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    Heredity Q & Ans

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    hlohlo032004

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    Heredity Q & Ans

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    Heredity Q & Ans

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    Heredity

    Q1.If a trait A exists in 10% of a population of an asexually reproducing species and


    a trait B exists in 60% of the same population, which trait is likely to have arisen
    earlier ?

    Ans:Trait B, because it is present in more members of the population. It is likely to


    have arisen earlier and has now spread to 60% of the population. Trait A is new and
    has spread to only 10% of the population.

    Q2.How does the creation of variations in a species promote survival?

    Ans:Sometimes for a species, the environmental conditions change so drastically that


    their survival becomes difficult. For example, if the temperature of water increases
    suddenly, most of the bacteria living in that water would die. Only few variants
    resistant to heat would be able to survive. If these variants were not there, then the
    entire species of bacteria would have been destroyed. Thus, these variants help in
    the survival of the species.

    However, not all variations are useful. Therefore, these are not necessarily beneficial
    for the individual organisms.

    Q3.How do Mendel’s experiments show that traits may be dominant or recessive?

    Ans:Mendel selected true breeding tall (TT) and dwarf (tt) pea plants. Then, he
    crossed these two plants. The seeds formed after fertilization were grown and these
    plants that were formed represent the first filial or F1 generation. All the F1 plants
    obtained were tall.

    Cross-pollination of tall and short plant

    Then, Mendel self-pollinated the F1 plants and observed that all plants obtained in
    the F2 generation were not tall. Instead, one-fourth of the F2 plants were short.

    Self-pollination of F1 plants
    From this experiment, Mendel concluded that the F1 tall plants were not true
    breeding. They were carrying traits of both short height and tall height. They
    appeared tall only because the tall trait is dominant over the dwarf trait.

    Q4. How do Mendel’s experiments show that traits are inherited independently ?
    Answer: Independent inheritance of traits is proved by employing dihybrid crosses
    and obtaining dihybrid ratios. Mendel crossed pure breeding tall plants having round
    seeds (TTRR) with pure breeding short plants having wrinkled seeds (ttrr). The plants
    of F1 generation were all tall and with rounded seeds (TtRr) indicating that the
    characteristics of tallness and round seededness were dominant. Self breeding of F1
    yielded plants in the ratio of 9 tall round seeded, 3 tall wrinkled seeded, 3 short
    round seeded and one short wrinkled seeded. Tall wrinkled seeded and short round
    seeded plants are new combinations which can develop only if the traits are
    inherited independently. If the two traits are considered individually, F2 ratio would
    be same as for monohybrid crosses, i.e., 12 tall : 4 short, 12 round seeded : 4
    wrinkled seeded.

    TR, Tr, rR, tr x TR, Tr, rR, tr Gametes 9 tall rounded : 3 tall wrinkled : 3 short rounded :
    1 short wrinkled

    Independent inheritance of two different traits

    In the above cross, more than two factors are involved, and these are independently
    inherited.
    Q5: A man with blood group A marries a woman with blood group O and their
    daughter has blood group O. Is this information enough to tell you which of the traits
    − blood group A or O − is dominant? Why or why not?

    Ans:No. This information is not sufficient to determine which of the traits − blood
    group A or O − is dominant. This is because we do not know about the blood group of
    all the progeny.

    Blood group A can be genotypically AA or AO. Hence, the information is incomplete


    to draw any such conclusion.

    Q6. A Mendelian experiment consisted of breeding tall pea plants bearing violet
    flowers with short pea plants bearing white flowers. The progeny all bore violet
    flowers, but almost half of them were short. This suggests that the genetic make-
    up of the tall parent can be depicted as

    (a) TTWW (b) TTww

    (c) TtWW (d) TtWw

    Ans:(c) The genetic make-up of the tall parent can be depicted as TtWW

    Since all the progeny bore violet flowers, it means that the tall plant having violet
    flowers has WW genotype for violet flower colour.

    Since the progeny is both tall and short, the parent plant was not a pure tall plant. Its
    genotype must be Tt.

    Therefore, the cross involved in the given question is

    TtWw × ttww

    TtWw − ttww
    Therefore, half the progeny is tall, but all of them have violet flowers.

    Q7.How is the sex of the child determined in human beings ?


    OR
    “The sex of a newborn child is a matter of chance and none of the parents may be
    considered responsible for it.” Justify this statement with the help of a flow chart
    showing determination of sex of a newborn. [CBSE (Delhi) 2013]

    Answer: Half of the male gametes


    metes (sperms) carry X chromosome and other half carry
    Y chromosomes. All the female gametes carry only X chromosomes. When a sperm
    fertilizes an egg, the following situations become possible.

    1. (i) When a sperm carrying X chromosome fertilises an egg that contains


    c
    only X chromosome), the resulting zygote develops into a female (XX
    condition).
    2. (ii) When a sperm carrying Y chromosome fertilises an egg (that contains
    only X chromosome), the resulting zygote develops into a male (XY
    condition).
    Thus there are 50 – 50 chances of a male or female child and none of the
    parents may Sex determination in humans be considered responsible for it.
    The sex-determination
    determination mechanism is shown alongside.
    Q8. What are the different ways in which individuals with a particular trait may
    increase in a population?
    Ans: The different ways in which individual with a particular trait may increase are:

    (a) Natural selection- Certain variations give survival advantage to individuals in a


    population in a changed situation resulting in increase of their population.

    (b) Genetic drift- Accidents in small population even if they give no survival
    advantage also lead to increase to certain individual in population.

    Q9. Why are traits acquired during the life-time of an individual not inherited?

    Ans : Any change in nor-reproductive tissues cannot be passed on to the DNA of the
    germ cells. Therefore, the traits acquired during life-time on an individual are not
    inherited.

    Q10. Why was Pea Plant Selected for Mendel’s Experiments?

    Ans: He selected a pea plant for his experiments for the following reasons:

    1. The pea plant can be easily grown and maintained.


    2. They are naturally self-pollinating but can also be cross-pollinated.
    3. It is an annual plant, therefore, many generations can be studied within a
    short period of time.
    4. It has several contrasting characters.

    Q11. State the Mendelian laws of inheritance.

    Ans: Law of Dominance: This is also called Mendel’s first law of inheritance.
    According to the law of dominance, hybrid offspring will only inherit the dominant
    trait in the phenotype. The alleles that are suppressed are called the recessive traits
    while the alleles that determine the trait are known as the dominant traits.
    OR
    Some alleles are dominant while others are recessive. An organism with at least one
    dominant allele displays the effect irrespective of the presence of the recessive one.

    Law of Segregation: The law of segregation states that during the production of
    gametes, two copies of each hereditary factor segregate so that offspring acquire
    one factor from each parent. In other words, allele (alternative form of the gene)
    pairs segregate during the formation of gamete and re-unite randomly during
    fertilization. This is also known as Mendel’s third law of inheritance.

    OR
    During gamete formation the alleles for each gene segregate from each other such
    that each gamete formed carries only one allele for each gene.

    Law of Independent Assortment: Also known as Mendel’s second law of inheritance,


    the law of independent assortment states that a pair of traits segregates
    independently of another pair during gamete formation. As the individual heredity
    factors assort independently, different traits get equal opportunity to occur together.

    OR
    Genes for the different traits assort independent of each other during gamete
    formation.

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