International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)

Vol. 15, No. 2, June 2024, pp. 1081~1090

ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v15.i2.pp1081-1090  1081

Bi-directional DC-AC using BLDC motor for electric and

hybrid electric vehicles applications with reduced
number of switches

Nishalini Delcy Arokianathan1, Francis Thomas Josh1, Evelyn Brindha1, Jeyaraj Jency Joseph2,
Raman Mohan Das3, Suriyan Kannadhasan4
1
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India
2
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Sri Krishna College of Technology, Coimbatore, India
3
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, New Horizon College of Engineering, Bengaluru, India
4
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Study World College of Engineering, Coimbatore, India

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: Electric scooters often have a single design and are difficult to produce at a
greater level than other forms of transportation. A possible cut electric scooter
Received Jun 16, 2023 is built with the optimization design of the vehicle combustible wealth and the
Revised Nov 29, 2023 pollution characteristics in order to arrange to a correct solution by resolving
Accepted Dec 7, 2023 each and every challenge. The engines' electrical systems are comprised of
lead acid batteries. For the sake of a straightforward simulation procedure, the
engine operates in two states ON and OFF while the vehicle's speed is
Keywords: regulated in three ranges roughly corresponding to high, medium, and low.
The planetary speed ratio and the final drive speed ratio are gathered in the
Electric vehicle computation method's general outline. Utilizing simulation MATLAB, the
Genetic algorithm findings of optimization strategies are resolved. This technique improves the
Harmonics fuel plenty and discharge quality of the possibility cut electric automobiles.
Hybrid vehicle
Security operation control This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Seven level-asymmetric
inverters
Three level-multilevel inverters

Corresponding Author:
Nishalini Delcy Arokianathan
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences
Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641114, India
Email: nishaheshwanth@gmail.com

1. INTRODUCTION
The cutting-edge element of the new technology in the development of electric scooters. Since they
are less costly now, people are utilizing electric scooters more often. An obvious excellent current technology
to improve vehicle emissions while putting together safe fuel discharge controls is the electric car. A mixture
of two or more different energy technologies goes into making an electric car [1]. Internal combustion engines
(ICE), and batteries. have characteristics that make them unique examples of a given category.
The investigations are conducted by choosing state of charge (SOC) and speed ratios that are very important
as indicated in Figure 1. A hybrid electric vehicle model for new European driving cycles employing
optimization techniques for fuel reduction reasons under standardized conditions [2]. By alternative approach
for simulating hybrid electric vehicles utilizing the cruise method before optimizing the speed ratio for power
trains. By controlling the speed ratio, the fuel consumption is subsequently improved [3]. For hybrid vehicles,
an optimization plug-in electric car where the driving ratio and SOC parameters were designed into the process.
Finally, the transport fuel consumption is increased at [4] using the genetic algorithm approach. There are
certain limitations in the sources because of non-linear loads while attempting to get maximum power [5].
In order to get around this, process optimization methods that date back to the 1930s are used [6].
Modern optimization methods are advancing quickly from earlier generations. Engineering has provided a

Journal homepage: http://ijpeds.iaescore.com

1082  ISSN:2088-8694

variety of problem-solving methods that may be used both systematically and analytically [7]. Methods for
addressing problems are often divided into two categories: heuristic and deterministic. In order to arrive at a
clear answer, the deterministic includes the solution for problem-solving techniques [8]. As a result, the
optimized switching devices vary a critical technique with minimal losing ways with certain initializing and
changing in size, which may be achieved with certain optimizing methods [9]. In order to provide dependable
servicing among the functional values, the voltages will be changed continuously from one range to another
using the networks that are required [10]. Science breakers circuits are to be illustrated with the effective within
the voltage and current ranges with lower current reduction with an active part of the current transferring to the
facility AC to DC [11]–[15]. The initiator develops co-genitive brilliant power managing techniques to control
the power in charge among the powered co-genitive brilliant power managing techniques to attain a low
efficient fuel rates [16]–[20] in addition to the low amount mechanisms of various potential sources used in
hybrid electric vehicles [21]–[27].

2. HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES FOR ROUTINE PROCESS

The control design takes into account the low-cost power systems for the specified hybrid electric
vehicles (HEV). The converter and inverter sides in Figure 1suggested architecture significantly contribute to
the regulation of the engine and battery powers. In this case, the driving cycle calculates the time variances
between duty cycles, these are shown in Figure 1. The fuel usage is an example of a mental control using
optimization methods. The procedure below demonstrates a distinct range where the plans are shown in order
to initiate and terminate the process. Examples include "start 1, slow watch 1, start 2, slow watch 2, start 3,
slow watch 3, slow watch k" as shown in Figure 1, which depicts the mission's start and stop procedures. Here,
D displays the maximum time and distance. To complete one cycle, enter j=1, 2, 3.

Figure 1. Driver mission plan typical plan

2.1. EV motor ratings

In the various values Ls, Ws, and Hs where the three values mean the height, length and width of the
electric vehicle. While taking the mass Ms of the vehicle the velocity Vs the slope of the angles is shown in
Figure 1, the total forcing in the e vehicle the propelled the addition of the forces are calculated using (1).

𝐹𝑡𝑠 = 𝐹𝑟𝑟(1) + 𝐹𝑎𝑑(1) + 𝐹ℎ𝑐(1) + 𝐹𝑙𝑎(1) (1)

From (1) the Frr(1) shows the force of the resistance while Fad(1) initiates the drag of aerodynamics, Fhc(1)
initiates the climbing force on the hills, Fla(1) is the acceleration force. Cr(1) initiates the co-efficient of the
resistance of rolling. The typically values of the tires are 0.015 from (2).

𝑇(0) = 𝐹𝑡(1) 𝑟, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜔 = 𝑉𝑠(1) /𝑟(𝑠) (2)

3. PROPOSED SEVEN LEVEL ASYMMETRICAL INVERTER TOPOLOGY

3.1. Circuit topologies
Figure 2 (see appendix) depicts the proposed 7-level inverter proposed topology. In this proposed
topology seven level inverter are designed in order to generate the pulse at ON and OFF conditions. These
conditions are shown in different modes listed below. The architecture that is suggested for each phase, which
consists of two bi-directional and eight uni-directional power semiconductor switches for each phase leg. Bi-
directional switches are mostly used to prevent short-circuits SC and to stop the currents flowing in opposite
directions for direct current supply. The switching scheme for 7-level switching topology is shown in Table 1.

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  1083

The Figure 2(a) shows the proposed topology. The switches in Figure 2(b) shows the on state for s1, s2, s5, s6,
and OFF state for s3, s4, s7, and s8. The switches in Figure 2(c) will be in the ON state for s1, s2, s5, s6, and
OFF for s3, s4, s7, and s8. The output voltage will be in an OFF state in Figure 2(d) the switches s1, s2, s3, s4,
s5, s6, s7 and s8—are in the OFF condition. The output voltage will be in an OFF state in Figure 2(e) with the
switch s1, s2 in an OFF condition, s3, s4 in a ON condition, s5 in an OFF condition, s6 in a ON condition, s7
in an OFF condition, and s8 in a ON condition. The output voltage will be in an OFF state in Figure 2(f) with
the switch s1, s2 in an OFF state, s3, s4 in a ON state, s5 in an OFF state, s6 in an OFF state, s7 in a ON state,
and s8 in a ON state. The switch in Figure 2(g) has the following states: s1, s2, OFF, s3, s4, ON, s5, OFF, s6,
s7, s8, and OFF. The output voltage Figure 2(h) also has the following states: s8, OFF, and s1, s2.

Table 1. Switching scheme for 7-level 8-switching topology

Sl.No S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 Output voltage
1 ON ON ON OFF ON OFF ON OFF ON
2 ON ON OFF OFF ON ON OFF OFF ON
3 ON ON OFF OFF ON ON OFF ON OFF
4 OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF
5 OFF OFF ON ON OFF ON OFF ON OFF
6 OFF OFF ON ON OFF OFF ON ON OFF
7 OFF OFF ON ON OFF OFF ON OFF ON

4. COMPARISON BETWEEN DIFFERENT MULITLEVEL INVERTERS

These sections exhibit the comparison with several multilevel inverters in the proposed topology.
According to the comparison, the suggested approaches are divided into two categories: symmetrical and
asymmetrical. The charts in Figure 3 depict the varying switching count levels. The suggested topology is
described in Figure 3. Power switches S1, S2, S3, S5, and S7 are in the turn-ON (i.e., conduction state) state in
mode 1 while the remaining switches are in the turn-OFF state. As a result, the output voltage at the load is
operational. Switches 1, 2, 5, and 6 are ON in mode 2 while switches S3, S4, S7, and S8 are OFF; as a result, the
output is ON at the load. In mode 3, S1, S2, S5, S6, and S8 are in a ON state while S3, S4, and S7 are in an OFF
state. As a result, the output voltages are in an OFF state. The output voltage is OFF conditions at the load in
mode 4 because all switches are in the OFF condition (i.e., non-conduction state). As a result of the other switches,
such as S1, S2, S5, and S7 being in the OFF state at mode 5, the output voltages at the loads are in the ON-OFF
condition at this mode. In mode 6, the switches S1, S2, S5, S6 are OFF, the switches S3, S4, S7, and S8 are ON,
and as a result, the output voltages at the loads are in an ON-OFF position. The output voltages at the loads are in
the ON state at mode 7 because switches S3, S4, and S7 are ON while S1, S2, S5, and S6 are OFF.

Figure 3. Implementation of proposed topology using MATLAB

Bi-directional DC-AC using BLDC motor for electric and hybrid electric … (Nishalini Delcy Arokianathan)
1084  ISSN:2088-8694

4.1. Controlling process of brushless direct current motor (BLDC)

The brushless direct current motor (BLDC) motor consists of two main parts stator and rotor for all
electrical part. It is easy to protect and direct current are in needed. The electronic control and current carrying
conductor stator widening are flourished in certain pattern. Equations for voltage of phases a, b, c are given by
(3)-(5).
𝑑𝑖𝑎
𝑉𝑎 = 𝑅𝑎0 + 𝑖𝑎1 + 𝐿( ) + 𝑒𝑎0 (3)
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑖𝑏
𝑉𝑏 = 𝑅𝑏0 + 𝑖𝑏1 + 𝐿( ) + 𝑒𝑏0 (4)
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑖𝑐
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑅𝑐0 + 𝑖𝑐1 + 𝐿( ) + 𝑒𝑐0 (5)
𝑑𝑡

Electromagnetic torque equation is given by (6).

𝑇𝑒 = (𝑒𝑎0 𝑖𝑎1 + 𝑒𝑎0 𝑖𝑏1 + 𝑒𝑐0 𝑖𝑐1 )/𝜔 (6)

The mechanical torque is given by (7).

𝑑𝜔
𝑇𝑚 = 𝐽 + 𝐵𝜔 + 𝑇𝐿 (7)
𝑑𝑡

Where B: damping constant; J: rotor inertia; TL: load torque. It is advisable to select BLDC motors when an
electric vehicle or two wheels requires very little performance at extremely low range; this motor is employed
in such situations. Two-wheelers are equipped with a motor of the wheel in this motor where mechanical power
transfers, such as deceleration, are eliminated.

4.2. A comparison of machine topologies

As mentioned earlier the BLDC motors with the radial part are compared with the different topologies
as mentioned in the Table 2. Brushless DC motors have friction feature like large begin torque, large efficiency
around 95-98%. Brushless DC motors are suitable for large current density model approach. The BLDC motors
are the most like better motors for the electric vehicle application’s due to its friction features. This comparison
mainly focuses on some features of electric vehicles with respect to reliable, range in speeds, loads, and
efficiency.

Table 2. Comparison topologies of various motors

Rotor-BLDC Stator-BLDC Hybrid-BLDC Memory BLDC
PM material Nd-Fe-B Nd-Fe-B Nd-Fe-B Alnico
Excitations BLDC only BLDC only BLDC and windings BLDC only
Flux control Complex Complex Easy Medium
Efficiency Very high Very high High High
Power density Very high Very high High High

4.3. Battery modelling

The battery model and the designing of the Lithium ion battery are used to analyses the storage
capacities of the system and the battery behaviors in different aspects. The charging and the discharging of the
two methods are illustrated in (8), (9) shows the charging mode, and (10) show the dis-charging mode.
𝑄 𝑄
𝐹(𝑖𝑡0 , 𝑖 1 ) = 𝐸01 − 𝐾 𝑖(0) − 𝐾 𝑖𝑡(0) + 𝐴𝑒𝑥𝑝(0) ∗ (−𝐵𝑖𝑡) (8)
𝑄−𝑖𝑡(0) 𝑄−𝑖𝑡(0)

𝑄 𝑄
𝐹(𝑖𝑡0 , 𝑖 1 ) = 𝐸01 − 𝐾 𝑖(0) − 𝐾 𝑖𝑡(0) + 𝐴𝑒𝑥𝑝(0) ∗ (−𝐵𝑖𝑡) (9)
𝑄−0.𝑖𝑡(0) 𝑄−𝑖𝑡(0)

The battery voltages are illustrated in (10).

𝑉𝑏𝑎(0) 𝑡 = 𝑓(𝑖𝑡0 , 𝑖 1 ) − 𝑅𝑖(0)𝑏𝑎𝑡 (10)

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  1085

5. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Figure 4 illustrates the degrees of specific simulated component features that will be changeable. The
input and output parameters should be kept at the same value in order to sustain the model. This EV has a
wheel drive, two-wheel starter, and parallel starting gearbox pathways. If a simulation component like the
federal test procedure (FTP-75) is used, the driving topology is shown. These drives' fuel efficiency will be
achieved by integrating composite fuel efficiency. The following methods are composed in designing the
problems: i) Accelerating time 0-65 mph< =18.0 s0; ii) Accelerating time 45-65 mph< =8 s0; iii) Accelerating
time 0_80 mph G040:2 s0; and iv) Maximum accelerating 8 :4 m/s02.

Figure 4. Electric vehicle model using MATLAB

The circuit in Figure 5(a) (see Appendix) shows the drive cycle waveform where the signals at the
second starts to increase. At the Figure 5(b) (see Appendix) depicts the waveforms of drive cycle FTP-75 of
the vehicle speed. Figure 5(c) depicts the solar PV system for EV charging that was examined. At Figure 5(d)
(see Appendix). Shows the waveform for the vehicle speeds of BLDC motor. The Figure 5(e) (see Appendix)
shows the voltage range of the battery where it increases to a certain level. At the Figure 5(f) (see Appendix)
shows the battery charging waveform. The use of MATLAB software (Simulink) for the simulation part's
operations is absolutely necessary. As a result, In the Figure 5(g) (see Appendix) shows the stator output where
the speed starts to increase. In the Figure 5(h) (see Appendix) shows the rotor output, in the Figure 5(i) (see
Appendix) shows the electromagnetic torque and whereas in the Figure 5(j) (see Appendix) shows the DC bus
voltage output. As a result, it may be possible to create EV charging stations that use solar energy realistically
and optimistically. The specialized batteries rated to levels with higher topologies that execute the energy
transfer from one component to another while charging EV batteries.

6. CONCLUSION
The modelling and control of a permanent magnet brushless DC motor (PMSM BLDC) for an electric
vehicle have been shown in this study. The research for the design, model, and simulation of EV components
using solar energy as the input source is shown in the suggested topology. Less optimization is used in the
current procedure. The harmonic reduction is 9.03, yet in this suggested topology, the harmonic reduction is
just 3.64%. The many components for the methodologies and techniques used, as well as signal processing,
are relevant to the suggested solutions for electric vehicle or EV charging that have been described. In this
article, an EV with a battery charge design that maintains a power factor value of 0.95 or such is discussed.
The PWM three level-boost rectifier are employed in this architecture as a result. As a result, one of the key
debates surrounding EV technology is the EV charging schemes. Therefore, it is recommended that renewable
and clean processes employ zero-emission batteries in order to accomplish this procedure. Therefore, it is
evident from the simulation results that the BLDC motor is appropriate for EVs to drive the car efficiently.

Bi-directional DC-AC using BLDC motor for electric and hybrid electric … (Nishalini Delcy Arokianathan)
1086  ISSN:2088-8694

APPENDIX

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e) (f)

Figure 2. Topology of seven level inverter: (a) proposed topology; (b) mode 1 on state for S1, S2, S5, S6, and
OFF state for S3, S4, S7, and S8 output voltage +Vdc; (c) mode 2 ON state for S1, S2, S5, S6, and OFF state
for S3, S4, S7, and S8 output voltage +2Vdc; (d) mode 3 switches on state S1, S2, S3, S5, S6, and S8 OFF
state S3, S4, S7 output voltage +3Vdc; (e) mode 4 S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8 output voltage 0; (f) mode 5,
on state S3, S4, S6, S8, OFF state S1, S2, S5 output voltage -Vdc,

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(g) (h)

Figure 2. Topology of seven level inverter: (g) mode 6, on state s3, s4, s7, s8, and s1, s2, s5, s6 OFF state
output voltage -2 Vdc; and (h) Mode 7 s3, s4, s7 ON state and S1, S2, S5, S6, and S8 OFF state output
voltage -3 Vdc (continued)

(a)

(b)

Figure 5. Drive cycle FTP-75: (a) Waveform at signal 2 and (b) vehicle speed
Bi-directional DC-AC using BLDC motor for electric and hybrid electric … (Nishalini Delcy Arokianathan)
1088  ISSN:2088-8694

(c) (d)

(Time seconds)
(e)

Figure 5. Drive cycle FTP-75: (c) battery speed value changing curve, (d) voltage range in battery,
and (e) BLDC motor stator output, rotor output, electromagnetic torque, DC bus voltage (continued)

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Nishalini Delcy Arokianathan is an assistant professor in Electrical

Engineering Department at the Study world College of Engineering and Research Scholar in
Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department, Karunya Institute of Technology and
Sciences. She received the B.Eng. degree in electrical engineering from Vellalar College of
engineering and Technology, Erode since 2010 and M.Eng. degree in power electronics, from
C.S. I college of engineering since 2014 respectively; and pursuing Ph.D. degree in electrical
engineering from Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences. Her research interests
include the field of power electronics, electric vehicle motor drives, industrial applications,
and industrial electronics. She can be contacted at email: nishaheshwanth@gmail.com.

Francis Thomas Josh is a lecturer in Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Department, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences since November 2011; and he has
been a senior lecturer since 2005. He received the B.Eng. degree in electrical engineering
from Madura Kamarajar University, since 2000 and M.Eng. degree in power electronics, from
Bharathidasan University, since 2002 respectively; and Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering
from Anna University, Chennai, since 2014. His research interests include the field of power
electronics, motor drives, industrial applications, industrial electronics, and photovoltaic
power systems. He can be contacted at email: josh@karunya.edu.

Bi-directional DC-AC using BLDC motor for electric and hybrid electric … (Nishalini Delcy Arokianathan)
1090  ISSN:2088-8694

Evelyn Brindha seasoned training and development manager offering 21 years

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Jeyaraj Jency Joseph is a lecturer in Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Department, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences since September 2011; and she
has been a lecturer since 2007. She received the B.Eng. degree in electrical engineering
degree from Anna University, Chennai, since 2002 and M.Eng. degree in power electronics,
from Anna University, Chennai since 2007 respectively; and Ph.D. degree in Electrical
Engineering from Anna University, Chennai, since 2019. Her research interests include the
field of power electronics, finite element method (FEM) analysis of electric machines electric
vehicle (EV) design and analysis, and power converters. She can be contacted at email:
jencyjoe@karunya.edu.

Raman Mohan Das received B.E degree (2002) in Electrical and Electronic
Engineering from CSI Engineering College Ketthi, The Nilgiris. M.E Power Electronics and
Drives from Karunya University. He received Ph.D. n Anna University-chennai (2020).
Currently working as Associate Professor/EEE in New Horizon College of Engineering
Bengaluru, Karnataka. His research interests include the field of power electronics, PWM,
motor drives, industrial applications, industrial electronics, and photovoltaic power systems.
He can be contacted at email: mohandass31@gmail.com.

Suriyan Kannadhasan is working as an associate professor in the Department

of Electronics and Communication Engineering in Study World College of Engineering,
Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India. He completed the Ph.D in the field of Smart Antenna for Anna
University in 2022. He is Twelve years of teaching and research experience. He obtained his
B.E in ECE from Sethu Institute of Technology, Kariapatti in 2009 and M.E. in
Communication Systems from Velammal College of Engineering and Technology, Madurai
in 2013. He obtained his M.B.A in Human Resources Management from Tamil Nadu Open
University, Chennai. He can be contacted at email: kannadhasan.ece@gmail.com.

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 15, No. 2, June 2024: 1081-1090