netwoking programming

NETWORK PROGRAMMING LAB (4IT4-23)
LAB-1
Study of different type of LAN and network equipments.
LAN stands for “Local Area Network“. It works as privately network because LAN is a
bunch of computer machines and other connected nodes, and they can transfer data in
between entire network. Local area network is developed to operate over small region
like as shopping mall, office, campus etc. Main objective of using of LAN is to share
resources (printer, FAX machine, plotter etc) with multiple compute and swap data.
There are two different types of LAN connections –
Client/Server LAN – In which, various types of different devices (Clients) are
connected with centralized server machine, and this server can handle several activates
such as data storage, printer and plotter access, and network traffic. The Clients and
Server are linked each other with wired or wireless medium.
Peer-to-Peer LAN – In which, no need the centralized server machine, so it is not able
to bear massive workload compare to Client/Server LAN. On this concept, each
computer and other devices are connected with parallel nature.
Network Interface Card (NIC)

Without this device, networking cannot be done. This is also known as
network adapter card, Ethernet Card and LAN card. NIC allows a networking
device to communicate with the other networking device.
Typically all modern PCs have the integrated NICs in the motherboards. If
additional NICs are required, they are also available as add-on devices
separately.
Hub
Hub is a centralized device that connects multiple devices in a single LAN
network. When Hub receives the data signals from a connected device on
any of its port, except that port, it forwards those signals to all other
connected devices from the remaining ports. Usually, Hub has one or more
uplink ports that are used to connect it with another Hub.
Hubs are no longer used in the computer networks.
Bridge
Bridge is used to divide a large network into smaller segments. Basic
functions of the Bridge are the following: -
 Breaking a large network into smaller segments.

 Connecting different media types. Such as connects UTP with the fiber optic.
 Connecting different network architectures. Such as connects Ethernet with the
Token ring.
A Bridge can connect two different types of media or network architecture,

but it cannot connect two different types of network layer protocol such as
TCP/IP or IPX. Bridge requires the same network layer protocol in all
segments.
Switch
Just like Hub and Bridge, Switch is also used to connect the multiple devices
together in a LAN segment. Basically, a Switch is the upgraded version of the
Bridge. Besides providing all the functionalities of Bridge, it also offers
several additional features.
The biggest advantage of Switch is that, it makes switching decisions in

hardware by using application specific integrated circuits (ASICs).
Unlike the generic processors that we use in our PC, ASICs are the
specialized processors built only to perform very few particular tasks.
Usually, the ASICs in the Switches have single task and that is the switching
the frames as fast as possible.
An ASIC occupied switch performs this task blazingly fast. For example, an
entry level Catalyst Switch 2960 can process 2.7 million frames per second.
Modem
In simple language, a Modem is the device that is used to connect with the
Internet. Technically, it is the device that enables the digital data to be
transmitted over the telecommunication lines.
It enables communication between the PC (Known as the DTE device) and

the Telecom company' office (Known as the DCE device).
Gateway
Gateway is used to forward the packets which are generated from the local
host or network and but intended for the remote network. If a data packet
does not find its destination address in the local network then it takes the
help of the gateway device to find the destination address in the remote
network. A gateway device knows the path of the remote destination
address. If require, it also changes the encapsulation of the packet so it can
travel through the other networks to get its destination address.
Router
The router connects the different network segments. It switches the data
packets between those networks which are either located in the different
logical segments or built with the different network layer protocols.
When a router receives a data packet on any of its interface, it checks the
destination address of that packet and based on that destination address, it
forwards that data packet from the interface which is connected with the
destination address.
To forward a data packet to its destination, router keeps the records of

connected networks. These records are maintained in a database table
known as the routing table. Routing table can be built statically or
dynamically.
Basically routers are used: -
 To connect different network segments.

 To connect different network protocols such as IP and IPX.
 To connect several smaller networks into a large network (known as the
Internetwork)
 To break a large network into smaller networks (Known as the Subnets. Usually
created to improve the performance or manageability.)
 To connect two different media types such as UTP and Fiber optical.
 To connect two different network architectures such as Token Ring and Ethernet.
 To connect LAN network with Telco company’ office (Known as the DTE device).
 To access DSL services (known as the DSL Router).
Proxy
Proxy is used to hide the internal network from external world. It can be a
dedicate device or can be an application software. Once it is configured, all
communication goes through it. Since external devices cannot access the
internal devices directly, they cannot tamper with the internal devices.
Transceiver
Transceiver is a small device that has the capability of receiving and sending
both types of signals; analog and digital. Usually, it is inbuilt in network
interface card. But, it is also available as an individual device. It detects the
type of signal from the network wire and converts the passing signal
accordingly.
For example, a transceiver is attached with a device that transmits signal in

digital form. Now suppose, this device is connected with the network wire
that uses analog form for data transmission. In this case, transceiver
converts digital signals in the analog signals before placing them in the
network wire.
That’s all for this tutorial. If you like this tutorial, please don’t forget to share
it with friends through your favorite social network.

netwoking programming

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

netwoking programming

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

netwoking programming

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

NETWORK PROGRAMMING LAB (4IT4-23)

Study of different type of LAN and network equipments.

Network Interface Card (NIC)

Hubs are no longer used in the computer networks.

 Breaking a large network into smaller segments.

A Bridge can connect two different types of media or network architecture,

The biggest advantage of Switch is that, it makes switching decisions in

It enables communication between the PC (Known as the DTE device) and

To forward a data packet to its destination, router keeps the records of

Basically routers are used: -

 To connect different network segments.

For example, a transceiver is attached with a device that transmits signal in

You might also like