PHASE

CHANGES
ISNHS-SHS-STEM /STEM-General Chemistry General Chemistry 2
MELC:
Interpret the phase diagram of water and carbon dioxide
(STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-107)
Objectives:
• Describe the transitions among gas, liquids, and solids in terms of
increase or decrease in molecular order.
• Explain solid-liquid, liquid-vapor, and solid-vapor transitions in
terms of the amount of energy change.
• Recognize the importance of phase diagrams in determining the
phase of substances at a given temperature and pressure.

ISNHS-SHS-STEM /STEM-General Chemistry General Chemistry 2

ISNHS-SHS-STEM /STEM-General Chemistry General Chemistry 2
ISNHS-SHS-STEM /STEM-General Chemistry General Chemistry 2
ISNHS-SHS-STEM /STEM-General Chemistry General Chemistry 2
ISNHS-SHS-STEM /STEM-General Chemistry General Chemistry 2
 PHASE CHANGE
Transformations of matter from one phase to another.

ISNHS-SHS-STEM /STEM-General Chemistry General Chemistry 2

TYPES OF PHASE CHANGES

ISNHS-SHS-STEM /STEM-General Chemistry General Chemistry 2

TYPES OF PHASE CHANGES

ISNHS-SHS-STEM /STEM-General Chemistry General Chemistry 2

TYPES OF PHASE CHANGES

ISNHS-SHS-STEM /STEM-General Chemistry General Chemistry 2

TYPES OF PHASE CHANGES

ISNHS-SHS-STEM /STEM-General Chemistry General Chemistry 2

 When a substance is heated, the added
energy is used by the substance.

ENERGY The added heat increases the kinetic

IN PHASE energy of the particles, and the particles
move faster.
CHANGES
The added heat is also used to break
attractive forces between particles.

ISNHS-SHS-STEM /STEM-General Chemistry General Chemistry 2

 Conversely, the removal or release of
heat results into a decrease in kinetic
energy of the particles.

ENERGY The motion of the particles slows

IN PHASE down. A decrease in temperature is
observed.
CHANGES
Forces of attraction are formed, and a
phase change may occur.

ISNHS-SHS-STEM /STEM-General Chemistry General Chemistry 2

 HEATING CURVE
Change in temperature of a substance as it is being heated can
be shown in a graph

ISNHS-SHS-STEM /STEM-General Chemistry General Chemistry 2

 HEATING CURVE

ISNHS-SHS-STEM /STEM-General Chemistry General Chemistry 2

 COOLING CURVE

ISNHS-SHS-STEM /STEM-General Chemistry General Chemistry 2

 COOLING CURVE
During phase changes, two
physical states of the
substance exist at the same
time. When addition or
removal of heat is stopped at
this temperature, the two
physical states will
interconvert from one state to
the other and will be at
equilibrium.

ISNHS-SHS-STEM /STEM-General Chemistry General Chemistry 2

 When a solid is heated, its temperature
increases until it reaches its melting
MELTING AND point.
FREEZING:
SOLID –
At this temperature, the average kinetic
LIQUID energy of the molecules has become
EQUILIBRIUM sufficiently large to begin overcoming
the intermolecular forces that hold the
molecules of a solid state together.

ISNHS-SHS-STEM /STEM-General Chemistry General Chemistry 2

 The average kinetic energy of the
molecules does not change, so the
MELTING AND temperature stays constant.
FREEZING:
SOLID –
The melting point of a solid or the
LIQUID freezing point of a liquid is the
EQUILIBRIUM temperature at which solid and
liquid phases coexist in equilibrium.

ISNHS-SHS-STEM /STEM-General Chemistry General Chemistry 2

 The average kinetic energy of the
molecules does not change, so the
MELTING AND temperature stays constant.
FREEZING:
SOLID –
The melting point of a solid or the
LIQUID freezing point of a liquid is the
EQUILIBRIUM temperature at which solid and
liquid phases coexist in equilibrium.

ISNHS-SHS-STEM /STEM-General Chemistry General Chemistry 2

 The amount of heat needed to
convert the solid to the liquid
MELTING AND
FREEZING: state at the melting point.
SOLID –
LIQUID HEAT OF FUSION OF THE
EQUILIBRIUM SUBSTANCE

ISNHS-SHS-STEM /STEM-General Chemistry General Chemistry 2

 The particles are still in contact
with each other but are not
BOILING AND locked into fixed positions and
are free to move past each other
CONDENSING:
LIQUID –
VAPOR Evaporation or vaporization is
EQUILIBRIUM the process in which a liquid is
transformed into a gas.

ISNHS-SHS-STEM /STEM-General Chemistry General Chemistry 2

 Condensation occurs because a molecule strikes the
liquid surface and becomes trapped by
intermolecular forces in the liquid.

BOILING AND The boiling point can thus be also called

condensation point (dew point) and occur at
CONDENSING: the same temperature

LIQUID –
VAPOR
Evaporation or vaporization is the process in which a
liquid is transformed into a gas.
EQUILIBRIUM
HEAT OF VAPORIZATION

ISNHS-SHS-STEM /STEM-General Chemistry General Chemistry 2

 When particles are able to
acquire enough energy to
break attractive forces with
SOLID – adjacent particles, the
VAPOR energetic particles may
EQUILIBRIUM move into the gaseous
state. This phase change is
called sublimation

ISNHS-SHS-STEM /STEM-General Chemistry General Chemistry 2

Exo or Endo. Write EXO if the process is
exothermic and ENDO if endothermic.
1.Transition from solid to liquid.
2.Transition from liquid to solid.
3.Transition from solid to gas.
4.Transition from gas to solid.
5.Transition from liquid to gas.
6.Transition from gas to liquid.

ISNHS-SHS-STEM /STEM-General Chemistry General Chemistry 2

 Graphical representation
of the physical states of
PHASE a substance under
DIAGRAM different conditions of
temperature and
pressure.

ISNHS-SHS-STEM /STEM-General Chemistry General Chemistry 2

ISNHS-SHS-STEM /STEM-General Chemistry General Chemistry 2
ISNHS-SHS-STEM /STEM-General Chemistry General Chemistry 2
ISNHS-SHS-STEM /STEM-General Chemistry General Chemistry 2
 The lines that serve
as boundaries
between physical
states represent the
combinations of
pressures and
temperatures at
which two phases
can exist in
equilibrium.
ISNHS-SHS-STEM /STEM-General Chemistry General Chemistry 2
 The lines that serve
as boundaries
between physical
states represent the
combinations of
pressures and
temperatures at
which two phases
can exist in
equilibrium.
ISNHS-SHS-STEM /STEM-General Chemistry General Chemistry 2
ISNHS-SHS-STEM /STEM-General Chemistry General Chemistry 2
ISNHS-SHS-STEM /STEM-General Chemistry General Chemistry 2
ISNHS-SHS-STEM /STEM-General Chemistry General Chemistry 2
ISNHS-SHS-STEM /STEM-General Chemistry General Chemistry 2
ISNHS-SHS-STEM /STEM-General Chemistry General Chemistry 2
The normal melting and boiling points are those when the pressure is 1
atmosphere. The atmospheric pressure and the boiling points are directly
proportional.
ISNHS-SHS-STEM /STEM-General Chemistry General Chemistry 2
Example
The boiling point and freezing point of
sulfur dioxide are -10°C and -72.7°C (at 1
atm), respectively. The triple point is
-75.5°C and 1.65 x 10-3 atm, and its
critical point is at 157°C and 78 atm.
Based on this information, draw the
phase diagram of SO2.

ISNHS-SHS-STEM /STEM-General Chemistry General Chemistry 2

 Carbon dioxide will sublime
at a temperature of -75.5°C
Phase at 1 atm pressure. The
triple point is 216.6°C at
Diagram 5.2 atm pressure and its
critical point is at 304.25
for Carbon °C at 73 atm pressure.
Based on this information,
dioxide draw the phase diagram of
CO.

ISNHS-SHS-STEM /STEM-General Chemistry General Chemistry 2

Phase
Diagram
for Carbon
dioxide
ISNHS-SHS-STEM /STEM-General Chemistry General Chemistry 2
Phase
Diagram and
Properties of
Water
ISNHS-SHS-STEM /STEM-General Chemistry General Chemistry 2
Phase
Diagram and
Properties of
Water
ISNHS-SHS-STEM /STEM-General Chemistry General Chemistry 2
Phase
Diagram and
Properties of
Water
ISNHS-SHS-STEM /STEM-General Chemistry General Chemistry 2
Phase
Diagram Water is a good
and
Properties solvent.
of Water

ISNHS-SHS-STEM /STEM-General Chemistry General Chemistry 2

 Water is a good
Phase
Diagram
solvent.
and
Properties Water has a high
of Water
specific heat.
ISNHS-SHS-STEM /STEM-General Chemistry General Chemistry 2
 Water is a good solvent.
Phase
Diagram Water has a high specific
and heat.
Properties
of Water The boiling point of water
is unusually high.

ISNHS-SHS-STEM /STEM-General Chemistry General Chemistry 2

 Water is a good solvent.

Phase
Diagram Water has a high specific heat.

and The boiling point of water is

Properties unusually high.
of Water
Solid water is less dense and in fact
floats on liquid water.

ISNHS-SHS-STEM /STEM-General Chemistry General Chemistry 2

Study the diagram and answer the
following questions.
1. In what phase is the substance at 50°C and
1 atm pressure?
2. At what pressure and temperature
conditions will all three phases of the
substance be present?
3. What is the normal melting point of the
substance? 0.5

4. What phase(s) will exist at 1 atm and 70

°C?

ISNHS-SHS-STEM /STEM-General Chemistry General Chemistry 2

SHORT QUIZ 2
1. What is the normal freezing point of
this substance?
2. What is the normal boiling point of
this substance? 1.65

3. What is the normal melting point of

this substance?
4. If I had a quantity of this substance
at a pressure of 1.25 atm and a 0.70
temperature of 300 °C and lowered
the pressure to 0.25 atm, what
phase transition (s) would occur?
5. At what temperature do the gas and

850
325

810
175
liquid phases become

90
50
indistinguishable from each other?

ISNHS-SHS-STEM /STEM-General Chemistry General Chemistry 2

6. If I had a quantity of this substance at
a pressure of 1 atm and a temperature of
-100 °C , what phase change(s) would
occur if I increased the temperature to
600 °C ? At what temperature(s) would
they occur? 1.65

7. If this substance was at a pressure of

2.0 atm, at what temperature would it
melt?
8. If a quantity of a substance was at an 0.70
initial pressure of 0.125 atm and a
temperature of - 200 °C , what phase
phange (s) would occur?
9. At what pressure would It be possible

850
325

810
175
to find this substance in the gas, liquid

90
50
and solid phase?
10. If the substance was at a pressure of
0.75atm, at what temperature would it
melt?
3-2-1 ACTIVITY
List down 3 most important things you
learned about the lesson. 2 possible
test questions regarding the lesson.
And 1 thing you think your fellow
students might have a hard time in
understanding it.
ISNHS-SHS-STEM /STEM-General Chemistry General Chemistry 2