Michael Adokwu 20222213 Computer Science

Programming Language Author Year Contribution of the Language Category

1 C Dennis Ritchi 1972 Influential in system programming; basis High-Level
for many languages, including C++, C#,
and Objective-C.
2 SQL Donald D. Chamberlin, Raymond F. 1974 Domain Specific
Boyce Standard for managing and manipulating
relational databases; essential for data
management.
3 C++ High-Level, OOP
Extended C with object-oriented
features; widely used in game
Bjarne Stroustrup 1985 development and systems programming.
4 Assembly Various 1949 Lowest-level programming used for Low-Level
direct hardware control and
optimization.
5 Fortran John Backus and IBM 1957 High-Level
First high-level language designed for
scientific and engineering calculations.
6 LISP John McCarthy 1958 High-Level
One of the oldest languages; introduced
functional programming and recursive
functions.
7 COBOL Grace Hopper, CODASYL 1959 Designed for business and finance High-Level
applications; readable syntax for
business use cases.
8 BASIC John Kemeny, Thomas Kurtz 1964 High-Level
Made programming accessible to
beginners; widely used in education.
9 Smalltalk Alan Kay, Dan Ingalls, Adele Goldberg 1972 High-Level, OOP
Introduced object-oriented programming
(OOP) concepts; highly influential in GUI
development.
10 Ada Jean Ichbiah, CII Honeywell Bull 1980 Developed for reliable systems; used in High-Level
critical systems like defense and
aviation.
11 Objective-C Brad Cox, Tom Love 1984 Combines C with Smalltalk’s OOP High-Level, OOP
features; used in early Apple software
development.
12 Perl Larry Wall 1987 Known for text processing and scripting; High-Level
often used in web development and
automation.
13 Python Guido van Rossum 1991 Emphasized code readability and High-Level
simplicity; popular in data science, web
development, and AI.
14 Ruby Yukihiro Matsumoto 1995 High-Level
Designed for simplicity and productivity;
popular in web development, especially
with Ruby on Rails.
15 Java James Gosling, Sun Microsystems 1995 High-Level, OOP
Platform-independent with “write once,
run anywhere” concept; widely used in
enterprise applications.
16 JavaScript Brendan Eich 1995 Core language of the web; powers High-Level
interactive elements in websites;
essential for web development.
17 PHP Rasmus Lerdorf 1995 High-Level
Widely used in web development; server-
side scripting for dynamic web content.
18 Swift Chris Lattner, Apple Inc. 2014 Designed for iOS and macOS High-Level
development; aims for safety and
performance in app development.
19 Kotlin JetBrains 2011 Official language for Android High-Level
development; interoperable with Java
and more concise.
20 R Robert Gentleman, Ross Ihaka 1993 Specialized for statistical computing and High-Level
data analysis; widely used in data
science.
21 Go (Golang) Robert Griesemer, Rob Pike, Ken Thompson2009 High-Level
Known for simplicity and performance in
concurrent programming; used in
backend development.
22 Rust Graydon Hoare 2010 High-Level
Memory-safe and concurrent language;
popular in systems programming and
performance-critical applications.
23 TypeScript Anders Hejlsberg, Microsoft 2012 High-Level
Superset of JavaScript with optional
static typing; improves code
maintainability in large projects.
24 MATLAB Cleve Moler 1984 High-Level, Domain-Specific
Specialized for numerical computing and
data visualization; used heavily in
engineering and scientific fields.
25 Haskell Simon Peyton Jones, Philip Wadler 1990 High-Level, Functional
Purely functional programming with
strong typing; introduced lazy evaluation
and is popular in academia.
26 Scala Martin Odersky 2004 High-Level, Multi-Paradigm
Combines OOP and functional
programming; designed to be scalable
and interoperable with Java.
27 Dart Google 2011 High-Level, Multi-Paradigm
Optimized for building user interfaces;
commonly used in Flutter for cross-
platform mobile app development.
28 Elixir José Valim 2011 High-Level, Functional
Built on top of Erlang for high
concurrency and fault tolerance; popular
in web and real-time applications.
29 Erlang Joe Armstrong, Ericsson 1986 Known for fault-tolerant systems with High-Level, Functional
high availability; used in
telecommunications and concurrent
systems.
30 Clojure Rich Hickey 2007 Modern, functional Lisp dialect on the High-Level, Functional
JVM; popular for concurrency and data
processing.
31 F# Microsoft 2005 High-Level, Multi-Paradigm
Functional-first language for .NET
platform; combines functional and OOP
paradigms, used in financial modeling.
32 Groovy James Strachan, Bob McWhirter 2003 High-Level, Scripting
Scripting language for the JVM; simplifies
Java syntax and adds dynamic features.
33 Lua 1993 Lightweight
Roberto Ierusalimschy, Luiz Henrique de Figueiredo, Waldemar scripting
Celes language; widely High-Level, Scripting
used in game development and
embedded systems.
34 Scratch MIT Media Lab 2003 Visual programming language for High-Level, Educational
teaching programming concepts to
beginners and children.
35 Crystal Ary Borenszweig 2014 Syntax similar to Ruby but with compiled High-Level, Systems
speed; known for high performance and
concurrency.
36 Julia Jeff Bezanson, Alan Edelman, Stefan Karpinski,
2012Viral B. Shah High-Level
Designed for high-performance
numerical analysis; popular in scientific
computing and machine learning.
37 RPG IBM 1959 Used in business applications, High-Level
especially on IBM systems for batch and
report processing.
38 AWK 1977 Specialized for text processing and data
Alfred Aho, Peter Weinberger, Brian Kernighan Domain-Specific
extraction, often used in Unix
environments.
39 Nim Andreas Rumpf 2008 Efficient and expressive syntax; High-Level
combines Python-like readability with
compiled speed.
40 Q Kx Systems 2003 Optimized for real-time data analysis; High-Level
used primarily in finance and big data
analytics.
41 Tcl John Ousterhout 1988 High-Level
Originally developed for embedded
command languages; used in GUI
development and rapid prototyping.
42 Prolog Alain Colmerauer, Robert Kowalski 1972 High-Level
Logic programming language; widely
used in AI, natural language processing,
and symbolic reasoning.
43 ML (Meta Language) Robin Milner 1973 High-Level
Pioneered type inference and functional
programming; influenced languages like
Haskell and OCaml.
44 OCaml INRIA 1996 High-Level
Powerful type system with functional
programming; used in academia and
industry for reliability in software.
45 Solidity Gavin Wood 2015 High-Level, Domain-Specific
Designed for writing smart contracts on
the Ethereum blockchain.
46 VHDL U.S. Department of Defense 1983 Domain-Specific
Hardware description language for
designing and simulating digital circuits.
47 Verilog Phil Moorby, Prabhu Goel 1984 Domain-Specific
Another hardware description language
for digital circuit design and testing.
48 Powershell Microsoft 2006 High-Level
Scripting language for task automation in
Windows environments.
49 APL Kenneth E. Iverson 1962 Known for its concise, symbolic High-Level, Array-Oriented
notation; used in mathematics, finance,
and scientific research.
50 Simula Ole-Johan Dahl, Kristen Nygaard 1967 High-Level, OOP
First language to introduce object-
oriented programming concepts,
influencing languages like C++ and Java.
51 SAS Anthony James Barr, James Goodnight 1976 Specialized in statistical analysis; Domain-Specific
popular in business analytics and
healthcare.
52 B Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie 1969 Predecessor to C; used in system Low-Level, Procedural
programming and influenced the
development of UNIX.
53 Icon Ralph Griswold 1977 Designed for text processing and string High-Level, Scripting
manipulation, useful in prototyping and
scripting.
54 REBOL Carl Sassenrath 1997 High-Level, Scripting
Simplified data exchange and scripting
for network communications; aimed to
be human-readable.
55 Factor Slava Pestov 2003 Stack-based language with functional High-Level, Concatenative
features; inspired by Forth and focused
on code reuse.
56 PureScript Phil Freeman 2013 High-Level, Functional
Functional language that compiles to
JavaScript; used for front-end web
development with strong type safety.
57 XQuery W3C 2007 Domain-Specific
Query language for XML data; used to
retrieve and manipulate structured data
in web and enterprise applications.
58 NCL (Nested Context Language)
NCAR 1991 Created for data analysis and Domain-Specific
visualization in atmospheric and
oceanographic sciences.
59 Hack Facebook 2014 Introduced gradual typing to PHP, High-Level, Multi-Paradigm
allowing for both dynamic and static
typing in web development.
60 SML (Standard ML) Robin Milner 1983 High-Level, Functional
A strict functional language with a
powerful type system; influential in
academia and compiler development.
61 J Kenneth E. Iverson, Roger Hui 1990 High-Level, Array-Oriented
Array-oriented language with a concise
syntax; designed for mathematical and
statistical computing.
62 BCPL Martin Richards 1966 Low-Level, Procedural
Predecessor of the B and C languages;
influential in compiler development.
63 ABAP SAP 1980s Domain-Specific
Used in SAP software for business
applications; widely used in enterprise
resource planning (ERP) systems.
64 Turing Ric Holt, James Cordy 1982 High-Level, Educational
Created for educational purposes; used
to teach programming concepts and
problem-solving skills.
65 Chapel Cray Inc. 2009 High-Level, Parallel
Designed for parallel programming and
high-performance computing; simplifies
distributed computing tasks.
66 PostScript Adobe Systems 1982 Domain-Specific
Used for document description and
printing; fundamental in desktop
publishing and printer technology.
67 Ring Mahmoud Samir 2016 High-Level, Multi-Paradigm
A language with multi-paradigm support,
designed for natural language
processing and data mining.
68 AutoLISP Autodesk 1980s Domain-Specific
Scripting language for AutoCAD
software, allowing for automation in
architectural and engineering design.
69 LabVIEW National Instruments 1986 Domain-Specific, Visual
Visual language for data acquisition and
instrument control; commonly used in
laboratory environments.
70 OpenCL Khronos Group 2009 Framework for writing code across Domain-Specific
different computing platforms, popular
in GPU programming.
71 Io Steve Dekorte 2002 A prototype-based, object-oriented High-Level, Prototype-Based
language with a small footprint; supports
concurrency via actors.
72 Racket PLT Inc. 1994 High-Level, Multi-Paradigm
Modern descendant of Scheme; popular
in education and research for
metaprogramming and language design.
73 Inform Graham Nelson 1993 High-Level, Domain-Specific
Language for interactive fiction
development; uses natural language
processing to create text-based games.
74 Forth Charles H. Moore 1970 Low-Level, Concatenative
Stack-based language designed for
embedded systems and hardware
control; highly efficient and minimalistic.
75 Small Basic Microsoft 2008 Simplified programming language aimed High-Level, Educational
at beginners, focusing on easy-to-
understand syntax.