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Applied Physics Class Notes

my notes on the class today

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guilhermeoliveirfm
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20 views

Applied Physics Class Notes

my notes on the class today

Uploaded by

guilhermeoliveirfm
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Applied Physics Class Notes

Introduction to Applied Physics: Applied Physics bridges the gap between theoretical physics
and practical engineering. It focuses on the application of physical principles to develop new
technologies and solve real-world problems. Key areas include mechanics, thermodynamics,
electromagnetism, optics, quantum mechanics, and material science.

Mechanics:

●​ Newton's Laws of Motion:


○​ First Law (Inertia): An object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted
upon by a net external force.
○​ Second Law: , where force equals mass times acceleration.
○​ Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
●​ Work, Energy, and Power:
○​ Work:
○​ Kinetic Energy:
○​ Potential Energy:
○​ Power:
●​ Conservation Laws:
○​ Conservation of Energy
○​ Conservation of Momentum:
○​ Impulse-Momentum Theorem:

Thermodynamics:

●​ Zeroth Law: If two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third, they are in
thermal equilibrium with each other.
●​ First Law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed ().
●​ Second Law: Entropy of an isolated system always increases.
●​ Third Law: As temperature approaches absolute zero, entropy approaches a
constant minimum.
●​ Heat Transfer:
○​ Conduction:
○​ Convection
○​ Radiation:

Electromagnetism:

●​ Coulomb's Law:
●​ Electric Field:
●​ Gauss's Law: Relates the electric flux through a surface to the enclosed charge.
●​ Faraday's Law of Induction:
●​ Maxwell's Equations:
○​ Gauss's Law for Electricity
○​ Gauss's Law for Magnetism
○​ Faraday's Law
○​ Ampère's Law with Maxwell's Addition
●​ Applications: Electric circuits, motors, transformers, electromagnetic waves.
Optics:

●​ Reflection and Refraction:


○​ Snell's Law:
○​ Critical angle and total internal reflection.
●​ Lenses and Mirrors:
○​ Lens Equation:
○​ Magnification:
●​ Wave-Particle Duality: Light exhibits both wave-like and particle-like properties.

Modern Physics:

●​ Quantum Mechanics:
○​ Planck's Equation:
○​ Schrödinger Equation: Fundamental to wave mechanics.
●​ Relativity:
○​ Special Relativity: Time dilation, length contraction,
○​ General Relativity: Gravity as the curvature of spacetime.

Material Science:

●​ Properties of Materials:
○​ Mechanical properties: Strength, ductility, hardness.
○​ Electrical and thermal conductivity.
●​ Nanotechnology: Manipulating materials on the atomic scale for innovative
applications.

Applications in Technology:

●​ Renewable Energy:
○​ Solar panels (photovoltaics)
○​ Wind turbines
●​ Semiconductor Devices:
○​ Diodes, transistors, integrated circuits.
●​ Medical Physics:
○​ MRI and CT imaging
○​ Radiation therapy

Experimental Methods in Applied Physics:

●​ Measurement techniques: Precision, accuracy, and error analysis.


●​ Instrumentation: Oscilloscopes, spectrometers, sensors.
●​ Data analysis and modeling.

Common Mistakes to Avoid:

●​ Ignoring unit consistency in calculations.


●​ Misinterpreting physical laws when applying to complex systems.
●​ Neglecting real-world factors such as friction and air resistance in models.
Tips for Success:

●​ Understand fundamental principles before tackling complex applications.


●​ Regularly perform lab experiments to reinforce theoretical knowledge.
●​ Apply physics concepts to everyday technology to deepen understanding.

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