Lesson 2 GRQs

BIOL 103 GRQs
Lesson 2
Lesson 2 GRQs: The Central Dogma

These are your own study notes, so write as much as you feel is necessary to get a good
understanding. You may feel you need to go back to other parts of the book if you need a
review of Biol 101 like material. We only ask specific questions and this is the material you’ll
need to be able to use in class, activities, quizzes, tests, etc. These notes are meant to help
you be efficient with reading and finding key points that we will focus on. Thus, there is no
need to outline an entire chapter and sections of chapters. Read as much as you need to
grasp the concepts being asked.
Concept 14.1: The Basic Principles of Transcription

Use this part of the book to fill in the table below
Gene What happens during this step? Where does it happen in

expression a prokaryotic cell?
steps Where does it happen in
a eukaryotic cell?
Transcription This is the synthesis of RNA using information Prokaryotic Cell-

in the DNA. The two nucleic acids are written in Cytoplasm
different forms of the same language, and the
info is simply transcribed or rewritten from DNA Eukaryotic Cell- Nucleus
to RNA.
RNA In eukaryotic cells, the pre-mRNA undergoes Only in Eukaryotic Cell

Processing modifications like splicing (removal of introns), Nucleus
addition of a 5' cap, and a poly-A tail to form
mature mRNA. Prokaryotic cells do not require
RNA processing as their RNA is directly usable
mRNA The mature mRNA is transported from the Only in Eukaryotic Cell
Transport nucleus to the cytoplasm through the nuclear Nucleus to Cytoplasm
pores in eukaryotic cells. In prokaryotic cells,
this step is not needed as transcription and
translation are coupled in the cytoplasm.
Translation This is the synthesis of a polypeptide using the Prokaryotic- Cell

information in the mRNA. During this stage Cytoplasm
there is a change in language: the Cell must Eukaryotic- Cytoplasm or
translate the nucleotide sequence of an mRNA Rough Endoplasmic
molecule into the amino acid sequence of a Reticulum (RER)
polypeptide. Occurs at ribosomes.
Protein In eukaryotic cells, newly synthesized proteins Prokaryotic- Cell

Processing undergo folding and post-translational Cytoplasm
modifications (e.g., cleavage, phosphorylation, Eukaryotic-Cell
glycosylation) in the endoplasmic reticulum and Endoplasmic Reticulum
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BIOL 103 GRQs
Lesson 2
Golgi apparatus. Prokaryotes have limited and Golgi apparatus

protein processing.
Concept 14. 1. Use the section titled “The Genetic Code” to answer the following questions.
Below is the template strand for DNA.
3’ TAC ACC AAA CCG AGT ATT 5’
Write mRNA that would form from this and the sequence of amino acids (assume no splicing of
introns from mRNA). To do this, you will need to refer to the genetic code chart available in
Figure 14.6.
mRNA: 5’AUG UGG UUU GGC UCA UAA 3’
protein: N -Met TRP PHE GLY Ser Stop - C
*Note that the template strand’s 3’ end matches up with the mRNA 5’ strand
Concept 14.4
Skip the first part of this concept and jump to the section titled “Completing and Targeting the
Functional Protein?
What directs the folding of a polypeptide into a specific and unique shape?
A gene determines primary structure which in turn determines shape.
Review Figure 3.22 if you need a reminder about the link between primary structure and tertiary
struct
Certain amino acids can be modified by attachments of sugars, lipids, phosphate groups, or other
additions. Enzymes may remove one or more amino acids from the leading amino end of the
polypeptide chain. In some cased two or more polypeptides that are synthesized separately may
come together becoming the subunits of a protein that has quaternary structure.
What are a few examples of post-translational modifications that might be required to produce a
mature protein?
These modifications include phosphorylation, glycosylation, ubiquitination, nitrosylation,
methylation, acetylation, lipidation and proteolysis
There are two distinct types of ribosomes in the cell. Compare the two by completing the table
below by placing an X in the box to denote if the ribosome is involved in the process.
Free ribosome in the Ribosome tethered to

cytosol the endoplasmic
reticulum
Primarily involved in translating a x
2
BIOL 103 GRQs
Lesson 2
protein destined for the plasma
membrane.
Primarily involved in translating a x
protein destined to remain in the
cytosol.
Would involve a signal peptide being x
found on the N-terminus of the
polypeptide.
Free Ribosomes: Translate proteins that function in the cytosol.
ER-bound Ribosomes: Translate proteins that are destined for the endomembrane system
for secretion outside the cell. These ribosomes are directed to the ER by a signal peptide
Signal peptides can target polypeptides to what other parts of the cell?
Other kinds of signal peptides are used to target polypeptides to mitochondria, chloroplasts, the
interior of the nucleus, and other organelles that are not part of the endomembrane system. The
critical difference in these cases is that translation is completed in the cytosol before the
polypeptide is imported into the organelle.
**remember to update your molecular toolkit table at the end of your lesson 1 GRQ**
If we wanted to study the location of a single gene within a tissue, what technique should we use?
We should use Nucleic Acid hybridization which is the process of base pairing between a
gene and a complementary sequence on another nucleic acid molecule.
Below is an mRNA sequence of interest. Design a DNA probe that we could fluorescently label
and use to locate which cells within a tissue this mRNA is produced. Hint – check out Fig.
15.14.
mRNA: 5’ GCAUCCGAU 3’
DNA: 3’ CGTAGGCTA 5’
Watch the following video (3:26): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HdBgTAAi3rU
What does the word immunohistochemistry mean?

In situ hybridization is a technique using nucleic acid hybridization with a labeled probe to
detect the location of a specific mRNA in an intact organism.
Draw the basic steps of an immunohistochemistry experiment.
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BIOL 103 GRQs
Lesson 2
For the following statements, determine if it’s describing a primary antibody or a secondary
antibody. For reference, antibodies, which are proteins, bind antigens, which are parts of
proteins.
- Binds to the antigen of interest within a cell.

Primary Antibody because that is the specific antibody that binds to the protein or the targeted
tissue
- Is labeled with a fluorochrome or colorimetric enzyme.
Secondary antibody binds to the primary antibody and is the specific one labeled with
fluorochrome enzymes.

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BIOL 103 GRQs

Lesson 2 GRQs: The Central Dogma

Concept 14.1: The Basic Principles of Transcription

Gene What happens during this step? Where does it happen in

Transcription This is the synthesis of RNA using information Prokaryotic Cell-

RNA In eukaryotic cells, the pre-mRNA undergoes Only in Eukaryotic Cell

Translation This is the synthesis of a polypeptide using the Prokaryotic- Cell

Protein In eukaryotic cells, newly synthesized proteins Prokaryotic- Cell

Golgi apparatus. Prokaryotes have limited and Golgi apparatus

Below is the template strand for DNA.

3’ TAC ACC AAA CCG AGT ATT 5’

mRNA: 5’AUG UGG UUU GGC UCA UAA 3’

protein: N -Met TRP PHE GLY Ser Stop - C

Free ribosome in the Ribosome tethered to

Watch the following video (3:26): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HdBgTAAi3rU

What does the word immunohistochemistry mean?

Draw the basic steps of an immunohistochemistry experiment.

- Binds to the antigen of interest within a cell.

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