Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd
Upload
13 views

SQL Notes

Uploaded by

velukarthick3010
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
13 views

SQL Notes

Uploaded by

velukarthick3010
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 8

1.

Basic Commands

SELECT Statements

SELECT column1, column2, ...


FROM table_name;

● SELECT: Used to select data from a database. The data returned is stored in a result table, sometimes
called the result set.

DISTINCT: Eliminates duplicate records.

SELECT DISTINCT column1 FROM table_name;

WHERE Clause
Filters records based on a condition.

SELECT column1, column2


FROM table_name
WHERE condition;

ORDER BY Clause
Sorts the result set in ascending (ASC) or descending (DESC) order.

SELECT column1, column2


FROM table_name
ORDER BY column1 ASC | DESC;

LIMIT Clause
Limits the number of records returned.

SELECT column1, column2


FROM table_name
LIMIT number;

●
AND, OR, and NOT Operators
Used with WHERE to filter records based on more than one condition.

SELECT * FROM table_name


WHERE condition1 AND condition2;

SELECT * FROM table_name


WHERE condition1 OR condition2;

SELECT * FROM table_name


WHERE NOT condition;

2. Aggregate Functions
COUNT(): Returns the number of rows.

SELECT COUNT(column_name) FROM table_name;

SUM(): Adds up values in a numeric column.

SELECT SUM(column_name) FROM table_name;

AVG(): Returns the average value of a numeric column.

SELECT AVG(column_name) FROM table_name;

MIN() and MAX(): Return the smallest and largest value.

SELECT MIN(column_name) FROM table_name;


SELECT MAX(column_name) FROM table_name;

●
3. Joins

INNER JOIN
Returns records with matching values in both tables.

SELECT columns
FROM table1
INNER JOIN table2
ON table1.column = table2.column;

LEFT JOIN (LEFT OUTER JOIN)


Returns all records from the left table, and the matched records from the right table.

SELECT columns
FROM table1
LEFT JOIN table2
ON table1.column = table2.column;

RIGHT JOIN (RIGHT OUTER JOIN)


Returns all records from the right table, and the matched records from the left table.

SELECT columns
FROM table1
RIGHT JOIN table2
ON table1.column = table2.column;

FULL JOIN (FULL OUTER JOIN)


Returns all records when there is a match in either table.

SELECT columns
FROM table1
FULL OUTER JOIN table2
ON table1.column = table2.column;

●
4. Aliases
Used to rename a table or column temporarily.

SELECT column1 AS alias_name


FROM table_name AS alias_table;

5. Data Manipulation Language (DML)

INSERT INTO
Inserts new data into a table.

INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, ...)


VALUES (value1, value2, ...);

UPDATE
Modifies existing records.

UPDATE table_name
SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2
WHERE condition;

DELETE
Deletes records.

DELETE FROM table_name


WHERE condition;

6. Data Definition Language (DDL)

CREATE TABLE
Creates a new table.
CREATE TABLE table_name (
column1 datatype,
column2 datatype,
...
);

ALTER TABLE
Modifies a table’s structure.

ALTER TABLE table_name


ADD column_name datatype;

ALTER TABLE table_name


DROP COLUMN column_name;

ALTER TABLE table_name


MODIFY COLUMN column_name datatype;

DROP TABLE
Deletes a table and all its data.

DROP TABLE table_name;

TRUNCATE TABLE
Deletes all records but keeps the table structure.

TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;

7. Constraints
PRIMARY KEY: Uniquely identifies each record.

CREATE TABLE table_name (


column1 datatype PRIMARY KEY,
column2 datatype
);

FOREIGN KEY: Links two tables.

CREATE TABLE table_name (


column1 datatype,
column2 datatype,
FOREIGN KEY (column2) REFERENCES other_table(column_name)
);

UNIQUE: Ensures all values in a column are unique.

CREATE TABLE table_name (


column1 datatype UNIQUE,
column2 datatype
);

NOT NULL: Ensures that a column cannot have a NULL value.

CREATE TABLE table_name (


column1 datatype NOT NULL,
column2 datatype
);

CHECK: Ensures that all values satisfy a condition.

CREATE TABLE table_name (


column1 datatype CHECK (column1 condition),
column2 datatype
);

DEFAULT: Sets a default value for a column.


CREATE TABLE table_name (
column1 datatype DEFAULT value,
column2 datatype
);

8. Subqueries
A query within a query, often nested in WHERE or FROM clauses.

SELECT column1
FROM table_name
WHERE column1 IN (SELECT column1 FROM table_name WHERE condition);

9. CASE Statements
Allows conditional logic in .

SELECT column1,
CASE
WHEN condition1 THEN result1
WHEN condition2 THEN result2
ELSE result3
END AS alias_name
FROM table_name;

10. Views
A virtual table based on the result-set of a query.

CREATE VIEW view_name AS


SELECT column1, column2
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
●

Modifying Views

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW view_name AS


SELECT columns
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;

You might also like