CommunityInvolvement…………………………………...………………………13

● Challenges toImplementation…………………………………………………….13

CaseStudies……………………………………………………………………….….……14

● Success fulInitiatives………………………………………...…………………….14

● Analysis…………………....……….………………………….……………………14

● Comparative Analysis……………………………………….……...……………..15

● Stakeholder Roles………………………………………………………………….16

● Outcomes…………………………………………………………………………...17

Future Considerations…………………………………………………………….….……18

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 ● PolicyRecommendations………………………………….………………………18

● Public Awareness……………………………………………….

………………….18

● ResearchNeeds…………………………………………….………….…………..19

● Innovations………………………………………………….………………………20

● Recommendations…………………………………………………….…………...21

Conclusion………………..…………………………………………………..……….……22

● Summary……………………………………………………………………………22

● Implications for the Future……………………………………………….………..22

● Call to Action…………………………………………………………………….….23

Definition of Terms…………………………………………………………...……….……

24

References…………………………………………………………………………….……26

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 Overview of the Resource

Definition

National ground water association, (2024). explains that talking about how

water is distributed in the earth that although earth is water-rich, a little fraction of this

amount makes use of by human beings. The earth is referred as the "Blue Planet"

because it is covered by water, and 71% of its face is occupied by it. There is water

available within the oceans, underground, and vapor which cycles through the

atmosphere without losing or gaining much matter. This cycle has conserved Earth's

water for 4.5 billion years.

Historical Backround

United nations department of economic and social affairs (UNDESA), 2015.

Water serves as the focal point for sustainable development; it impacts societal and

economic development, the condition of ecosystems, and humans' survival. It is also

critical in the elimination and prevention of disease and in enhancing the general

well-being and productivity of people. Water is an indispensable but limited resource,

and its management is important; misuse has already led to depletion in many river

basins and affects more than 1.7 billion people.

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Importance

Water is essential for ecosystems and human needs, and it contains

environmental flows that are closely coupled to its environment.

Human inputs add contaminants to water, therefore affecting its quality.

The use of "nature-based solutions" can address issues that water poses the gains

from natural infrastructure can be secured at almost the same cost as any built

infrastructure - such as biodiversity, recreational, and cost savings. Beyond

monetary terms, the value of the environment should be sustained with respect to

economic, cultural, and social considerations in order to uphold the great benefits of

the environment and avoid reducing it to a commodity.

Types and Forms

Groundwater- water that fills the pores below Earth's surface, a total of

approximately 98% of Earth's accessible fresh water, and flows through pores in soil

and rock. Movement is an indication of soil porosity and permeability. Glaciers and

Icecaps-functions as significant reservoirs for freshwater, covering some 10% of land

area on Earth, primarily covering Greenland and Antarctica. Glaciers form when

snowfall over a region exceeds the melting threshold; they serve to shape

landscapes by acting as erosive agents.

Glaciers and Icecaps-serve as significant fresh water reservoirs, covering around

10% of Earth's land area, mainly in Greenland and Antarctica. Glaciers form when

snowfall exceeds melting, and they play a role in shaping landscapes by carving

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lakes and valleys. If melted entirely, glaciers could raise sea levels by an estimated

260 feet.

Global and Local

United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 2014. Water resources

are important to both people and the environment - for water that's clean enough to

drink, and healthy enough to support agriculture, energy, transportation, recreation,

and industry. Such uses put a lot of pressure on our supplies of water, pressures that

climate change may worsen. Senate Economic Planning Office. (2011). Water is an

essential need for humanity and is recognized as a basic human right. For centuries,

human development has relied on communities' ability to access clean water and

utilize it as a valuable resource. In the Philippines, many early settlements were

formed along the extensive coastlines and major rivers like the Cagayan River, Rio

Grande de Mindanao, and Pasig River.Over time, the importance of water in driving

progress and development has grown. The 2006 United Nations Human

Development Report highlights that access to water for household use and economic

production are critical pillars of human development. However, many developing

nations are already facing significant challenges due to water scarcity.

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 Current Issues

Challenges

Water scarcity is now the single most increasing threat to sustainability

globally. Though water covers most of Earth, only 3% of it is freshwater, and most of

it is inaccessible in the form of ice caps. Therefore, 1.1 billion people lack access to

clean water, and 2.7 billion face shortages at least annually. Millions die every year

because of exposure to water-borne illnesses related to water scarcity caused by

poor sanitation. Agriculture and industrial use impose heavy pressure on water

resources, while pollution and climate change generally aggravate the matter. In this

direction, if consumption patterns continue to rise in the same way, by 2025, about

two-thirds of the world population is likely to face water shortages, with great impacts

on ecosystems.

Causes of Decline

Freshwater resources are threatened by population growth, pollution, and

climate variability. Deterioration of these resources ranks high among the global risks

since deteriorating water quality exposes access to some clean supplies of water,

thereby affecting a number of sustainable development goals. Continued increases

in pollution and the resultant high demand for water further stretch available

resources, thus demanding immediate and sustainable solutions.

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Environmental Impact

Water scarcity has impacts on agriculture, health, and ecosystems.

Agriculture, being a more water-intensive economic sector, stands to lose several

interruptions that will lead to food shortages. In health impacts, inhabitants in water-

scarce regions drink polluted water and eventually suffer from several health

problems. From the aspect of ecology, water loss results in habitat destruction,

desertification, and biodiversity loss, as witnessed with the drying Aral Sea.

Overexploitation of freshwater by humans has led to the loss of wetlands, as a result

of which more than half have disappeared since 1990 because of pollution and

aquifer depletion.

Societal Impact

Water scarcity fuels the process of migration, which increases an already

surging urban population while overstretched and overburdening the already scarce

infrastructure of cities in water-scarce regions like Central Asia. It only worsens the

conditions of urban poverty and health. Political conflicts in Central Asia are also

fueled by arguments over shared water resources, such as transboundary rivers,

exacerbated by water scarcity.

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Statistics

Almost 3.6 billion people live in areas where water is insufficient at least one

month a year. Global demand for water increased by 600 percent over the course of

the last century, driven primarily by increases in population and economic output.

Today, about 4,600 km³ of water are used worldwide each year.

Trends Over Time

Since the 1990s, a mainly steady increase in water demand has actually

mirrored population growth and industrial activities and forced many regions into

critical levels of water stress. By 2050, the share of the global population exposed to

at least one month annually of inadequate water supplies is likely to jump to 57%.

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Between now and 2050, global water demand is expected to increase by 20 to 30

percent. This rise is due primarily to population growth, which is expected to happen

mainly in Africa and Asia. Such increases should occur mostly in already

water-constrained developing regions.

FIG NUMBER: fig name

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 Sustainable Practices

Examples

Rainwater harvesting is, more or less, a straightforward process developed for

water conservation and utilization in an appropriate manner. Surface-runoff water

collected and kept pure from open spaces that consist of parks, roads, and rooftops

must be utilized through the systematic management of wastes also without allowing

all kinds of degradation to prevail in available resources of water.

Collection, treatment by processing of wastes, improvement, and reuse must

also be managed properly. In short, there are a lot of advantages to sustainable

practices: decreasing the level of pollution and waste, due to the lowering levels of

chemical usage that induce recycling activities and practices related to composting,

resulting in cleaner air, soils, and water intended for the health preservation of wild

animals. Also, a good reduction of runoff comes through the collection of rain, there

is a smaller load on storm drainage systems.

Benefits

Managing water resources effectively increases the productivity of all sectors

of the economy and promotes healthy ecosystems. These interventions together

reap immediate and long-term benefits that can benefit billions of people

economically, socially, and environmentally (Tropp, H. (2015). Water management

has great benefits in terms of huge cost-saving opportunities for state and local

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governments, mainly in the form of enormous cost savings in water and sewer

services. Programs with water-efficient devices work successfully to cut down the

usage of water, ultimately reducing utility bills and costs associated with

sewer systems.

Policy Frameworks

The Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004, or RA 9275, protects the country's

water source from pollution by requiring a pollution permit, establishing an

environmental guarantee fund, and compelling the polluter to clean up their

pollutants. The National Environmental Awareness and Education Act of 2008, or

Republic Act No. 9512, is an act that promotes environmental awareness through

education. It covers ecological concepts and principles, environmental laws, the

current state of both international and local environments, local ecological best

practices, the threats posed by environmental degradation, its impact on human well-

being.

Community Involvement

The same community could share common sources of collecting rainwater

through systemes like a rain barrel. Some can also lead workshops aimed at saving

this essential resource, teaching members of different households that the resources

would only increase when people show interest and begin working in their interests

to create something useful and vital to sustain one's family, among others.

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Challenges to Implementation

An absence of awareness about benefits and practices of sustainable

management, coupled with the prevalent misconceptions that these kinds of

approaches are inconvenient and costly, creates resistance and indifference among

people, business, and communities to engage in broader adoption. When it comes to

implementing the water management system, any government with a weak or thin

purse will look away.

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 Case Studies

Successful Initiatives

Water management techniques regulate the flow and control of water resources

to increase their productive use and reduce harm to people and property. Effective

water management of levees and dams can lessen flood damage. The most

effective way to use the limited water resources available to agriculture is through

irrigation water management systems. Water budgeting and surface and subsurface

drainage system studies are part of drainage management. Water management

techniques: what are they? These are methods that implement policies and

strategies through a variety of actions to manage freshwater resources sustainably,

conserve the hydrosphere, and satisfy human demands. Growth, household size,

and population all have an impact on water consumption. The strain on natural water

resources is increased by factors like climate change.

Analysis

Due to the key role of water security in fulfilling development goals across other

areas of endeavor like mining, agriculture, energy, health, and environment among

others, water infrastructure is very key to water security. Water infrastructure is

susceptible to future climate change risks because it has very high initial costs and a

relatively extended lifespan. Ensuring the resilience of water infrastructure

developments to climate variability and long-term change is one of the major

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challenges to continuing development gains and preventing investments in

infrastructure that is performing poorly or failing on account of climate concerns.

Resilience covers more than just engineering design, from strategic planning at

the national or basin level through the process of project identification to details of

the engineering design process.

Comparative Analysis

Which best practices do apply to water management? Water management best

practices are applied in the public and corporate sectors, homes, people,

conservation organizations, and non-governmental organizations. Let us further

break it down by dissecting what each stage entails. The government constructs

dams, reservoirs, and canals for public use, irri-gation, and currently is working on

some projects related to rainwater collecting and wastewater treatment to promote

reuse. Public and commercial companies with corporate social responsibility engage

communities for water conversation programs. Some of them also invest in water-

saving technologies. NGOs and Discussion Groups: Many NGOs, associations, and

societies around the world are working for public education on water through

research and awareness-building campaigns.

Stakeholder Roles

Nowadays, cooperative partnerships are increasingly used around the world to

integrate various government and non-government viewpoints for the solution of

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complicated water issues. From this method, business, nonprofit, and governmental

stakeholders along with public discussion involve in the decision-making process as

dialogue and negotiation. We highlight, in this paper, various requirements for

coordination and collaboration-based partnerships. We also consider the general

levels of partnership intervention, such as organizational, policy, and activity-based.

The resulting matrix of partnership settings and approaches illustrates some of the

challenges that the public, participating stakeholders, and the government sponsors

face. We argue that addressing these challenges is crucial for offering sustainable

water management strategies.

Outcomes

Understanding Sustainability in Water Resource Management Sustainable

management of water resources to ensure environmental preservation and

availability of water in the future is termed sustainable water management. It simply

means that water use should be sustainable, efficient, and equitable. The core

principles of sustainable water resource management include water conservation,

pollution avoidance, water reuse, and ecosystem preservation. It is vital because it

would mean that sustainable management of water ensures, through prudent action,

that applied water resource controls meet the needs of both present and future

generations, and, therefore, is the key to achieving universal access to water.

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 Future Considerations

Policy recommendations

The water management policy shall incorporate resource use through the

approach of Integrated Water Resource Management or (IWRM), which enhances

the development and management of water, land, and other related resources for

improved social and economic benefit without damaging vital ecosystems.

Cross-sector collaboration, including agriculture, industry, and domestic use,

is encouraged by IWRM; the balancing of demands ensures equitable distribution

and solves issues on quantity and quality alike. Community Based Water Resource

Management, therefore, means hitting a balance between water supply and water

demand so that one avoids water scarcity occasioned by changes in the social,

economic, ecological, or environmental context, especially those caused by

vulnerability to disasters or climate change. Individual water supply system - means

a single system of piping, pumps, tanks, or other facilities utilizing groundwater to

supply a single family dwelling.

Public Awareness

Campaign Education Initiatives to Foster Sustainability Public Awareness and

Education Campaigns on Water Conservation and Management: Purpose Raise

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public awareness about water conservation issues, opportunities, and solutions.

Encourage individual and community

behavior change through collaboration with people and communities to modify

their daily habits and lifestyles. Empower the people and communities through

providing access to assets, tools, and information available to households,

businesses, and schools that have capabilities to achieve effective water savings. •

Partnerships: Local organizations, governments, and community leaders can be

involved in the campaigns to reach as many people and exert influence as

possible.The campaign aims to raise public awareness about water conservation

and encourage.It aims to change public perceptions and increase water utilization

effectiveness through campaigns, education, and various communication methods.

Traditional, social media, and direct communication are used, along with stakeholder

discussions, workshops, and presentations. Economic incentives like free water

meters can also be used. Increasing water awareness is crucial as even small

changes can lead to significant savings at the municipal or regional level.

Research needs

Research needs priority research areas for sustainable development water

resources research focus on understanding social and environmental processes

This affects influencing problems and potential solutions. All these priorities align

academic knowledge with social demands and funding opportunities, which in turn,

impact research conduct and problem-solving as new information and societal

demands arise. Many research priorities for water resources involve a narrow scope

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due to the interconnected nature of the water quality and quantity. This has led to

several independent sets of priorities for various aspects of water resources that lack

proper guiding management. The traditional subdivision of water resourceIssues in

quality and quantity are now considered insufficient because they are closely related.

Recommendations

Recommendations guidance for policymakers, communities, and Individuals

Policy-makers have traditionally focused on the supply side of water management,

using benefit-cost analysis (BCA) to evaluate public water supply and policy options.

However, with new water-related issues emerging, they are now focusing on non-

structural approaches, including demand management, scientific research,

education, and persuasion. This user-focused approach aims to address human

causes of water problems, such as water quality degradation and overexploitation of

aquifers. Organizations like voluntary associations, government bureaucracies, and

private businesses operate on both demand and supply sides of water supply

systems. Community Based Water Resource Management (CBWRM) requires a

balance between water supply and demand in order to avoid water scarcity due to

changing social, economic, ecological or environmental contexts particularly

changes caused by vulnerability to disasters or climate change. Individual

water supply system means a single system of piping, tanks, or other facilities

together with a source of water intended to supply only a single parcel.

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Innovations

Vertical farming vertical farming with the help of technology advances the human

being in growing crops in indoor facilities because it brings automation, artificial

intelligence, and IoT for crop growth. It develops an ability to save more water as

well as maximize use of land instead of the conventional method. The new systems

replace old ones: aeroponics or hydroponics increase yields and efficiency. Indeed,

vertical farming-that is, farming of new high-tech varieties-is the great agricultural

leap forward in place, offering a sustainable solution to current dilemmas and boldly

pointing the way to food production in a resilient, environmentally aware future.

Renewable Energy Storage Tech Sources of renewable energy, like wind and

solar, also are affected by weather-related aspects in terms of power supply. On the

technological side, energy forecasting through AI, IoT, and predictive algorithms is

necessary for supporting "smart grids." As well, technologies related to storage, such

as grid-scale systems and AI-optimized batteries, guarantee an uninterrupted and

reliable flow of energy.

Technology on Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU) Carbon capture and

utilization technologies play a critical role in fighting climate change by absorbing

CO2 emissions from different sectors and being translated into useful products such

as synthetic fuels and agricultural benefits. Such technologies make sure the idea of

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a circular carbon economy is promoted because captured carbon creates value and

then reduces the impact on the environment.

Smart Grid Technology Advanced smart grid technology applies cutting-edge

digital communication and control systems to greatly optimize and manage the

distribution of energy. It comprises AI, IoT, and data analytics that give

conventionally static grids the dynamism that consists of complex webs. Therefore,

customers can be empowered to monitor their resource usage real-time online,

predict when maintenance would be required, and adapt energy distribution for the

best use and waste reduction in energy consumption of resources.

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 Conclusion

Summary

Overexploitation and pollution of fresh-water resources have led to severe

overconsumption of water. Innovations in water filtration, desalination, and water-

efficient farming also form part of these practices. Effective policies, such as the

Philippine Clean Water Act, at government levels and active community participation

with various awareness campaigns and localized conservation efforts in their

communities will form the core of managing water effectively. The application of

emerging technologies, including artificial intelligence-driven smart grids and vertical

farming, appears to be promising as measures in enhancing water efficiency.

Achieving equitable access, safeguarding ecosystems, and securing long-term water

resources for future generations will be ensured through integrating sustainability

principles with collaborative effort and innovative technologies.

Implications for the Future

This means the future problems of water resources are quite critical because

of climate change, pollution, and increased use of water. Climate change will expose

more extreme weather patterns, including droughts, floods, storms, and disruption of

cycles of water with its distribution; thus, straining the availability of water. This

means that industrial, agricultural, and urban pollution sources will reduce the quality

of water so much that it makes drinking water unsafe to drink, thereby increasing the

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cost of treatment and the hazards to health. Some of these are desalination, water

filtration and purification, wastewater treatment, and AI/ML-driven smart water

management systems. Sustainable and Cost-effective Strategies Wetland

restoration and reforestation can once again support natural water cycles, reduce

flooding, and enhance water quality.

Call to Action

There are plenty of challenges now with full force: driven by climate change,

pollution, and the growing population, requiring us to act responsibly to save this life-

giving resource. Promote Innovation: the innovation in water technology, like

desalination, filtration, and AI management system, will deliver the much-needed

water while saving more. Promote Policy and Governance: Governments should

develop and implement policies on IWRM that will promote the quality of water along

with the abundant requirements of different kinds. This includes upgradation of

infrastructure, equitable pricing of water, and improvement in services to

inadequately served communities. Restore Ecosystems: Assist to restore

ecosystems in a natural way by restoring wetlands, reforesting, and increasing

sustainable land use practices which help in the conservation of natural flows while

improving the quality of water.

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 Definition of Terms

Community Cooperation: Collaborative efforts among local communities to

address water resource management.

Cost-Saving Opportunities: Economic benefits derived from the implementation of

water-efficient practices and technologies.

Environmental Awareness and Education: Programs and initiatives designed to

increase public knowledge and understanding of environmental issues.

Environmental Guarantee Fund: A financial fund created to ensure that funds are

available for the cleanup of pollution caused by industries or individuals.

Pollution: The introduction of harmful substances or contaminants into water

resources.

Pollution Permit: A legal authorization granted to polluters, allowing them to

discharge a specified number of pollutants into water bodies.

Rain Barrel: A container used to collect and store rainwater from rooftops.

Rainwater Harvesting: The process of collecting and storing rainwater from

surfaces like rooftops, parks, and roads for future use.

Recycling Activities: The process of converting waste materials into reusable

products, helping to reduce pollution, conserve natural resources, and improve water

quality.

Return on Investment (ROI): The financial return or savings achieved from an

investment in water management systems or technologies.

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Soil Erosion: The removal of the topsoil layer, often caused by water runoff, leading

to the degradation of land and reduced agricultural productivity.

Surface-Runoff Water: Water that flows over the land's surface during and after

precipitation.

Sustainable Practices: Environmentally-friendly methods of managing resources,

reducing waste, and conserving natural systems.

Systematic Management of Wastes: A structured approach to collecting, treating,

and managing waste materials.

Urban Flooding: The overflow of water onto streets and properties in urban areas

due to inadequate stormwater drainage or heavy rainfall.

Wastewater Management: The process of collecting, treating, and safely disposing

or reusing wastewater.

Water-Efficient Devices: Technologies designed to reduce water consumption,

such as low-flow toilets, water-saving fa

ucets, and efficient irrigation systems.

Water Management Systems: Strategies, technologies, and practices used to

allocate, conserve, and use water resources.

Water Scarcity: The condition where the demand for water exceeds the available

supply in a region, leading to inadequate freshwater resources.

Water Resources Management: The coordinated actions and infrastructure aimed

at providing access to clean water, ensuring proper wastewater treatment.

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 References

Tropp, H. (2015). MAKING WATER A PART OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: The

economic benefits of improved water management and services.

https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203132937-14

https://www.ajne.org/document/clean-water-act-republic-act-no-9275#:~:text=This%

0Act%20provides%20for%20the,fresh%2C%20brackish%20and%20marine%20wars

Presidential Decree No. 1067

https://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC002071/#:~:text=Philippine

-,Presidential%20Decree

%20No.,And%20Protection%20Of%20Water%20Resourcs.

Reassessing the projections of the World Water Development Report.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41545-019-0039-9

Water Scarcity and Its Economic-Social Consequences: The Case of Central Asia.

https://communities.springernature.com/posts/water-scarcity-and-its-economic-

social-consequences-the-case-of-central-asia

Water & Natural Resources.

https://www.theconsciouschallenge.org/ecologicalfootprintbibleoverview/water-

natural-resources

worldwildlife.orghttps://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity

Information on Earth’s Water.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590332222000434
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What is Groundwater.

https://www.ngwa.org/what-is-groundwater/About-groundwater/information-on-

earths-water#:~:text=Surface%20waters%20make%20up%20the,in%20mining

%20and%20livestock%20industries.

Planning in water effective strategies for sustainable resource management.

https://www.waterandwastewater.com/planning-in-water-effective-strategies-for-

sustainable-resource-management/

UN World water development report.

https://www.unesco.org/reports/wwdr/2021/en/water-environment?

fbclid=IwY2xjawGZGNFleHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHfp9nwC-ZipOY_nFNXe-

pWwPPEb8scKihVmUlEdJwyyXqZQlMUGYyTS13A_aem_xSGxUJRcVwtz5pIvt7ITZ

Water policies and demand management.

https://www.fao.org/4/t0800e/t0800e0c.htm?

fbclid=IwY2xjawGZGchleHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHcKsLTyELU-LIzqCWiWkHa82-

HacVXxDYTULWCdOecDQ72l8e39v8V_04g_aem_9h_Ys18F59s6tmDCA7KtDg

Climate Impacts on Water https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/climate-

impacts/climate-impacts-water-resources_.html#:~:text=Water%20resources%20are

%20important%20to,be%20exacerbated%20by%20climate%20change

Water for Life Decade

https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/water_and_sustainable_development.shtml

What Are The 5 Emerging Sustainable Technologies? https://sigmaearth.com/what-

are-the-5-emerging-sustainable-technologies/

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Promoting Public Awareness and Education Campaigns on Water Conservation and

Management https://www.fundsforngos.org/proposals/promoting-public-awareness-

and-education-campaigns-on-water-conservation-and-management-objectives

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