IOT & WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 21EC741

IOT & WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

(21EC741)
AS PER 2021 SCHEME
VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, BELAGAVI
NEP, Outcome Based Education (OBE) and Choice Based Credit System (CBCS)

ud
Module-1
Internet of Things: Introduction
Physical design
Logical design
Enabling technologies
lo
Levels & deployment templates.
C
tu
V

Divya T M, Assistant Professor, Dept.of ECE

 IOT & WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 21EC741

Introduction to Internet of Things

Internet of things comprises of the devices or things that have unique
identities which are connected to the internet. The existing devices like
networked computers or 4G enabled smart phones have some unique
identities connected to the internet while there are some devices like
Thermostats, utility meters, a Bluetooth connected headset, irrigation
pumps, sensors, control circuit of an electric car engine can also be
controlled and networked using internet.
Internet of Things is a new revolution in the capability of the endpoints

ud
that are connected to the internet and is driven by the advancement in
Sensor Networks, Mobile Devices, Wireless communication, Networking
& Cloud Technologies. There are over 50 billion devices connected to the
internet.
SCOPE OF IoT lo
IoT connects things/devices, appliances, machines to the internet. The
scope is not just limited to connect these, IoT allows these things to
communicate, control and exchange data associated with the users. The
data from the devices is raw. Data has to processed into the useful
information for a specific application. The data has to be extracted from
C
lower level by filtering. The data has to be processed, categorized,
condensed and contextualized to get the useful information.

Information
tu

Data Knowledge
Raw and Information is Knowledge is
unprocessed inferred from inferred from
data obtained data by filtering, information by
from IOT processing, organizing and
devices/systems categorizing, structuring
V

Condensing and information to

contextualizing achieve
objectives
Figure 1.1: Inferring Information & Knowledge from Data
The information obtained need to be organized and structured to infer
the knowledge about the system and its users, its environment, its
operations and progress.
For example : An alert should be raised if the average temperature in last
five minutes exceeds 120F.

Divya T M, Assistant Professor, Dept.of ECE

 IOT & WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 21EC741

Consider a series of raw sensor measurements generated by a weather

monitoring station ((72,45) ;(84,56)). Each tuple in this data represents
the temperature and humidity measured every minute. This data can be
averaged by taking last five data tuples. This information can be used to
infer the knowledge. Later on an alert can be raised if the average
temperature exceeds 120F. the alert can be conditioned on the user’s
geographical position.

Definition of IOT

ud
A dynamic global network infrastructure with self-configuring
capabilities based on standard and interoperable communication
protocols where physical and virtual things have identities, physical
attributes and virtual personalities and use intelligent interface and are
seamlessly integrated into the information network, often communication
data associated wit users and their environment.
Characteristics of IOT :
lo
1. Dynamic and self-adapting : IOT devices have the capability of adapting
dynamically with the changing contexts and taken necessary actions
based on the sensed environment.
C
For example : the survelliance cameras can adapt their modes based on
whether its day or night.cameras will switch from lower resolution to high
resolution.
tu

2. Self-configuring : IOT devices have self-configuring capability. They allow

large number of devices to work together. Example weather monitoring
system have the capability setup networking and fetch latest software
upgrades with minimal or no human intervention.
3. Interoperable communication protocols: IOT supports many
communication protocols.
V

4. Unique identity : Each IOT device has a unique identity and a unique
identifier (like IP addr or a URI) IOT devices interfaces allow users to query
the devices, monitor their status and control them remotely.
5. Integrated into Information network: IOT devices are usually integrated
into the information network that allows them to exchange data with
other devices and systems. Integration will make IOT systems smarter.
Example weather monitoring node can describe its monitoring
capabilities to another connected node so that they can exchange data
and communicate.

Divya T M, Assistant Professor, Dept.of ECE

 IOT & WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 21EC741

Physical Design of IOT

The things in IOT refers to IOT devices which have unique identities and
can perform opoerations like sensing, actuating an monitoring
capabilities.
IOT devices can exchange data with other connected devices and
applications and collect data from other devices and process the data and
perform tasks locally and other tasks within the IOT infrastructure.
Block diagram of a Typical IOT Device :

ud
lo
C
Fig: Generic Block diagram of an IOT device
An IOT device may consist of several interfaces for connecting with other
tu

devices both wired and wireless.

The interfaces include
i. I/O interfaces for sensors
ii. Interfaces for internet connectivity
V

iii. Memory & storage interfaces

iv. Audio/video interfaces.

 An IOT device can collect data from various types of data from on board
or attached sensors such as temperature, humidity, light intensity.
 The sensed data can be communicated either to other devices or cloud
based servers/storage.
 IOT devices can be connected to actuators that allow them to interact
with other physical entities.

Divya T M, Assistant Professor, Dept.of ECE

 IOT & WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 21EC741

 Example : A relay switch connected to an IOT device can turn an

appliance on/off based on the commands sent to the device over the
internet.
IOT Devices

IOT devices can be found in many applications. Some of the assosciated

IOT devices are listed here.
 Home applicances
 Smart phones and computers
 Wearable electronics

ud
 Automobiles
 Energy systems
 Retail payment status
 Printers
 Industrial machines
 Health care systems
 Surveillance systems
IOT Protocols
lo
IoT protocol stack has 4 layers.namely,
C
1. Link layer
2. Network/internet layer
3. Transport layer
4. Application layer
tu

1. Link layer:
This layer determines how the data is physically sent over the physical
layer or medium. In the physical layer, it may comprise of copper wire,
coaxial cable or a radio wave. The scope of this layer is to connect the
V

local network to which host is attached. The link layer determines how
the data is coded and signaled over the medium within the local network
where the host is attached.
Some of the link layer protocols are tabulated here :

protocol standard description

802.3 – wired Ethernet
802.3- coaxial cable Data Rate :
Ethernet standard 802.3i – copper twisted pair
10 Mbps to 40 Gbps
connections.

Divya T M, Assistant Professor, Dept.of ECE

 IOT & WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 21EC741

802.3j –fiber optic

connections.
802.11- WLAN-Wireless 802.11a(operating 1 Mbps to 6.75 Gbps
WiFi Local Area Network
frequency -5 GHz band)
802.11b(2.4 GHz)
802.11n(2.4/5 GHz)
802.11ac(5GHz)
802.16- wireless Broadband
802.16m 1.5 Mbps to 1 Gbps
WiMax standard
802.15.4- Low-rate Wireless
standards for high level
40 Kbps to 250 Kbps

ud
LR-WPAN Personal Arear
communication protocols
Networks such as Zigbee, LR-WPAN.
low cost and low speed
communication over power
constrained devices.
2G/3G/4G- Mobile 2G (GSM & CDMA) 9.6 kps(2G)
communication 3G(UMTS & CDMA2000)to
lo
4G(LTE) 100 Mbps(4G)

2. Network layer :
This layer is responsible for sending IP datagrams from the source
network to the destination network. This layer does host addressing anf
C
packet routing.
The datagram contains the source and destination addr which are used
to route them across multiple networks.
The protocols in this layer are tabulated below:
tu

Protocol Description
IPv4 – the most deployed internet protocol.
Internet Protocol version 4 IPv4 uses 32 bit addressing scheme.
this does not guarantee delivery of packets.
V

IPv6 – this uses 128 bit addressing scheme.

Internet Protocol version 6
6LoWPAN- 1.IP protocol to low power devices.
IPv6 over Low Power Wireless 2.limited processing capability
Personal Area Network 3.operating freq is 2.4GHz range.
4.data rate of 250 kbps

3. Transport Layer:
This layer provides functions like Error Control, Segmentation, Flow
control and congestion control.

Divya T M, Assistant Professor, Dept.of ECE

 IOT & WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 21EC741

The protocols of this layer are tabulated below:

Protocol Description
TCP 1. This
– is used by applications of HTTP, web browsers,
Transmission SMTP, FTP.
control protocol
2. connection oriented and stateful protocol.
3. Reliable transmission.
4. ordered delivery of packets.
5. error detection
6. discrads duplicate packets.

ud
7. lost packets are retransmitted.
8. flow control
9. congestion control- avoids network congestion
UDP – 1. Connectionless protocol.
User Datagram
2. Doesnot guarantee delivery of packets.
Protocol 3. No ordered delivery
4. No duplicate elimination.
lo
C
tu
V

Fig : IOT protocol Stack

Divya T M, Assistant Professor, Dept.of ECE

 IOT & WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 21EC741

4. Application layer:
This layer defines how the applications interfaces with the lower layer
protocols to send the data over the network.
The few application layer protocols are listed below:
Protocol Description
HTTP This
– is the foundation of the WWW. HTTP includes
Hypertext commands like GET, PUT,POST,DELETE,HEAD,TRACE.
Transfer This follows request-response model, where a client sends
Protocol requests to a server using commands.
http protocol uses URI to identify HTTP Resources.

ud
COAP- this is for Machine to Machine(M2M) applications.
Constrained this is a web transfer protocol which uses request response
Application mode.
protocol this runs on UDP.
this includes commands like GET, PUT,POST,DELETE,
WebSocket This allows full duplex communication over a single socket.
this is used to sending messages between client and server.
lo
this is based on TCP. This is used when stream of messages
to be sent back and forth between the client and server.
MQTT-Message A light weight messaging protocol based on publish subscribe
Queue model.
Telemetry the client connects to the server and publishes messages to
C
Transport topics on the server. The broker forwards the messages to the
clients subscribed to topics.
suited for constrained envt.
limited processing and memory resources.
tu

XMPP- this is used for real time communication and streaming XML
Extensible data between network entities.
Messaging The
& applications involve messaging, presence, data
Presence syndication, gaming, multiparty chat and voice/video calls.
Protocol this uses client server model and also server to server
communication paths.
V

DDS- data centric middleware standard for device t device and M2M
Data communications.
Distribution uses publish-subscribe model.
Service ensures quality of service.
AMQP- application layer protocol for business messaging.
Advanced supports both point to point and publisher/subscriber
Message models, routing, queueing.
Queueing
protocol

Divya T M, Assistant Professor, Dept.of ECE

 IOT & WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 21EC741

Logical Design of IOT:

Logical design of an IOT refers to the abstract representation of the
entities and the processes.

The logical Design comprises of the function blocks of IOT.

IOT Functional Blocks:
An IOT system comprises of a number of functional blocks that provide
capabilities for Identification, Sensing, Actuation, Communication and
management a shown below :

ud
i. Devices : An IOT system comprises of devices that can sensing, Actuation
, Monitoring and control functions.
ii. Communication: This block handles the communication for the IOT
system.
iii. Services : An IOT system includes services such as Device monitoring,
lo
device control services, data publishing services and data discovery
services.
iv. Management : This block includes various functions to govern the IOT
system.
v. Security : security involves Authentication, Authorization, message and
C
content integrity and data security.
vi. Application : this provides an interface that the users can use to control
and monitor various aspects of the system.
tu
V

Fig : Functional Block of IOT

Divya T M, Assistant Professor, Dept.of ECE

 IOT & WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 21EC741

IOT Communication Models

The different communication models involves:
1. Request-Response Model
2. Publish – Subscribe Model
3. Push pull Model
4. Exclusive Pair Model

1. Request-Response Model
i. Request Response Model is a communication model.

ud
ii. Client sends requests to the server and the server responds to the
requests.
iii. When the server receives a request, it decides how to respond, fetches the
data, retrieves resource representation, prepares the response and then
sends the response to the client.
iv. It is a stateless communication model
lo
C
tu

Fig : Request - Response Communication Model

2. Publish – Subscribe Model :
V

i. This is a communication model that involves publishers, brokers and

consumers.
ii. Publishers are the source of data.
iii. Publishers send the data to the topics which are managed by the broker.
iv. Consumers will subscribe to the topics which are managed by the broker.
v. When the broker receives data for a topic from the publisher, it sends the
data to all the subscribed consumers.

Divya T M, Assistant Professor, Dept.of ECE

 IOT & WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 21EC741

ud
Fig : publish- service communication Model
3, Push-Pull Communication Model :
Push pull is a communication model in which the data producers push
the data to queue.
lo
The consumers pull the data from the queues.
Queues help in decoupling the messaging between the producers and
consumers.
C
Queue also act as a buffer which helps when there is a mismatch
between the rate at which the producers push data and the rate at
which the consumers pull data.
tu
V

Fig : Push Pull Communication Model

Divya T M, Assistant Professor, Dept.of ECE

 IOT & WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 21EC741

4.Exclusive Pair Model:

i. This is a bi-directional fully duplex communication model.
ii. This uses persistent connection between the client and server.
iii. The connection remains open when the connection is setup.
iv.The client and server can send messages to each other after connection
setup.
v.Exclusive pair is a stateful communication model.

ud
lo
C
Fig : Exclusive Pair communication Model
tu

IOT Communication APIs:

There are two specific API s.
V

1. Rest-based communication APIs

2. Web socket based communication APIs
1. Rest-based communication APIs
Rest is a Representational State Transfer, is a set of architectural
principles by which web services and web API s are designed. These API
s focus on how resource states are addressed and transferred. There are
constraints applied to the components, connectors and data elements.
The REST architectural constraints are as follows:

Divya T M, Assistant Professor, Dept.of ECE

 IOT & WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 21EC741

Client-server: this ensures the separation of concerns. For example:

clients should not be concerned with the storage of data because it’s a
concern of server.
Stateless: Each request from client to server must contain all the
information to understand the request and cannot take advantage of
any stored context on the server.
Cache-able: This constraint requires that the data within a response to
a request be labeled as cache-able or non-cache-able. If a response is
cache-able, then a client cache is given the right to reuse that response
data for later. Caching can partially or completely eliminate some

ud
interactions and improve efficiency and stability.
Layered System: layered system constrains the behavior of components
such that each component cannot see the components other than the
immediate layer (with which it is interacting)
Uniform Interface: This constraint ensures the communication between
a client and a server must be uniform. Resources are identified based
lo
on the requests requested by the client. When a client holds a resource,
A client has all the information required to update or delete the
resource.
Code on demand: servers can provide executable code or scripts for
clients to execute.
C
A RESTful web service is a web API implemented using HTTP and REST
principles. The below figure shows the communication between client
and server using REST APIs.
tu
V

Divya T M, Assistant Professor, Dept.of ECE

 IOT & WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 21EC741

Fig : Request-response model used by REST

RESTful web service is a collection of resources which are represented
by URIs (Universal Resource Identifiers). RESTful web API has a base
URI.
The clients send requests to these URIs using methods defined by the
HTTP protocol (ex. GET,PUT,POST,DELETE).
This web service will also support various internet media types like
JSON. IP for smart objects Alliance has published an Application
framework that defines a RESTful design for use in IP smart object
systems.

ud
HTTP Resource Actions Examples
Method Type
GET collection URIlists all the http://example.com/api/tasks
resources in a (list all tasks)
collection
GET Element URI Get information
lo
about a
resource
http://example.com/api/tasks/1
get the information about task-1

POST collection URIcreate a new http://example.com/api/tasks

resource (create a new task from data
provided in the request )
C
PUT collection URIreplace the http://example.com/api/tasks/
entire (replace entire collection with data
collection provided in the request)
with another
tu

collection
PUT Element URI Update a http://example.com/api/tasks/1
resource (update task-1 with data provided in
the request)
DELETE collection URIdelete the entire
http://example.com/api/tasks/
V

collection (delete all tasks)

DELETE Element URI delete resourcehttp://example.com/api/tasks/1
(delete task-1)

Fig: HTTP Request methods and actions

GET Method:
The GET method is used to request data from a specified resource. It
appends the query string to the URL, making it visible in the browser's
address bar.

Divya T M, Assistant Professor, Dept.of ECE

 IOT & WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 21EC741

This method is suitable for retrieving information without causing any

side effects on the server's data.
GET requests are only used to request data (not modify).

POST Method:
POST is used to send data to a server to create/update a resource.
POST requests do not remain in the browser history.
POST request repeatedly have side effects of creating the same resource

ud
multiple times.

PUT Method:
PUT is used to send data to a server to create/update a resource.
PUT requests are idempotent. That is, calling the same PUT request
multiple times will always produce the same result.

HEAD Method:
lo
HEAD is almost identical to GET, but without the response body.

DELETE Method:
The DELETE method deletes the specified resource.
C
2. Websocket-based communication APIs
Websocket API s allow bi-directional, full duplex communication
between clients and servers.
tu

Websocket APIs follow exclusive pair communication model.

Websocket do not require a new connection to be setup for each
message to be sent.
Websocket communication begins with a connection setup request sent
V

by the client to the server.

If the server supports websocket protocol, the server responds to the
websocket handshake response. After the connection is setup, the client
and server can send data/messages to each other in full-duplex mode.
This APIs reduce the network traffic and latency as there isno overhead
for connection setup and termination requests for each message.
Websocket is suitable for IOT applications that have low latency or high
throughput requirements.

Divya T M, Assistant Professor, Dept.of ECE

 IOT & WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 21EC741

ud
lo
C
tu

Fig : Exclusive pair Model used by Websocket APIs

V

IOT Enabling Technologies:

IoT is enabled by several technologies including wireless sensor networks,
cloud computing, big data analytics, embedded systems, security
protocols and architectures, communication protocols, web services,
mobile internet and semantic search engines.
The following technologies which play a key-role in IOT

Divya T M, Assistant Professor, Dept.of ECE

 IOT & WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 21EC741

i. Wireless sensor networksA WSN comprises of distributed devices with

sensors which are used to monitor the environmental and physical
conditions.
WSN consists of a number of end nodes and routers and a coordinator.
End nodes have several sensors attached to them.
End nodes can also act as routers, Routers are responsible for routing
the data packets from end nodes to the coordinator. The coordinator
collects the data from all the nodes. Coordinator acts as a gateway that
connects the WSN to the Internet.

ud
 Weather monitoring systems use WSNs in which the nodes collect
temperature, humidity and other data, which is aggregated and analyzed.
 Indoor air quality monitoring systems use WSNs to collect data on the
indoor air quality and concentration of various gases.
 Soil moisture monitoring systems use WSN to monitor soil moisture at
lo
various locations.
 Smart grids use WSNs for monitoring the grid at various points.
 Structural health monitoring systems use WSNs to monitor the health of
structures(building,bridges) by collecting vibration data from sensor
nodes deployed at various points in the structure.
C
WSNs are enabled by communication protocols such as IEEE 802.15.4,
Zigbee. This operates at 2.4 GHz and offers 250 kbps and range from 10
to 100 mts.
tu

WSN are self-organizing networks, large number of nodes, reconfiguring

and robust.
ii. Cloud computing:
Cloud computing involves provisioning of computing, networking and
storage resources on demand and provides resources as metered services
V

to the users. This is pay per model. Cloud computing resources are
provisioned on-demand by the users. The cloud service providers serve
multiple users using multi-tenancy.
Multi-tenant allows multiple users to be served by the same physical
hardware (virtualization).
There are different cloud models
 Infrastructure as a service (Iaas) – Iaas provides computing and storage
resources to the users. The resources are provided with virtual machine

Divya T M, Assistant Professor, Dept.of ECE

 IOT & WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 21EC741

instances and virtual storage. Users can start, stop, configure and
manage these.
 Platform as a service (Paas) – Paas provides the users the ability to
develop and deploy application in the cloud using the development tools,
APIs, software libraries and services provided by the cloud service
providers(CSP). The CSP manages the infrastructure like servers,
network, operating systems and storage. The users are responsible for
developing, deploying, configuring and managing applications.
 Software as a service (SaaS) – SaaS provides the users a complete
software application or the user interface to the application. Applications

ud
are provided to the user through a thin client interface (ex. browser).saas
application are platform independent and can be accessed from various
client devices such as workstations, laptop, tablets and smart phones,
running different operating systems.

iii. Big Data Analytics:

lo
Big data is defined as collections of data sets whose volume, velocity or
variety is very large that it is difficult to store, manage, process and
analyze the data using traditional databases and data processing tools.

The characteristics of big data include:

C
1. Volume: this refers to massive scale data that is difficult to store, manage
and process using traditional databases. The volumes of data generated
by modern IT, Industrial and healthcare systems is growing exponentially
and there is a need to extract valuable insights from the data to improve
tu

business processes, efficiency and service to consumers.

2. Velocity: velocity is another important characteristic of data data. Velocity
refers to how fast the data is generated and how frequently the data
varies. Modern IT, Industrial and other systems are generating data at
increasingly higher speeds.
V

3. Variety: Variety refers to different forms of the data. Big data can be
structured or unstructured data including text data, image, audio, video
and sensor data.
iv. Communication protocols:
Communication protocols are the backbone of IoT systems and enable
network connectivity and coupling to applications. These allow devices to
exchange data over the network. These protocols define the data
exchange formats, data encoding, addressing schemes for devices and

Divya T M, Assistant Professor, Dept.of ECE

 IOT & WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 21EC741

routing of packets from source to destination. Some additional functions

include sequence control, flow control and retransmission of lost packets.
v. Embedded systems:
An Embedded system is a computer system that has computer
hardware and software embedded to perform specific tasks. Embedded
systems are designed to perform a specific set of tasks. The components
of an embedded system include microcontroller, memory
(RAM,ROM,Cache), networking units (Ethernet, WiFI adapters),
Input/output units (display, keyboard etc)

ud
IoT Levels & deployment Templates
An IoT system comprises of the following components:
1. Device: An IOT device allows identification ,remote sensing,actuating and
remote monitoring capabilities.
2. Resources: these are software components on the IoT device for
accessing, processing and storing sensor information, controlling
lo
actuators connected to the device and enables network access for the
device.
3. Controller service: this is a native source that runs on the device and
interacts with the web services. This sends data from the device to the
web service and receives commands from the application for controlling
C
the device.
4. Database: Database can be either local or in the cloud and stores the
data generated by the iot device.
tu

5. Web service: These serve as the link between the IOT device, application,
database and analysis component. Web service can be implemented
using HTTP & REST principles or websocket protocol.
6. Analysis component: this component is responsible for analyzing the IOT
data and generate results in a form which are easy to understand.
Analysis can be done on local storage or cloud. The results can be stored
V

either locally or cloud database.

7. Application: IoT application provide an interface to use, control and
monitor IoT system. Users can also view the status of the system and the
processed data.

Differences between REST & Websocket

Sl REST Websocket
No

Divya T M, Assistant Professor, Dept.of ECE

 IOT & WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 21EC741

1 The services are stateless. The services are stateful. The server
Each request contains all maintains the state and is aware of all
the information needed to the open connection.
process. Requests are
independent to one another
2 The services operate over HTTp.websocket services are bi-directional.
requests are unidirectional. The client and server both can send
request is always sent by messages.
a client and the server responds
to the requests.
3 REST services follow a request-websocket services follow a full duplex

ud
response communication model communication.
4 Each HTTP request involves single TCP connection.
involves setting up a new TCP
connection.
5 Each request carries websocket does not involve overhead
HTTP headers, the header
lo of headers. Web socket is suitable for
overhead is more hence it is not
real time applications.
suitable for real time
applications.
6 scalability is easy. scalability is cumbersome.
C
IOT Level-1
i. An Level-1 IoT system has a single node/device which performs
sensing, actuation, stores data, performs analysis and hosts the
application.
tu

ii. This is suitable for modeling low cost and low complexity systems.
iii. The data involved is not big.
iv. The analysis requirements are not computationally intensive.
For example : IoT system for home automation
The system consists of single node that allows controlling the lights and
V

appliances in a home remotely. These are interfaced with electronic

relay switches. The status is maintained in the local database. The
REST services are deployed for retrieving and updating the status. The
application has a user interface for controlling the lights or appliances.
The device is connected to internet, the app can be accessed remotely.

Divya T M, Assistant Professor, Dept.of ECE

 IOT & WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 21EC741

ud
IOT Level-2
lo
 A level-2 IoT system has a single node which performs sensing
and/or actuation and local analysis.
 Data is big and stored in the cloud.
C
 Applications are also cloud based.
 The primary analysis requirement is not computationally intensive
and can be done locally.
 For Example : Smart Irrigation system – A single node monitors
tu

the soil moisture level and controls the irrigation system. The soil
moisture data is collected from the sensor. The controller service
monitors continuously. The irrigation system will be turned on if
the moisture level drops below the threshold. The actuators like
solenoid valves are used to control the irrigation system.
V

 A cloud based REST web service is used for storing and retrieving
moisture data.
 A cloud based application is used for visualizing the moisture
levels over a period of time which helps in making decisions and
schedules of irrigation system.

Divya T M, Assistant Professor, Dept.of ECE

 IOT & WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 21EC741

ud
IOT Level-3
lo
 This system has a single node that performs sensing and /or
actuation.
 Data and application are cloud based.
C
 Data involved is big.
 The analysis requirement are computationally intensive.
tu
V

Divya T M, Assistant Professor, Dept.of ECE

 IOT & WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 21EC741

ud
For example :
lo
IOT system for tracking package. The system consists of a single node
for a package which monitors the vibration levels for a package being
shipped. The device uses accelerometer and gyroscope sensors for
C
monitoring vibration levels. The controller service sends the sensor data
to the cloud in real time using websocket service. The analysis
components in the cloud can trigger alerts if the vibration levels become
greater than a threshold.
tu

IOT Level-4
 This level IoT System has multiple nodes.
 Data and application are cloud based.
 This has cloud based observer nodes, which can subscribe to and
receive information collected in the cloud from IoT devices.
V

 Observer nodes will process information.

 The data involved is big.
 The analysis requirements are computationally intensive.

Divya T M, Assistant Professor, Dept.of ECE

 IOT & WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 21EC741

ud
lo
 Example : IoT system for Noise Monitoring
The IoT system has multiple nodes placed in different locations for
monitoring noise levels in an area. The sound sensors are
employed. Each node has its own controller service which sends
C
data to the cloud. The data and analysis are done in the cloud
database. A cloud based app is used for visualizing the aggregated
data.
tu

IOT Level-5
 This IoT level has multiple nodes and one coordinator node.
 The end nodes perform sensing and/or actuation.
 Coordinator node collects data from the end nodes and sends to
the cloud.
 Data storage and application is cloud based.
V

 Data involves is big.

 The analysis requirement are computationally intensive.

Divya T M, Assistant Professor, Dept.of ECE

 IOT & WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 21EC741

ud
lo
For Example: IoT system for forest fire detection.
The system consists of multiple nodes placed in different locations. the
nodes are equipped with sensors that can monitor temperature,
humidity and carbon dioxide levels in a forest. The coordinator node
C
collects the data from the end nodes and acts as a gateway that
provides internet connectivity. The data and application are cloud
based.
IOT Level-6
tu

 This system has multiple independent end nodes which performs

sensing and/or actuation and send data to the cloud.
 Data and application are cloud based.
 The centralized controller sends control commands, updates the
status of all the end nodes.
V

Divya T M, Assistant Professor, Dept.of ECE

 IOT & WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 21EC741

ud
lo
For example: IoT system for weather monitoring.
This system consists of multiple node sensors placed in different
locations for monitoring temperature , humidity and pressure in an
area. The end nodes send the data to the cloud in real time using a
C
websocket service. A cloud based app is used for visualizing the data.

********
tu
V

Divya T M, Assistant Professor, Dept.of ECE