MODULE 6 moment diagrams represent the effect of fixed loads at all points along the axis of

the member.
INFLUENCE LINES FOR STATICALLY DETERINATE
STRUCTURES Either of the following two procedures can be used to construct the
influence line at a specific point P in a member for any function. For both of these
OBJECTIVE: procedures we will choose the moving force to have a dimensionless magnitude of
unity.
To identify the application of influence lines for
the design of structures that resist large live loads. Tabulate Values
To determine the theory of influence line to structures  Place a unit load at various locations, x, along the member, and at
subjected to a distributed load or a series of each location use statics to determine the value of the function
concentrated forces, and specific applications to floor (reaction, shear or moment) at the specified point.
girders and bridge trusses are given.  If the influence line for a vertical force reaction at a point on a beam
is to be constructed, consider the reaction to be positive at the point
when it acts upward on the beam.
6.1. INFLUENCE LINES  If a shear or moment influence line is to be drawn for a point, take the
shear or moment at the point as positive according to the same sign
It was shown that the shear and moment diagrams represent the most convention used for drawing shear and moment diagrams.
descriptive methods for displaying the variation of these loads in a member. If a  All statically determinate beams will have influence lines that consist
structure is subjected to a live or moving load, however, the variation of the shear of straight-line segments. After some practice one should be able to
and bending moment in the member is best described using the influence line. An minimize computations and locate the unit load only at points
influence line represents the variation of either the reaction, shear, moment or representing the end points of each line segment.
deflection at a specific point in a member as a concentrated force moves over the
 To avoid errors, it is recommended that one first construct a table,
member. Once this line is constructed, one can tell at a glance where the moving
listing “unit load at x” versus the corresponding value of the function
load should be placed on the structure so that it creates the greatest influence at the
calculated at the specific point; that is “reaction R”, “shear V”, or
specified point. Furthermore, the magnitude of the associated reaction, shear,
“moment M”. Once the load has been placed at various points along
moment, or deflection at the point can then be calculated from the ordinates of the
the span of the member, the tabulated values can be plotted and the
influence-line diagram. For these reasons, influence lines play an important part in
influence-line segments constructed.
the design of bridges, industrial crane rails, conveyors, and other structures where
loads move across their span. Influence-Line Equations
Although the procedure for constructing an influence line is rather basic,  The influence line can also be constructed by placing the unit load at a
one should clearly be aware of the difference between constructing an influence variable position x on the member and then computing the value of R,
line and constructing a shear or moment diagram. Influence lines represent the V or M at the point as a function of x. In this manner, the equations of
effect of a moving load only at a specified point on a member, whereas shear and the various line segments composing the influence line can be
determined and plotted.
 SOLUTION:
MODULE EXERCISES: Tabulate Values. Use statics verify that the values for the reaction �� listed in the
table, are correctly computed for each position x of the unit load. A plot of
6.1. Construct the influence line for the vertical reaction at left support of the
the values yields the influence line in the figure.
simple supported beam.
SOLUTION:
Tabulate Values. A unit load is placed on the beam at each selected point x and
the value of �� is calculated by summing moments about B.

Influence-Line Equation. Applying the moment equation about A,

�� = 0 �� 5 − 1(�) = 0
1
�� = 5 �

Influence-Line Equation. When the unit load is placed a variable distance x from
the beam, the reaction �� as a function of x can be determined from 6.3. Construct the influence line for the shear
at point C of the beam in the figures.
�� = 0 − �� 10 + 10 − � 1 = 0
SOLUTION:
1
�� = 1 − 10
� Tabulate Values. At each selected position
x of the unit load, the method of sections is used to calculate the value of
�� . Note in particular that the unit load must be placed just to the left and
6.2. Construct the influence line for the just to the right of point C since the shear is discontinuous at C.
vertical reaction at B of the beam in the
figure.
 Influence-Line Equation. From the figure, verify that
1
�� =− 8 � 0 ≤ � ≤ 4�
1
�� = 1 − 8 � 4� ≤ � ≤ 12�
Influence-Line Equation. Here two equations have been determined since there
are two segments for the influence line due to the discontinuity of shear at
C.

6.5. Construct the influence line for the moment at point

C of the beam in the figures.
SOLUTION:
6.4. Construct the influence line for the shear at point Tabulate Values. At each selected position of the unit load, the value of �� is
C of the beam in the figures. calculated using the method of sections.
SOLUTION:
Tabulate Values. Using statics and the method of
sections, verify that the values of the shear ��
at point C in the figure correspond to each position x of the unit load on
the beam.
 6.2. CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES
Since beams (ir girders) often form the main load-carrying elements of a
floor system or bridge deck, it is important to be able to construct the influence
lines for the reactions, shear, or moment at any specified point in a beam.
Loadings. Once the influence line for a function (reaction, shear, or
moment) has been constructed, it will then be possible to position the live loads on
the beam which will produce the maximum value of the function. Two types of
Influence-Line Equations. The two-line segments for the influence line can be loadings will now be considered.
determined using �� = 0 along with the method of sections shown in Concentrated Load. Since the numerical values of a function for an
the figure. These equations when plotted yield the influence line above. influence line are determined using a dimensionless unit load, then for any
1 concentrated force F acting on the beam at any position x, the value of the function
�� = 0 �� + 1 5 − � − 1 − 10 � 5 =0
can be found by multiplying the ordinate of the influence line at the position x by
1 the magnitude of F.
�� = 2 � 0 ≤ � ≤ 5��
Uniform Load. The effect of all the concentrated force dF is determined
1
�� = 0 �� − 1 − � 5 =0 by integrating over the entire length of the beam, that is, ����� = �� ��� .
10
Also, since ��� is equivalent to the area under the influence line, then, in
1
�� = 5 − 2 � 5 ≤ � ≤ 10�� general, the value of a function caused by a uniform distributed load is simply the
area under the influence line for the function multiplied by the intensity of the
uniform load.

MODULE EXERCISES:
6.6. Determine the maximum positive shear that can be developed at point C in
the beam shown in the figure due to a concentrated moving load of 4000lb
and uniform moving load of 2000lb/ft.
SOLUTION:
 6.7. The frame structure shown is used to support
The influence line for the shear at C has been established in the previous exercises. a hoist for transferring loads for storage at
points underneath it. It is anticipated that
Concentrated Force. The maximum positive shear at C will occur when the the load on the dolly is 3 kN and the
4000lb force is located at x = 2.5ft, since this is the positive peak of the beam CB has a mass of 24kg/m. Assume
influence line. The ordinate of this peak is +0.75; so that the dolly has negligible size and can
travel the entire length of the beam. Also,
�� = 0.75 4000�� = 3000��
assume A is a pin and B is a roller. Determine the maximum vertical
Uniform Load. The uniform moving load creates the maximum positive support reactions at A and B and the maximum moment in the beam at D.
influence for �� when the load acts on the beam between x = 2.5ft and x = SOLUTION:
10ft, since within this region the influence line has a positive area. The
magnitude of �� due to this loading is Maximum Reaction at A. we first draw the
influence line for �� . Specifically, when a
1
�� = (10�� − 2.5��)(0.75)(2000��/��) = 5625�� unit load is at A the reaction at A is 1 as
2
shown. The ordinate at C, is 1.33. Here the
Total Maximum Shear at C. maximum value for �� occurs when the
dolly is at C. Since the dead load (beam
����� = 3000�� + 5626�� = ������
weight) must be placed over the entire length
Notice that once the positions of the loads have been established using the of the beam, we have,
influence line, this value of ����� can also be determined using statics 1
and the method of sections. ����� = 3000 1.33 + 24(9.81) 2
(4)(1.33)

����� = �. ����

Maximum Reaction at B. The influence line (or

beam) takes the shape as shown. The values
at C and B are determined by statics. Here
the dolly must be at B. Thus,
1 1
����� = 3000 1 + 24 9.81 2
3 1 + 24(9.81) 2
(1)( − 0.333)
 ����� = �. ���� Again, a roller guide is placed at A and the force �� is applied.

Maximum Moment at D. The influence line has the shape shown. The values at
C and D are determined from statics. Here,
1 1
M���� = 3000 0.75 + 24(9.81) 2
(1)( − 0.5) + 24(9.81) 2
(3)(0.75)

����� = �. ����. �
A double-roller guide must be used at A in this case, since this type of support
will resist both a moment �� at the fixed support and axial load �� , but
will not resist �� .

6.3. QUALITATIVE INFLUENCE LINES

In 1886, Heinrich muller-Breslau developed a technique for rapidly
constructing the shape of an influence line. Referred to as the Muller-Breslau
principle, it states that the influence line for a function (reaction, shear or moment)
is to the same scale as the deflected shape of the beam when the beam is acted
upon by the function. In order to draw the deflected shape properly, the capacity
of the beam to resist the applied function must be removed so the beam can
deflect when the function is applied. 6.9. For each beam in the figure, sketch the influence line for the moment at B.

MODULE EXERCISES: SOLUTION:

6.8. For each beam in the figure, sketch the influence line for the vertical reaction A hinge is introduced at B and positive moment �� are applied to the beam. The
at A. deflected shape and corresponding influence line are shown.

SOLUTION:
The support is replaced by a roller guide at A since it will resist �� but not ��. The
force �� is then applied.
Placing a hinge at B and applying positive moments �� to the bea yields the
deflected shape and influence line.
With the hinge and positive moment at B the deflected shape and influence line
are shown. The left segment of the beam is constrained from moving due
to the fixed wall at A.

6.10. Determine the maximum positive moment that can be developed at point D
in the beam shown due to a concentrated moving load of 4000lb, a
uniform moving load of 300lb/ft, and a beam weight of 200lb/ft.

SOLUTION:
A hinge is placed at D and positive moments �� are applied to the beam. The
deflected shape and corresponding influence line are shown in the figure.
Immediately one recognizes that the concentrated moving load of 4000lb
creates a maximum positive moment at D when it is placed at D, the peak
of the influence line. Also, the uniform moving load of 300lb/ft must
extend from C to E in order to cover the region where the area of the
influence line is positive. Finally, the uniform weight of 200lb/ft acts over
the entire length of the beam. Knowing the position of the loads, we can
now determine the maximum moment at D using statics. The reactions on
BE have been computed. Sectioning the beam at D and using segment DE,
we have
This problem can also be worked by using numerical values for the influence line.
�� = 0, − �� − 5000 5 + 4750 10 = 0 Actually, by inspection, only the peak value h at D must be determined.
This requires placing a unit load on the beam at D and then solving for the
�� = ��, �����. �� = ��. ��. �� internal moment in the beam at D. Show that the value obtained is h =
3.33. By proportional triangles ℎ' /(10 − 5) = 3.33/(15 − 10) or ℎ' =
 3.33 . Hence, with the loading on the beam, using the areas and peak
values of the influence line, we have
1 1
�� = 500 2
(25 − 10)(3.33) + 4000 3.33 − 200 2
(10)(3.33)

�� = ��, �����. �� = ��. ��. ��

6.4. INFLUENCE LINES FOR FLOOR GIRDERS Influence Line. When the tabular values are plotted and the points connected with
Occasionally, floor systems are constructed where it can be seen that floor straight line segments, the resulting influence line for ��� is as shown.
loads are transmitted from slabs to floor beams, then to side girders, and finally
supporting columns. Since the girders are main load-carrying members in this
system, it is sometimes necessary to construct their shear and moment influence
lines.

MODULE EXERCISES:
6.11. Draw the influence line for the shear in panel CD of the floor girder in the
6.5. INFLUENCE LINES FOR TRUSSES
figure.
Trusses are often used as primary load-carrying elements for bridges.
Hence, for design it is important to be able to construct the influence lines for each
of its members. In the figure, the loading on the bridge deck is transmitted to
stringers, which in turn transmit the loading to floor beams and then to the joints
along the bottom cord of the truss. Since the truss members are affected only by
SOLUTION: the joint loading, we can therefore obtain the ordinate values of the influence line
for a member by loading each joints or the method of sections to calculate the
The unit load is placed at each floor beam location and the shear force in the member. As a convention, if the member force is tensile it is
in panel CD is calculated. A table of the result is shown. considered a positive value; if it is compressive it is negative.
The details for the calculations when � = 0 and � =
20�� are given. Notice how in each case the reactions of
the floor beams on the girder are calculated first,
followed by a determination of the girder support reaction at F (�� is not
needed), and finally, a segment of the girder is considered and the internal
panel shear ��� is calculated.
 determine the other values listed in the table.
Influence Line. Plotting the tabular data and
connecting the points yields the influence
line for member GB. Since the influence line
extends over the entire span of the truss,
member GB is referred to as a primary
member. This means GB is subjected to a
force regardless of where the bridge deck
(roadway) is loaded, except, of course, at � = 8�. The point of zero force,
� = 8� , is determined by similar triangles between � = 6� and � =
0.354+0.707 0.354
12�, that is, 12−6
= �'
, �' = 2�, so � = 6 + 2 = 8�.

MODULE EXERCISES:
6.12. Draw the influence line for the force in member GB of the bridge truss
shown.

6.13. Draw the influence line for the force in member CG of the bridge truss
shown.

SOLUTION:
Tabulate Values. Here each successive joint at the bottom cord
is loaded with a unit load and the force in member GB
is calculated using the method of sections. For example,
placing the unit load at � = 6� (joint B), the support
reaction at E is calculated first, then passing a section
through HG, GB, BC and isolating the right segment, SOLUTION:
the force in GB is determined. In the same manner,
Tabulate Values. A table of unit load position at the joints of the bottom cord the load is moved. Each of these methods will now be explained specifically as it
versus the force in member CG is shown above. These values are easily applies to shear and moment.
obtained by isolating joint C.
Shear. Consider the simply supported beam with the associated influence
Influence Line. Plotting the tabular data and connecting the points yields the line for the shear at point C. The maximum positive shear at point C is to be
influence line for member CG as shown. In particular, notice that when determined due to the series of concentrated (wheel) loads which move from right
the unit load is at � = 9�, the force in member CG is ��� = 0.5 . This to left over the beam. The critical loading will occur when one of the loads is
situation requires the unit load to be placed on the bridge deck between placed just to the right of point C, which is coincident with the positive peak of
the joints. The transference of this load from the deck to the truss shown. the influence line. By trial and error each of three possible cases can therefore be
From this one can see that indeed ��� = 0.5 by analyzing the equilibriu investigated.
of joint C. Since the influence line for CG does not extend over the entire
span of the truss, member CG is referred to as a secondary member.

Case 1: �� 1 = 1 0.75 + 4 0.625 + 4 0.5 = 5.25�

Case 2: �� 2 = 1 −0.125 + 4 0.75 + 4 0.625 = 5.375�
6.6. MAXIMUM INFLUENCE AT A POINT DUE TO A
Case 3: �� = 1 0 + 4 −0.125 + 4 0.75 = 2.5�
SERIES OF CONCENTRATED LOADS 3

Case 2, with the 1-k force located 5ft from the left support, yield the
Once the influence line of a function has been established for a point in a
largest values for �� and therefore represents the critical loading. Actually,
structure, the maximum effect caused by a live concentrated force is determined
investigation of Case 3 is unnecessary since by inspection such an arrangement of
by multiplying the peak ordinate of the influence line by the magnitude of the
loads would yield a value of �� 3 that would be less than �� 2 .
force. In some cases, however several concentrated forces must be placed on the
structure. An example would be the wheel loadings of a truck or train. In order to When many concentrated loads act on the span, as in the case of the load,
determine the maximum effect in this case, either a trial-and-error procedure can the trial-and-error computations used above can be tedious. Instead, the critical
be used or a method that is based on the change in the function that takes place as position of the loads can be determined in a more direct manner by finding the
change in shear, which occurs when the loads are moved from Case 1 to Case 2,
then from Case 2 to Case 3, and so on. As long as each computed ∆� is positive,
the new position will yield a larger shear in the beam at C than the previous
position. The change in shear ∆� for a load P that moves from position �1 to �2
over a beam can be determined by multiplying P by the change in the ordinate of
the influence line, that is �2 − �1 . If the slope of the influence line is s, then
�2 − �1 = � �2 − �1 , and therefore
∆� = �� �2 − �1

If the load moves past a point where there is a discontinuity of “jump” in

the influence line, as point C, then the change in shear is simply
∆� = � �2 − �1
 Moment. We can also use the foregoing methods to determine the critical
position of a series of concentrated forces so that they create the largest internal
moment at a specific point in a structure. Of course, it is first necessary to draw
the influence line for the moment at the point and determine the slope s of its line
segments. For a horizontal movement �2 − �1 of a concentrated force P, the
change in moment, ∆� , is equivalent to the magnitude of the force times the
change in the influence-line ordinate under the load, that is,
∆� = �� �2 − �1
As an example, consider the beam, loading, and influence line for the
moment at point C in the figure. If each of the three concentrated forces is placed
on the beam, coincident with the peak of the influence line, we will obtain the
greatest influence from each force. The three cases of loading as shown. When the
loads of Case 1 are moved 4ft to the left to Case 2, it is observed that the 2-k load
decreases ∆�1−2 , since the slope (7.5/10) is downward. Likewise, the 4-k and 3-
k forces caused an increase of ∆�1−2 , since the slope 7.5/(40 − 10) is upward.
We have
7.5 7.5
∆�1−2 =− 2 10
4 + 4+3 40−10
4 = 1.0�. ��

Since ∆�1−2 is positive, we must further investigate moving the loads 6ft
from Case 2 to Case 3.
7.5 7.5
∆�2−3 =− 2 + 4 10
6 +3 40−10
6 =− 22.5�. ��

Here the change is negative, so the greatest moment at C will occur when
the beam is loaded as shown in Case 2. The maximum moment at C is therefore.
�� ��� = 2 4.5 + 4 7.5 + 3 6.0 = 57.0�. ��
MODULE EXERCISES: 6-ft Movement of 15-k Load. If the 15-k load is positioned just to the right of B
and then truck moves 6ft to the left, the 4-k load moves only 1ft until it is
6.14. Determine the maximum positive shear created at point B in the beam shown
off the beam, and likewise the 9-k load moves only 4ft until it is off the
due to the wheel loads of the moving truck.
beam. Hence,
0.5 0.5
∆�� = 15 −1 + 4 1 + 15 + 10 6 =− 5.5�
10 10
Since ∆�� is now negative, the correct position of the loads occurse when
the 15-k load is just to the right of point B.
∆�� ��� = 4 −0.05 + 9 −0.2 + 15 0.5 + 10(0.2)

SOLUTION: ∆�� ��� = �. ��

The influence line for the shear at B is shown.

3-ft Movement of 4-k Load. Imagine that the 4-k load acts just to the right of
point B so that we obtain its maximum positive influence. Since the beam
segment BC is 10ft long, the 10-k load is not yet on the beam. When the
truck moves 3 ft to the left, the 4-k load jumps downward on the influence
line 1 unit and the 4-k, 9-k, and 15-k loads create a positive increase in
∆�� , since the slope is upward to the left. Although the 10-k load also
moves forward 3ft, it is still not on the beam. Thus.
0.5
∆�� = 4 −1 + 4 + 9 + 15 3 =+ 0.2�
10 6.15. Determine the maximum positive moment created at point B in the beam
shown due to the wheel loads of the moving crane.
6-ft Movement of 9-k Load. When the 9-k load acts just to the right of B, and
then the truck moves 6ft to the left, we have
0.5 0.5
∆�� = 9 −1 + 4 + 9 + 15 6 + 10 4 =+ 1.4�
10 10
Note in the calculation that the 10-k load only moves 4ft on the beam.
SOLUTION:
The influence line for the moment at B is shown.
2-m Movement of 3kN Load. If the 3kN load is
assumed to act at B and then moves 2m to SOLUTION:
the right, the change in moment is
The influence line for the force in member BG is shown. Here a trial-and-error
approach for the solution will be used. Since we want the greatest negative
1.2 1.2
∆�� =− 3 2 +8 2 (compressive) force in BG, we begin as follows:
3 3
∆�� = 7.20 ��. �
3-m Movement of 8kN Load. If the 8kN load is assumed to act a B and then
moves 3m to the right, the change in moment is
1.20 1.20 1.20
∆�� =− 3 3 −8 3 +4 (2)
3 3 2
∆�� =− 8.40 ��. �
1.5kN Load at Point C. In this case
Notice that the 4-kN load was initially 1m off the beam, and therefore moves only
2m on the beam. 0.3125
��� = 1.5 −0.625 + 4 0 + 2 1 =− 0.729 ��
3
Since there is a sign change in ∆�� , the correct position of the loads for maxmum
positive moment at B occurs when the 8kN force is at B. Therefore, 4kN Load at Point C. By inspection this would seem a more reasonable case than
the previous one.
�� ��� = 8 1.2 + 3(0.4)
−0.625
����� = ��. � ��. � ��� = 4 −0.625 + 1.5 4 + 2(0.3125) =− 2.50 ��
6
2kN Load at Point C. In this case all loads will create a compressive force in BC.
6.16. Determine the maximum compressive force developed in member BG of the −0.625 −0.625
��� = 2 −0.625 + 4 (3) + 1.5 1 =− �. �� ��
side truss due to the right side wheel loads of the car and trailer. Assume 6 6
the loads are applied directly to the truss and move only to the right.
Since this final case results in the largest answer, the critical loading occurs when
the 2kN load is at C.
6.7. ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM SHEAR AND MOMENT The magnitude and position of the resultant force of the system are determined
first. We have,
A more general problem involves the determination of both the location of
the point in the beam and the position of the loading on the beam so that one can �� = �; �� = 2 + 1.5 + 1 = 4.5�
obtain the absolute maximum shear and moment caused by the loads. If the beam
��� = �� ; 4.5� = 1.5 10 + 1(15); � = 6.67��
is cantilevered or simply supported, this problem can be readily solved.
Let us first assume the absolute maximum
Shear. For a cantilevered beam the absolute maximum shear will occur at
moment occurs under the 1.5k load. The
appoint located just next to the fixed support. The maximum shear is found by the
load and the resultant force are
method of sections, with the loads positioned anywhere on the span.
positioned equidistant from the beam’s
For simply supported beams the absolute maximum shear will occur just centerline. Calculating �� first, we have
next to one of the supports.
�� = 0; − �� 30 + 4.5 16.67 = 0
Moment. The absolute maximum moment for a cantilevered beam occurs
at the same point where absolute maximum shear occurs, although in this case the �� = 2.50�
concentrated loads should be positioned at the far end of the beam.
Now using the left section of the beam, yields
For a simply supported beam the critical position of the loads and the
�� = 0; −2.5 16.67 + 2 10 + �� = 0
associated absolute maximum moment cannot, in general, be determined by
inspection. We can, however, determine the position analytically. �� = 21.7 �. ��
There is a possibility that the absolute maximum
moment may occur under the 2k load,
MODULE EXERCISES:
since 2k > 1.5k and �� are positioned
6.17. Determine the absolute maximum moment in the simply supported bridge equidistant from the beam’s centerline. Show that �� = 1.75� as
deck shown. indicated and that �� = 20.4�. ��.
By comparison, the absolute maximum moment is 21.7k.ft.

SOLUTION: MODULE REVIEW:

1. Sketch the influence lines for the vertical reaction at A, the shear at C, and the 6. A uniform live load of 2.8kN/m and a single concentrated live force of 20kN
moment at C. are placed on the floor beams. If the beams also supports a uniform dead load
of 700N/m, determine (a) the maximum positive shear in panel BC of the
girder and (b) the maximum positive moment in the girder at G.

2. Sketch the influence lines for the vertical reaction at A, the shear at D, and the
moment at D.

3. The beam supports a distributed live load of 1.5kN/m and single concentrated 7. A uniform live load of 2k/ft and a single concentrated live force of 6k are
load of 8kN. The dead load is 2 kN/m. Determine (a) the maximum positive placed on the floor beams. If the beams also supports a uniform dead load of
moment at C, (b) the maximum positive shear at C. 350lb/ft, determine (a) the maximum positive shear in panel CD of the girder
and (b) the maximum negative moment in the girder at D. Assume the support
at C is a roller and E is a pin.

4. The beam supports a distributed live load of 2 kN/m and single concentrated
load of 6 kN. The dead load is 4 kN/m. Determine (a) the maximum vertical
positive reaction at C, (b) the maximum negative moment at A.

8. Draw the influence line for the force in (a) member KJ and (b) member CJ.

5. Draw the influence lines for (a) the vertical reaction at A, (b) the shear at C, and
(c) the moment at C.

9. Draw the influence line for the force in member JI.

 13. Draw the influence line for the force in member IC of the bridge truss.
Determine the maximum force (tension or compression) that can be developed
in the member due to a 5k truck having the wheel loads shown. Assume the
truck can travel in either direction along the center of the deck, so that half the
load shown is transferred to each of the two side trusses. Also assume the
members are pin connected at the gusset plates.

10. Draw the influence line for the force in member BC of the Warren Truss.
Indicate numerical values for the peaks.

14. Determine the absolute maximum moment in the girder bridge due to the truck
loading shown. The load is applied directly to the girder.
11. Determine the maximum positive moment at the splice C on the side caused
by the moving load which travels along the center of the bridge.

12. Determine the maximum positive moment at point C on the single girder
caused by the moving load.

15. Determine the absolute maximum shear in the beam due to the loading shown.
  Structural Plans
 Foundation Plan
 Schedule of Footing and Columns
 Floor Framing Plans
 Schedule of Slabs
 Schedule of Beams
Criteria:
 Length: ≥ 15 � (both direction)
 Shape: Irregular shape
 Indicate all materials used in your building (flooring, ceiling, railings,
exterior design, walling, etc.)

COMPUTATION EXERCISES:
EXERCISE 1:
Submit a plan of a three-story building with roof deck:

 Architectural Plans
 Perspective
 Vicinity Map
 Site Development Plan
 Floor Plans
 Elevations
 Ceiling Plans