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Machine Learning - Python Libraries

Python libraries are collection of codes and functions that can be used in a program for
a specific task. They are generally used to ease the process of programming when the
tasks are repetitive and complex.

As you know Machine Learning is an interdisciplinary field where each algorithm is

developed on combining programming and mathematics. Instead of manually coding the
complete algorithm with mathematical and statistical formulas, using libraries would
make the task easy.

Python is the most popular programming language specially to implement machine

learning because of its simplicity, vast collection of libraries and easiness.

Some popular Python machine learning libraries are as follows −

NumPy

Pandas

SciPy
Scikit-learn

PyTorch

TensorFlow

Keras
Matplotlib

Seaborn

OpenCV

NLTK

SpaCy

Let's discuss each of the above mentioned Python libraries in detail.

NumPy
NumPy is a general purpose array and matrix processing package used for scientific
computing and to perform a variety of mathematical operations like linear algebra,
Fourier transform and others. It provides a high performance multi-dimensional array
object and tools , to manipulate the matrices for the improvement of machine learning
algorithms. It is a critical component of the Python machine learning ecosystem, as it
provides the underlying data structure and numerical operations required for many
machine learning algorithms.

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By using NumPy, we can perform the following important operations −

Mathematical and logical operations on arrays.

Fourier transformation

Operations associated with linear algebra.

We can also see NumPy as the replacement of MATLAB because NumPy is mostly used
along with Scipy (Scientific Python) and Mat-plotlib (plotting library).

Installation and Execution

If you are using Anaconda distribution, then no need to install NumPy separately as it is
already installed with it. You just need to import the package into your Python script with
the help of following −

import numpy as np

On the other hand, if you are using standard Python distribution then NumPy can be
installed using popular python package installer, pip.

pip install numpy

Example

Following is a simple example that creates a one-dimensional array using NumPy −

Open Compiler

import numpy as np
data = np.array([1,2,3,4,5])
print(data)
print(len(data))
print(type(data))
print(data.shape)

Output

The above Python example code will produce the following result −

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[1 2 3 4 5]
5
<class 'numpy.ndarray'>
(5,)

Pandas
Pandas is a powerful library for data manipulation and analysis. This library is not exactly
used in machine learning algorithms but is used in the prior step i.e., for data
preparation. It functions based on two data structures: Series(one-dimensional) and
Data frames(two-dimensional). This allows it to handle vast typical use cases in various
sectors like Finance, Business, and Health.

With the help of Pandas, in data processing, we can accomplish the following five steps −

Load

Prepare
Manipulate

Model
Analyze

Data Representation in Pandas

The entire representation of data in Pandas is done with the help of the following three
data structures −

Series − It is a one-dimensional ndarray with an axis label, which means it is like a

simple array with homogeneous data. For example, the following series is a collection of
integers 1,5,10,15,24,25...

1 5 10 15 24 25 28 36 40 89

Data frame − It is the most useful data structure and is used for almost all kinds of
data representation and manipulation in pandas. It is a two-dimensional data structure
that can contain heterogeneous data. Generally, tabular data is represented by using
data frames. For example, the following table shows the data of students having their
names and roll numbers, age and gender −

Name Roll number Age Gender

Aarav 1 15 Male

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Harshit 2 14 Male

Kanika 3 16 Female

Mayank 4 15 Male

Panel − It is a 3-dimensional data structure containing heterogeneous data. It is very

difficult to represent the panel in graphical representation, but it can be illustrated as a
container of DataFrame.

The following table gives us the dimension and description about the above-mentioned
data structures used in Pandas −

Data Structure Dimension Description

Series 1-D Size immutable, 1-D homogeneous data

DataFrames 2-D Size Mutable, Heterogeneous data in tabular form

Panel 3-D Size-mutable array, container of DataFrame.

We can understand these data structures as the higher dimensional data structure is the
container of lower dimensional data structure.

Installation and Execution

If you are using Anaconda distribution, then no need to install Pandas separately as it is
already installed with it. You just need to import the package into your Python script with
the help of following −

import pandas as pd

On the other hand, if you are using standard Python distribution then Pandas can be
installed using popular python package installer, pip.

pip install pandas

After installing Pandas, you can import it into your Python script as did above.

Example

The following is an example of creating a series from ndarray by using Pandas −

Open Compiler

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import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
data = np.array(['g','a','u','r','a','v'])
s = pd.Series(data)
print (s)

Output

The above example code will produce the following result −

0 g
1 a
2 u
3 r
4 a
5 v
dtype: object

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SciPy
SciPy is an open-source library that performs scientific computing on large datasets. It is
easy to use and fast to execute data visualization and manipulation tasks. It consists of
modules used for the optimization of algorithms and to perform operations like
integration, linear algebra, or signal processing. SciPy is built on NumPy but extends its
functionality by performing complex tasks like numerical algorithms and algebraic
functions.

Installation and Execution

If you are using Anaconda distribution, then no need to install SciPy separately as it is
already installed with it. You just need to use the package into your Python script. For
example, with the following line of script we are importing linalg submodule from scipy
−

from scipy import linalg

On the other hand, if you are using standard Python distribution and having NumPy, then
SciPy can be installed using a popular python package installer, pip.

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pip install scipy

Example

Following is an example of creating a two-dimensional array (matrix) and finding the

inverse of the matrix.

Open Compiler

import numpy as np
import scipy
from scipy import linalg
A= np.array([[1,2],[3,4]])
print(linalg.inv(A))

Output

The above Python example code will produce the following result −

[[-2. 1. ]
[ 1.5 -0.5]]

Scikit-learn
Scikit-learn, a popular open-source library built on NumPy and SciPy, is used to
implement machine learning models and statistical modeling. It supports supervised and
unsupervised learning. It provides various tools for implementing data pre-processing,
feature selection, model selection, model evaluation, and many other tasks.

The following are some features of Scikit-learn that makes it so useful −

It is built on NumPy, SciPy, and Matplotlib.

It is an open source and can be reused under BSD license.

It is accessible to everybody and can be reused in various contexts.

Wide range of machine learning algorithms covering major areas of ML like

classification, clustering, regression, dimensionality reduction, model selection
etc. can be implemented with the help of it.

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Installation and Execution

If you are using Anaconda distribution, then there is no need to install Scikit-learn
separately as it is already installed with it. You just need to use the package into your
Python script. For example, with the following line of the script, we are importing a
dataset of breast cancer patients from Scikit-learn −

from sklearn.datasets import load_breast_cancer

On the other hand, if you are using standard Python distribution and having NumPy and
SciPy, then Scikit-learn can be installed using the popular python package installer, pip.

pip install scikit-learn

After installing Scikit-learn, you can use it in your Python script as you have done above.

Example
Following is an example to load breast cancer dataset −

from sklearn.datasets import load_breast_cancer

data = load_breast_cancer()
print(data.target[[10, 50, 85]])
print(list(data.target_names))

Output

The above python exmaple code will produce the following result −

[0 1 0]
['malignant', 'benign']

For the more detailed study of Scikit-learn, you can go to the link
www.tutorialspoint.com/scikit_learn/index.htm.

PyTorch
PyTorch is an open-source Python library based on Torch library, generally used for
developing deep neural networks. It is based on intuitive Python and can dynamically

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define computational graphs. PyTorch is particularly useful for researchers and

developers who need a flexible and powerful deep learning framework.

Installation and Execution

For Python 3.8 or later and CPU plateform on Windows operating system, you can use
the following command to install PyTorch (torch, torchvision and torchaudio)

pip3 install torch torchvision torchaudio

You can refer to the to following link for installation of PyTorch with more options

https://pytorch.org/get-started/locally/

To import PyTorch use the following −

import torch

After installing PyTorch, you can import it into your Python script as did above.

Example

Following is an example of creating a NumPy array and converting it to a PyTorch tensor

−

import numpy as np
import torch
x = np.ones([3,4])
y = torch.from_numpy(x)
print(y)

Output

The above example code will produce the following result −

tensor([[1., 1., 1., 1.],

[1., 1., 1., 1.],
[1., 1., 1., 1.]], dtype=torch.float64)

TensorFlow

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TensorFlow is one of the most known software libraries developed by Google to

implement machine learning and deep learning tasks. The creation of computational
graphs and efficient execution on various hardware platforms is made easier with this. It
is widely used for the development of tasks like natural language processing, image
recognition and handwriting recognition.

Installation and Execution

For CPU platform on Windows operating system, you can use the following command to
install TensorFlow using pip −

pip install tensorflow

You can refer to the to the following link for installation of TensorFlow with more options
−

https://www.tensorflow.org/install/pip

To import TensorFlow use the following −

import tensorflow as tf

After installing TensorFlow, you can import it into your Python script as did above.

Example

Following is an example of creating a tensor data or object using TensorFlow −

import tensorflow as tf
data = tf.constant([[2,1],[4,6]])
print(data)

Output

The above example code will produce the following result −

tf.Tensor(
[[2 1]
[4 6]], shape=(2, 2), dtype=int32)

Keras

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Keras is an high level neural network library that creates deep learning models. It runs
on top of TensorFlow, CNTK, or Theano. It provides a simple and intuitive API for building
and training deep learning models, making it an excellent choice for beginners and
researchers. Keras is one of the popular library as it allows for easy and fast prototyping.

Installation and Execution

For CPU platform on Windows operating system, use the following to install Keras using
pip −

pip install keras

To import TensorFlow use the following −

import keras

After installing Keras, you can import it into your Python script as we did above.

Example
In the example below, we are importing CIFAR-10 dataset from Keras and printing the
shape of training data and test data −

import keras
(x_train, y_train), (x_test, y_test) = keras.datasets.cifar10.load_data()
print(x_train.shape)
print(x_test.shape)
print(y_train.shape)
print(y_test.shape)

Output

The above example code will produce the following result −

(50000, 32, 32, 3)

(10000, 32, 32, 3)
(50000, 1)
(10000, 1)

Matplotlib

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Matplotlib is a popular plotting library usually used for data visualization, to create
graphs, plots, histograms and bar charts. It provides tools and functions for data
analysis, exploration and presentation tasks.

Installation and Execution

We can use the following line of script to install Matplotlib using pip −

pip install matplotlib

Most of the matplotlib utilities lies under the pyplot submodule. We can import pyplot
from Matplot using the following lines of script −

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

After installing Matplotlib, you can import it into your Python script as we did above.

Example

In the example below, we are plotting a straight line using Matplotlib −

Open Compiler

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

plt.plot([1,2,3],[1,2,3])
plt.show()

Seaborn
Seaborn is an open-source Python library built based on Matplotlib and integrates with
Pandas. It is used for making presentable and informative statistical graphics which
makes it ideal for business and marketing analysis. This library helps you learn and
explore about data.

Installation and Execution

We can use the following line of script to install Seaborn using pip −

pip install seaborn

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We can import Seaborn to our Python script using the following lines of script −

import seaborn as sns

After installing Seaborn, you can import it into your Python script as we did above.

OpenCV
Open Source Computer Vision Library, in short OpenCV is an python library for computer
vision and image processing tasks. This library is used to identify an image pattern and
various features from the data, and can also be integrated with NumPy to process the
openCV array structure.

NLTK
Natural Language ToolKit, in short NLTK is a python programming environment usually
used for developing natural language processing tasks. It comprises easy-to-use
interfaces like WordNet, test processing libraries for classification, tokenization, parsing
and semantic reasoning.

spaCy
spaCy is a free open source Python Library. It provides features for advanced tasks in
Natural Language Processing in fast and better manner. Word tokenization and POS
tagging are two tasks that the library performs effectively.

XGBoost, LightGBM, and Gensim are many other tools and frameworks in Python
used for Machine learning. Studying Python Libraries would help to understand the
ecosystem of machine learning, and helps to built, train and deploy models.

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