11 - What are strings?

In python, anything that you enclose between single or double quotation marks is considered a string. A
string is essentially a sequence or array of textual data. Strings are used when working with Unicode
characters.

Example
name = "Harry"

print("Hello, " + name)

Output
Hello, Harry

NOTE: IT DOES NOT MATTER WHETHER YOU ENCLOSE YOUR STRINGS IN SINGLE OR DOUBLE QUOTES, THE OUTPUT REMAINS
THE SAME.

Sometimes, the user might need to put quotation marks in between the strings. Example, consider the
sentence: He said, “I want to eat an apple”.

How will you print this statement in python?: He said, "I want to eat an apple". We will definitely use single
quotes for our convenience

print('He said, "I want to eat an apple".')

Multiline Strings
If our string has multiple lines, we can create them like this:

a = """Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,

consectetur adipiscing elit,

sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt

ut labore et dolore magna aliqua."""

print(a)

Accessing Characters of a String

In Python, string is like an array of characters. We can access parts of string by using its index which starts
from 0.
Square brackets can be used to access elements of the string.

print(name[0])
print(name[1])

Looping through the string

We can loop through strings using a for loop like this:

for character in name:

print(character)

Above code prints all the characters in the string name one by one!

Example :
name = "Harry"
friend = "Rohan"
anotherFriend = 'Lovish'
apple = '''He said,
Hi Harry
hey I am good
"I want to eat an apple'''

print("Hello, " + name)

# print(apple)
print(name[0])
print(name[1])
print(name[2])
print(name[3])
print(name[4])
# print(name[5]) # Throws an error
print("Lets use a for loop\n")
for character in apple:
print(character)
12 - String Slicing & Operations on String
Length of a String
We can find the length of a string using len() function.

Example:
fruit = "Mango"

len1 = len(fruit)

print("Mango is a", len1, "letter word.")

Output:
Mango is a 5 letter word.

String as an array
A string is essentially a sequence of characters also called an array. Thus we can access the
elements of this array.

Example:
pie = "ApplePie"

print(pie[:5])

print(pie[6]) #returns character at specified index

Output:
Apple

NOTE: THIS METHOD OF SPECIFYING THE START AND END INDEX TO

SPECIFY A PART OF A STRING IS CALLED SLICING.
Slicing Example:
pie = "ApplePie"

print(pie[:5]) #Slicing from Start

print(pie[5:]) #Slicing till End

print(pie[2:6]) #Slicing in between

print(pie[-8:]) #Slicing using negative index

Output:
Apple

Pie

pleP

ApplePie

Loop through a String:

Strings are arrays and arrays are iterable. Thus we can loop through strings.

Example:
alphabets = "ABCDE"

for i in alphabets:

print(i)

Output:
A

D
13 - String methods
Python provides a set of built-in methods that we can use to alter and modify
the strings.

upper() :
The upper() method converts a string to upper case.

Example:
str1 = "AbcDEfghIJ"

print(str1.upper())

Output:
ABCDEFGHIJ

lower()
The lower() method converts a string to lower case.

Example:
str1 = "AbcDEfghIJ"

print(str1.lower())

Output:
abcdefghij

strip() :
The strip() method removes any white spaces before and after the string.

Example:
str2 = " Silver Spoon "

print(str2.strip)

Output:
Silver Spoon

rstrip() :
the rstrip() removes any trailing characters. Example:

str3 = "Hello !!!"

print(str3.rstrip("!"))

Output:
Hello

replace() :
The replace() method replaces all occurences of a string with another string.
Example:

str2 = "Silver Spoon"

print(str2.replace("Sp", "M"))

Output:
Silver Moon

split() :
The split() method splits the given string at the specified instance and returns
the separated strings as list items.

Example:
str2 = "Silver Spoon"

print(str2.split(" ")) #Splits the string at the whitespace "

".

Output:
['Silver', 'Spoon']

There are various other string methods that we can use to

modify our strings.

capitalize() :
The capitalize() method turns only the first character of the string to
uppercase and the rest other characters of the string are turned to lowercase.
The string has no effect if the first character is already uppercase.

Example:
str1 = "hello"

capStr1 = str1.capitalize()

print(capStr1)

str2 = "hello WorlD"

capStr2 = str2.capitalize()

print(capStr2)

Output:
Hello

Hello world

center() :
The center() method aligns the string to the center as per the parameters
given by the user.

Example:
str1 = "Welcome to the Console!!!"

print(str1.center(50))

Output:
Welcome to the Console!!!

We can also provide padding character. It will fill the rest of the fill
characters provided by the user.

Example:
str1 = "Welcome to the Console!!!"

print(str1.center(50, "."))

Output:
............Welcome to the Console!!!.............

count() :
The count() method returns the number of times the given value has occurred
within the given string.

Example:
str2 = "Abracadabra"

countStr = str2.count("a")

print(countStr)

Output:
4

endswith() :
The endswith() method checks if the string ends with a given value. If yes then
return True, else return False.

Example :
str1 = "Welcome to the Console !!!"

print(str1.endswith("!!!"))

Output:
True

We can even also check for a value in-between the string by providing start
and end index positions.

Example:
str1 = "Welcome to the Console !!!"

print(str1.endswith("to", 4, 10))

Output:
True

find() :
The find() method searches for the first occurrence of the given value and
returns the index where it is present. If given value is absent from the string
then return -1.

Example:
str1 = "He's name is Dan. He is an honest man."
print(str1.find("is"))

Output:
10

As we can see, this method is somewhat similar to the index() method. The
major difference being that index() raises an exception if value is absent
whereas find() does not.

Example:
str1 = "He's name is Dan. He is an honest man."

print(str1.find("Daniel"))

Output:
-1

index() :
The index() method searches for the first occurrence of the given value and
returns the index where it is present. If given value is absent from the string
then raise an exception.

Example:
str1 = "He's name is Dan. Dan is an honest man."

print(str1.index("Dan"))

Output:
13

As we can see, this method is somewhat similar to the find() method. The
major difference being that index() raises an exception if value is absent
whereas find() does not.
Example:
str1 = "He's name is Dan. Dan is an honest man."

print(str1.index("Daniel"))

Output:
ValueError: substring not found

isalnum() :
The isalnum() method returns True only if the entire string only consists of A-
Z, a-z, 0-9. If any other characters or punctuations are present, then it returns
False.

Example 1:
str1 = "WelcomeToTheConsole"

print(str1.isalnum())

Output:

True

isalpha() :
The isalnum() method returns True only if the entire string only consists of A-
Z, a-z. If any other characters or punctuations or numbers(0-9) are present,
then it returns False.

Example :
str1 = "Welcome"

print(str1.isalpha())

Output:
True

islower() :
The islower() method returns True if all the characters in the string are lower
case, else it returns False.

Example:
str1 = "hello world"

print(str1.islower())

Output:
True

isprintable() :
The isprintable() method returns True if all the values within the given string
are printable, if not, then return False.

Example :
str1 = "We wish you a Merry Christmas"

print(str1.isprintable())

Output:
True

isspace() :
The isspace() method returns True only and only if the string contains white
spaces, else returns False.

Example:
str1 = " " #using Spacebar

print(str1.isspace())

str2 = " " #using Tab

print(str2.isspace())

Output:
True

True

istitle() :
The istitile() returns True only if the first letter of each word of the string is
capitalized, else it returns False.

Example:
str1 = "World Health Organization"

print(str1.istitle())

Output:
True

Example:
str2 = "To kill a Mocking bird"

print(str2.istitle())

Output:
False

isupper() :
The isupper() method returns True if all the characters in the string are upper
case, else it returns False.

Example :
str1 = "WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION"

print(str1.isupper())

Output:
True

startswith() :
The endswith() method checks if the string starts with a given value. If yes
then return True, else return False.

Example :
str1 = "Python is a Interpreted Language"

print(str1.startswith("Python"))

Output:
True

swapcase() :
The swapcase() method changes the character casing of the string. Upper case
are converted to lower case and lower case to upper case.

Example:
str1 = "Python is a Interpreted Language"

print(str1.swapcase())
Output:
pYTHON IS A iNTERPRETED lANGUAGE

title() :
The title() method capitalizes each letter of the word within the string.

Example:
str1 = "He's name is Dan. Dan is an honest man."

print(str1.title())

Output:
He'S Name Is Dan. Dan Is An Honest Man.
14 – if Else conditions
if-else Statements
Sometimes the programmer needs to check the evaluation of certain expression(s), whether the
expression(s) evaluate to True or False. If the expression evaluates to False, then the program
execution follows a different path than it would have if the expression had evaluated to True.

Based on this, the conditional statements are further classified into following types:

if

if-else

if-else-elif

nested if-else-elif.

An if……else statement evaluates like this:

if the expression evaluates True:
Execute the block of code inside if statement. After execution return to the code out of the
if……else block.\

if the expression evaluates False:

Execute the block of code inside else statement. After execution return to the code out of the
if……else block.

Example:
applePrice = 210

budget = 200

if (applePrice <= budget):

print("Alexa, add 1 kg Apples to the cart.")

else:
 print("Alexa, do not add Apples to the cart.")

Output:
Alexa, do not add Apples to the cart.

elif Statements
Sometimes, the programmer may want to evaluate more than one condition, this can
be done using an elif statement.

Working of an elif statement

Execute the block of code inside if statement if the initial expression evaluates to
True. After execution return to the code out of the if block.

Execute the block of code inside the first elif statement if the expression inside it
evaluates True. After execution return to the code out of the if block.

Execute the block of code inside the second elif statement if the expression inside it
evaluates True. After execution return to the code out of the if block.
.
.
.
Execute the block of code inside the nth elif statement if the expression inside it
evaluates True. After execution return to the code out of the if block.

Execute the block of code inside else statement if none of the expression evaluates
to True. After execution return to the code out of the if block.

Example:
num = 0

if (num < 0):

print("Number is negative.")

elif (num == 0):

 print("Number is Zero.")

else:

print("Number is positive.")

Output:
Number is Zero.

Nested if statements
We can use if, if-else, elif statements inside other if statements as well.
Example:

num = 18

if (num < 0):

print("Number is negative.")

elif (num > 0):

if (num <= 10):

print("Number is between 1-10")

elif (num > 10 and num <= 20):

print("Number is between 11-20")

else:

print("Number is greater than 20")

else:
 print("Number is zero")

Output:

Number is between 11-20

15 - Match Case Statements

To implement switch-case like characteristics very similar to if-else functionality, we use a
match case in python. If you are coming from a C, C++ or Java like language, you must have
heard of switch-case statements. If this is your first language, dont worry as I will tell you
everything you need to know about match case statements in this video!

A match statement will compare a given variable’s value to different shapes, also referred to as
the pattern. The main idea is to keep on comparing the variable with all the present patterns
until it fits into one.

The match case consists of three main entities :

The match keyword

One or more case clauses

Expression for each case

The case clause consists of a pattern to be matched to the variable, a condition to be evaluated
if the pattern matches, and a set of statements to be executed if the pattern matches.

Syntax:
match variable_name:

case ‘pattern1’ : //statement1

case ‘pattern2’ : //statement2

case ‘pattern n’ : //statement n

Example:
x=4

# x is the variable to match

match x:

# if x is 0

case 0:

print("x is zero")

# case with if-condition

case 4 if x % 2 == 0:

print("x % 2 == 0 and case is 4")

# Empty case with if-condition

case _ if x < 10:

print("x is < 10")

# default case(will only be matched if the above cases were not

matched)

# so it is basically just an else:

case _:

print(x)

Output:
x % 2 == 0 and case is 4
16 - Introduction to Loops
Sometimes a programmer wants to execute a group of statements a certain number of times.
This can be done using loops. Based on this loops are further classified into following main
types;

for loop

while loop

The for Loop

for loops can iterate over a sequence of iterable objects in python. Iterating over a sequence is
nothing but iterating over strings, lists, tuples, sets and dictionaries.

Example: iterating over a string:

name = 'Abhishek'

for i in name:

print(i, end=", ")

Output:
A, b, h, i, s, h, e, k,

Example: iterating over a list:

colors = ["Red", "Green", "Blue", "Yellow"]

for x in colors:

print(x)

Output:
Red
Green
Blue
Yellow

Similarly, we can use loops for lists, sets and dictionaries.

range():
What if we do not want to iterate over a sequence? What if we want to use for loop for a
specific number of times?

Here, we can use the range() function.

Example:
for k in range(5):

print(k)

Output:
0
1
2
3
4
Here, we can see that the loop starts from 0 by default and increments at each iteration.

But we can also loop over a specific range.

Example:
for k in range(4,9):

print(k)

Output:
4
5
6
7
8
Quick Quiz
Explore about third parameter of range (ie range(x, y, z)

17 - Python while Loop

As the name suggests, while loops execute statements while the condition is True. As soon
as the condition becomes False, the interpreter comes out of the while loop.

Example:
count = 5

while (count > 0):

print(count)

count = count - 1

Output:
5

Here, the count variable is set to 5 which decrements after each iteration. Depending upon
the while loop condition, we need to either increment or decrement the counter variable
(the variable count, in our case) or the loop will continue forever.

Else with While Loop

We can even use the else statement with the while loop. Essentially what the else statement
does is that as soon as the while loop condition becomes False, the interpreter comes out of
the while loop and the else statement is executed.
Example:
x=5

while (x > 0):

print(x)

x=x-1

else:

print('counter is 0')

Output:
5

counter is 0

Do-While loop in python

do..while is a loop in which a set of instructions will execute at least once
(irrespective of the condition) and then the repetition of loop's body will depend on
the condition passed at the end of the while loop. It is also known as an exit-
controlled loop.

How to emulate do while loop in python?

To create a do while loop in Python, you need to modify the while loop a bit in order
to get similar behavior to a do while loop.
The most common technique to emulate a do-while loop in Python is to use an
infinite while loop with a break statement wrapped in an if statement that checks a
given condition and breaks the iteration if that condition becomes true:

Example
while True:

number = int(input("Enter a positive number: "))

print(number)

if not number > 0:

break

Output
Enter a positive number: 1

Enter a positive number: 4

Enter a positive number: -1

-1

Explanation
This loop uses True as its formal condition. This trick turns the loop into an infinite
loop. Before the conditional statement, the loop runs all the required processing and
updates the breaking condition. If this condition evaluates to true, then the break
statement breaks out of the loop, and the program execution continues its normal
path.
18 - break statement
The break statement enables a program to skip over a part of the code. A break statement
terminates the very loop it lies within.

example
for i in range(1,101,1):

print(i ,end=" ")

if(i==50):

break

else:

print("Mississippi")

print("Thank you")

output
1 Mississippi

2 Mississippi

3 Mississippi

4 Mississippi

5 Mississippi

.
.

50 Mississippi

19 - Continue Statement
The continue statement skips the rest of the loop statements and causes the next iteration to
occur.

example
for i in [2,3,4,6,8,0]:

if (i%2!=0):

continue

print(i)

output
2

0
20 - Python Functions
A function is a block of code that performs a specific task whenever it is called. In bigger
programs, where we have large amounts of code, it is advisable to create or use existing
functions that make the program flow organized and neat.

There are two types of functions:

Built-in functions

User-defined functions

Built-in functions:
These functions are defined and pre-coded in python. Some examples of built-in functions are
as follows:

min(), max(), len(), sum(), type(), range(), dict(), list(), tuple(), set(), print(), etc.

User-defined functions:
We can create functions to perform specific tasks as per our needs. Such functions are called
user-defined functions.

Syntax:
def function_name(parameters):

pass

# Code and Statements

Create a function using the def keyword, followed by a function name, followed by a
paranthesis (()) and a colon(:).

Any parameters and arguments should be placed within the parentheses.

Rules to naming function are similar to that of naming variables.

Any statements and other code within the function should be indented.

Calling a function:
We call a function by giving the function name, followed by parameters (if any) in the
parenthesis.

Example:

def name(fname, lname):

print("Hello,", fname, lname)

name("Sam", "Wilson")

Output:

Hello, Sam Wilson