Class 10 – Mathematics-Quick Revision notes

Fundamental theorem of Arithmetic

Every composite number can be expressed(factorized) as a product of primes and this
factorization is unique, apart from the order in which the prime factor occur.

HCF: Product of the smallest power of each common prime factor in the numbers.

LCM: Product of the greatest power of each prime factor, involved in the number.

HCF(a, b) x LCM(a, b) = a x b ,

𝑳𝑪𝑴 𝒐𝒇 𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒔 𝑯𝑪𝑭 𝒐𝒇 𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒔

LCM of fractions = 𝑯𝑪𝑭 𝒐𝒇 𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒔 , HCF of fractions = 𝑳𝑪𝑴 𝒐𝒇 𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒔

Let p be a prime number . If divides a2, then p divides a, where a is a positive number.

Proof by contradiction

Rational numbers ; Decimal expansion

Terminating , non-terminating recurring

x = p/q, q= 2n 5m

Polynomials:
Linear Polynomials,Zeroes-1 Quadratic Polynomials: P(x)= ax2+ bx + c

Quadratic Polynomials,Zeroes-2 Parabolas:- Open upwards, Open downwards – depending on

whether a>0 or a<0.

Cubic Polynomials, zeroes- 3 (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 2𝑎𝑏, (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 2𝑎𝑏

(𝑎 + 𝑏)3 = 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 3𝑎𝑏(𝑎 + 𝑏)
𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐 = (𝒂 + 𝒃)(𝒂 − 𝒃)
Relationship between Zeroes and If 𝛼,𝛽 are the zeroes of the Polynomial P(x)= x2 – (𝜶 + 𝜷)x+ 𝜶𝜷
Coefficients of Polynomial Upward parabola and downward Parabola- a>0 and a<0
−𝒃 𝒄
𝜶+𝜷= 𝒂
, 𝜶𝜷 = 𝒂

α2 + β2 = (α + β)2 − 2αβ 1
α + β4 = (α2 + β2 )2 − 2α2 β2
4 α−1 =
α

Pair of Linear Equations

Consistent and inconsistent

𝒂 𝒃𝟏 𝒂 𝒃 𝒄
Consistent – One solution and Many solutions- 𝒂𝟏 ≠ 𝒃𝟐
and 𝒂𝟏 = 𝒃𝟏 = 𝒄𝟏
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
 𝒂 𝒃 𝒄
Inconsistent- No solutions - 𝒂𝟏 = 𝒃𝟏 ≠ 𝒄𝟏
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

Substitution Method ,Elimination Method, Graph

Quadratic Equations
Factorization, Sum and product

−𝒃±√𝒃𝟐 −𝟒𝒂𝒄
Quadratic Formula-
𝟐𝒂

Find speed of the train

Nature of the Roots:- Real roots, Equal roots, imaginary roots

𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 > 𝟎 , 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 = 𝟎, 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 < 𝟎

Arithmetic Progression
Common difference = Term2 – Term 1 n –th term of an AP: 𝑎𝑛 = a+(n-1)d
A,B ,C are in AP
A + C = 2B

𝑛
nth term of an AP- from last, 𝒂𝒏 = l-(n-1)d Sum of n terms - 𝑠𝑛 = 2 [2 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑]

𝑛
𝑠𝑛 = [ 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑛 ] 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑠𝑛 - 𝑠𝑛−1
2
𝑛
𝑠𝑛 = [𝑎 + 𝑙]
2

Special case:- Its convenient to make choice

3 nos in AP as (a – d ) , a , (a + d ) If angles A, B, and C of triangle ABC form an
4 nos in AP as (a – 3d ), (a – d ),(a + d),(a + 3d) increasing AP, then what does sin B=?
5 nos in AP as (a – 2d ), (a – d ) , a , (a + d ),(a+2d) √3
Sin60= 2

Triangles
Basic Proportionality Theorem, Converse of BPT

Similarity of Triangles – AA, SSS, SAS, RHS

Angle Bisector theorem: Ratio

Introduction to Trigonometry: SOH CAH TOA
Trigonometric Ratios:- sinA, cosA, tanA, cosecA, secA, tanA

SinA = 1/cosecA, cosecA=1/sinA, CosA=1/secA, secA=1/cosA, tanA = 1/cotA, cotA = 1/tanA

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
tanA = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 , cotA = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴

1 √3 1
Values of Trigonometric ratios:- sin300 = 2 , sin600 = 2
, sin450 = ,sin900 = 1
√2

1 √3 1
co𝑠600 = 2 , cos300 = 2
, cos450 = ,cos00 = 1s
√2

1
tan300 = , tan600 = √3 , tan450 = 1
√3

Trigonometric Identities:- 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝑨 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝑨 = 𝟏 , 𝟏 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝑨 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝑨 , 𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟐 𝑨 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝑨

𝑰𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 = √𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽, show that 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = √𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽

Applications of Trigonometry

Line of sight Angle of elevation

Angle of depression Trigonometric ratios and values

Speed = distance/ time Height of the cloud, height of the pedestal,

Coordinate Geometry

Distance formula = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 Coordinate of Origin =(0,0)

𝑚𝑥2 +𝑛𝑥1 𝑚𝑦2 +𝑛𝑦1

Distance from the origin = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 Section formula , (x, y) =
𝑚+𝑛
,
𝑚+𝑛
𝒌𝒙𝟐 +𝒙𝟏 𝒌𝒚𝟐 +𝒚𝟏
(x,y) = 𝒌+𝟏
, 𝒌+𝟏

𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2 𝑥 +𝑥 +𝑥 𝑦+𝑦 +𝑦

Mid point formula ,(x, y) = 2
, 2 Centroid = 1 32 3 , 2
3
3

Equidistance problem, trisecting problem

Area related to Circles

 𝛉 𝟏 Area of segment = Area of Sector – Area of
Area of sector= 𝟑𝟔𝟎 𝛑𝐫 𝟐 = 𝟐 𝒍𝒓
Triangle
Area of circle = 𝝅r2, Perimeter = 2𝝅r 𝜽 𝜽 𝜽
= 𝒓𝟐 [𝟑𝟔𝟎 𝝅 - sin𝟐 cos𝟐 , When 𝜽 = 1200
𝜽 𝟏
= 𝒓𝟐 [𝟑𝟔𝟎 𝝅 - 𝟐
sin𝜽 ]

𝜽 √3
Length of an Arc, l = 𝟑𝟔𝟎 𝟐𝝅𝒓 Area of Equilateral triangle = 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 2
4

Heron’s formula
Area of Triangle = √(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)

𝟏
Area of trapezium= h(Sum of parallel sides)
𝟐

Circles
Theorem 10.1, Theorem 10.2

Tangents, Secant, Point of contact, Angle sum property of triangle, Alternate angles, Corresponding angles,
Co-interior angles sum is 180 (Parallel).

Pythagoras theorem

(Hint:)-Angle subtends at major arc = half of centre angle , Angle Subtends at minor arc = half of reflex angle.

Reflex angle = (360 – 𝜃)

Surface area and volumes

Area and volumes of solids – cuboid, cube, cylinder, cone , sphere, hemisphere.

TSA of Cuboid= 2(lb + bh + lh) LSA of Cuboid =2h(I + b ) Volume of Cuboid=lbh

TSA of Cylinder=2𝝅𝐫(𝐡 + 𝐫) CSA of Cylinder =2𝝅𝒓𝒉 Volume of cylinder =𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝒉

TSA of Cube = 6𝒂𝟐 LSA of Cube=4𝒂𝟐 Volume of Cube=𝒂𝟑

TSA of Hemisphere=3𝝅𝒓𝟐 CSA of Hemisphere=2𝝅𝒓𝟐 Volume of Hemisphere= 𝝅𝒓𝟑

𝟐
𝟑

Surface area of Sphere=𝟒𝝅𝒓𝟐 Volume of Sphere= 𝝅𝒓𝟑

𝟒
𝟑

TSA of cone=𝝅r(l+r) CSA of Cone=𝝅rl 𝟏

Volume of Cone=𝟑 𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝒉

Combination of solids Surface area , volumes Volume of Pipe = 𝝅h(R2 – r2 )

Volume of Spherical Shell
𝟒
=𝟑 𝝅(R3 – r3 )
Probability
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐸
P(E)= 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

0≤P(E)≤1

Coins (𝟐)′ = 𝟐(𝟐)𝟐 = 𝟒, (𝟐)𝟑 = 𝟖 (𝟔)𝟏 = 𝟔, (𝟔)𝟐 = 𝟑𝟔 , Impossible outcomes P(E)=0

Sure Event P(E) =1

P( E ) + P (𝐸̅ ) = 1

No of cards -52 Clubs (13) - 1 king , 1 Queen, 1 Ace , 1 Jack

Spade (13) – 1 king , 1 Queen, 1 Ace , 1 Jack (Black) (Black)
Diamond - 1 king , 1 Queen, 1 Ace , 1 Jack (Red) Heart - 1 king , 1 Queen, 1 Ace , 1 Jack (Red)
FACE CARDS -12,

Statistics

Direct Method ,Mean ( 𝒙𝒊 )= Assumed mean Method,

𝛴𝑓𝑖 𝑑𝑖
𝜮𝒇𝒊 𝒙𝒊 Mean ( 𝑥𝑖 )= a +
𝜮𝒇𝒊 𝛴𝑓𝑖
𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡+𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡
xi= 2
𝒏
( −𝒄𝒇 ) Mode =3median – 2 mean
Median = l + 𝟐
×𝒉
𝒇
Mode = l +
𝐟𝟏 − 𝐟𝟎
𝟐𝐟𝟏 − 𝐟𝟎 − 𝐟𝟐
×h

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