ROCK-CYLE

Rocks and the
Rock Cycle
Mr. Silva
Three Major Types of
Rocks
• Igneous Rocks: “meaning from fire”
– Formed when magma cools and hardens.
– Magma is called lava when it reaches the

earth’s surface.
Rocks
• Sedimentary Rock:
– All types of rock, minerals, and organic
matter that have been broken into
fragments by forces.
• Wind, water, ice
– Deposits harden after being compressed

together.
Rocks
• Metamorphic Rock: “changed form”
– When an existing rock undergoes
extreme forces it changes form.
• Tremendous pressure
• Extreme heat
• Chemical processes
The Rock Cycle
• A cycle is a series of changes
– Geological forces and processes cause
rock to change from one type to another
and back again.
– Rocks in the crust have passes through

the cycle many times.
The Rock Cycle
Formation of Igneous Rock
Formation of Igneous Rock
• When lava cools and hardens it forms
igneous rock.
• The rock has two categories and is based

on how the lava cools.
– Intrusive igneous rock
– Extrusive igneous rock
Intrusive Igneous
• The cooling of magma deep below
the earth’s surface.
• Called intrusive because the lava
that forms them intrudes other
rocks.
• The magma then slowly cools to
form rock.
• The slow cooling allows minerals to

collect and form large crystals.
Extrusive Igneous
• Formed when there is a rapid
cooling of lava or melting of rocks
on the earth’s surface.
• The rapid cooling does not give

crystals time to form.
• The main difference between the

two types of igneous rock is the
size of the crystal when the rock is
forming.
Texture of the Rocks
• The larger the crystals, the more rough the
rock will be.
• When rapid cooling occurs and crystal are
not allowed the opportunity to form, the
rock will appear extremely smooth.
• Crystal formation will be so small that they
are not seen by the unaided eye.
Texture of the Rocks
• An igneous rock with both large and small
crystals is called porphyritic.
• The porphyritic texture is created when
lava cools slowly and is then sped up.
Texture of Rock
• When thick lava cools rapidly no crystals
form at all.
• Usually thicker lava has an increased
amount of trapped gases and this will
cause the igneous rock to become full of
holes.
Composition of Rock
• The mineral make of the lava determines
the chemical make-up of the rock.
• There are 3 different types of families:

– Felsic
– Mafic
– Intermediate
Formation of Sedimentary
Rock
Formation of Sedimentary Rock
• Made up of an accumulation of various
types of sediment.
• Compaction or cementation are two

process that form sedimentary rock.
– Compaction- when all air and water is
squeezed out of sediment
– Cementation- when minerals are left
between the fragments of sediment.
3 Types of Sedimentary Rocks
• Clastic Sedimentary Rock- rock is
made up of rock fragments that have been
moved by water, wind or ice.
• Chemical Sedimentary Rock- forms

from minerals that precipitate from water.
• Organic Sedimentary Rock- forms from

the remains of organisms.
Clastic Sedimentary rocks
• Rocks are classified by the sediments size.
• Conglmerates- rocks composed of rounded

gravel size fragments or pebbles.
– Individual pieces are easily seen.
• The sandstone group is made up of sand size

grains that have been cemented together.
• The third group is shale, which consists of clay

size particles the easily flake or break apart.
Conglomerates
Sandstone
Shale
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
• Rocks that form from
minerals that were once
dissolved by water.
• These rocks are called
evaporates.
Organic Sedimentary Rock
• Formed out of the remains of living things.
• Coal is a prime example of this.

Sedimentary Rock Features
• Easily identifiable
– Layering
– Ripples marks
– Mud
– Cracks
– Fossils
– Concretion
Formation of Sedimentary
Rock
Formation of Metamorphic Rock
• Changed from one type of rock into
another by heat, pressure, and chemical
processes.
• Form deep beneath the earth’s surface.
• ALL metamorphic rocks are formed from
existing igneous, sediment or
metamorphic rocks.
Formation
• Minerals may change in size or shape or
separate into parallel bands.
• Metamorphic formation happens two

different ways
– Contact metamorphism
– Regional metamorphism
Contact Metamorphism
• Formed when magma pushes through
existing rock.
• Changes the structure and mineral
composition of surrounding rock.
Regional Metamorphism
• Metamorphism sometimes occurs with
tectonic plate movement.
• Tremendous heat and pressure is
created at plates edge.
• This heat and pressure will cause
chemical changes in the rocks.
• Most metamorphic rock
is created be regional
metamorphism.
Classification of Rocks
• Rocks can be classified into two different
types based on their texture:
– Foliated
– Nonfoliated

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Rocks and the

– Magma is called lava when it reaches the

– Deposits harden after being compressed

– Rocks in the crust have passes through

• The rock has two categories and is based

• The slow cooling allows minerals to

• The rapid cooling does not give

• The main difference between the

• There are 3 different types of families:

• Compaction or cementation are two

• Chemical Sedimentary Rock- forms

• Organic Sedimentary Rock- forms from

• Conglmerates- rocks composed of rounded

• The sandstone group is made up of sand size

• The third group is shale, which consists of clay

• Coal is a prime example of this.

• Metamorphic formation happens two

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