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Advance Python

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Pinkesh kumar
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17 views

Advance Python

Uploaded by

Pinkesh kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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### Objective Overview:

The goal of this assignment is to guide you through the process of data preprocessing using Python
libraries like pandas, numpy, scikit-learn, and seaborn. You will apply techniques for data cleaning,
transformation, and visualization, ultimately preparing the dataset for further analysis or machine
learning.

### Step-by-Step Breakdown:

---

### 1. **Dataset Selection**:

Choose a dataset that fits the criteria:


- At least 500 rows and multiple columns of varying data types (numerical, categorical, text, etc.).
- Suitable open data sources include:
- **Kaggle**: Provides datasets on diverse topics (e.g., health, finance, sports).
- **UCI Machine Learning Repository**: Offers datasets used for machine learning tasks.
- **Open Data Portals**: Many governments and organizations release datasets for public use.

**Dataset Example**: Suppose we select the **"Titanic: Machine Learning from Disaster" dataset** from
Kaggle (contains 891 rows, with both numerical and categorical data).

---

### 2. **Data Cleaning**:

#### Missing Values:


- **Step 1**: Identify missing values.
‘‘‘python
import pandas as pd

# Load the dataset


data = pd.read_csv(’titanic.csv’)

# Identify missing values


missing_values = data.isnull().sum()
print(missing_values)
‘‘‘
- **Step 2**: Handle missing values. Depending on the column type and context, you can:
- Impute numerical values (e.g., mean, median).
- Impute categorical values (e.g., mode or constant).
- Drop rows or columns with excessive missing data.
‘‘‘python
# Example of imputing missing ’Age’ with the median
data[’Age’].fillna(data[’Age’].median(), inplace=True)

# Example of imputing missing ’Embarked’ with the mode


data[’Embarked’].fillna(data[’Embarked’].mode()[0], inplace=True)
‘‘‘

#### Duplicates:
- **Step 3**: Detect and remove duplicate rows.
‘‘‘python
# Check for duplicates
duplicates = data.duplicated().sum()
print(f"Number of duplicate rows: {duplicates}")

# Remove duplicates
data = data.drop_duplicates()
‘‘‘

#### Outliers:
- **Step 4**: Identify outliers using the **Z-score** or **IQR (Interquartile Range)** method.
‘‘‘python
import numpy as np
from scipy.stats import zscore

# Calculate Z-scores for numerical columns


data_zscore = data.select_dtypes(include=[np.number])
z_scores = np.abs(zscore(data_zscore))

# Threshold for identifying outliers


threshold = 3
outliers = (z_scores > threshold).sum()
print(f"Outliers detected: {outliers}")
‘‘‘
- **Step 5**: Handle outliers by removing or capping.
‘‘‘python
# Remove outliers (Z-score > 3)
data_clean = data[(z_scores < threshold).all(axis=1)]
‘‘‘

---

### 3. **Data Transformation**:

#### Normalization/Standardization:
- **Step 6**: Normalize or standardize numerical features.
‘‘‘python
from sklearn.preprocessing import MinMaxScaler, StandardScaler

# Example of Min-Max Scaling


scaler = MinMaxScaler()
data_scaled = data.copy()
data_scaled[’Age’] = scaler.fit_transform(data[[’Age’]])

# Example of Z-score Standardization


standardizer = StandardScaler()
data_standardized = data.copy()
data_standardized[’Age’] = standardizer.fit_transform(data[[’Age’]])
‘‘‘

#### Encoding Categorical Variables:


- **Step 7**: Convert categorical variables into numerical formats using encoding.
‘‘‘python
# One-Hot Encoding (e.g., ’Sex’ and ’Embarked’ columns)
data_encoded = pd.get_dummies(data, columns=[’Sex’, ’Embarked’])

# Label Encoding (e.g., ’Survived’ column)


from sklearn.preprocessing import LabelEncoder
label_encoder = LabelEncoder()
data[’Survived’] = label_encoder.fit_transform(data[’Survived’])
‘‘‘

#### Date and Time Features:


- **Step 8**: Extract useful features from date columns (if applicable).
‘‘‘python
# Example: Convert ’Date’ column into year, month, day features
data[’Year’] = pd.to_datetime(data[’Date’]).dt.year
data[’Month’] = pd.to_datetime(data[’Date’]).dt.month
‘‘‘

#### Text Data Preprocessing:


- **Step 9**: If text data is available, preprocess it using tokenization, stop words removal, and
stemming/lemmatization.
‘‘‘python
from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import CountVectorizer

# Example of text tokenization


vectorizer = CountVectorizer(stop_words=’english’)
X = vectorizer.fit_transform(data[’TextColumn’])

# Optionally, apply stemming/lemmatization using libraries like NLTK


‘‘‘

---

### 4. **Data Visualization**:

Visualize the dataset to understand its distribution and relationships.

#### Histograms:
- **Step 10**: Create a histogram for numerical features.
‘‘‘python
import seaborn as sns
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

sns.histplot(data[’Age’], kde=True)
plt.title(’Age Distribution’)
plt.show()
‘‘‘

#### Box Plots:


- **Step 11**: Visualize outliers with box plots.
‘‘‘python
sns.boxplot(x=data[’Age’])
plt.title(’Box Plot of Age’)
plt.show()
‘‘‘

#### Heatmap (Correlation Matrix):


- **Step 12**: Visualize correlations between numerical features.
‘‘‘python
corr_matrix = data.corr()
sns.heatmap(corr_matrix, annot=True, cmap=’coolwarm’)
plt.title(’Correlation Heatmap’)
plt.show()
‘‘‘

#### Scatter Plot:


- **Step 13**: Visualize relationships between features using scatter plots.
‘‘‘python
sns.scatterplot(x=data[’Age’], y=data[’Fare’])
plt.title(’Age vs Fare’)
plt.show()
‘‘‘

---

### 5. **Feature Engineering**:

- **Step 14**: Create new features based on existing data. For example, combine ’SibSp’ and ’Parch’ into
a new feature, ’FamilySize’.
‘‘‘python
data[’FamilySize’] = data[’SibSp’] + data[’Parch’]
‘‘‘

- **Step 15**: Perform feature selection to identify the most important features.
‘‘‘python
from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestClassifier
from sklearn.feature_selection import SelectFromModel

X = data.drop(’Survived’, axis=1)
y = data[’Survived’]

# Use Random Forest to rank features by importance


rf = RandomForestClassifier(n_estimators=100)
rf.fit(X, y)

# Select important features


selector = SelectFromModel(rf, threshold="mean")
X_selected = selector.transform(X)
‘‘‘

---

### 6. **Documentation**:

- **Code Documentation**: Add comments and explanations to clarify the rationale behind each
preprocessing step.

- **Preprocessing Impact**:
- **Missing Value Handling**: Imputing or removing missing data can improve model performance by
ensuring no incomplete rows or columns.
- **Outlier Removal**: Identifying and removing outliers ensures the model is not unduly influenced by
extreme values.
- **Encoding**: Converting categorical data into numerical values makes it compatible with machine
learning algorithms.
- **Feature Engineering**: Creating new features helps enhance model accuracy by providing additional
information for the algorithm.
---

### Final Thoughts:


After completing these preprocessing steps, your dataset will be clean, transformed, and ready for
machine learning or further analysis. Keep in mind that data preprocessing is a crucial step, as it directly
impacts the quality of insights and predictions generated by your models.

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