16.

Light
Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. Question

What is meant by 'incident ray'?

Answer

A ray of light that strikes a surface or falls on a surface before being re lected,
transmitted or absorbed is known as incident ray. For eg-

2. Question

What is meant by 're lected ray'?

Answer

The light ray re lected by a surface, when an incident ray strikes the same
surface is the re lected ray. The re lected ray corresponds to the incident ray
always.

3. Question

How many re lected rays can there be for a given single incident ray falling
on a plane mirror?

Answer

For a single incident ray falling on a plane mirror, there is always a single
re lected ray. The angle of incidence is always equal to the angle of re lection,
this is by the law of re lection.

4. Question

What do you understand by the term 'point of incidence'?

Answer

The point of incidence is the point where the incident ray strikes the mirror.

5. Question

What is 'normal' in the re lection of light from a plane mirror?

Answer
Normal is an imaginary line perpendicular to the surface, in the re lection of
light from a plane mirror.

6. Question

De ine the angle of incidence.

Answer

The angle which incident ray makes with the perpendicular to the surface at
the point of incidence.

7. Question

De ine the angle of re lection.

Answer

The angle between the re lected ray and the line perpendicular to the
re lecting surface at the point of incidence is known as the angle of re lection.

8. Question

A ray of light is incident on a plane mirror at an angle of 30°. What is the

angle of re lection?

Answer

The angle of re lection will be 30 degree. This is by the law of re lection that
angle of incidence is equal to the angle of re lection.

9. Question

An incident ray makes an angle of 75° with the surface of a plane mirror.
What will be the angle of re lection?

Answer

The angle made by the normal will be 90-75= 15. Angle made by normal is
equal to angle of incidence. So i=15 degree. And by the law of re lection
which states that angle of incidence is equal to the angle of re lection, the
angle of re lection will be 15 degree.

10. Question

A ray of light is incident normally (perpendicularly) on a plane mirror.

Where will this ray of light go after re lection from the mirror?

Answer

When a ray of light is incident normally (perpendicularly) on a plane mirror,

the ray re lects and follows the same path.
11. Question

What is the angle of incidence when a ray of light is incident normally on a

plane mirror?

Answer

The angle of incidence when a ray of light is incident normally on a plane

mirror is zero degree because the ray is incident normally .

12. Question

What is the angle of re lection when a ray of light is incident normally on a

plane mirror?

Answer

The angle of re lection when a ray of light is incident normally on a plane

mirror will be zero degree because the angle of incidence will be zero degree
as the ray is incident normally. By law of re lection, angle of incidence= angle
of re lection.

13. Question

What is the angle of incidence of a ray of light if the re lected ray is at an

angle of 90° to the incident ray?

Answer

the angle of incidence= angle of re lection.

According to the question, given i+r= 90 degree

i=r

hence i+i=90 degree

2i=90 degree.

I=45 degree.Therefore, the angle of incidence is 45 degree.

14. Question

Name the apparatus which is used to obtain a thin beam of light.

Answer

The apparatus used to obtain a thin beam of light is known as Ray box. The
rays are bright enough to be viewed easily. A ray box is a standard source of
light used in optics experiments.

15. Question
What type of re lection of light takes place from:

(a) a rough surface?

(b) a smooth surface?

Answer

a) Diffused re lection takes place from a rough surface. The re lected rays are
not parallel in diffused re lection.

b) Regular re lection takes place from a smooth surface. The re lected rays
are parallel in regular re lection.

16. Question

Which type of re lection of light, regular re lection or diffuse re lection, leads

to the formation of images?

Answer

Regular re lection, wherein the re lected rays are parallel to each other, lead
to the formation of images because all the rays get re lected in a particular
direction. Regular re lection always occurs from a smooth surface.Diffused
re lection does not lead to the formation of images because the rays do not
re lect in one particular direction.

17. Question

What type of re lection of light takes place from:

(a) a cinema screen?

(b) a plane mirror?

Answer

a) Regular re lection occurs from a cinema screen because the surface of the
screen is smooth.

b) Regular re lection occurs from a plane mirror because the surface of a

plane mirror is smoot/ even.

18. Question

If an object is placed at a distance of 7.5 cm from a plane mirror, how far

would it be from its image?

Answer

The object would be 15cm far away from its image if it is placed at a distance
of 7.5cm from the plane mirror.
The object is at 7.5cm from the mirror, then the image of the object is 7.5cm
on the other side of the mirror. Hence, the image is a total of 15cm from
object (7.5cm to the mirror+ 7.5cm to the image).

19. Question

Is the image of an object in a plane mirror: virtual or real?

Answer

The image of an object in a plane mirror is virtual. Virtual image cannot be

projected onto the screen because it is not real.

A virtual image is a copy of the object, formed on the plane mirror. The light
rays never come from the image. They appear to come from the object.

20. Question

Name the phenomenon responsible for the following effect:

When we sit in front of a plane mirror and write with our right hand, it
appears in the mirror that we are writing with the left hand.

Answer

the phenomenon is known as Lateral inversion. The effect produced by a

plane mirror in reversing the images from left to right and right to left while
forming images is lateral inversion.

21. Question

Name a device which works on the re lection of re lected light.

Answer

Periscope is one such device which works on the re lection of re lected light.

The light from the object falls on one mirror that is placed at 45o to the
object and the light gets re lected. This re lected light in turn falls on another
mirror and is again re lected until it reaches the eyepiece.

22. Question

How are the two plane mirrors in a periscope arranged:

(a) with respect to one another?

(b) with respect to sides of the tube?

Answer

a) The 2 plane mirrors are parallel to one another.

b) The plane mirrors make an angle of 45 degrees with respect to the sides of
the tube.

23. Question

What will be the number of images formed when an object is placed between
two parallel plane mirrors facing each other?

Answer

In inite number of images are formed when an object is placed between two
parallel plane mirrors facing each other. The object undergoes multiple
re lection to produce image of the distant object. The distance between the
mirror and the object is inconsiderable in formation of in inite images. No
matter how much the distance be, number of images formed will be in inite.

24. Question

Name an instrument or toy which works by producing multiple re lections

from three plane mirrors to form beautiful patterns.

Answer

Kaleidoscope is the instrument that works by producing multiple re lections.

It consists of 3 plain mirrors inside a tube (cylinder) with colored glass
pieces at one end and a glass to view on the other.

25. Question

State one use of kaleidoscope.

Answer

A Kaleidoscope is a toy mostly used by children for enjoyment. It is made of

a tube with plain mirrors and colored glass pieces inside it at one of the end.

Kaleidoscope having object chambers are used for hiding valuables.

26. Question

Name the device used to split white light into seven colours.

Answer

A Glass Prism. It is a device used to split white light into seven colors. It has
2 triangular ends and 3 rectangular sides which help in splitting the white
ray of light into a band of 7 colors, also known as spectrum.

27. Question

What happens when a beam of sunlight is passed through a glass prism?

Answer
When a beam of sunlight is passed through a glass prism, it splits up into a
band of 7 colors, also known as a spectrum.

28. Question

What type of lens (convex or concave) is present in the human eye?

Answer

The human eye has convex type of lens. Light that hits the lens of the eye is
focused by the lens so that it hits the retina. Retina has photoreceptor cells
(rods and cones) which get stimulated and sends signals to the brain for
viewing.

29. Question

What is the range of vision of a normal human eye?

Answer

The range of vision of a normal human eye is from 25cm to in inity. The
minimum distance for an object to be viewed clearly for a normal human eye
is 25cm and the view may extend to in inity.

30. Question

Name the point inside the human eye where the image is not visible.

Answer

Blind spot is the point in human eye where the image is not visible. This is
because there are no photoreceptors, i.e., rods and cones present in the
optical disk.

31. Question

Name the phenomenon which enables us to see movies in a cinema hall.

Answer

The phenomenon which enables us to see movies in a cinema hall is known

as Persistence of Vision. The property of this phenomenon is that the image
formed on the retina of the eye persists for about 1/16th of a second, hence if
16 frames are shown on a screen in succession, they are viewed by the retina
as an ongoing action.

32. Question

Name an eye ailment (or eye-disease) caused by the de iciency of vitamin A

in the diet.

Answer
De iciency of Vitamin A in the diet causes night blindness.

Vitamin A helps in transforming the nerve impulses into images in the retina.
De iciency of vitamin A (also known as retinol) causes night blindness. Night
blindness is the inability to see properly at night or in poor light.

33. Question

What is the name of transparent front part of an eye?

Answer

Cornea is the transparent front part of an eye. It covers the front portion of
the eye.

34. Question

What is the name of a small opening in the iris of an eye?

Answer

A small opening in the iris of an eye is known as pupil. Pupil controls the
amount of light that enters the eye.

35. Question

Which part of the eye gives it its distinctive color?

Answer

Iris, the part of our eye, contains pigment and gives the eye its distinctive
color. Iris also helps in controlling the size of the pupil by constricting and
dilating it, thus reducing and increasing the amount of light entering the eye.

36. Question

Write the names of the main parts of the human eye.

Answer

The main parts of the human eye are-

IRIS- The muscles of the iris dilate and constrict the pupil and thus increases
and reduces the amount of light reaching the retina.

RETINA- Retina receives the light focused by the lens, the photoreceptors In
the retina (rods and cones) convert this light into signals and the signals are
then passed onto the brain for viewing.

LENS- Lens focuses the light rays passing through it onto the retina and thus
creates a clear image of the objects in sight.
PUPIL- Pupil controls the amount of light that enters the eye. It is controlled
by the iris.

CORNEA- Cornea acts as the outermost layer of the eye. It protects the eye
with the eyelids.

CILIARY MUSCLES- The ciliary muscle ibers affect the zonular ibers in eye
and thus change the lens shape and thus changes the converging power.

OPTIC NERVE- The optic nerve transmits signals from photoreceptors in the
retina to the brain through electric impulses

37. Question

What happens to the size of the pupil of our eye in dim light?

Answer

In dim light the size of the pupil of our eye becomes larger or dilates to
increase the amount of light going inside the eye. This dilation in size is
facilitated by the muscles of iris.

38. Question

What happens to the size of the pupil of our eye in bright light?

Answer

In bright light the size of the pupil of our eye constricts and becomes small
to reduce the amount of light going inside the eye. This reduction in size is
facilitated by the muscles of iris.

39. Question

State whether the following statements are true or false:

(a) The moon is an illuminated object.

(b) Diffuse re lection means the failure of the laws of re lection of light.

(c) In a kaleidoscope, a pattern seen once can never be seen again.

Answer

(a) True. Moon is a non-luminous object. It does not have light of its own, it
re lects the light of sun and it is an illuminated object.

(b) False. Diffuse re lection does not mean the failure of laws of re lection of
light. Diffused re lection is caused by the irregularity of a surface.

(c) True. The pattern once seen through the eye hole can never be seen again
in a kaleidoscope. The mirrors in the tube and the colored glass pieces
continuously make different patterns.
40. Question

Fill in the following blanks with suitable words:

(a) The angle of ................ equals the angle of re lection.

(b) A person 1 m in front of a plane mirror seems to be......... m away from his
image.

(c) If you touch your.........ear with right hand in front of a plane mirror, it will
be seen in the mirror that your right ear is touched with..........

(d) The size of pupil becomes...........when you see in dim light.

(e) Night birds have.........cones than rods in their eyes.

(f) The image of an object persists on the retina of an eye for about.........second
even after the object has disappeared.

(g) If the still pictures of a moving object are lashed on our eyes at a rate
faster than..............pictures per second, the eye perceives the object as moving.

(h) In a movie, the still pictures in proper sequence are projected on the
screen usually at the rate of ...........pictures per second.

Answer

a) Incidence. This is by law of re lection. The angle of incidence equals the

angle of re lection.

b) 2m. Image formed by a plane mirror is far behind the mirror as the object
is in front of the mirror.

c) Left ear; left hand. Images formed by a plane mirror are opposite in
direction.

d) Large. The size of pupil dilates, facilitated by the iris, so that maximum
amount of possible light enters the eye and a person views things clearly.

e) Fewer. Night birds have fewer cones and more rods because rods function
in less amount of light. Cones function in bright light.

f) 1/16th. The phenomenon is known as Persistence of Vision. The property

of this phenomenon is that the image formed on the retina of the eye persists
for about 1/16th of a second even after the object has disappeared.

g) 16. The is due to the phenomenon Persistence of Vision. The property of

this phenomenon is that the image formed on the retina of the eye persists
for about 1/16th of a second, hence if 16 frames are lashed in front of the
eyes, they are viewed by the retina as an ongoing action
h) 24. The frame rate for motion pictures is 24 pictures per second. Frame
rate is the rate at which consecutive images are displayed in a display.

Short Answer Type Questions

41. Question

Suppose you are in a dark room. Can you see objects in the room? Can you
see objects outside the room? Explain.

Answer

The objects in a dark room cannot be seen because there is no light. We can
only see something when a certain amount of light falls on it. The objects
outside the room can only be seen if there is light outside the room.

42. Question

What makes things visible to us? Why cannot we see a book which is placed
(a) behind a wooden screen, and (b) in a dark room?

Answer

Light makes things visible to us. We see an object when light passing through
it is re lected.

We cannot see a book which is placed

a- Behind a wooden screen because the wooden screen is opaque so it does

not allow light to pass through it.

b- In a dark room because there is no light to be re lected by the book. Thus,

due to no re lection, the book is not visible.

43. Question

We can see the sun because it is glowing. How are we able to see the moon?

Answer

We are able to see the moon because the light of sun falls on moon and is
re lected onto the earth. Hence, we are able to see the moon.

44. Question

Name the two types of re lection of light. Which type of re lection makes us
see an object from all directions?

Answer

The two types of re lection of light are Regular re lection of light and
Diffused re lection of light.
Regular re lection of light makes us see an object from all directions as the
re lected rays are all parallel and in a particular direction so the image of the
object can be viewed from all directions. In diffused re lection of light the
re lected rays are neither parallel nor in a speci ic direction so the image of
the object isn’t visible from any direction.

45. Question

A wall re lects light and a mirror also re lects light. What difference is there
in the way they re lect light?

Answer

Re lection of light from a wall is diffused re lection because the surface of

the wall is uneven so the light is re lected in different directions and also the
re lected rays are not parallel

Re lection of light from a mirror is regular re lection because the surface of

mirror is an even surface which is polished. The light gets re lected from the
mirror surface in one particular direction and the re lected rays are all
parallel.

46. Question

Explain why, a book lying on a table in a room can be seen from all the parts
of the room.

Answer

A book lying on a table in a room can be seen from all the parts of the room
because of re lection by the light falling on the book. The light is re lected by
the book and it reaches our eye at any part of the room.

47. Question

What is the full form of i and r? What is the relation between them?

Answer

i = angle of incidence and r= angle of re lection

By law of re lection, the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of re lection.

48. Question

You see your image in a plane mirror? State two characteristics of the image
so formed.

Answer

Characteristics of the image formed by a plane mirror are-

● The images formed by a plane mirror are virtual and erect

● Image formed is of the same size as the object and is laterally inverted.

● Image is far behind the mirror as the object is in front of the mirror.

49. Question

What is a periscope? How many mirrors are there in a periscope?

Answer

A periscope is a device that re lects the re lected ray again. It consists of a

tube attached to a set of mirrors. There are 2 mirrors in a periscope.

The light from the object falls on one mirror that is placed at 45o to the
object and the light gets re lected. This re lected light in turn falls on another
mirror and is again re lected until it reaches the eyepiece.

50. Question

State the various uses of a periscope.

Answer

● A periscope is used to see over, through or around any object.

● It can be used to see over a wall, to see around a corner.

● Periscopes are also used in warfare to keep an eye on the enemy.

51. Question

Explain how, a hair dresser makes you see hair at the back of your head after
the hair cut is complete.

Answer

The phenomenon that applies here is multiple re lection that provides the
image of back of the head to be viewed. A person is made to stand in front of
a mirror and another mirror is held at the back of the head. The re lection
from the mirror at the back is visible in the mirror in front of the person and
hence the hair at the back of the head is visible to the person in the front
mirror.

52. Question

How many images of an object will be formed when the object is placed
between two plane mirrors which are inclined at the following angles to one
another?

(a) 120°

(b) 45°
(c) 180°

(d) 60°

(e) 90°

Answer

The formula to calculate the no. of images of an object placed between 2

plane mirrors- (360/θ)−1; where theta is the angle of inclination.

a- 2 (360/120)-1= 3-1 =2

b- 7 (360/45)-1= 8-1 =7

c- 1 (360/180)-1= 2-1 =1

d- 5 (360/60)-1= 6-1 =5

e- 3 (360/90)-1= 4-1 =3

53. Question

Two plane mirrors are set at right angles to each other. A coin is placed in-
between these two plane mirrors. How many images of the coin will be seen?

Answer

When 2 plane mirrors are set at right angles to each other and a coin is
placed in-between these two plane mirrors, then three images will be formed,
see the diagram below:

The formula for calculating the number of images, when two are kept at an
angle θ, is given as: (360/θ)−1

Now,θ = 90 degree.

Thus, the number of images formed will be

= (360/θ)−1

= (360/90)-1

= 4-1

=3

54. Question

How many images of a candle will be formed if it is placed between two

parallel plane mirrors separated by 40 cm?

Answer

In inite number of images of the candle will be formed because the mirrors
are placed parallel to each other.

55. Question

Explain why, when an object is placed between two plane mirrors inclined at
an angle, then multiple images are formed.

Answer

Multiple images are formed due to multiple re lection when an object is

placed between two plane mirrors at any angle.

N= (360/ θ)-1

Say, the angle is 120

N= (360/120)-1

N=3-1

N=2

56. Question

How can you show that white light (say, sunlight) consists of seven colors?

Answer

White light (say, sunlight) consists of seven colors can be shown by passing
this light through a prism. The sunlight passes through the prism and splits
into a band of 7 colors, also known as the spectrum.

57. Question

What information do you get about sunlight from the formation of a

rainbow?
Answer

The information that we get about sunlight from the formation is about
dispersion of light. The separation of white light into seven different colors is
known as dispersion.

58. Question

What is meant by dispersion of light'? Name a natural phenomenon which is

caused by the dispersion of sunlight in the sky.

Answer

Dispersion of light is the separation of white light or visible light into

different colors is known as dispersion.

Formation of rainbow is a natural phenomenon which is caused by the

dispersion of sunlight in the sky. The sunlight splits into 7 colors, namely,
violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red.

59. Question

How many plane mirror strips are there in a kaleidoscope? How are they
arranged?

Answer

Kaleidoscope consists of 3 plain mirror strips which are arranged inside a

tube (cylinder) with colored glass pieces at one end and a glass to view on
the other.

60. Question

How does eye adjust itself to deal with light of varying intensity?

Answer

The iris adjusts the size of pupil according to the light of varying intensity.

When the amount of light is very high, the iris contracts the pupil and
reduces the amount of light entering the eye. Whereas, when the amount of
light is less, the iris expands the pupil so that more light can enter the eye
and things can be viewed clearly.

61. Question

Explain why, we cannot see our surroundings clearly when we enter a

darkened cinema hall from bright sunshine but our vision improves after
some time.

Answer
In bright sunshine the size of the pupil of the eye is very small so when we
enter a darkened cinema hall from bright sunshine very little amount of light
enters the eye. The vision improves at some time later because the pupil
dilates and more amount of light enters the eye easily.

62. Question

How does the eye-lens differ from the ordinary convex lens made of glass?

Answer

The eye lens is made up of living cells and the focal length of eye lens is
adjustable. Whereas, an ordinary convex lens is made of glass and its focal
length cannot be changed as it is ixed.

63. Question

Name the part of the eye:

(a) which controls the amount of light entering the eye.

(b) which converges light rays to form the image.

(c) on which image is formed.

(d) which carries the image to brain.

(e) which changes the curvature (or thickness) of eye-lens to focus objects
lying at various distances.

Answer

(a) Iris controls the amount of light entering the eye by constricting and
dilating the pupil in bright and dim light respectively.

(b) Lens. The lens may diverge or converge the light rays to form an image.

(c) Retina. An upside-down image is formed on the retina.

(d) Optic nerve carries the image to brain in form of electric impulses.

(e) Ciliary muscle changes the lens shape to focus objects lying at various
distances.

64. Question

Name the cells on the retina of an eye:

(a) which are sensitive to bright light.

(b) which are sensitive to dim light.

(c) which produce sensation of colour.

Answer

(a) Cones are sensitive to bright light. Cone shaped cells present in the retina
are sensitive to bright light.

(b) Rods are sensitive to dim light. Rod shaped cells present in the retina are
sensitive to dim light. They are most important for vision in dim light

(c) Cones are the cells of retina that produce color sensation. These
photoreceptor cells are responsible for color vision.

65. Question

What are rods and cones in the retina of an eye?

Answer

Rods are rod shaped cells present in the retina are sensitive to dim light.
They are most important for vision in dim light.

Cones are cone shaped cells present in the retina are sensitive to bright light.
These photoreceptor cells are responsible for color vision.

66. Question

Name any one defect of the eye. How is it corrected?

Answer

Myopia (nearsightedness) is the defect of vision wherein a person is unable

to see the distant objects clearly as the light is unable to focus on the retina
and thus distant objects appear to be blurred. The problem of
nearsightedness is that the light is focused in front of the retina

Myopia is corrected by wearing glasses or contact lenses. A concave

lens(diverging lens) with a minus power is used in the glass, which moves the
image back to retina and thus clears the image. The diverging lens will
diverge the light before it reaches the retina. The light will then be converged
by cornea and lens thus producing an image on the retina.

67. Question

What is cataract? How can the vision of a person having cataract be

restored?

Answer

Cataract is the clouding of the lens of human eye, that lies behind the iris and
pupil. It leaves to a blurred vision or decrease in vision.

The lens that has becomes cloudy is replaced by an arti icial lens to restore
the normal and clear vision.
68. Question

What is meant by 'persistence of vision'?

Answer

- Persistence of Vision- The property of this phenomenon is that the image

formed on the retina of the eye persists for about 1/16th of a second, hence if
16 frames are shown on a screen in succession, they are viewed by the retina
as an ongoing action.

69. Question

Explain how you can take care of your eyes.

Answer

One can take care of eyes by following or practicing some simple steps-

a- Watch television from a distance.

b- If a dust particle or an insect gets into our eye, we should never rub the
eye, instead wash the eye with cold water.

c- Do not look at the sun directly as too much of light i.e. bright light may
injure the retina.

d- Read from a normal distance of vision.

e- Never read or study in dim light or low light as it causes headaches.

70. Question

What should we do if something like a dust particle or an insect gets into our
eye?

Answer

If something like a dust particle or an insect gets into our eye, we should
never rub the eye, instead wash the eye with cold water. If washing with cold
water does not help, we should consult a doctor immediately.

71. Question

Name any ive food items (including two fruits) which are rich in vitamin A.

Answer

5 food items rich in vitamin A are- ish, sweet potatoes, carrots, banana, pink
grapefruit, apricots.

72. Question
Explain why, too little or too much light, both are bad for eyes.

Answer

In the presence of little light the iris has to dilate pupil to facilitate entry of
more and more light to view things, which leads to strain on the eyes and
causes headaches.

In case of too much light, the retina may get injured and damaged thus
impairing vision.

73. Question

Explain why, an owl can see well in the night (but not during the day)
whereas an eagle can see well during day (but not at night).

Answer

An owl can see well in the night but not during the day because owl is a night
bird and night birds have fewer cones and more rods in the retina. Since rods
function in less amount of light so an owl can see well in the night. To see
well during the day, cones are required which are not present in adequate
amount in an owl’s retina.

An eagle can see well during the day but not during the night because eagle
has more cones and lesser rods in the retina. Cones function in good amount
of light so an eagle can see well during the day. To see well during the night,
rods are required which are not present in adequate amount in a n eagle’s
retina.

74 A. Question

What is 'blind spot' in the eye?

Answer

Blind spot is the point in human eye where the image is not visible. This is
because there are no photoreceptors, i.e., rods and cones present in the
optical disk.

74 B. Question

What is night blindness? What causes night blindness?

Answer

Night blindness is the inability to see properly at night or in poor light. In

scienti ic terms, it is called as "nyctalopia".

The following factors cause night blindness:

1) The de iciency of Vitamin A (retinol) in the diet of a person for a

considerable time can lead to the disease called night blindness.
2) The disorder in which the rod cells in the retina gradually lose their
ability to respond to the light.

3) It can also happen due to cataract, or clouding of the eye’s lens.

4) Usher syndrome can also cause night blindness, which is a genetic

condition that affects both hearing and vision.

5) Nearsightedness or blurred vision can also cause night blindness.

75. Question

What is lateral inversion? Explain with the help of an example.

Answer

The effect produced by a plane mirror in reversing the images from left to
right and right to left while forming images is lateral inversion.

Example-

The images are reversed by the plane mirror.

Long Answer Type Questions

76 A. Question

What is meant by a luminous object? Name two luminous objects.

Answer

Objects that have their own light i.e., objects that emit light of their own are
known as luminous objects. 2 luminous objects are- stars and sun.

The sun and the stars have their own light. A light bulb is also luminous.

76 B. Question

What is meant by a non-luminous object? Name two non-luminous objects.

Answer

Non- luminous objects are those that are themselves not capable of
producing their own light but can re lect light from another source. 2 non
luminous objects are- wood, plastics etc.
Moon also is incapable of producing its own light and it re lects sunlight and
hence is non-luminous.

77 A. Question

What is the difference between regular re lection and diffuse re lection of

light? Name one object which can produce regular re lection of light and
another which produces diffuse re lection of light.

Answer

77 B. Question

Draw diagrams to show regular re lection of light and diffuse re lection of

light.

Answer

77 C. Question

Which of the following will cause regular re lection of light and which diffuse
re lection of light?
(a) Polished wooden table

(b) Chalk powder

(c) Cardboard

(d) Mirror

(e) Paper

(f) Marble loor with water spread over it.

Answer

a- polished wooden table- regular re lection since the surface is polished

(plane)

b-chalk powder-diffused re lection will occur because the surface of chalk

powder is uneven

c- cardboard- diffused re lection of light since cardboard has an uneven

surface

d- mirror- regular re lection since the surface of a mirror is plane

e- paper- diffused re lection since the surface of paper is uneven

f- marble loor with water spread over it- regular re lection as the loor with
water will behave as a plane surface

78 A. Question

Draw a diagram to show the re lection of light from a plane mirror. Label the
following on the diagram:

(a) Plane mirror

(b) Incident ray

(c) Re lected ray

(d) Point of incidence

(g) Angle of re lection

(e) Normal

(f) Angle of incidence

Answer
78 B. Question

State the laws of re lection of light.

Answer

The laws of re lection of light are-

● The incident ray, the normal ray and the re lected ray all lie in the same
plane, and

● The angle of incidence is always equal to angle of re lection.

79 A. Question

Draw a labelled diagram showing how a plane mirror forms an image of a

point object placed in front of it.

Answer

79 B. Question

State the characteristics of the image formed in a plane mirror.

Answer

Characteristics of the image formed by a plane mirror are-

● The images formed by a plane mirror are virtual and erect

● Image formed is of the same size as the object.

● Image is laterally inverted.

● Image is far behind the mirror as the object is in front of the mirror.

80 A. Question

Draw a labelled diagram of the human eye. Label the following parts on this
diagram: Cornea, Iris, Pupil, Ciliary muscles, Eye-lens, Retina, Optic nerve,
Blind spot.

Answer

80 B. Question

What are the functions of the following parts of the eye?

(a) Iris

(b) Eye-lens

(c) Ciliary muscles

(d) Retina

(e) Optic nerve

Answer

Functions of parts-

IRIS- The muscles of the iris dilate and constrict the pupil and thus increases
and reduces the amount of light reaching the retina.
EYE-LENS- Lens focuses the light rays passing through it onto the retina and
thus creates a clear image of the objects in sight.

CILIARY MUSCLES- The ciliary muscle ibers affect the zonular ibers in eye
and thus change the lens shape and thus changes the converging power.

RETINA- Retina receives the light focused by the lens, the photoreceptors In
the retina (rods and cones) convert this light into signals and the signals are
then passed onto the brain for viewing.

OPTIC NERVE- The optic nerve transmits signals from photoreceptors in the
retina to the brain through electric impulses.

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

81. Question

The angle of re lection is equal to the angle of incidence:

A. always

B. sometimes

C. under special conditions

D. never

Answer

According to laws of re lection, angle of re lection is always equal to the

angle of incidence. The law of re lection also states that the incident ray,
re lected ray and the normal to a surface, all lie in the same plane.

82. Question

The image formed by a plane mirror is:

A. virtual, behind the mirror and enlarged.

B. virtual, behind the mirror and of the same size as the object.

C. real, at the surface of the mirror and enlarged.

D. real, behind the mirror and of the same size as the object.

Answer

The images formed by a plane mirror are virtual, opposite in direction and
are of the same size as the object.

83. Question
The least distance of distinct vision for a young adult with normal vision is
about:

A. 25 m

B. 2.5 cm

C. 25 cm

D. 2.5 m

Answer

The least distance of distinct vision means the minimum distance for an
object to be viewed clearly. This minimum distance for a young adult with
normal vision is 25cm.

84. Question

The angle between an incident ray and the plane mirror is 30°. The total
angle between the incident ray and the re lected ray will be:

A. 30°

B. 60°

C. 90°

D. 120°

Answer

The angle between the incident ray and the mirror is 30 degrees.

Angle of incidence= angle of re lection.

90 degrees is going directly into the mirror.

So, 90-30=60 degrees.

The total angle between the incident ray and the re lected ray will be 120
degree.

85. Question

The image of an object formed by a plane mirror is:

A. virtual

B. real

C. diminished
D. upside-down

Answer

The image of an object formed by a plane mirror is virtual always suggesting

that the light rays do not actually come from the image.

86. Question

Which of the following is a non-luminous object?

A. sun

B. star

C. moon

D. ire

Answer

Non- luminous objects are those that are themselves not capable of
producing their own light but can re lect light from another source. Moon
re lects sunlight and hence is non-luminous.

87. Question

A device which works on the re lection of light from two plane mirrors
arranged parallel to one another is:

A. electroscope

B. kaleiodoscope

C. periscope

D. stethoscope

Answer

Periscopes are used to see objects that are not in direct line of sight.

88. Question

The number of images formed of an object placed between two plane mirrors
inclined at right angles to each other is:

A. two

B. ive

C. one
D. three

Answer

The relationship between no. of images and angle of mirror is

Images= (360degrees/ angle between the mirrors)-1

Images= (360 degree/90 degree)-1

Images= 4-1

Images=3

89. Question

As the angle between two plane mirrors is decreased gradually, the number
of images of an object placed between them:

A. increases gradually

B. decreases gradually

C. irst increases then decreases

D. irst decreases then increases

Answer

If the angle between 2 plane mirrors is decreased, the number of images of an

object placed in between will increase gradually.

The relationship between no. of images and angle of mirror is

Images= (360degrees/ angle between the mirrors)-1

90. Question

The de iciency of one of the following in the diet of a person for a

considerable time can lead to a disease called night blindness. This one is:

A. vitamin B

B. vitamin D

C. vitamin A

D. vitamin C

Answer

Vitamin A de iciencies occur from fat malabsorption, liver disorders and

inadequate food intake.
91. Question

Which of the following is not a part of the human eye?

A. retina

B. auditory nerve

C. optic nerve

D. ciliary muscle

Answer

Auditory nerve is not a part of the human eye, but a part of human ear. It
transmits hearing information between the brain and cochlea.

See the diagram of human ear attached:

92. Question

How does the eye change in order to focus on near or distant objects?

A. the lens moves in or out

B. the retina moves in or out

C. the lens becomes thicker or thinner

D. the pupil becomes larger or smaller

Answer

The shape of the lens is changed by ciliary muscles so that the image forms at
a sharp focus at the retina. The lens becomes thicker to focus at near objects
and becomes thinner to focus at distant objects.

93. Question
Which of the following changes occur when you walk out of bright sunshine
into a poorly lit room?

A. the pupil becomes larger

B. the lens becomes thicker

C. the ciliary muscle relaxes

D. the pupil becomes smaller

Answer

When a person walks out of bright sunshine into a poorly lit room, the pupil
dilates and becomes larger to allow maximum light to enter the eye and thus
helps in viewing things easily in a poorly lit room.

94. Question

An incident ray makes an angle of 65° with the surface of a plane mirror. The
angle of re lection in this case will be:

A. 65°

B. 45°

C. 25°

D. 35°

Answer

Angle of incidence is always equal to angle of refection. Hence, angle of

re lection will be 35°.

95. Question

Which of the following produces diffuse re lection of light?

A. mirror on a dressing table

B. water surface of a pond

C. screen in a cinema hall

D. polished wooden table

Answer

Others, the mirror, the screen and the polished wooden table will give regular
re lection as they are even surfaces.

96. Question
The human eye forms the image of an object at its:

A. cornea

B. iris

C. pupil

D. retina

Answer

The image of an object is formed at the retina of an eye which is the third and
the innermost coat of an eye. Light rays are focused on the retina by cornea,
lens and the pupil.

97. Question

The change in converging power of an eye-lens is caused by the action of:

A. iris

B. ciliary muscles

C. optic nerve

D. retina

Answer

The ciliary muscle ibers affect the zonular ibers in eye and thus change the
lens shape and thus changes the converging power.

98. Question

The size of the pupil of the eye is adjusted by:

A. cornea

B. ciliary muscles

C. optic nerve

D. iris

Answer

The muscles of the iris dilate and constrict the pupil and thus increases and
reduces the amount of light entering the eye.

99. Question
The defect of vision in which the eye-lens of a person gets progressively
cloudy resulting in blurred vision is called :

A. myopia

B. night blindness

C. cataract

D. hypermetropia

Answer

Cataract is the clouding of the lens of human eye, that lies behind the iris and
pupil. It leaves to a blurred vision or decrease in vision.

100. Question

A person cannot see the distant objects clearly (though he can see the nearby
objects clearly). He is suffering from the defect of vision called:

A. hypermetropia

B. myopia

C. night blindness

D. cataract

Answer

Myopia is the defect of vision wherein a person cannot see the distant
objects clearly as the light is unable to focus on the retina and thus distant
objects appear to be blurred.

Questions Based on High Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)

101. Question

A man stands 10 m in front of a large plane mirror. How far must he walk
before he is 5 m away from his image?

Answer

The object distance is equal to image distance in a plane mirror.

For the distance of man from his image to be 5m-

The distance of man from mirror+ distance of image from the mirror= 5m

Since object distance= image distance

Therefore, 2*distance of man from the mirror= 5m

Distance of man from the mirror= 5/2 = 2.5m

The man is 10m from the mirror at the starting, so he will have to walk 10 –
2.5 =7.5m towards the mirror for being 5m away from his image.

102. Question

A ray of light strikes a plane mirror XY at an angle of incidence of 65°, is

re lected from this plane mirror and then strikes a second plane mirror YZ
placed at right angles to the irst mirror. What is the angle of re lection for
the mirror YZ?

Answer

The mirrors XY and YZ are at right angles, i.e., perpendicular. When a ray of
light strikes the XY mirror with 65degree angle, the incident angle will be 90-
65= 25 degree on the YZ mirror. Since angle of incidence= angle of re lection,
the angle of re lection for YZ mirror will be 25degrees.

103. Question

The eye of a person exhibits a phenomenon X due to which it can see the
image of an object for a short duration of Y even after the object has
disappeared from his view. It is due to the phenomenon X that we are able to
see moving Z on a television screen. What are X, Y and Z?

Answer

The phenomenon X is persistence of vision. The property of this phenomenon

is that the image formed on the retina of the eye persists for about 1/16th of
a second, hence if 16 frames are shown on a screen in succession, they are
viewed by the retina as an ongoing action.

Short duration of Y is 1/16 seconds.

Z is pictures. Due to the phenomenon of persistence of vision, we are able to

see moving pictures on a television or a cinema screen.

104. Question

Man A has a defect of vision due to which he cannot see the nearby objects
clearly (though he can see the distant objects clearly). On the other hand,
man B has a defect of vision due to which he cannot see the distant object
clearly (though he can see the nearby objects clearly). The defect in man A
can be corrected by using spectacles containing lenses C whereas the defect
in man B can be corrected by using spectacles containing lenses D.

(a) Name the defect of vision in man (i) A, and (ii) B.

(b) What type of lenses are (i) C, and (ii) D?

Answer
a) i-Man A suffers from hypermetropia wherein the image of a nearby object
is formed behind the retina so the person has a blurred vision while looking
at nearby objects.

ii- Man B suffers from myopia wherein Light from a distant object forms an
image before it reaches the retina so the person can see the nearby objects
clearly but not the distant objects.

b) C are Convex lens. these lenses are placed in front of a hyper-metropic eye
which moves the image forward and focuses directly onto the retina which
clears the vision of a nearby object.

D are concave lenses. These lenses are placed in front of a myopic eye which
moves the image back to the retina and clari ies the image of a distant object.

105. Question

A student makes a device P by using three long and narrow strips of plane
mirrors inclined at 60° to one another which enables him to see beautiful
patterns made by pieces of coloured glass bangles. On the other hand,
another student makes a device Q by using two plane mirrors arranged
parallel to each other which helps him to see a football match clearly even
when some very tall persons are sitting in front of him in the ground. What
are P and Q?

Answer

Device P is a Kaleidoscope which consists of 3 plain mirror strips are

arranged inside a tube (cylinder) with colored glass pieces at one end and a
glass to view on the other.

The device Q is a Periscope. A periscope is a device that re lects the re lected

ray again. It consists of a tube attached to a set of 2 mirrors. A periscope is
used to see over, through or around any object. So, the student is able to see a
football match clearly even when some very tall persons are sitting in front
of him in the ground because the periscope helps him in seeing over, through
and around the tall persons sitting in front of him in the ground.