Assignment No.

1: Pavement Literature

TE-II Assignment 1 (CLO 01) (C-2) (Points 02)

Statement: Differentiate and discuss the following pavement engineering topics.

1. Flexible and rigid pavement load response wise (draw diagrams to differentiate)
2. Aggregate base course and Water Bound Macadam layers
3. Surface courses and surface treatments
4. Asphalt wearing course and Asphalt Base course
5. Improved sub grade and capping layer
6. Open graded (OGFC), dense graded (HMA) and gap graded mixes (SMA)
7. Construction of flexible and rigid pavement (machinery wise)
8. Tandem versus Pneumatic tire rollers
9. Prime Coat Versus Tack Coat
10. Asphalt Plant Versus Concrete Plant
11. Concrete Paver versus Asphalt Paver
12. Highway pavement versus airport pavement
13. Standard Proctor versus Modified Proctor
14. Highways and Motorways in Pakistan
15. Tire Pressure versus Contact Pressure
16. Mechanistic and empirical pavement designs
17. Different mode of Pavement Failures (distresses)
18. Pavement Design methods
19. Truck Fleet of Pakistan
20. AASHTO versus USCS Soil classification
21. Emulsifiers used in Tack coat
22. Tests recommended for aggregate base course.
23. Modulus of Resilient and CBR
24. Airports in Pakistan
25. Types of commercial aircrafts

Assignment No. 2: Numerical Problems

TE-II Assignment 2 (CLO 02) (C-3) (Points 05)

Statement: Apply your knowledge of pavement Design to Provide Solution for Given
Pavement Design Problems (Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic analysis, Fred L.
Mannering, Chapter 4, fifth edition)

Take Designed W18 = Calculated value+Reg. No.×1000

SO =
Flexible Pavement

4.1 Truck A has two single axles. One axle weighs 12,000 lb and the other weighs 23,000 lb. Truck B
has an 8000-lb single axle and a 43,000-lb tandem axle. On a flexible pavement with a 3-inch hot-mix
asphalt (HMA) wearing surface, a 6-inch soil-cement base, and an 8-inch crushed stone subbase,
which truck will cause more pavement damage? (Assume drainage coefficients are 1.0.)

4.2 A flexible pavement has a 4-inch hot-mix asphalt (HMA) wearing surface, a 7-inch dense-graded
crushed stone base, and a 10-inch crushed stone subbase. The pavement is on a soil with a resilient
modulus of 5000 lb/in2. The pavement was designed with 90% reliability, an overall standard
deviation of 0.4, and a ¨PSI of 2.0 (a TSI of 2.5). The drainage coefficients are 0.9 and 0.8 for the base
and subbase, respectively. How many 25-kip single-axle loads can be carried before the pavement
reaches its TSI (with given reliability)?

4.3 A highway has the following pavement design daily traffic: 300 single axles at 10,000 lb each,
120 single axles at 18,000 lb each, 100 single axles at 23,000 lb each, 100 tandem axles at 32,000 lb
each, 30 single axles at 32,000 lb each, and 100 triple axles at 40,000 lb each. A flexible pavement is
designed to have 4 inches of sand-mix asphalt wearing surface, 6 inches of soilcement base, and 7
inches of crushed stone subbase. The pavement has a 10-year design life, a reliability of 85%, an
overall standard deviation of 0.30, drainage coefficients of 1.0, an initial PSI of 4.7, and a TSI of 2.5.
What is the minimum acceptable soil resilient modulus?

4.4 Consider the conditions in Problem 4.3. Suppose the state has relaxed its truck weight limits and
the impact has been to reduce the number of 18,000-lb single-axle loads from 120 to 20 and increase
the number of 32,000-lb single-axle loads from 30 to 90 (all other traffic is unaffected). Under these
revised daily counts, what is the minimum acceptable soil resilient modulus?

4.5 A flexible pavement was designed for the following daily traffic with a 12-year design life: 1300
single axles at 8,000 lb each, 900 tandem axles at 15,000 lb each, 20 single axles at 40,000 lb each,
and 200 tandem axles at 40,000 lb each. The highway was designed with 4 inches of hot-mix asphalt
(HMA) wearing surface, 4 inches of hot-mix asphaltic base, and 8 inches of crushed stone subbase.
The reliability was 70%, overall standard deviation was 0.5, ¨PSI was 2.0 (with a TSI of 2.5), and all
drainage coefficients were 1.0. What was the soil resilient modulus of the subgrade used in design?

4.6 A flexible pavement has a structural number of 3.8 (all drainage coefficients are equal to 1.0). The
initial PSI is 4.7 and the terminal serviceability is 2.5. The soil has a CBR of 9. The overall standard
deviation is 0.40 and the reliability is 95%. The pavement is currently designed for 1800 equivalent
18-kip single-axle loads per day. If the number of 18-kip single-axle loads were to increase by 30%,
by how many years would the pavement’s design life be reduced?

4.7 An engineer plans to replace the rigid pavement in Example 4.3 with a flexible pavement. The
chosen design has 6 inches of sand-mix asphalt wearing surface, 9 inches of soil-cement base, and 10
inches of crushed stone subbase. All drainage coefficients are 1.0 and the soil resilient modulus is
5000 lb/in2. If the highway’s traffic is the same (same axle loadings per vehicle as in Example 4.3),
for how many years could you be 95% sure that this pavement will last? (Assume that any parameters
not given in this problem are the same as those given in Example 4.3.)

4.8 A flexible pavement is designed with 5 inches of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) wearing surface, 6
inches of hot-mix asphaltic base, and 10 inches of crushed stone subbase. All drainage coefficients are
1.0. Daily traffic is 200 passes of a 20-kip single axle, 200 passes of a 40- kip tandem axle, and 80
passes of a 22-kip single axle. If the initial minus the terminal PSI is 2.0 (the TSI is 2.5), the soil
resilient modulus is 3000 lb/in2, and the overall standard deviation is 0.6, what is the probability
(reliability) that this pavement will last 20 years before reaching its terminal serviceability?

4.9 A flexible pavement is designed with 4 inches of sand-mix asphalt wearing surface, 6 inches of
densegraded crushed stone base, and 8 inches of crushed stone subbase. All drainage coefficients are
1.0. The pavement is designed for 18-kip single-axle loads (1290 per day). The initial PSI is 4.5 and
the TSI is 2.5. The soil has a resilient modulus of 12,000 lb/in2. If the overall standard deviation is
0.40, what is the probability that this pavement will have a PSI greater than 2.5 after 20 years?

4.10 A flexible pavement has a 4-inch sand-mix asphalt wearing surface, 10-inch soil cement base,
and a 10- inch crushed stone subbase. It is designed to withstand 400 20-kip single-axle loads and 900
35-kip tandemaxle loads per day. The subgrade CBR is 8, the overall standard deviation is 0.45, the
initial PSI is 4.2, and the final PSI is 2.5. What is the probability that this pavement will have a PSI
above 2.5 after 25 years? (Drainage coefficients are 1.0.)

Rigid Pavement

4.11 Consider the two trucks in Problem 4.1. Which truck will cause more pavement damage on a
rigid pavement with a 10-inch slab?

4.12 You have been asked to design the pavement for an access highway to a major truck terminal.
The design daily truck traffic consists of the following: 80 single axles at 22,500 lb each, 570 tandem
axles at 25,000 lb each, 50 tandem axles at 39,000 lb each, and 80 triple axles at 48,000 lb each. The
highway is to be designed with rigid pavement having a modulus of rupture of 600 lb/in2 and a
modulus of elasticity of 5 million lb/in2 . The reliability is to be 95%, the overall standard deviation is
0.4, the drainage coefficient is 0.9, ¨PSI is 1.7 (with a TSI of 2.5), and the load transfer coefficient is
3.2. The modulus of subgrade reaction is 200 lb/in3 . If a 20-year design life is to be used, determine
the required slab thickness.

4.13 A rigid pavement is being designed with the same parameters as used in Problem 4.5. The
modulus of subgrade reaction is 300 lb/in3 and the slab thickness is determined to be 8.5 inches. The
load transfer coefficient is 3.0, the drainage coefficient is 1.0, and the modulus of elasticity is 4
million lb/in2 . What is the design modulus of rupture? (Assume that any parameters not given in this
problem are the same as those given in Problem 4.5.)

4.14 A rigid pavement is designed with a 10-inch slab, an Ec of 6 million lb/in2 , a concrete modulus
of rupture of 432 lb/in2 , a load transfer coefficient of 3.0, an initial PSI of 4.7, and a terminal
serviceability index of 2.5. The overall standard deviation is 0.35, the modulus of subgrade reaction is
190 lb/in3 , and a reliability of 90% is used along with a drainage coefficient of 0.8. The pavement is
designed assuming traffic is composed entirely of trucks (100 per day). Each truck has one 20- kip
single axle and one 42-kip tandem axle (the effect of all other vehicles is ignored). A section of this
road is to be replaced (due to different subgrade characteristics) with a flexible pavement having a
structural number of 4 and is expected to last the same number of years as the rigid pavement. What is
the assumed soil resilient modulus? (Assume all other factors are the same as for the rigid pavement.)

4.15 Consider the loading conditions in Problem 4.3. A rigid pavement is used with a modulus of
subgrade reaction of 200 lb/in3 , a slab thickness of 8 inches, a load transfer coefficient of 3.2, a
modulus of elasticity of 5 million lb/in2 , a modulus of rupture of 600 lb/in2 , and a drainage
coefficient of 1.0. How many years is the pavement expected to last using the same reliability as in
Problem 4.3? (Assume all other factors are as in Problem 4.3.)

4.16 Consider Problem 4.15. How long would the rigid pavement be expected to last if you wanted to
be 95% sure that the pavement would stay above the 2.5 TSI?

4.17 Consider the traffic conditions in Example 4.3. Suppose a 10-inch slab was used and all other
parameters are as described in Example 4.3. What would the design life be if the drainage coefficient
was 0.8, and what would it be if it was 0.6?

4.18 Consider the conditions in Example 4.4. Suppose all of the parameters are the same, but further
soil tests found that the modulus of subgrade reaction was only 150 lb/in3 . In light of this new soil
finding, how would the design life of the pavement change?

4.19 Consider the conditions in Example 4.4. Suppose all of the parameters are the same, but a quality
control problem resulted in a modulus of rupture of 600 lb/in2 instead of 800 lb/in2 . How would the
design life of the pavement change?

4.20 You have been asked to design a flexible pavement, and the following daily traffic is expected
for design: 5000 single axles at 10,000 lb each, 400 single axles at 24,000 lb each, 1000 tandem axles
at 30,000 lb each, and 100 tandem axles at 50,000 lb each. There are three lanes in the design
direction (conservative design is to be used). Reliability is 90%, overall standard deviation is 0.40,
¨PSI is 1.8, and the design life is 15 years. The soil has a resilient modulus of 13,750 lb/in2 . If the
TSI is 2.5, what is the required structural number?