Commercial broadcasting - Wikipedia

12/01/2025, 12:05 Commercial broadcasting - Wikipedia
Commercial broadcasting
Commercial broadcasting (also called private broadcasting) is the broadcasting of
television programs and radio programming by privately owned corporate media, as opposed to
state sponsorship, for example. It was the United States' first model of radio (and later television)
during the 1920s, in contrast with the public television model during the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s,
which prevailed worldwide, except in the United States, Mexico, and Brazil, until the 1980s.
Features
Advertising
Commercial broadcasting is primarily based on the practice of airing radio advertisements and
television advertisements for profit. This is in contrast to public broadcasting, which receives
government subsidies and usually does not have paid advertising interrupting the show. During
pledge drives, some public broadcasters will interrupt shows to ask for donations.
In the United States, non-commercial educational (NCE) television and radio exist in the form of
community radio; however, premium cable services such as HBO and Showtime generally operate
solely on subscriber fees and do not sell advertising. This is also the case for the portions of the two
major satellite radio systems that are produced in-house (mainly music programming).
Radio broadcasting originally began without paid commercials. As time went on, however,
advertisements seemed less objectionable to both the public and government regulators and
became more common. While commercial broadcasting was unexpected in radio, in television it
was planned due to commercial radio's success. Television began with commercial sponsorship
and later transformed to paid commercial time. When problems arose over patents and corporate
marketing strategies, regulatory decisions were made by the Federal Communications Commission
(FCC) to control commercial broadcasting.[1]
Paid programming
Commercial broadcasting overlaps with paid services such as cable television, radio and satellite
television. Such services are generally partially or wholly paid for by local subscribers and is known
as leased access. Other programming (particularly on cable television) is produced by companies
operating in much the same manner as advertising-funded commercial broadcasters, and they
(and often the local cable provider) sell commercial time in a similar manner.
The FCC's interest in program control began with the chain-broadcasting investigation of the late
1930s, culminating in the "Blue Book" of 1946, Public Service Responsibility For Broadcast
Licensees. The Blue Book differentiated between mass-appeal sponsored programs and
unsponsored "sustaining" programs offered by the radio networks. This sustained programming,
according to the Blue Book, had five features serving the public interest:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_broadcasting 1/54
Sustaining programs balanced the broadcast schedule, supplementing the soap operas and
popular-music programs receiving the highest ratings and most commercial sponsors
They allowed for the broadcast of programs which, by their controversial or sensitive nature,
were unsuitable for sponsorship
They supplied cultural programming for smaller audiences
They provided limited broadcast access for non-profit and civic organizations
They made possible artistic and dramatic experimentation, shielded from the pressures of
short-run rating and commercial considerations of a sponsor.[1]
Commercial time has increased 31 seconds per hour for all prime time television shows. For
example, ABC has increased from 9 minutes and 26 seconds to 11 minutes and 26 seconds.[2]
Ratings
Programming on commercial stations is more ratings-driven— particularly during periods such as
sweeps in the US and some Latin American countries.
Global commercial broadcasting
Americas
Commercial broadcasting is the dominant type of broadcasting in the United States and most of
Latin America. "The US commercial system resulted from a carefully crafted cooperation endeavor
by national corporations and federal regulators."[3]
The best-known commercial broadcasters in the United States today are the ABC, CBS, Fox, and
NBC television networks, based in the United States. Major cable television in the United States
operators include Comcast, Charter Communications and Cox Communications. Direct-broadcast
satellite (DBS) services include DirecTV and Dish Network.
In an hour of broadcast time on a commercial broadcasting station, 10 to 20 minutes are typically

devoted to advertising. Advertisers pay a certain amount of money to air their commercials, usually
based upon program ratings or the audience measurement of a station or network. This makes
commercial broadcasters more accountable to advertisers than public broadcasting, a disadvantage
of commercial radio and television.
Europe
In Europe, commercial broadcasting coexists with public broadcasting (where programming is
largely funded by broadcast receiver licenses, public donations or government grants).
In the UK, Sky UK is available and WorldSpace Satellite Radio was available.
Asia
The best and most known commercial broadcasters in Asia are the South Korean radio and
television networks SBS, Hong Kong television networks TVB, Taiwanese television networks FTV
and Philippine radio and television networks GMA Network.
List of major commercial broadcasters

Contemporary hit radio in bold.
Africa
Angola
Palanca TV
SuperSport
SuperSport Blitz
SuperSport Grandstand
SuperSport Football Plus
SuperSport Premier League
SuperSport La Liga
SuperSport Football
SuperSport Action
SuperSport Africa
SuperSport Africa 2
SuperSport WWE (channel WWE)
SuperSport Variety 1
SuperSport Rugby
SuperSport Cricket
SuperSport Golf
SuperSport Tennis
SuperSport Motorsport
SuperSport Màximo 1
TV Zimbo
ZAP
Zap Filmes HD
Zap Filmes Top
Zap Filmes Extra
Zap Filmes Kids
Zap Music
Zap Rock
Zap Blues
Zap Jazz
Zap Dance
Zap Easy Listening
Zap Hip Hop
Zap Trance
Zap Reggae
Zap The Chill Lounge
Zap 80's
Zap 90's
Zap Pop
Zap Greatest Hits
Zap Classic Music
Zap Afro Beat
Z Sports
Z Sports 1
Z Sports 2
Z Sports LaLiga
Zap Viva
Zap Novelas
Ivory Coast
Canal+ Afrique
Canal+ Premières
Canal+ Cinéma
Canal+ Pop
Canal+ Elles
Canal+ Action
Canal+ Family
Canal+ Docs
Canal+ Sport
La Nouvelle Chaîne Ivoirienne (NCI)
Life TV
Télévision Ivory Coast (TCI)
TV2
TAM-TAM TV
Africahit Music TV
MTV Ivory Coast (MTV Ivorian Public Music Channel)
MTV Base Africa
TFX (Formerly NT1)
Nigeria
1 Music
ACBN
ACBN International
ACNN TV
Aforevo TV
Aforevo Music TV
Aforevo Francais
Africa Health TV
African Broadcasting Network
Afro Hits TV
Africa Magic
AKBC
Al-Ansar Radio and TV
Arewa 24
Arise News
Akwa TV
AIT (Africa Independent Television)
AIT International
AIT Lagos
AIT Parliamentary
Al-Afrikiy Islamic Television
AMC TV (Startimes Channel 117)
Arewa24 TV
Artmosfair
Artmosfair +
ARTV Kano
AWA TV
BCS StarCross TV
Be. Television
& Borno Radio Television (BRTV)
Brekete Family TV
Bride TV
Capital TV
Champions TV
Channels TV
Channels 24
Chosen TV
CMTV
Cool TV
Core TV News
CRBC
DBN (Degue Broadcasting Network)
DASAMAL TV NETWORK
Degue Broadcasting Network (DBN TV)
Deeper Christian Life Ministry Channel
Digha TV
DITV
DNI
Dog Racing
Dove Television
Dream God TV
Dunamis TV
EBS
E-Stars TV
Ebony Life
Edo Broadcasting Service
Elijah's Voice
Emerald TV
Emmanuel TV
Evangel TV
EWTN Africa
Family Network Africa
FAPM TV
Farin Wata TV
Favour TV
Fortis TV
Free Indeed, TV
Fresh Oil TV
FS Devotion Channel
FS Football
FS Junior
FS Movies
FS Sports
G-Rhythm
Ga Naku TV
Galaxy TV
GNN TV
GWB Health TV
Haba TV
Harvest TV
Heritage Global Academy TV
Hola TV
Hosanna Broadcast Network
ITV Benin
ibakatv
Idan TV
Irawo TV
iROKO Play
Isi Mbido
IT
ITV
ITVS
KAFTAN TV
Kedu TV
Kennis Music Channel
Kingdom Africa TV (DSTV channel 345)
Kingdom Life Network TV

Kuungana Africa TV
Koga TV
LTV (Lagos Weekend Television)
Liberation TV
Liberty TV
Livestyle Afrika
Lighthouse TV
LCN (LoveWorld Christian Network)
Loveworld Plus
Lucky Balls TV
Lumen Christi TV Network
Manara TV
Manifestation TV
Mantle TV
MCN Africa
MCN Entertainment
Mercy TV
Messianic World Plus
MFM TV
Mitv
Moneymart TV
Montage Sports News
More Grace TV
Mount Zion TV
Mitv (Murhi International Television)
Minaj Systems Tv Obosi
Minaj Broadcast Network Obosi
Murhi International Television (MITV)
MBI (Minaj Broadcast International)
MY TV Africa
MY TV Hausa
MY TV More
MY TV Series
MY TV Toonz
MY TV Yoruba
News Central TV
Nigezie
NN24
Noma TV
Odenigbo TV
Odenigbo FM Obosi Anambra state
Ogun State Television
Ondo State Radiovision Corporation
Orient TV
OnMax TV
OnTV
Orisun TV
Osasogie Gospel TV
OSBC
Osun State Broadcasting Corporation
Oyo State Broadcasting Corporation
People's TV
Power Broadcasting Network
Plus TV Africa
Quest TV
R2 TV
Rave TV
Rahma TV
Rivers State Television
Rayuwa TV
Restoration TV
Rhema TV
Rivers Stage TV
ROK TV
Royal TV
Salvation TV
School On Air
SilverBird Television
Smash TV
Soundcity TV
Spice TV
StarTimes
Startimes Adepa
Startimes Afrik
Startimes Am'mobi
Startimes Swahili
Startimes Swahili Plus
Startimes Bongo
Startimes Chinese Homeland
Startimes Dahin Kowa
Startimes Ganza
Startimes Kung-Fu
Startimes Katong
Startimes Kids
Startimes Kids Plus
Startimes Toons
Startimes Makula
Startimes Movies
Startimes Movies Plus
Startimes Nollywood
Startimes Nollywood Plus
Startimes Nollywood F
Startimes Naija
Startimes Novela E
Startimes Novela E W
Startimes Novela Plus E
Startimes Novela F
Startimes Novela Plus F
Startimes Rembo
Startimes Rembo Plus
Startimes RnB
Startimes Sino Drama
Startimes Sports Arena
Startimes Sports Beta Sports
Startimes Sports Focus
Startimes Sports Life
Startimes Sports Premium HD
Startimes World Football
Startimes Yoruba
Startimes Zone
TVC Entertainment
TVC News
Trust TV
WAP TV
Wazobia TV
South Africa
e.tv Media Investment

e.tv (South Africa)
eExtra
eMovies
eMovies Extra
eNCA
eReality
eSeries
eToonz
ePlesier
Community Stations
Cape Town TV
1KZN
1 Free State TV
GauTV
Mpuma Kapa TV
Tshwane TV
Soweto TV
MultiChoice/DStv
1Max
Africa Magic Epic
Africa Magic Family
Africa Magic Showcase
Channel O
kykNET
kykNET & Kie
kykNET Nou
kykNet Lekker
M-Net (South Africa)
M-Net Movies 1
M-Net Movies 2
M-Net Movies 3
M-Net Movies 4
Mzansi Magic
Mzansi Magic Music
Mzansi Wethu
Mzansi Bioskop
OneZed
SuperSport (South Africa)
SuperSport Blitz
SuperSport Grandstand
SuperSport PSL
SuperSport Premier League
SuperSport La Liga
SuperSport Football
SuperSport Action
SuperSport Rugby
SuperSport Cricket
SuperSport Golf
SuperSport Tennis
SuperSport Motorsport
SuperSport School
SuperSport WWE
SuperSport Màximo
SuperSport Select 1
SuperSport CSN
SuperSport Play
Zambezi Magic
Tanzania
Azam TV
Azam One
Azam Two
Azam TV Sports (Tanzania)
Azam Tv Sports 1
Azam TV Sports 2
Azam TV Sports 3
Azam TV Sports 4
Al Itrah Broadcasting Network Television (IBNTV)
Barmedas TV
Clouds TV
Clouds FM
Coastal Television Network
East African Television (EATV)
Ebenezer TV
ITV (Independent Television)(Tanzania)
Kwanza TV
Mambo Tv Swahili
Mahaasin TV
Dar es Salaam Television
Radio Tanzania Dar es Salaam
Star TV (Tanzania)
Sinema Zetu
TV E (Tanzania)
UTV
Wasafi TV (WCB)
Americas
Argentina
América
Paramount Networks Americas
Telefe
El Nueve
El Trece
Net TV
Bravo TV
Bolivia
ATB
Canal 11
Bolivisión
Red UNO
Brazil
Band
Globo
Record
RedeTV!
SBT
CNT
Canada
English language
CTV
Citytv
Global Television Network
French language
TVA
Noovo
Chile
UCV Televisión
Canal 13
Paramount Networks Americas
Chilevisión
Mega
La Red
Telecanal
Colombia
RCN Televisión
Caracol Televisión
Channel 1
Canal A
Costa Rica
Teletica
Repretel
Ecuador
Ecuavisa
Gamavisión
Teleamazonas
TC Televisión
Canal Uno
El Salvador
Telecorporación Salvadoreña
Canal 12
Megavisión
Guatemala
Canal 3
Honduras
Televicentro
Mexico
Televisa
TV Azteca
Imagen Televisión
Grupo Multimedios
MVS Comunicaciones
Quiero TV
Panama
Telemetro
TVN
Paraguay
Paravisión
SNT
Trece
Unicanal
Peru
América Televisión
Global Televisión
ATV
Latina Televisión
Panamericana Televisión
La Tele
United States
English language
ABC
CBS
NBC
Fox
MyNetworkTV
The CW
The CW Plus
Spanish language
Estrella TV
Telemundo
Univision
UniMás
Uruguay
Canal 4
Canal 10
Teledoce
Venezuela
Venevisión
Televen
Globovisión
Meridiano Televisión
Vale TV
Asia
Hong Kong
Fantastic Television Limited (奇妙電視|FTV) — Hong Kong, China
76HD - HOY International Business Channel (香港國際財經台) - Hong Kong/Hong Kong
English
77HD - HOY TV - Hong Kong/Hong Kong Cantonese
78HD - HOY Infotainment (HOY資訊台) - Hong Kong/Hong Kong Cantonese
HK Television Entertainment Ltd (香港電視娛樂有限公司|HKTVE) — Hong Kong, China
96HD - ViuTVsix - Hong Kong/Hong Kong English
97HD - ViuTV - Hong Kong/Hong Kong Cantonese
Television Broadcasts Limited (電視廣播有限公司 "無綫電視"|TVB) — Hong Kong, China
81HD - TVB Jade (無線電視翡翠台) - Hong Kong/Hong Kong Cantonese
82HD - TVB Plus - Hong Kong/Contemporary Teenager Youth Teen, Finance, Sport and
Information Channel
83HD - TVB News Channel (無線新聞台) - Hong Kong/24-hour clock News Channel
84HD - TVB Pearl (無線電視明珠台) - Hong Kong/Hong Kong English
Commercial Radio Hong Kong (香港商業電台)
Supercharged 881 (雷霆881) (88.1 - 89.5 FM)
Ultimate 903 (叱咤903) (90.3 - 92.1 FM)
AM864 (豁達864) (864 AM)
Metro Broadcast Corporation (新城電台)
Metro Info (新城知訊台) (99.7 - 102.1 FM)
Metro Finance (新城財經台) (102.4 - 106.3 FM)
Metro Plus (新城采訊台) (1044 AM)
India
Paramount Networks EMEAA
Colors TV
Zee Entertainment Enterprises
Zee TV
The Walt Disney Company India
Star Plus
Culver Max Entertainment

Sony Entertainment Television
Indonesia
PT Global Mediacom Tbk (MNC Media & Entertainment)
PT Media Nusantara Citra Tbk (MNC Media)
PT Rajawali Citra Televisi Indonesia (RCTI)
PT MNC Televisi Indonesia (MNCTV)
PT Global Informasi Bermutu (GTV)
PT Media Nusantara Informasi (iNews Media Group)
PT MNC Televisi Networks (iNews)
PT MNC Networks (MNC Radio Networks)
PT Radio Trijaya Shakti (MNC Trijaya FM)
PT Radio Arief Rahman Hakim (Global Radio)
PT Radio Suara Monalisa (RDI)
PT Radio Sabda Sosok Sohor (V Radio)
PT MNC Digital Indonesia (RCTI+)
PT Suara Digital Nusantara (ROOV)
PT MNC Portal Indonesia (MNC Portal)
PT MNC Okezone Network (Okezone.com)
PT iNews Digital Indonesia (iNews.id)
PT Sindonews Portal Indonesia (Sindonews.com)
PT Media Nusantara Dinamis (IDXChannel.com)
MNCTrijaya.com
PT MNC Vision Networks Tbk
PT MNC Sky Vision Tbk (MNC Vision)
PT MNC OTT Network (Vision+)
PT Elang Mahkota Teknologi Tbk (Emtek)

PT Omni Intivision (Moji)
PT Surya Citra Media Tbk (SCM)
PT Surya Citra Televisi (SCTV)
PT Indosiar Visual Mandiri (Indosiar)
PT Mediatama Televisi (Nex Parabola)
PT Indonesia Entertainment Grup (IEG)
PT Surya Media Citaprima (Mentari TV)
PT Vidio Dot Com (Vidio)
PT KapanLagi Dot Com Networks (KapanLagi Youniverse)
KapanLagi.com
PT Liputan Enam Dot Com (Liputan6.com)
Merdeka.com
Otosia.com
PT Brilio Ventura Indonesia (Brilio.net)
Fimela.com
PT Bintang Dot Com (Bintang.com)
PT Bola Dot Com (Bola.com)
Bola.net
PT Dream Bahagia Indonesia (Dream.co.id)
PT Kreator Kreatif Indonesia (Famous.id)
ManisdanSedap.com
Sooperboy.com
Socia.id
PT Visi Media Asia Tbk (VIVA)
PT Intermedia Capital Tbk (IMDA)
PT Cakrawala Andalas Televisi (ANTV)
PT Viva Televisi Olahraga Indonesia (VTV)
PT Lativi Media Karya (tvOne)
PT Viva Media Baru (VDVC)
VIVA.co.id
IntipSeleb.com
tvOnenews.com
antvklik.com
JagoDangdut
Sahijab
100KPJ.com
VLIX
OnePride.net
Oneprix.id
PT Media Group
PT Media Televisi Indonesia (MetroTV)
PT Mitra Media Digital (Magna Channel)
PT Mitra Siaran Digital (BN Channel)
PT Radio Agustina Junior (MG Radio Network)
PT Radio Suara Alam Indah (SAI Radio)
PT Citra Media Nusa Purnama (Media Indonesia)
PT Masa Kini Mandiri (Lampung Post)
PT Citra Multimedia Indonesia (Medcom)
Dadali.id
Clicks.id
Suma.id
Apakareba.id
RuangJurnalistik.id
Gaya.id
Oase.id
Autogear.id
PT Inibaru Media (Inibaru.id)
PT Citra Multimedia Indonesia Lampung (Lampung Post)
MetroXtend
Podme.id
Mego.id
PT Trans Media Corpora (Trans Media)
PT Televisi Transformasi Indonesia (Trans TV)
PT Duta Visual Nusantara Tivi Tujuh (Trans7)
PT Trans News Corpora (CNN Indonesia) (license from Warner Bros. Discovery)
PT Trans Berita Bisnis (CNBC Indonesia) (license from NBCUniversal)
PT Trans Digital Media (detik Network)
Detik
CNN Indonesia (lisensi nama dari Warner Bros. Discovery)
CNBC Indonesia (lisensi nama dari NBCUniversal)
HaiBunda
InsertLive
Beautynesia
Female Daily
Mommies Daily
Girls Beyond
CXO Media
Trans Media Sosial
PT Indonusa Telemedia (Transvision)
CubMu
PT KG Media
PT Cipta Megaswara Televisi (Kompas TV)
PT Kompas Media Nusantara (Harian Kompas)
PT Kompas Cyber Media (Kompas.com)
PT Grahanusa Mediatama (Kontan)
Tribun Network
Grid Network
Otomotif
Intisari
National Geographic Indonesia
Bobo
m&c!
Elex Media Komputindo
Gramedia Pustaka Utama
Grid.id
BeautyDate
Bobo.id
CewekBanget.id
Nextren
SajianSedap
GridKids
Hai-Online
GridPop.id
GridGames.id
GridHot.id
GridHype.id
GridVideo
XY-Kids! Online
GridKids.id
GridStar
Parapuan.id
Foto Kita
GridHealth.id
GridGames.id
OtoSeken.id
OtoFemale.id
Suar.id
Nakita.id
Idea
Sosok.id
Stylo.id
Wiken.id
Kitchenesia
BolaSport.com
Bolanas.com
BolaStylo.com
Juara.net
SuperBall.id
GridOto.com
Otomotifnet.com
Otomania.com
Otobursa.com
Otomania.com
Otomontir
OtoRace.id
Motor Plus
Gridmotor.id
Grid Story Factory
PT Magentic Network Indonesia (KG Radio Network)
PT Radio Sonora (Sonora FM)
PT Radio Safari Bina Budaya (Motion Radio)
PT Radio Smart Media Utama (Smart FM)
PT MD Entertainment Tbk
PT MDTV Media Technologies Tbk
PT MDTV Media Televisi (MDTV)
PT Net Media Digital (Netverse)
PT Rajawali Corpora
PT Metropolitan Televisindo (RTV)
PT Jawa Pos Group
PT Jawa Pos Multimedia (JPM)
PT Surabaya Media Televisi (Jawa Pos TV)
PT Jawa Pos Koran (Jawa Pos)
JawaPos.com
Prokal.co
Hargo.co.id
AntarKeMana.com
Komputek
Nyata
Posmo
Cantiq
Bunda
Koki
Tunas
Modis
Hikmah
Ototrend
Nurani
Suksesi
Dhara Pos
PT NT Corp
PT Nusantara Media Mandiri (Nusantara TV)
PT Harum Terang Sehati (Harum TV)
PT Gold Media Mandiri (Gold TV)
PT Reeuters Mandiri Global (Reeuters TV)
PT Bhinneka Berjuang Sejahtera (Bhineka TV)
PT Nusantara Digital Mandiri (Sahabat.com)
NusantaraTV.com
NTVNews.id
Celebtale
Healthpedia
Virtupop
Kamutau
Okedeh
NNIN
Arah
Fesionista
Teknospace
Jurnalmu
Otomu
Neonews
PT Digdaya Media Nusantara (Garuda TV)
PT Bersatu Universe Digital Indonesia (B Universe)
PT First Media News (BTV)
PT Jakarta Marcapedia Media (BeritaSatu)
PT Koran Media Investor Indonesia (Investor Daily)
PT Media Investor Indonesia (Investor)
PT Beritasatu Media (BeritaSatu.com)
PT Jakarta Globe Media (JakartaGlobe.id)
PT Digital Media Investor Indonesia (Investor.id)
PT Tempo Inti Media Tbk
Tempo.co
Cantika
GoOto
Foodizz
Teras.id
Suaraindo.id
Indonesiana
Rombak Media
Ziliun
Kok Bisa?
TelusuRI
Koran Tempo
Tempo
Tempo English
PT MRA Media
PT Media Network Wahana (MNI)
PT Radio Antarnusa Djaja (The Rockin Life)
PT Radio Tiara Victoria (Trax FM)
PT Radio Mustika Abadi (I-Radio)
PT Radio Muara Abdinusa (Cosmopolitan Radio)
PT Pesona Gita Anindita (Brava Radio)
PT Mahaka Media (MahakaX)
Mahaka Radio Integra
PT Radio Attahiriyah (Gen FM)
PT Radio Suara Irama Indah (Jak FM)
PT Radio Merpati Darmawangsa (Hot FM)
PT Radio Ramako Jaya Raya (Most FM)
PT Radio Mustang Utama (Mustang FM)
PT Radio Kirana Insan Suara (Kis FM)
Noice
Rayya Channel
PT Masima Radio Network
PT Radio Prambors (Prambors FM)
PT Radio Kayu Manis (FeMale Radio)
PT Radio Delta Insani (Delta FM)
PT Radio Terik Matahari Bahana Pembangunan (Bahana FM)
PT Elshinta Media Group
PT Radio Elshinta (Elshinta Radio Network)
Fit Radio
PT Tiga Visi Media (MPG Media)
PT Radio Bahana Sanada Dunia (Smooth Radio)
PT Radio Dengan Anda Bahagia (Z Radio)
Kiss Network
PT Radio Kidung Indah Selaras Suara (Kiss FM Medan)
Japan (key stations)

Tokyo TV Asahi (東京テレビ朝日) (EX)
Tokyo Fuji TV (東京フジテレビ) (CX)
Tokyo InterFM (東京InterFM) (DW)
Tokyo J-Wave (東京J-WAVE) (AV)
Tokyo Nippon Broadcasting System (東京ニッポン放送) (LF)
Tokyo Nippon Cultural Broadcasting (東京文化放送) (QR)
Tokyo Nippon Television Network (東京日本テレビ放送網) (AX)
Tokyo Broadcasting System Radio (東京TBSラジオ) (KR)
Tokyo Broadcasting System Television (東京TBSテレビ) (RX)
Tokyo FM (東京エフエム) (AU)
TV Tokyo (テレビ東京) (TX)
Malaysia
Commercial Radio Malaysia (https://www.commercialradio.my)
Hitz
Lite
Mix
Era
Era Sabah (Sabah only)
Era Sarawak (Sarawak only)
Synchrosound Studio Sdn Bhd (Hot FM)
Sinar
Suria
Melody
My
One FM Radio Sdn Bhd (Eight FM)
BFM 89.9
Max-Airplay Sdn Bhd (Fly FM)
KK12FM
Best FM
Gegar
Kool 101 Radio Sdn Bhd (Kool 101)
Molek FM Radio Sdn Bhd (Molek FM)
Manis FM
Zayan
988 FM
City Plus FM
goXuan
TEA FM
Raaga
Bapakku.FM
RADIOROSAK
Cats FM
IM4U FM 107.9
Kupi-Kupi FM
VOKFM
Media Prima
Media Prima Television Networks
Sistem Televisyen Malaysia Berhad (TV3)
Natseven TV Sdn Bhd (NTV7)
Metropolitan TV Sdn Bhd (8TV)
Ch-9 Media Sdn Bhd (TV9)
Wow Shop
Drama Sangat
Media Prima Audio
Synchrosound Studio Sdn Bhd (Hot FM)
Max-Airplay Sdn Bhd (Fly FM)
One FM Radio Sdn Bhd (Eight FM)
Kool 101 Radio Sdn Bhd (Kool 101)
Molek FM Radio Sdn Bhd (Molek FM)
Audio+
SuperDeals
Primeworks Studios
Primeworks Distribution
Monkey Bone
8unit
New Straits Times Press
New Straits Times
Berita Harian
Harian Metro
Hijab & Heels
FullAMark
Mind Campus
Big Tree
Kurnia Outdoor
UPD
The Right Channel
Gotcha
Big Tree Seni Jaya
Astro Malaysia Holdings

Astro Malaysia (Measat Broadcast Network Systems Sdn Bhd)
Astro B.yond
Astro IPTV
Astro NJOI
Fetch TV
Astro Channels
Astro AEC
Astro AOD
Astro Arena
Astro Arena 2
Astro Arena Bola
Astro Arena Bola 2
Astro Aura
Astro Awani
Astro Boo
Astro Ceria
Astro Citra
Astro First (VOD)
Astro Hua Hee Dai
Astro Oasis
Astro Prima
Astro QJ
Astro Rania
Astro Ria
Astro Showcase
Astro Sports
Astro Badminton
Astro Cricket
Astro Football
Astro Grandstand
Astro Premier League
Astro Premier League 2
Astro Sports Plus
Astro Sports Plus 2
Astro Sports UHD
Astro Thangathirai
Astro Tutor TV
Astro Vaanavil
Astro Vellithirai
Astro Vinmeen HD
Astro Xiao Tai Yang On Demand
Astro Shaw
Astro Radio
Era
Era Sabah (Sabah only)
Era Sarawak (Sarawak only)
Gegar
goXuan
Hitz
Lite
Melody
Mix
My
Raaga
Zayan
Syok
Syok Bayu
Syok Gold
Syok India Beat
Syok Jazz
Syok Kenyalang
Syok Opus
Syok Osai
Syok Classic Rock
Tayangan Unggul
Star Media Group Berhad
The Star
Star Media Radio Group
Suria
988 FM
Awesome Media Network Berhad
Awesome TV
Philippines
ABS-CBN Corporation
A2Z
TeleRadyo Serbisyo
ANC
ANC HD
Cinema One
Cine Mo!
Jeepney TV
Kapamilya Channel
Kapamilya Channel HD
Knowledge Channel
Metro Channel
Myx
PIE Channel
DWPM Radyo 630 Manila (Joint venture between Prime Media Holdings, Inc. through
subsidiary Philippine Collective Media Corporation and ABS-CBN Corporation)
ZOE Broadcasting Network (Partnership deal with ABS-CBN Corporation)
ZOE TV Manila
ZOE TV Baguio
ZOE TV Ilo-ilo
ZOE TV Cebu
ZOE TV Cagayan de Oro
ZOE TV Davao
ZOE TV Tacloban
Light TV Palawan
GMA Network Inc.

GMA
GMA Manila
GMA Ilocos Norte
GMA Ilocos Sur
GMA Abra
GMA Mt. Province
GMA Batanes
GMA Tuguegarao
GMA Aparri
GMA Isabela
GMA Benguet/Dagupan
GMA Baler
GMA Olongapo
GMA Batangas
GMA Rizal
GMA Occidental Mindoro
GMA Puerto Princesa, Palawan
GMA Coron, Palawan
GMA Brooke's Point, Palawan
GMA Romblon
GMA Naga
GMA Legazpi
GMA Masbate
GMA Catanduanes
GMA Sorsogon
GMA Daet
GMA Kalibo
GMA Roxas
GMA Ilo-ilo
GMA Murcia
GMA Bacolod
GMA Negros Occidental
GMA Sipalay
GMA Cebu
GMA Bohol
GMA Dumaguete
GMA Calbayog
GMA Borongan
GMA Tacloban
GMA Ormoc
GMA Zamboanga
GMA Dipolog
GMA Pagadian
GMA Cagayan de Oro
GMA Bukidnon
GMA Ozamiz
GMA Iligan
GMA Davao
GMA General Santos
GMA Kidapawan
GMA Butuan
GMA Surigao
GMA Tandag
GMA Cotabato
GMA Jolo
GTV
Heart of Asia
Hallypop
I Heart Movies
Pinoy Hits
Super Radyo
TV5 Network, Inc.

TV5
TV5 HD
TV5 Manila
TV5 Ilocos Norte
TV5 Baguio
TV5 Bacolod
TV5 Cebu
TV5 Cagayan de Oro
TV5 Davao
TV5 General Santos
TV5 Tuguegarao
TV5 Olongapo
TV5 Tarlac
TV5 Batangas
TV5 Occidental Mindoro
TV5 Puerto Princesa
TV5 Naga
TV5 Kalibo
TV5 Roxas City
TV5 Ilo-ilo
TV5 Zamboanga
TV5 Leyte
RPTV
RPTV HD
One Sports
One Sports HD
Minor Broadcast Networks

Aliw 23
ALLTV
IBC
IBC Manila
IBC Laoag
IBC Ilo-ilo
IBC Cebu
IBC Palo
IBC Cagayan de Oro
IBC Davao
NET 25
Net 25 Manila
Net 25 Baguio
Net 25 Lucena
Net 25 Naga
Net 25 Davao
Radio Philippines Network

RPN Manila
RPN Baguio
RPN Iriga
RPN Bacolod
RPN Cebu
RPN Zamboanga
RPN Davao
SMNI
SMNI TV-43 Davao
SMNI TV-35 Laoag
SMNI TV-38 Vigan
SMNI TV-37 Isabela
SMNI TV-39 Roxas
SMNI TV-39 Butuan
SMNI News Channel
TV Maria
UNTV
UNTV SD
UNTV HD
UNTV Manila
UNTV Vigan
UNTV Laoag
UNTV Tuguegarao
UNTV Angeles
UNTV San Carlos
UNTV Cebu
International
TFC
TFC HD
Myx
Myx America
GMA Pinoy TV
Kapatid International
Singapore
Astro Malaysia Holdings
Astro Sensasi
SPH Media Trust
96.3 Hao FM
UFM100.3
Money FM 89.3
Kiss 92
One FM 91.3
So Drama! Entertainment
883Jia
Power 98
South Korea
Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation (MBC)
MBC TV
MBC Drama
MBC Sports+
MBC every1
MBC M
MBC On
Channel M
MBC FM4U
MBC Standard FM
MBC C&I
MBC Plus
MBC Voice Acting Division
Vlending (joint venture with SBS)
Seoul Broadcasting System (SBS)
SBS TV
SBS Plus
SBS Sports
SBS Biz
SBS F!L
SBS funE
SBS Golf
SBS M
SBS Love FM
SBS Power FM
SBS V-Radio
Korea New Network (KNN)
Taegu Broadcasting Corporation (TBC)
Kwangju Broadcasting Corporation (KBC)
Taejon Broadcasting Corporation (TJB)
Ulsan Broadcasting Corporation (UBC)
Jeonju Television (JTV)
Cheongju Broadcasting (CJB)
Gangwon No.1 Broadcasting (G1)
Jeju Free International City Broadcasting System (JIBS)
Joongang Tongyang Broadcasting Company (JTBC)
JTBC
JTBC2
JTBC Golf&Sports
JTBC4
JTBC Golf
CJ E&M
Mnet
tvN
tvN Drama
tvN Show
tvN Story
tvN Sports
OCN
OCN Movies
OCN Thrills
Chunghwa TV
Tooniverse
OBS Gyeongin TV
Taiwan
TVBS Media Inc.
TVBS Main Channel
TVBS Entertainment Channel
TVBS-NEWS
Taiwan Television (臺灣電視公司 "台視"|TTV)
TTV Main Channel
TTV Finance
TTV Variety
TTV News Channel
China Television (中國電視公司 "中視"|CTV)
CTV Main Channel
CTV News Channel
CTV Classic
CTV Bravo
Chinese Television System (中華電視公司 "華視"|CTS)
CTS Main Channel
CTS News and Info
Formosa Television (民間全民電視公司 "民視"|FTV)
FTV Main Channel
FTV Taiwan
FTV News
FTV One
Thailand
Amarin Television
Amarin TV (34)
Bangkok Media Broadcasting
PPTV HD (36)
BEC Multimedia
Channel 3 HD (33)
GMM Grammy
GMM Channel
GMM 25 (25)
The One Enterprise
ONE 31 (31)
Atime Media
Green Wave 106.5 FM
EFM 94
MONO Next
MONO29 (29)
RS Public Company Limited (RS Vision Company Limited)
Channel 8 (27)
Tero Entertainment Public Company Limited
Tero Radio
Hitz 955 (95.5 MHz)
Eazy FM 105.5 (105.5 MHz)
Thairath (Triple V Broadcast Company Limited)
Thairath TV (32)
TrueVisions
True Korean More
True Select
True4U (24)
True Chinese More
True Asian More
True Film HD1
True Film HD2
True Film Asia
True Inside
True Plook Panya
True Reality
True Series
True Spark Play
True Spark Jump
True Sport 1
True Sport 2
True Sport 3
True Tennis HD
True Sport 5
True Sport 6
True Sport 7
True Sport HD1
True Sport HD2
True Sport HD3
True Sport HD4
True Thai Film
True X-Zyte
True Shopping
True Explore Wild
True Explore Life
True Explore Sci
True Movie Hits
True Music
TNN 16
TNN 2
Workpoint Entertainment
Workpoint TV (23)
Europe
Norway
TV 2 Group
TV 2 Direkte
TV 2 Zebra
TV 2 Nyheter
TV 2 Sport
TV 2 Sport Premium
TV 2 Livsstil
Viaplay Group
TV3 Norway
TV3+ Norway
TV6 Norway
Warner Bros. Discovery Norway
TVNorge
FEM
REX
VOX
Denmark
Viaplay Group
TV3 Denmark
TV3+
TV3 Puls
TV3 Max
TV3 Sport
See
Warner Bros. Discovery Denmark
Kanal 4
Kanal 5
6'eren
Canal 9
Sweden
TV4 AB
TV4
Sjuan
TV12
TV4 Fakta
TV4 Film
TV4 Guld
TV4 Hits
TV4 Stars
SF-kanalen
TV4 Sportkanalen
TV4 Fotboll
TV4 Hockey
TV4 Motor
TV4 Tennis
TV4 Sport Live
Viaplay Group
TV3
TV6
TV8
TV10
Warner Bros. Discovery Sweden
Kanal 5
Kanal 9
Kanal 11
Finland
MTV Oy
MTV3
MTV Sub
MTV Ava
MTV Aitio
MTV Viihde
MTV Max
MTV Juniori
MTV Urheilu 1
MTV Urheilu 2
Nelonen Media
Nelonen
Jim
Liv
Hero
Warner Bros. Discovery Finland
TV5
Kutonen
Frii
TLC
Republic of Ireland
Virgin Media Television
Virgin Media One (SD, HD & +1)
Virgin Media Two (SD & HD)
Virgin Media Three (SD & HD)
Virgin Media Four (SD & HD)
Virgin Media More (SD & HD)
Bauer Media Audio Ireland

Newstalk
Today FM
United Kingdom
Paramount Networks UK & Australia
Channel 5
5Action
5Select
5Star
5USA
ITV plc
ITV1
STV – Northern and Central Scotland
UTV – Northern Ireland
ITV2
ITV3
ITV4
ITVBe
Sky UK
Blaze
Challenge
Crime & Investigation
Sky Arts
Sky Atlantic
Sky Cinema
Sky Comedy
Sky Crime
Sky Documentaries
Sky History
Sky History 2
Sky Kids
Sky Max
Sky Mix
Sky Nature
Sky News
Sky Replay
Sky Sci-Fi
Sky Showcase
Sky Sports
Sky Sports Box Office
Sky Sports F1
Sky Sports News
Sky Sports Racing
Sky Witness
Global Media & Entertainment

Capital
Capital UK
Capital Dance
Capital Xtra
Capital Xtra Reloaded
Capital Cymru
Capital Liverpool
Capital London
Capital Manchester and Lancashire
Capital Mid-Counties
Capital Midlands
Capital North East
Capital North West and Wales
Capital Scotland
Capital South
Capital South Wales
Capital Yorkshire
Classic FM
Gold
Heart
Heart Dance
Heart UK
Heart 70s
Heart 80s
Heart 90s
Heart East
Heart Hertfordshire
Heart London
Heart North East
Heart North Wales
Heart North West
Heart Scotland
Heart South
Heart South Wales
Heart West
Heart West Midlands
Heart Yorkshire
LBC
LBC News
Radio X
Smooth Radio
Smooth Chill
Smooth Country
Smooth Extra
Smooth East Midlands
Smooth Lake District
Smooth London
Smooth North East
Smooth North West
Smooth Scotland
Smooth Wales
Smooth West Midlands
Bauer Media Audio UK

Absolute Radio Network
Absolute Radio
Absolute Radio 60s
Absolute Radio 70s
Absolute Radio 80s
Absolute Radio 90s
Absolute Radio 00s
Absolute Radio 10s
Absolute Radio 20s
Absolute Radio Classic Rock
Absolute Radio Country
Greatest Hits Radio
Hits Radio
Hits Radio UK
Hits Radio Chilled
Hits Radio Pride
Hits Radio London
Hits Radio Manchester
Hits Radio South Coast
Jazz FM
Kerrang! Radio
Kerrang! Radio Unleashed
Klassic Kerrang! Radio
Kiss Network
Kiss
Kisstory
Kiss Fresh
Kiss Bliss
Kiss Dance
Kiss Garage
Magic
Magic Classical
Magic Mellow
Magic Soul
Magic Workout
Magic at the Musicals
Magic 100% Christmas
Planet Rock
News Broadcasting
Talksport
Talksport 2
Talkradio
Times Radio
Virgin Radio UK
Virgin Radio Anthems
Virgin Radio Chilled
Virgin Radio Groove
France
TF1 Group
TF1
TMC
TFX
TF1 Séries Films
LCI
M6 Group
M6
W9
6ter
Gulli
Paris Première
Téva
M6 Music
TiJi
Canal J
RTL Group
Fun Radio
RTL
RTL 2
Canal+ S.A.
Canal+
Canal+ Cinéma(s)
Canal+ Sport
Canal+ Kids
Canal+ Docs
Canal+ Grand Écran
Canal+ Séries
Canal+ Sport 360
Canal+ Foot
Canal+ Box Office
Canal+ Live
C8
CNews
CStar
CStar Hits France
Lagardère News
Europe 1
Europe 2
RFM
RMC BFM
BFM TV
BFM 2
BFM Business
BFM Radio
RMC
RMC Story
RMC Découverte
RMC Sport
Tech & Co
NRJ Group
NRJ
NRJ 12
NRJ Hits
Chérie 25
Chérie FM
Nostalgie
Rire & Chansons
Italy
Mediaset
Rete 4
Canale 5
Italia 1
20
Iris
27 Twentyseven
La5
Cine34
Focus
Top Crime
Boing
Cartoonito
Italia 2
TgCom24
Mediaset Extra
Warner Bros. Discovery Italia

Nove
DMAX
Food Network
Frisbee
Giallo
HGTV
K2
Motor Trend
Real Time
Warner TV
Sky Italia
Cielo
Sky Arte
Sky Atlantic
Sky Cinema
Sky Crime
Sky Documentaries
Sky Investigation
Sky Nature
Sky Serie
Sky Sport
Sky TG24
Sky Uno
TV8
Cairo Communication
La7
La7d
Paramount Global Italia
Super!
Germany
RTL Deutschland
RTL Television
VOX
RTL II
RTLup
Nitro
Super RTL
Toggo Plus
n-tv
VOXup
RTL Crime
RTL Living
RTL Passion
Geo Television
ProSiebenSat.1 Media
Sat.1
ProSieben
kabel eins
sixx
Sat.1 Gold
ProSieben Maxx
kabel eins Doku
Sat.1 Emotions
ProSieben Fun
kabel eins classics
Sky Deutschland
Sky Atlantic
Sky Cinema
Sky Comedy
Sky Crime
Sky Documentaries
Sky Krimi
Sky Nature
Sky One
Sky Replay
Sky Showcase
Sky Sport
Luxembourg
RTL Group
RTL Télé Lëtzebuerg
RTL Zwee
RTL Radio Lëtzebuerg
Netherlands
RTL Nederland
RTL 4
RTL 5
RTL 7
RTL 8
RTL Z
RTL Crime
RTL Lounge
RTL Telekids
Talpa Network
Talpa TV
Net5
SBS6
Veronica
Viaplay TV
TV 538
Talpa Radio
Radio 538
Radio 10
Sky Radio
Spain
Atresmedia
Antena 3
La Sexta
Neox
Nova
Mega
Atreseries
Mediaset España
Telecinco
Cuatro
FDF
Divinity
Energy
Boing
Be Mad TV HD
Portugal
Impresa
SIC
SIC Notícias
SIC Mulher
SIC Radical
SIC K
SIC Caras
SIC Novelas
SIC Internacional
Media Capital
TVI
V+ TVI
TVI Reality
CNN Portugal
TVI África
TVI Internacional
Medialivre
CMTV
News Now
Poland
Telewizja Polsat
Polsat
Polsat 1
Polsat 2
Super Polsat
TV4
TV6
Polsat Comedy Central Extra
Polsat X
Polsat Rodzina
Polsat News
Polsat News 2
Polsat News Polityka
Wydarzenia 24
Polsat Sport
Polsat Sport 1
Polsat Sport 2
Polsat Sport 3
Polsat Sport Fight
Polsat Sport Premium
Polsat Sport Premium PPV
Polsat Games
Eleven Sports
Polsat Film
Polsat Film 2
Polsat Café
Polsat Play
Nowa TV
Polsat Reality
Polsat JimJam
Polsat Doku
Fokus TV
Polsat Viasat Nature
Polsat Viasat History
Polsat Viasat Explore
Crime+Investigation Polsat
4FUN TV
4FUN Dance
4FUN Kids
Polsat Music
Disco Polo Music
Eska TV
Eska TV Extra
Eska Rock TV
Polo TV
Vox Music TV
TV Okazje
TVN Warner Bros. Discovery
TVN
TVN 7
TVN24
TVN24 BiS
TVN Fabuła
TVN Meteo
TVN Style
TVN Turbo
iTVN
iTVN Extra
Metro
TTV
Animal Planet
Cartoon Network
Cartoonito
Cinemax
Cinemax 2
Discovery Channel
Discovery Science
Discovery Historia
Discovery Life
DTX
Eurosport
Eurosport 1
Eurosport 2
Food Network
HBO
HBO 2
HBO 3
HGTV
Investigation Discovery
TLC
Travel Channel
WarnerTV
Oceania
Australia
Seven West Media
Seven Network
ATN Sydney
HSV Melbourne
BTQ Brisbane
SAS Adelaide
TVW Perth
STQ Regional Queensland
CBN Southern NSW & ACT
7two
7mate
7flix
7Bravo
7plus
Racing.com
Nine Entertainment
Nine Network
TCN Sydney
GTV Melbourne
QTQ Brisbane
NWS Adelaide
STW Perth
9Gem
9Go!
9Life
9Rush
9Now
Nine Radio
2GB 873 Sydney
3AW 693 Melbourne
4BC 882 Brisbane
6PR 882 Perth
2UE 954 Sydney
4BH 1116 Brisbane
Magic 1278 Melbourne
Paramount Networks UK & Australia
Network 10
TEN Sydney
ATV Melbourne
TVQ Brisbane
ADS Adelaide
NEW Perth
10 Peach
10 Bold
Nickelodeon
10 Play
Paramount+
Southern Cross Austereo
Southern Cross Seven
Southern Cross 10
CTC Southern NSW & ACT
Hit Network
SAFM Adelaide
Hit91.9 Bendigo
Hit104.9 The Border
B105 FM Brisbane
90.9 Sea FM Gold Coast
Hit 100.9 Hobart
SAFM 96.1 Limestone Coast
Fox FM Melbourne
Hit106.9 Newcastle
Mix 94.5 Perth
Hit93.1 Riverina
South Queensland
2Day FM Sydney
Hit103.1 Townsville
Hit Western Australia
Buddha Hits
RnB Fridays
Dance Hits
Easy 80s Hits
Kids Hits
Oldskool 90s Hits
Triple M
Triple M Adelaide
Triple M Bendigo
Triple M The Border
Triple M Brisbane
Triple M Central Coast
Triple M Central Queensland
Triple M Central West
Triple M Darling Downs
Triple M Dubbo
Triple M Gippsland
Triple M Gold Coast
Triple M Goulburn Valley
Triple M Hobart
Triple M Mackay & The Whitsundays
Triple M Melbourne
Triple M Newcastle
Triple M Perth
Triple M Riverina
Triple M Riverina MIA
Triple M Southwest
Triple M Sunraysia
Triple M Sydney
Triple M Townsville
Triple M 90s
Triple M Classic Rock
Triple M Country
Triple M Hard n Heavy
Triple M Soft Rock
Australian Radio Network
KIIS Network
KIIS 101.1 Melbourne
KIIS 106.5 Sydney
96FM Perth
97.3 FM Brisbane
Mix 102.3 Adelaide
96FM 80s
96FM 90s
KIIS 80s
KIIS 90s
Mix 80s
Mix 90s
Pure Gold Network
4KQ Brisbane
Cruise 1323 Adelaide
Gold 104.3 Melbourne
WSFM 101.7 Sydney
Gold 80s
WSFM 80s
CADA
New Zealand
Warner Bros. Discovery New Zealand
Three
ThreePlus1
Bravo
Bravo Plus 1
Rush
Eden
HGTV
TLC
Living
Investigation Discovery
Discovery
Discovery Turbo
Animal Planet
Cartoon Network
CNN International
MediaWorks New Zealand
George FM
Mai FM
Magic
More FM
The Breeze
The Edge
The Rock
The Sound
Today FM
Wandr
New Zealand Media and Entertainment
New Zealand Herald
Weekend Herald
Herald on Sunday
The Northern Advocate
Rotorua Daily Post
Bay of Plenty Times
Hawke's Bay Today
Whanganui Chronicle
Wairarapa Times-Age
Hamilton News
Taupo and Turangi Weekender
Bay News
Whangamata Coastal News
Katikati Advertiser
Waihi Leader
Whakatane News
Central Hawke's Bay Mail
Havelock North Village Press
Horowhenua Chronicle
Kapiti News
Manawatu Guardian
Wairarapa Midweek
Coast
Flava
Hokonui
Mix
Radio Hauraki
The Hits
ZM
ZM Whangarei
ZM Auckland
ZM Waikato
ZM Wellington
ZM Christchurch
Newstalk ZB
Radio Sport
nzherald.co.nz
GrabOne
Driven
YUDU
Sky
Sky Open
Sky 5
Sky Box Sets
Sky Arts
Sky Movies Premiere
Sky Movies Comedy
Sky Movies Action
Sky Movies Greats
Sky Movies Classics
Sky Movies Collection
Sky Movies Family
Sky Sport Select
Sky Sport 1
Sky Sport 2
Sky Sport 3
Sky Sport 4
Sky Sport 5
Sky Sport 6
Sky Sport 7 beIN Sports
Sky Sport 8
Sky Sport 9
Sky Sport Pop-Up
Sky Box Office
Sky Arena
Sky Digital Music
See also
Broadcast clock
Broadcast network
Citizen media
Digital broadcasting
Leonard Plugge
References
1. Boddy, William. Fifties Television: the Industry and Its Critics. University of Illinois Press, 1992.
ISBN 978-0-252-06299-5
2. Fleming, Heather (31 March 1997). "PSA slice shrinks as commercial pie grows". Broadcasting
& Cable. 127 (13). New York: 19–22. ProQuest 225346067 (https://www.proquest.com/docvie
w/225346067).
3. Hilmes, Michele (2004). "The Origins of the Commercial Broadcasting System of the United
States". Jahrbuch Medien und Geschichte. 4: 73–81.
External links
Video (https://www.photography-insider.com/watch/4857217/Ray-Fitzwalter-the-rise-and-fall-of-
ITV) (audio (https://web.archive.org/web/20110728124436/http://www.spokenword.org/progra
m/990359)) interview with Ray Fitzwalter on commercial TV in Britain, The rise and fall of ITV,
Frontline Club, London, May 2008.
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12/01/2025, 12:05 Commercial broadcasting - Wikipedia

Global commercial broadcasting

In an hour of broadcast time on a commercial broadcasting station, 10 to 20 minutes are typically

List of major commercial broadcasters

Kingdom Life Network TV

e.tv Media Investment

Culver Max Entertainment

PT Elang Mahkota Teknologi Tbk (Emtek)

Japan (key stations)

TV Tokyo (テレビ東京) (TX)

Astro Malaysia Holdings

GMA Network Inc.

TV5 Network, Inc.

Minor Broadcast Networks

Radio Philippines Network

Bauer Media Audio Ireland

Global Media & Entertainment

Bauer Media Audio UK

Warner Bros. Discovery Italia

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commercial_broadcasting&oldid=1268425934"

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